JP2011215574A - Toner for electrostatic charge image development, image forming apparatus, and method for producing toner - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide toner for electrostatic charge image development, which has stable triboelectric charging property with little environmental change, and prevents production of abnormal images caused by adhesion of the toner to a photoreceptor, and to provide a method of producing the toner and an image forming method.SOLUTION: The toner for electrostatic charge image development is pulverization toner comprising a binder resin, a releasing agent, and a coloring agent, and is produced through a mixing step of mixing toner base particles with an external additive comprising inorganic fine particles by a mixer. The isolation amount of the external additive in the toner after air sieving, in terms of the amount of an isolated component sampled by an ultrasonic vibration method in an aqueous solution that contains a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound serving as a surfactant, is adjusted to the range of values from 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm/(toner 4 g/100 ml) measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrostatic charge image developing toner for developing an electrostatic charge image in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing, and the like, a method for producing the toner, a developer, and an image forming method.

  In the developing process, a developer used in electrophotography, electrostatic recording, electrostatic printing, and the like is once attached to an image carrier such as a photoreceptor on which an electrostatic image is formed. Next, after being transferred from the photosensitive member to a recording medium such as transfer paper in the transfer step, directly or via an intermediate transfer medium, the image is fixed on the paper surface in the fixing step. At that time, as a developer for developing an electrostatic charge image formed on the latent image holding surface, a two-component developer composed of a carrier and a toner and a one-component developer not requiring a carrier are known. Yes. In the two-component development method using the two-component developer, the developer deteriorates due to the toner adhering to the carrier surface, and only the toner is consumed, so the toner concentration in the developer is lowered, so the carrier The mixing ratio must be maintained at a constant ratio, and the developing device becomes relatively large. On the other hand, in the one-component developing method using the one-component developer, the size of the apparatus has been further reduced due to higher functions of the developing roller and the like.

  In recent years, office automation and colorization have further progressed in offices, and not only copying originals consisting only of conventional characters, but also pictorials read from graphs created with personal computers, images taken with digital cameras, scanners, etc. Opportunities to output manuscripts with printers and make many copies as presentation materials are increasing. The printer output image has a complicated structure mixed in one original such as a solid image, a line image, and a halftone image, and various demands are increasing along with a demand for high reliability of the image.

Electrophotographic processes using a one-component developer are classified into a magnetic one-component development method using a magnetic toner and a non-magnetic one-component development method using a non-magnetic toner.
In the magnetic one-component development method, a magnetic carrier containing a magnetic material such as magnetite is held using a developer carrying member provided with a magnetic field generating means such as a magnet, and developed by thinning the layer with a layer thickness regulating member. In recent years, many have been put to practical use in small printers. However, there is a drawback that the magnetic material is colored, and most of them are black and difficult to color.

  In contrast, in the non-magnetic one-component development method, since the toner does not have a magnetic force, a toner replenishing roller or the like is pressed against the developer carrying member to supply the toner onto the developer carrying member and electrostatically hold the layer. The film is developed with a thin layer by a thickness regulating member. This has the advantage that it does not contain a colored magnetic material, so it can be used for colorization. Furthermore, since a magnet is not used for the developer carrier, the device can be further reduced in weight and cost. It has been put to practical use.

  On the other hand, in the two-component development method, a carrier is used as a means for charging and transporting toner, and the toner and the carrier are sufficiently stirred and mixed in the developing device, and then transported to the developer carrying member for development. Even in use, it is possible to maintain stable chargeability and transportability, and it is easy to cope with high-speed developing devices.

  In particular, in the non-magnetic one-component developing method, the toner (developer) is usually transported by at least one toner transport member, and the electrostatic latent image formed on the latent image carrier is developed by the transported toner. In this case, the thickness of the toner layer on the surface of the toner conveying member must be as thin as possible. This is also true when a two-component developer having a very small diameter carrier is used, and a one-component developer is used and a toner having a high electric resistance is used. Sometimes this toner needs to be charged by a developing device, so the toner layer thickness must be significantly reduced. This is because if the toner layer is thick, only the surface of the toner layer is charged, and the entire toner layer is difficult to be uniformly charged. For this reason, the toner is required to maintain a quicker charging speed and an appropriate charge amount.

  Therefore, a charge control agent and an external additive have been conventionally added to stabilize the charge of the toner. The charge control agent functions to control the triboelectric charge amount of the toner and maintain the triboelectric charge amount. Typical examples of the negatively chargeable charge control agent include monoazo dyes, salicylic acid, naphthoic acid, metal salts or metal complexes of dicarboxylic acids, diazo compounds, and complex compounds with boron. Examples of the positively chargeable representative charge control agent include quaternary ammonium salt compounds, imidazole compounds, nigrosine, and azine dyes.

  However, some of these charge control agents have a chromatic color, and many cannot be used for color toners. In addition, some of these charge control agents are poorly compatible with the binder resin, so that those present on the surface of the toner that are greatly involved in charging are likely to be detached, resulting in variations in toner charging. There is a drawback that the developing sleeve is easily contaminated and the photosensitive member filming is likely to occur.

Therefore, in the prior art, a good image can be obtained in the initial stage, but the image quality gradually changes, causing a phenomenon such as background smudges and blurring. In particular, when applied to color copying and continuously used while replenishing toner, the toner charge amount is reduced, resulting in an image that differs significantly from the color tone of the initial copied image, and it cannot withstand long-term use. The image forming unit called a process cartridge had to be replaced at an early stage just by copying about one sheet. For this reason, the load on the environment is large, and it takes time and effort for the user.
Furthermore, since many process cartridges contain heavy metals such as chromium, they are becoming a problem from the viewpoint of safety.

  In recent years, the demand for printers has expanded, the size and speed of devices have increased, and the cost has been reduced. As a result, higher reliability and longer life have been required for devices, and toner characteristics can be maintained over a long period of time. Although there is a demand, the charge control agent cannot maintain its charge control effect, contaminates the developing sleeve and the layer thickness regulating member (blade and roller), and lowers the toner charging performance and causes photoconductor filming. There is a problem of doing.

  In addition, a process that develops in a short time by using a small amount of developer due to downsizing and speeding up, and a developer having better charge rising property is required. Regarding development, various development methods have been proposed for both two-component and one-component developers, but it is excellent in that it can be reduced in size and weight, and non-magnetic one-component development that eliminates the need for a carrier is used for printers Is suitable. In this non-magnetic one-component development system, toner replenishment to the developing roller and toner retention of the developing roller are poor, so the toner is forcibly rubbed against the developing roller or the amount of toner on the developing roller is regulated by a blade. To do. As a result, the toner tends to film on the developing roller, resulting in a problem that the life of the developing roller is shortened and the charge amount of the toner becomes unstable. This also prevents good development.

  In view of this, research has been conducted on external additives that have functions of controlling and maintaining the triboelectric charge amount of the toner and improving the toner transportability, developability, transferability, storage stability, and the like. In order to improve these properties, it has been proposed to add hydrophobic silica to the toner, but silica alone is too charged, and transferability is too good, causing defects such as dust and scattering. There is a problem of doing.

  Therefore, for example, as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-154387 of Patent Document 1, there is an invention in which large particle diameter silica is combined. As a result, the cause of contamination of the charging roller is mainly due to external additives. This is due to scattering from the photoconductor, and how to make the large particle size silica have a balanced adhesion is an issue.

The toner production method includes a sharing rate calculated from the tip speed of the blade in the mixer and the clearance between the inner wall of the mixer and the external additive when adding the external additive to the toner particles at the time of toner production. A toner that has high triboelectric chargeability and good fluidity and does not cause transfer defects or image quality defects has been proposed (see Patent Document 2 of Patent Document 2). No. 292174).
In addition, the external additive is adjusted by setting the average height, the mixing blade diameter, the rotation speed, and the mixing time within the specified range from the bottom of the mixer before mixing the mixture of the toner base and the external additive charged into the mixer. A method has been proposed in which the agglomerates are crushed and the crushed external additive is reliably attached or embedded in the toner base (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-255608).

  In addition, by setting the external addition temperature when mixing the toner particles and inorganic fine particles to a temperature within a specific range with respect to the glass transition temperature of the toner particles, the inorganic fine particles are reliably embedded in the toner particles and continuous printing is performed. In addition, an electrophotographic toner that can suppress image defects such as a decrease in print density has been proposed (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-267354).

  Further, a method has been proposed in which fluidity is improved by adding and mixing external additives other than titanium oxide among the two types of hydrophobic metal oxides, and then adding and mixing titanium oxide (see Patent Document 5). (See Japanese Patent No. 3417213).

Also, using Henschel type mixer, the blade diameter and inner dimension depth of the mixer, the rotation speed of the blade and the mixing time are used as the processing conditions, and the relationship with the charge amount after 10 minutes is specified. In other words, a toner manufacturing method capable of realizing stable chargeability has been proposed (see JP 2000-267354 A). However, in this proposal, there is no verification result on the adhesion rate and release rate of the external additive, and it is considered that the effect is also due to the free additive.
Further, in JP 2006-323368 of Patent Document 7, contrary to the recent increase in the speed of printing presses, as a result of stirring in the developing unit, the toner drops from the developing sleeve due to the spent toner, and dirt or contamination inside the printer is detected. While the problem is regarded as a problem, in a toner with little carrier spent even if it is used for a long time, the adhesion strength is adjusted by evaluating the liberation rate of the external additive to regulate the liberation rate of titanium oxide. However, in this proposal, there is a problem in the test method, and the disclosure of the manufacturing method (mixing process) is not sufficient, and there is no description that is embodied even in the surface treatment of the external additive. The combination alone does not solve the problem, and there are limits to each element (shearing force, temperature, mixing order) of the manufacturing conditions. Further, in Japanese Patent No. 3129074 of Patent Document 8 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-323368 of Patent Document 9, the adhesion rate of the external additive is analyzed.
Further, regarding the test method of the liberation rate of external addition, for example, in the techniques described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-154387 and Patent Document 7 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-323368, the external additive that has been released is discarded. As a result, the actual release rate cannot be analyzed. In other words, the aggregated additive of about 1 μm is separated by filter paper and added to the adhering component. Therefore, after calculating the adhesion rate from the X-ray fluorescence analysis, the method for obtaining the difference from the total content of the additive is free. It cannot be treated as an ingredient. For this reason, the liberation rate in Patent Document 14 lacks accuracy and is not a quantitative analysis.

Furthermore, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-058502 of Patent Document 10, an oil phase obtained by dispersing / dissolving a binder resin and a pigment in an organic solvent, for example, and an aqueous phase made of resin fine particles, a water-miscible solvent, and the like are piped. A method of emulsifying in a line homomixer, desolvating, and finally washing and drying to obtain a toner is disclosed, but in this method, the volume average particle diameter Dv of the toner powder is 4 to 8 μm, Since the ratio Dv / Dn is 1.00 to 1.25 with respect to the volume average particle diameter Dv and the number average particle diameter Dn, and the fine powder having the volume average particle diameter of 3 μm or less is 10% or less, the toner particles are narrowly distributed. Proposals have been made. This production method belongs to the chemical toner field, and the production cost of the toner is increased, and fine powder having a volume average particle diameter of 3 μm or less is limited to 10% or less, so that the yield is lowered and the cost is further increased.
In response to the recent demands for higher speed, higher image quality, and higher durability, the types and number of external additives that are indispensable for the construction of toner are diversifying. Further, it is necessary to attach an external additive having a small particle diameter to the advancing toner, and it has become impossible to uniformly adhere to the toner surface by the conventional mixing method and mixing technique. Appropriate adhesion conditions are required for diversified external additives, which is a problem in conventional mixing methods and techniques.
Further, the one described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-70577 of Patent Document 11 uses a specific polyester resin, and a mixing method in which additives such as hydrophobic silica, titanium oxide, and zirconium oxide are externally added. Characterized in that it is obtained by a process in which the peripheral speed of the rotary blade is 3 to 10 m / s in the first stage mixing and the second stage mixing is 20 to 60 m / s in the first stage mixing. An electrostatic charge image developing toner according to any one of claims 1 to 3. In this publication, the first additive is a hydrophobic silica having a BET specific surface area of 80 to 200 m ² / g. The second additive has a BET specific surface area smaller than that of the first additive, and the toner has a number average particle diameter (Dn) of 2.5 μm to 4.5 μm and a particle size distribution index (Dv / Dn) is 1.0 to 1 3, 50 to 100% of the toner base particles and the total added weight part of the second additive are first added and mixed by a mixer (first stage mixing), and then the second additive is added. There is a disclosure of a method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image that includes a step of adding the entire remaining amount and the total amount of the first additive and mixing with a mixer (second stage mixing). This is a well-known technique, and there is no description of the verification of free components as a verification of the effect, so even if large particle silica that does not adhere easily is mixed first (mixing in the first stage), There are cases where the mechanical shearing force may cause separation, leaving problems.
Furthermore, the invention described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-86348 of Patent Document 12 is capable of efficiently removing free external additives, particularly in smaller diameter toner particles produced by an emulsion polymerization aggregation method, without impairing the toner performance. Description of a method for evaluating and verifying the free inorganic fine particle ratio and the inorganic fine particle recovery rate described in this patent document, which relates to a method for producing an electrophotographic toner characterized by including a cyclone device. In this case, polyoxyethylene (10) octylphenyl ether type surfactant is used as the surfactant.
Although this surfactant is different from the intended effect of the present invention, if it is used in the present invention, the effect of hydrophilization (adhesion wetting) is small, and a high concentration needs to be added. Disadvantageous issues such as problems and usage.

By the way, as a result of investigating the relationship between the strength of mixing energy and the strength of adhesive force with external additives in various mixing methods, the present inventors have found that there are the following patterns. For example, in the case of a blender that mixes at a relatively low energy, such as a V-type blender, there is a peak in a partial region where the adhesive force is weak with respect to the mixing energy, and the mixing and dispersion force is weak. Will be observed.
In addition, in the medium class system such as a Henschel mixer, the adhesion rate has a peak at the center with respect to the mixing energy, and a gentle weak adhesive hem is produced on the left and right.
Even with high mixing energy and strong adhesion, such as high energy blenders such as mixers and mechano-fusions, which are relatively affected by the number of blade rotations, they have a partial peak and the adhesion state is moderate or weak. There is also a problem that the adhesion of the external additive to the toner cannot be made uniform.
In addition, as one means for ensuring the charging stability of the toner, inorganic fine powder subjected to a hydrophobizing treatment in JP-A-5-66608 of JP-A-5-66608, JP-A-4-9860 of JP-A-4-9860) or the like. After the hydrophobization treatment, inorganic fine powder treated with silicone oil or the like is added, or Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 61-249059, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-264453, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-264453, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Japanese Patent No. 5-346682 discloses a method of adding a hydrophobized inorganic fine powder and a silicone oil-treated inorganic fine powder in combination.
In Japanese Patent No. 3230046 of Patent Document 18, a specific external additive is combined with small-diameter toner particles, and in Japanese Patent No. 3639714 of Patent Document 19, the distribution of small-diameter toner particles of 2 μm or less is defined. The toner particles maintain good charge stability and improve the balance between character sharpness, solid black density, and character dropout. Especially in the system using recycled toner, the adhesion state of external additives in the long term Durability is not improved because it is not kept constant.
In Japanese Patent No. 3216394 of Patent Document 20, in the external additive mixing step, only the toner base particles are first mixed and pulverized into primary particles, and then a predetermined external additive is added to the toner base particles. Thus, it is aimed to uniformly attach the external additive to the toner base particles by a mixing method of attaching the external additive to the toner particle surface. However, since it is a mixing method in which the external additive is attached from a state where the external additive is put in one place of the toner base particles, a sufficiently uniform adhesion state cannot be obtained, and charging stability cannot be improved.
In Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-70577 of Patent Document 21, a manufacturing method in which a first external additive and toner base particles out of two types of external additives are mixed and then a second external additive is added and mixed. Has proposed a method for suppressing the liberation of the external additive, but the second external additive is not sufficiently dispersed.

An object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problems and achieve the following objects.
That is, the present invention provides a toner capable of stably controlling and maintaining the triboelectric charge amount of the toner, maintaining a stable triboelectric charging property with little environmental fluctuation, and developing a toner image. An external additive mixing method is adopted by adopting a specific mixing method of external additives for toner base particles in which the toner particle size distribution is regulated without causing abnormal images due to adhesion to the photosensitive member. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrostatic charge image developing toner having an increased adhesion of external additives, a method for producing the electrostatic charge image developing toner, a developer, and an image forming method.

As a result of intensive studies by the present inventors in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, there is a toner having a weak adhesive force with respect to the mixing energy under normal manufacturing conditions, and the adhesive force of the external additive varies. These low-adhesion toners eventually cause peeling of external additives, and it has been found that various problems are caused by the shearing force when stirring with carrier particles and the wear on the photoconductor in the developing section. It was.
Therefore, the present inventors have specified the particle size distribution of the classified toner to lower the content of fine powder of 3.2 μm or less, further cut coarse powder of 8 μm or more as much as possible, and added a plurality of inorganic fine particle external additives such as silica. As a result of studying to control the adhering and mixing state suitable for each, it was found that the mixing method in the mixing process of inorganic fine particles and the adhering condition are that the middle class mixing method is most suitable in terms of the energy of the mixing method, that is, In this mixing method, it has been found that the above problem can be effectively solved by making the adhesion force of the external additive to the toner uniform by reducing the amount of the weakly adhered toner to the utmost limit.

  In the course of further diligent investigations, research on the use of a Henschel-type mixer was made energetically, and as a means to make the energy given to the toner constant, the cooling cycle of the rotating blade tip was based on volume and rotational energy, and the blender As a result of analyzing the swirling state of the air flow in the mixing tank, it was found that the adhesion of the external additive to the toner can be made uniform by controlling the rotation and efficiently giving the toner the energy according to the purpose. The

Thus, the above-mentioned problems are solved by the present inventions (1) to (18) below.
(1) “In a pulverized toner containing at least a binder resin, a release agent, and a colorant, the toner is produced through a mixing process in which toner base particles and external additives that are inorganic fine particles are mixed by a mixer. The free amount of the external additive in the toner after sieving is 0 when the free component collected in the aqueous solution containing the surfactant of the polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound by the ultrasonic vibration method is measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. A toner for developing an electrostatic image, wherein the toner is adjusted to a range of 1 ppm to 10 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml) ”,
(2) “The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to (1) above, wherein the toner particles have a volume average particle diameter Dv of 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm”,
(3) “The mixing step for external addition of inorganic fine particles comprises a mixing time for operating the mixing means and a cooling time, and the ratio of the mixing time to the cooling time (mixing time / cooling time) is 0.5 to The electrostatic image developing toner according to item (1) or (2), wherein the toner is 5.0,
(4) “The inorganic fine particle external additive contains silica, and the amount of silica released from the toner base particles is 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml) measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The electrostatic image developing toner according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the toner is adjusted to a range of
(5) “The inorganic fine particle external additive further contains titanium dioxide. When the amount of titanium released from the toner base is measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml). The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the toner is adjusted to a value in the range of
(6) For electrostatic image development according to any one of items (1) to (5), wherein the atomic absorption analysis method is a plasma spectroscopic analysis (ICP-AES) method. toner",
(7) “The mixing means used in the mixing step is a mixer having a stirring blade, and the mixing time of one cycle consisting of the mixing time for operating the mixing means and the cooling time is within a range of 1 minute to 2 minutes. The electrostatic image developing toner according to any one of items (3) to (6),
(8) “The volume average particle diameter Dv of the toner base particles is 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm, the number content of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the volume average particle diameter Dv and the number average particle The electrostatic charge image developing toner according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the ratio Dv / Dn of the diameter Dn is 1.10 to 1.50,
(9) In the items (1) to (8), the toner base particle diameter is 35% or less at a number content of 3.2 μm or less, and the volume content of 8 μm or more is 2.0% or less. The toner for developing an electrostatic image according to any one of "
(10) The electrostatic image development according to any one of items (1) to (9), wherein the content of the releasing agent in the toner base particles is less than 6% by weight. Toner ",
(11) “The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of (1) to (10) above, wherein the toner base particles further contain a charge control agent”;
(12) Any one of the above items (5) to (11), wherein silica particles are adhered to the toner base surface simultaneously with titanium oxide or before titanium oxide. Toner for electrostatic image development according to
(13) "Developer comprising the toner according to any one of items 1 to 12",
(14) “A charging process in which a voltage is applied to the charging member from the outside to charge the object to be charged; an electrostatic latent image forming process in which an electrostatic latent image is formed on the electrostatic latent image carrier; A developing step of forming a toner image from the developing sleeve of the developing means, a transfer step of applying a voltage to the transfer member from the outside to transfer the toner image to a recording medium, and cleaning the surface of the charged body after transfer An image forming method including at least a cleaning step of cleaning with a member and a fixing step of heat-fixing a transfer image transferred to the recording medium, wherein the toner is the item (1) to the item (12). An image forming method characterized by being a toner according to any one of the above ”,
(15) “After the toner image is transferred onto the transfer member, the surface of the member to be charged is cleaned to collect the toner on the surface of the member to be charged, and the collected toner is supplied to the developing means for development. The image forming method according to (14), including a recycling system used in the process ”,
(16) “Toner cartridge characterized by being filled with toner according to any one of (1) to (12)”,
(17) In the process cartridge which integrally supports at least one member selected from a photosensitive member as a member to be charged and a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit and is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus, the developing unit Holds a toner (developer), and the toner (developer) uses the toner / developer described in the item (11) or (12),
(18) “Evaluation method of degree of external additive adhesion of toner obtained by adhering external additive containing at least silica to toner base of pulverized toner containing at least binder resin, releasing agent and colorant The free amount of the external additive is measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method in the free component collected in the aqueous solution containing the surfactant of the polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound by the ultrasonic vibration method. The surfactant polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound has an HLB value in the range of 12 to 18, and the concentration of the aqueous solution is in the range of 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt%. Evaluation method of the degree of adhesion of external additives to toner ".

  According to the present invention, there is provided a toner capable of solving the above-described problems, stably controlling and maintaining the triboelectric charge amount, and maintaining stable triboelectric chargeability with little environmental fluctuation. In addition, the free component of the external additive is extremely suppressed to prevent filming due to silica adhering to the photoreceptor, which is generated during development of the toner image, so that no abnormal image is generated. An image developing toner and a method for producing an electrostatic charge image developing toner can be provided.

That is, in a pulverized toner containing at least a binder resin, a release agent, and a colorant, the toner is produced by mixing toner base particles and external additives that are inorganic fine particles with a mixer, The amount of liberated external additive in the toner after the air sieving was measured by an atomic absorption spectrometric analysis of the free components collected in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound by the ultrasonic vibration method. By being an electrostatic charge image developing toner characterized by being adjusted to a range of 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml), the chargeability of the toner is improved, especially the environmental stability is improved, Even when used continuously for a long time in an environment from high temperature and high humidity to low temperature and low humidity, the filming is improved and a stable copy image can be obtained. The durability and the environmental stability of charging can be improved, and the cost can be reduced.
Further, in the toner production method in which the process consisting of the mixing time and the cooling time is defined as one cycle, the cooling time ratio [mixing time / cooling time] produced in the toner production method in which the cycle is repeated is 0.5 to 5.0. In the toner for developing an electrostatic charge image described in the item (1), as a result of no increase in temperature at the time of mixing, there is little change in the level of charging characteristics, for example, from the LL environment to the HH environment, and as a result Even when used continuously, it is possible to obtain stable image quality with no occurrence of abnormal images (filming).
Further, the amount of silica released from the toner base is adjusted so that the value measured by atomic absorption spectrometry is in the range of 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml). Quantitatively, by using a surfactant with a function to solubilize hydrophobic fine particles, and quantifying from aqueous solution components in which the free components are solubilized, it is extremely accurate. Therefore, it is possible to accurately analyze the mechanical agitation energy, the adhesion between the rotary blade and the external additive, and the amount of change in the free component, and the target toner can be clearly and easily obtained.
Further, the amount of titanium released from the toner base is adjusted within the range of 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml) as measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. This means that the charging characteristics of the toner, for example, the level change of the charge amount from the LL environment to the HH environment is small, and as a result, there is no occurrence of abnormal images (filming) even when used continuously for a long time. Can be obtained.
Moreover, although the aspect which calculates | requires the liberation amount of an external additive by the plasma spectroscopy analysis (ICP * AES) method is included, the system which calculates | requires the liberation amount of an external additive directly is hardly disclosed conventionally. In JP-A-2006-154387 of Patent Document 1 and JP-A-2006-323368 of Patent Document 7, the adhesion rate is analyzed by fluorescent X-rays and is subtracted from the total amount to obtain a free amount. The release rate cannot be calculated unless the total amount of the agent is known. Therefore, in the present invention, the liberated amount liberated from the external additive adhering to the toner can be accurately analyzed. In other words, the amount of liberation can be quantified by directly analyzing the filtrate. Therefore, it is possible to perform a wide range of analysis studies such as adhesion of external additives and mixing treatment methods, and it is possible to perform analysis with higher accuracy.
Moreover, the mixing means used in the mixing step is a mixer having a stirring blade, and the mixing time of one cycle is within 1 minute to 2 minutes is a mixing condition in which the liberation rate of silica is adjusted to 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm. Manufactured from a specific set of conditions using a Henschel mixer. The manufactured toner has an appropriate chargeability, and can prevent toner scattering and dirt.
In addition, the volume average particle diameter Dv of the toner particles is 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm, the number content of the toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the volume average particle diameter Dv and the number average particles are By making specific particle characteristics such that the ratio Dv / Dn of the diameter Dn is 1.10 to 1.40, aggregation between particles of additives (typically silica, titanium oxide, etc.) is suppressed and uniform. It is possible to obtain a toner that can adhere to the toner base, has a sufficiently high rise of charge, is sufficiently charged, and does not cause image smearing or toner scattering, and has a fine powder content of 3.2 μm or less in terms of number content. By setting the volume content of 35% or less and 8 μm or more to 2.0% or less, even in the toner in the fine powder region, the additive is uniformly attached to the toner base by applying a shearing force evenly in the mixing tank. Coarse particles of 8μm or more As a result, the particle size distribution is narrowed, the stirring force at the time of mixing is uniformed, and the resulting toner has a rising charge or sufficient charge, and it is possible to obtain a toner that is free from image smudges and toner scattering, In addition, when the content of the release agent inside the toner particles is less than 6% by weight, the dispersion of the additive becomes uniform, the aggregation of the toner powder is reduced, and the toner fluidity is improved.
In addition, the volume average particle diameter Dv of the toner particles is 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm, the number content of the small particle diameter toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the volume average particle diameter Dv is By making specific particle characteristics such that the ratio Dv / Dn of the number average particle diameter Dn is 1.10 to 1.40, aggregation of particles of additives (typically silica, titanium oxide, etc.) Suppressed and uniformly attached to the toner base, it is possible to obtain a toner that is sufficiently charged and has sufficient charge, and that is free from image smearing and toner scattering. In addition, the number of fine powders of 3.2 μm or less can be obtained. By setting the content rate to 35% or less and the volume content of 8 μm or more to 2.0% or less, even in the toner in the fine powder region, the additive is uniformly applied to the toner base by applying a uniform shearing force in the mixing tank. Can be attached, more than 8μm By classifying the particles, the particle size distribution is narrowed, the stirring force at the time of mixing is made uniform, and the resulting toner has a rising charge, sufficient charge, and a toner with no image smudges or toner scattering can be obtained. In addition, when the content of the release agent inside the toner particles is less than 6% by weight, the adhesion variation of the additive becomes uniform, the aggregation of the toner powder is reduced, and the toner fluidity is improved.
In addition, by further using titanium oxide in combination, stable charging start-up, stable charging, and stable triboelectric charge amount of toner can be stably controlled and maintained. It is possible to obtain a toner for developing an electrostatic charge that can maintain chargeability, is excellent in toner transportability, developability, transferability, and storability and does not generate an abnormal image due to adhesion to a photoreceptor.
In the toner of the developer of the present invention, the adhesion rate of the external additive is uniform, and the release rate of titanium oxide with respect to the toner base by the ultrasonic vibration method is 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm. In particular, environmental stability is improved, and even when used continuously for a long time in an environment from high temperature and high humidity to low temperature and low humidity, a high charge amount is maintained and reverse polarity toner is generated. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a copy image having a stable image quality with little fog. In particular, when a surface modifying agent having a negative polar group is used in combination, durability and charging environmental stability can be further improved, and cost can be further reduced.
In addition, as the surfactant, an HLB polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound in the range of 12 to 18 was used, and the solution concentration was adjusted to an aqueous solution concentration in the range of 0.01 wt% to 0.5 wt%. Is an indispensable material for collecting the separated silica by the ultrasonic vibration method and analyzing the free component quantitatively, and it is particularly necessary to use a compound having an HLB in the range of 12-18. Furthermore, it is indispensable for the quantitative analysis to use an aqueous solution adjusted in the range of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight as the surfactant concentration.
The toner of the present invention includes a charging step of applying a voltage to the charging member from the outside to charge the charged member, and an electrostatic latent image forming step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image carrier. A developing step of forming a toner image from the developing sleeve of the developing means, a transfer step of applying a voltage to a transfer member from the outside to transfer the toner image to a recording medium, and the charged object after transfer An image forming method including at least a cleaning step of cleaning a body surface with a cleaning member, and a fixing step of heating and fixing the transfer image transferred to the recording medium, and the toner image after the toner image is transferred onto the transfer body An image forming method including a recycling system that cleans the surface of a member to be charged, collects the toner on the surface of the member to be charged, supplies the collected toner to the developing means, and uses it in the developing step, and toner Vessels, when used process cartridge, to be very smooth and briefly aforementioned functions and effects.

It is the schematic which shows an example of the process cartridge of this invention. It is an example of the SEM photograph after the free amount test of the external additive manufactured with the manufacturing method of this invention.

(Toner and toner production method)
In the toner production method of the present invention, a toner base containing at least a binder resin and a colorant has a specific particle size, and an external additive (typically, silica, titanium oxide, etc.) is used as the toner base. Toner that has been adhering and mixed, the mixing step is composed of an operation time and a cooling time, and is obtained by repeating this cycle for 1 to 10 cycles. The mixing time in the mixing step (operation time) The cooling time ratio (mixing time / cooling time) is 0.5 to 5.0, the liberation amount of silica to the toner base by the ultrasonic vibration method is 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm, and the liberation amount of titanium oxide is 0.1 ppm. The toner of the present invention is preferably produced by the toner production method of the present invention. Hereinafter, the toner production method of the present invention will be described, and details of the toner of the present invention will be described. Also clarify.

The toner manufacturing method of the present invention is suitable for a pulverizing type manufacturing method, and after being made coarse particles by a pulverizer or the like, after being pulverized and classified in a jet stream, the volume average particle diameter Dv is preferably 4.5 μm to 4.5 μm. The number content of toner particles having a size of 5.2 μm and a small size of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn is 1.10 to 1.50. The fine particles having a particle diameter of 3.2 μm or less are classified into 35% or less and the volume content of 8 μm or more is 2.0% or less to secure a toner base.
Further, in the mixing step, all the parts by weight of the toner base particles and the external additive are mixed at a low energy by a mixer and then mixed at a high energy, so that the external additive is mixed with the toner base particles in the low energy mixing. Dispersed throughout and can fix external additives to the entire toner base particles in high energy mixing, and further free of external additives, no image unevenness and white streaks in long-term use, and high durability The toner can be obtained efficiently. Specifically, the toner can be obtained by a toner manufacturing method having a low torque and a low external additive liberation rate and excellent durability.

As described above, the mixing step in the toner production method of the present invention can include a “low energy mixing stage” and a “high energy mixing stage”. The low energy mixing stage is mainly a stage where the raw materials are crushed to break up and disperse the association state, and is a lower energy mixing stage, and the high energy mixing stage is a stage where mainly the inorganic fine particles adhere to the toner base particles. There is a higher energy mixture. Here, “mainly” means that the inorganic fine particles (raw materials) are usually crushed at an early stage and then proceed to the adhesion stage. This is because the crushing phenomenon is accompanied, but the shear energy in the high energy mixing stage is larger under conditions.
The cooling in the present invention is for controlling as constant as possible at the time of mixing and at the time of cooling. That is, when the cooling time is small or not with respect to the mixing time, it is difficult to suppress the temperature rise during mixing. In the present invention, the cooling stage and its ratio are set.
The number of revolutions is preferably set so that “mixing (operation)> cooling”, which can also be adjusted by the time and the number of cycles.
The following table shows preferred temperatures, times, and rotational speeds during mixing / cooling in the low energy mixing stage and the high energy mixing stage in the present invention.

  Examples of the mixer include a V-type mixer, a rocking mixer, a Roedige mixer, a Nauter mixer, and a Henschel mixer, but the volumetric mixing operation is preferably about 60 to 80% of the total volume. Specifically, a super mixer capable of high-speed rotation with a general Henschel mixer is used. Specifically, the toner base and the external additive (mixing medium) are put into the mixing chamber. At this time, the rotating blade is preferably a two-stage type, and the toner base and the external additive (mixing medium) are pressed against the inner wall of the mixing chamber by a rotating force and swivel, and are collected and mixed by the tip of the rotating blade. Furthermore, once peeled off from the wall surface by the deflector, it is dispersed and pressed again against the mixing chamber wall to be swirled and mixed. This operation is repeated to achieve stable mixing.

The temperature in the jacket of the second stage mixing is controlled to a temperature range of 20 ° C. to 35 ° C., and the rotation speed of the stirring blade is 1000 r.s. p. m is preferable, and 1200 r. p. If it exceeds m, it is not preferable because there is a danger of an increase in frictional heat.
The ratio of mixing time and cooling time in the mixing step (mixing time / cooling time) is 0.5 to 5.0, preferably 0.5 to 3.0. When the cooling time is shorter than the operation time, the frictional heat rises, the external additive is buried and the toner fluidity is hindered, and the formation of aggregates also increases.
It is preferable that the mixing time of one cycle in the mixing step is within 2 minutes.
A cycle consisting of mixing (operation) and cooling is performed by repeating 1 to 10 cycles in the mixing step by mixing the toner base with hydrophobized silica and hydrophobized siloxane-bonded titanium oxide. When the number of repetitions of the cycle is small, the adhesive force is weak, and when used as a developer, the free external additive causes a problem of carrier spent and a cause of the quality problem targeted by the present invention.

  Further, from the side, an air flow source for further mixing and dispersing the powder layer flowing in the apparatus may be provided to increase the mixing efficiency. The size is about one third of the diameter of the rotary blade. Diameters can be used. That is, when the mixing blade rotates at a high speed, a swirling flow is generated and two or more kinds of particles are mixed. The required adhesion strength is determined by the tip peripheral speed obtained and the rotational speed of the mixing blade.

  The hydrophobic silica is not particularly limited and known ones can be used. However, the hydrophobic treatment agent is a silane cup because the carrier spent is suppressed and the adhesion efficiency to the toner base in the mixing process is excellent. Products treated with a ring agent are preferred, and the degree of hydrophobicity is 60 to 80, preferably 70 or more.

The inorganic fine particles used in the present invention are required to have an average primary particle diameter of 80 to 500 nm for at least one kind of silica from the viewpoint of cleaning residual toner on the photoreceptor.
By setting the average primary particle diameter to 80 to 500 nm, silica adheres to the cleaning blade and the photosensitive member contact portion, and the cleaning is improved by the dam effect. The other type needs to be titanium oxide.

  In addition, since at least one of the inorganic fine particles used in the present invention is a hydrophobic inorganic fine particle treated with an organic silane compound, it achieves high image quality with excellent environmental stability and fewer image defects such as missing characters. More preferred. Of course, both of the two inorganic fine particles used in the present invention may be hydrophobized.

Examples of the hydrophobizing agent include dimethyldichlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, allyldimethyldichlorosilane, allylphenyldichlorosilane, benzyldimethylchlorosilane, bromomethyldimethylchlorosilane, α-chloroethyltrichlorosilane. P-chloroethyltrichlorosilane, chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane, chloromethyltrichlorosilane, p-chlorophenyltrichlorosilane, 3-chloropropyltrichlorosilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinylmethoxysilane, Vinyltris (β-methoxyethoxy) silane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, divinyldichlorosilane, dimethylbi Luchlorosilane, octyltrichlorosilane, decyltrichlorosilane, nonyltrichlorosilane, (4-t-propylphenyl) trichlorosilane, (4-t-butylphenyl) trichlorosilane, dipentyldichlorosilane, dihexyldichlorosilane, dioctyldichlorosilane , Dinonyl dichlorosilane, didecyl dichlorosilane, didodecyl dichlorosilane, dihexadecyl dichlorosilane, (4-t-butylphenyl) octyl dichlorosilane, dioctyl dichlorosilane, didecenyl dichlorosilane, Dinonenyldichlorosilane, di-2-ethylhexyldichlorosilane, di-3,3-dimethylpentyldichlorosilane, trihexylchlorosilane, trioctylchlorosilane, tridecylchlorosilane, dioctylmethyl Lorsilane, octyldimethylchlorosilane, (4-t-propylphenyl) diethylchlorosilane, isobutyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxy (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) silane, hexamethyl Organic silane compounds such as disilazane, hexaethyldisilazane, diethyltetratyldisilazane, hexaphenyldisilazane, hexatolyldisilazane, dimethyl silicone oil, methylphenyl silicone oil, chlorophenyl silicone oil, methyl hydrogen silicone oil, Alkyl modified silicone oil, fluorine modified silicone oil, polyether modified silicone oil, alcohol modified silicone oil, amino modified silicone oil, epoxy Silicone oil such as xy-modified silicone oil, epoxy-polyether-modified silicone oil, phenol-modified silicone oil, carboxyl-modified silicone oil, mercapto-modified silicone oil, acrylic, methacryl-modified silicone oil, α-methylstyrene-modified silicone oil, and other silylation Agents, silane coupling agents having a fluoroalkyl group, organic titanate coupling agents, aluminum coupling agents, and the like. Of these, organic silane compounds are preferred.
By treating these hydrophobizing agents with the inorganic fine particles, the hydrophobic inorganic fine particles used in the present invention are produced.

The product names of the hydrophobized silica fine particles include HDK H 2050EP, HVK21 (above Hoechst), R972, R974, RX200, RY200, R202, R805, R812 (above Nippon Aerosil), TS530, TS720 (above Cabot). is there.
As specific trade names of surface-treated titanium oxide fine particles, anatase-type or rutile-type crystalline or non-crystalline ones can be used, such as T-805 (Nippon Aerosil) or rutile. Examples of the mold include STT-30A (Titanium Industry), STT-30A-FS (Titanium Industry), and the like.
The particle size of the inorganic fine particles used in the present invention can be measured by a particle size distribution measuring apparatus using dynamic light scattering, for example, DLS-700 manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd. or Coulter N4 manufactured by Coulter Electronics. It is. However, since it is difficult to dissociate the secondary agglomeration of the particles after the treatment with the organic silane compound, it is preferable to directly determine the particle diameter from a photograph obtained by a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope. In this case, at least 100 or more inorganic fine particles are observed, and the average value of the major axis is obtained.

  The toner of the present invention preferably contains a release agent (wax) component, and particularly preferably contains carnauba wax. Carnauba wax is a natural wax obtained from the leaves of carnabay palm, but a low acid value type from which free fatty acids are eliminated is particularly preferable because it can be uniformly dispersed in the binder resin. In addition, a low acid value type carnauba wax from which free fatty acids are eliminated is particularly preferable because it has a small amount of volatile components and therefore has little filming on the photoconductor and little spent on the charging member.

  In the present invention, the toner has a volume average particle diameter of 4.5 to 5.2 μm for improving the image quality, the number content of small-sized toner particles of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the volume average The ratio Dv / Dn of the particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn is preferably 1.00 to 1.40. When the particle diameter is less than 4 μm, not only the productivity of the toner is remarkably deteriorated but also the durability and fluidity are deteriorated, which is not preferable. Further, when the volume content of 8 μm or more exceeds 2.0% or less, the effect of improving the image quality cannot be expected so much. Furthermore, when Dv / Dn is out of the range of 1.00 to 1.40, the particle size distribution becomes wide and the image quality deteriorates.

Volume average particle size, number average particle size, and measurement of 4 μm or less number% are measured by Coulter Counter TAII manufactured by Coulter Electronics, USA, and output interface for number distribution and volume distribution (manufactured by Nikka) and PC9801 personal computer (manufactured by NEC). ) And used. The electrolyte was adjusted to a 1% NaCl aqueous solution using primary sodium chloride. As a measuring method, 0.1 to 5 ml of a surfactant, preferably alkylbenzenesulfonate is added as a dispersant to 50 to 100 ml of the electrolytic solution, and 1 to 10 mg of a sample is added. This is subjected to a dispersion treatment for 1 minute with an ultrasonic disperser, and 100 to 200 ml of an electrolytic aqueous solution is put into another beaker, and the sample dispersion is added to a predetermined concentration therein, and the Coulter Counter TA- Measure the particle size distribution of 30000 particles of 2 to 40 μm based on the number using a 100 μm aperture as an aperture according to type II, calculate the volume distribution and number distribution of 2 to 40 μm particles, and calculate the weight from the volume distribution The standard volume average particle size was determined.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the particle diameter is 35% or less in terms of the number content of 3.2 μm or less in order to improve the image quality. When the fine powder having a volume average particle size of 3 μm or less exceeds 35%, it is not preferable because it causes ground contamination of the photoreceptor and toner scattering in the machine. Moreover, the effect mentioned above can be expected because the volume content rate of 8 micrometers or more becomes 2.0% or less.

Further, the toner of the present invention can be suitably used in a full-color image forming apparatus because it does not generate filming even if it contains a wax, has excellent transferability, and is suitable for high image quality. In particular, it is suitable for a tandem development method having a photoconductor for each color in a two-component development capable of increasing the speed. Furthermore, since it has excellent transferability, it is suitable for a tandem type intermediate transfer system having a plurality of transfer steps.
In addition, since it is excellent in adapting to a low-temperature fixing system, it can be suitably used for a fixing device that has a short warm-up time, low pressure, and high speed and energy saving. As such a fixing device, a heating body including a heating element, a film in contact with the heating body, and a pressure member in pressure contact with the heating body through the film, the film and the pressure Examples thereof include a fixing device that heats and fixes a recording material on which a toner image is formed between members, and a fixing device in which a heating member is made of a magnetic metal and is heated by electromagnetic induction.
In the present invention, as an external additive externally added to the toner base, it is possible to use commonly used titanium oxide in addition to silicon dioxide, and a hydrophobized product is preferable, and a primary particle diameter of 0.01 μm ( 10 nm) to 0.20 μm (200 nm) hydrophobized titanium oxide is particularly preferred.

  By attaching such an external additive to the surface of the toner base, the necessary fluidity of the toner is imparted, and the charging property of the toner is stabilized. The developability from the roller to the photoreceptor is improved. In particular, when an external additive for a toner containing a polyester resin as a binder resin is used, a toner with stable chargeability can be obtained.

  In the present invention, quality maintenance during environmental fluctuations and long-term continuous running is an important characteristic. Especially when it is used as a developer, it is not suitable for wear resistance with carrier particles, spent, and filming on the surface of the photoreceptor. The performance of the external additive as an additive is indispensable.

<Developer>
The developer contains at least the toner and contains other components such as a carrier selected as appropriate. The developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer. However, when it is used for a high-speed printer or the like corresponding to the recent improvement in information processing speed, the life is improved. In view of the above, the two-component developer is preferable.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said carrier, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, What has a core material and the resin layer which coat | covers this core material is preferable.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular as a material of the said core material, It can select suitably from well-known things, For example, 50-90 emu / g manganese-strontium (Mn-Sr) type material, manganese-magnesium (Mn-) Mg) -based materials and the like are preferable, and highly magnetized materials such as iron powder (100 emu / g or more) and magnetite (75 to 120 emu / g) are preferable in terms of securing image density. In addition, a weakly magnetized material such as a copper-zinc (Cu—Zn) -based (30 to 80 emu / g) is advantageous in that it can weaken the contact with the photoconductor in which the toner is in a spiked state and is advantageous in improving the image quality. Is preferred. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The particle diameter of the core material is preferably an average particle diameter (volume average particle diameter (D50)) of 10 to 200 μm, and more preferably 40 to 100 μm. When the average particle diameter (volume average particle diameter (D50)) is less than 10 μm, in the distribution of carrier particles, the fine powder system increases, the magnetization per particle is lowered, and carrier scattering may occur. If the thickness exceeds 150 μm, the specific surface area may be reduced and toner scattering may occur. In the case of a full color with many solid portions, the reproduction of the solid portions may be particularly poor.

  The material of the resin layer is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from known resins according to the purpose. For example, amino resins, polyvinyl resins, polystyrene resins, halogenated olefin resins, Polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyethylene resin, polyvinyl fluoride resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, polytrifluoroethylene resin, polyhexafluoropropylene resin, copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and acrylic monomer, fluorine And a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and vinyl fluoride, a fluoroterpolymer such as a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride and a non-fluorinated monomer, and a silicone resin. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the amino resin include urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, urea resin, polyamide resin, and epoxy resin. Examples of the polyvinyl resin include acrylic resin, polymethyl methacrylate resin, polyacrylonitrile resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, and polyvinyl butyral resin. Examples of the polystyrene resin include polystyrene resin and styrene-acrylic copolymer resin. Examples of the halogenated olefin resin include polyvinyl chloride. Examples of the polyester resin include polyethylene terephthalate resin and polybutylene terephthalate resin.

  The resin layer may contain conductive powder or the like as necessary. Examples of the conductive powder include metal powder, carbon black, titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide. The average particle diameter of these conductive powders is preferably 1 μm or less. When the average particle diameter exceeds 1 μm, it may be difficult to control electric resistance.

For example, the resin layer is prepared by dissolving the silicone resin or the like in a solvent to prepare a coating solution, and then uniformly coating the coating solution on the surface of the core material by a known coating method, drying, and baking. It can be formed by doing. Examples of the application method include an immersion method, a spray method, and a brush coating method.
There is no restriction | limiting in particular as said solvent, Although it can select suitably according to the objective, For example, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cersol butyl acetate, etc. are mentioned.
The baking is not particularly limited, and may be an external heating method or an internal heating method. For example, a stationary electric furnace, a fluid electric furnace, a rotary electric furnace, a burner furnace, etc. The method of using, the method of using a microwave, etc. are mentioned.

The amount of the resin layer in the carrier is preferably 0.01 to 5.0% by mass.
When the amount is less than 0.01% by mass, the uniform resin layer may not be formed on the surface of the core material. When the amount exceeds 5.0% by mass, the resin layer becomes thick. In some cases, granulation of carriers occurs, and uniform carrier particles may not be obtained.

When the developer is the two-component developer, the content of the carrier in the two-component developer is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the intended purpose. For example, 90 to 98% by mass Is preferable, and 93-97 mass% is more preferable.
The mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier of the two-component developer is generally 1 to 10.0 parts by mass of the toner with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carrier.

  Next, the developing unit may be of a dry development type, a wet development type, a single color developer, or a multicolor developer. For example, a toner having a stirrer that charges the toner by frictional stirring and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable.

  In the developing unit, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and stirred, and the toner is charged by friction at that time, and held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state to form a magnetic brush. Since the magnet roller is disposed in the vicinity of the image carrier (photosensitive member), a part of the toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is caused by the electric attractive force. It moves to the surface of the image carrier (photoreceptor). As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner to form a visible image (toner image) with the toner on the surface of the image carrier (photoconductor).

The developer accommodated in the developing device is a developer containing the toner, but the developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer.

[Measurement of free amount of external additives]
As a method for measuring the liberation rate and adhesion rate of the silica, it is preferable to use an ultrasonic vibration method. Conventional methods for measuring the liberation rate are mostly methods for obtaining the liberation rate of Ti atoms derived from external additives based on C atoms using a particle analyzer. In this method, only the external additive free state of the initial toner is reflected, and there is a problem that the release rate after the toner collides and rubs between the carrier and the developing unit in the developing unit cannot be reflected.
In the ultrasonic vibration method, a toner is sufficiently immersed in an aqueous solution, and a component having a weak adhesive force of an external additive is separated by a shearing force of a water flow generated by stirring with a homogenizer.
The ultrasonic vibration method is a measurement method that reflects the release rate of the external additive released from the toner after being sufficiently stressed by the developing unit described above. Therefore, by controlling the release rate within a certain range, Even when subjected to a stirring stress over time in the evaluation, the toner can be prevented from dropping from the developing sleeve.

Details of the ultrasonic vibration method of the present invention will be described below.
First, 0.1 ml of Emulgen (manufactured by Kao Corporation) is added to 100 ml of ion-exchanged water, and stirred for 1 minute to prepare Solution A. Next, 4 g of the sample initial toner is added to the solution A, shaken 20 times, the toner is wetted, and after confirming a dispersed state without floating or separation, the sample is left for 30 minutes to prepare a liquid B.
Next, the liquid B is shaken 5 times to disperse the toner, and then an ultrasonic homogenizer (VCX750, manufactured by SONICS) is used to enter the vibration part 2.5 cm into the liquid B and output energy (output 20 W, (20 KHz) A liquid C is produced by vibrating for 1 minute.
Next, the liquid C is allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then filtered using a filter paper, 100 CIRCLES (manufactured by Toyo Filter Paper Co., Ltd.). There is free external additive in the filtrate.
The surfactant used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but in general, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ether type is preferable depending on the purpose, and in particular, a hydrophobic group is preferably an aliphatic lauryl type, and further, HLB is used. Those in the range of 12.0 to 18.0 are preferable. These have high wettability with respect to the hydrophobized product of the external additive, and the adhesion force floated by the shear force of the water flow generated by the ultrasonic vibration homogenizer. Therefore, it is possible to perform plasma spectroscopic analysis as it is because a uniform dispersion medium is generated with little cohesion.
That is, when other surfactants are used, the above-mentioned plasma spectroscopic analysis operation tends to increase the sample clogging and contamination of the nebulizer and the torch part, which also hinders maintenance of the analytical instrument.
Since conventionally used surfactants (Patent Documents 11 and 14) use an alkyl group in which a hydrophobic group is substituted with a phenyl group, ethylene oxide becomes a hydrophilic group that affects the solubility of the surfactant. The number of moles added increased, preventing the re-deposition of the external additive, which was the object of the present invention, and the dispersion effect of suppressing cohesion was not sufficient.

For free amount, filtrate C is weighed to 100 ml with ion-exchanged water, and Si element is quantified with Shimadzu ICPS7500 (ICP-AES method). The standard solution is a standard solution for atomic absorption analysis (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.). By using a sample in which the concentration of the content is changed in advance and measuring, the Ti element and Si element contained in the filtrate C are quantified from the calibration curve in the analytical instrument.
The liberation rate is represented by a value obtained by dividing the concentration contained in the filtrate by the amount added, but may be represented by content (ppm). Analysis of elements contained in the filtrate is preferable because the plasma spectroscopic analysis ICP-AES method is excellent in accuracy.
The liberated amount of the present invention is the concentration liberated from the added amount mixed with 4 g of toner, the analysis value analyzed by the ICP-AES method becomes the liberated amount, and the liberation rate is displayed as a percentage before and after the test. You can also.

In addition, there is a method for obtaining the release rate by the difference from the total content after analyzing the adhesion rate from the fluorescent X-ray analysis by the test method described above, but (Patent Documents 14 and 15) do not actually analyze the release rate. Therefore, the value fluctuates and becomes a value that is higher or lower than the actual value and lacks accuracy, so that sufficient quantitative analysis cannot be performed. Therefore, in the present invention, analysis is performed by sampling from the filtrate. Moreover, there is no big level difference even if it uses the surfactant of patent documents 14 and 11.
Regarding the liberation amount of the present invention, in the conventional methods (Patent Documents 1 and 7), the adhesion rate was analyzed, and then the value obtained by subtracting the adhesion rate from the total amount was defined as the liberation rate.

The amount of silica released from the toner base by the ultrasonic vibration method determined as described above is preferably 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm, and the amount of titanium oxide released is preferably in the range of 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm (toner 4 g / 100 ml). .
If the silica release amount is less than 0.1 ppm, the toner is buried in the base material over time due to the agitation stress of the developing unit, and not only the toner fluidity is deteriorated, but also when the silica is buried in the toner base body over time, the charging of the toner It has been confirmed that there are cases where there is a problem that the amount is low and thus the image density is low.
On the other hand, when the release amount exceeds 10 ppm, the release amount of the silica from the toner base increases due to agitation over time, and the spent adherent to the carrier, the developer's frictional charging ability is inferior, and the toner falls from the developing sleeve. There may be.
Next, if the free amount of titanium oxide is less than 0.1 ppm, the toner may be buried in the toner base, and the charge balance control of the titanium oxide may be suppressed, which may impair the charging characteristics, while if the free amount exceeds 5 ppm. In addition, the amount of titanium oxide released from the toner base is increased by stirring over time, and the charging characteristics of the toner described above may also be hindered. In any case, an adhesion range in the optimum range is suitable. (Refer to the SEM photograph in FIG. 2.)

  Further, in the present invention, it is desirable that the average primary particle diameters of the two kinds of inorganic fine particles are different. These external additives are known to be gradually embedded in the toner due to a load in the development process. However, when the two types of particle sizes are different, the inorganic fine particles having the larger particle size are used as toner particles. It plays the role of a spacer when contacting the surface with the latent image carrier (typically a photoreceptor) or the carrier surface, and prevents the inorganic fine particles having a smaller particle diameter from being embedded in the toner particle surface. is there. Therefore, the toner surface covering state of the external additive in the initial state is maintained for a long time, and the filming suppressing effect in the present invention can be further maintained.

  Furthermore, in the present invention, it is desirable that the amount of inorganic fine particles having a small average primary particle diameter of the two types of inorganic fine particles is larger than the amount of inorganic fine particles having a large average primary particle diameter. The smaller the amount of the external additive having a larger particle size and the larger the amount of the external additive having a smaller particle size, the smaller the change in toner characteristics over time. This is considered to be because the embedding proceeds first from the toner having a large particle diameter.

  Furthermore, it is preferable that at least one inorganic fine particle used in the present invention has an average primary particle size of 0.03 μm or less from the viewpoint of imparting fluidity. When the average primary particle size is 0.03 μm or less, necessary fluidity is obtained, toner charging becomes uniform, and toner scattering and background smearing are improved.

The amount of the external additive added is preferably 0.5 parts by mass to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.8 parts by mass to 4.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the toner base. As a result, a thin layer of toner on the developing roller becomes uniform, and the unevenness of the thin layer is greatly improved. Further, a long stir of the developing roller causes white streaks due to the fusion of the toner to the stirring developer coating blade. To prevent. When the addition amount is out of the above range, the thin layer of toner on the developing roller becomes non-uniform, resulting in a case where uniform development of the toner and an image cannot be obtained, or white streaks due to the fusion of the toner to the stirring developer coating blade. May occur. If the addition amount is less than 0.5 parts by mass, sufficient toner fluidity cannot be obtained, and the toner of the required amount cannot be supplied to the developing roller, or the toner chargeability is too high. Development may not be performed. On the other hand, when the added amount exceeds 10 parts by mass, the chargeability of the toner is too low, and the toner may scatter from the developing roller or cause background stains.
The toner base means particles in the middle of production containing materials other than external additives, at least a binder resin, and a colorant.

The inorganic fine particles as the external additive preferably contain hydrophobic inorganic fine particles having a number average particle diameter in the range of 80 nm to 500 nm, and more preferably the inorganic fine particles are hydrophobized silica. When the inorganic fine particles having a large particle size adhere to the surface of the toner, they contribute to charging property and fluidity at the time of friction with the carrier, and are less buried in the toner base. In addition, the spacer effect reduces the frictional collision and prevents titanium oxide having a small particle diameter from falling off the toner surface.
When the number average particle diameter of the inorganic fine particles is less than 80 nm, the carrier friction causes the toner to be buried in the toner base, or the spacer effect is small, and the small-diameter titanium oxide easily falls off the toner surface. The toner is likely to fall from the sleeve due to. When the number average particle size of the inorganic fine particles exceeds 500 nm, the particle size is large, so that the total area that can come into contact with the toner surface when mixed with the toner base is small, and it is not added sufficiently to the toner and remains free. The contribution to the fluidity and chargeability is weakened, and the stress that the fluidity deteriorates is more likely to be subjected to development agitation, so that the carrier spent on titanium oxide progresses and the frictional charging ability of the carrier decreases, resulting in In some cases, toner may fall from the developing sleeve.

[toner]
The toner contains at least a binder resin and a colorant, and further contains other components as necessary.

[Binder resin]
A known resin can be used as the binder resin, and is not particularly limited, but a polyester resin is preferably used as a binder resin for a full color toner from the viewpoint of color developability and image strength. In a color image, several types of toner layers are stacked several times, so that the toner layer becomes thick, causing cracks and defects in the image due to insufficient strength of the toner layer, and loss of appropriate gloss. For this reason, a polyester resin is preferably used in order to maintain an appropriate gloss and excellent strength.

The polyester resin can be generally obtained by an esterification reaction of a polyhydric alcohol and a polyvalent carboxylic acid.
Among the monomers constituting the polyester resin, as the alcohol monomer, including difunctional or higher polyfunctional monomers, for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol Diols such as 1,4-butadieneol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-butenediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, polyoxypropylenated bisphenol Bisphenol A alkylene oxide adducts such as A, other dihydric alcohols, or sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitan, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripe Taerythritol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentanetriol, glycerol, diglycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, tri Examples include methylolpropane, 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, and other trihydric or higher polyhydric alcohols.

  Among these monomers constituting the polyester resin, those using a bisphenol A alkylene oxide adduct as the main component monomer are preferably used. When a bisphenol A alkylene oxide adduct is used as a constituent monomer, a polyester having a relatively high glass transition point is obtained due to the nature of the bisphenol A skeleton, and the copy blocking resistance and heat resistant storage stability are good. In addition, the presence of alkyl groups on both sides of the bisphenol A skeleton acts as a soft segment in the polymer, and the color developability and image strength during toner fixing are improved. Of the bisphenol A alkylene oxide adducts, those having an ethylene group or a propylene group are preferably used.

（式中ｎは２以上の整数Ｒ：水素、またはＣ_１〜Ｃ_１８のアルキル基、またはＣ_２〜Ｃ_１８アルケニル基、Ｘ：水素またはフェニル基に置換したＣ_１〜Ｃ_３のアルキル基を表わす。）

(N in the formula is an integer of 2 or more R: hydrogen, an alkyl group or a _C 2 _{-C 18} alkenyl group, a _C 1 _{~C 18,} X: an alkyl group of _C 1 -C ₃ substituted hydrogen or a phenyl group Represents.)

  Among the monomers constituting the polyester resin, examples of the acid monomer include difunctional or higher polyfunctional monomers, such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid. Acids, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, malonic acid, or alkenyl succinic acids or alkyl succinic acids such as n-dodecenyl succinic acid, n-dodecyl succinic acid, anhydrides of these acids, alkyl Esters, other divalent carboxylic acids, and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid Acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicar Xyl-2-methyl-methylenecarboxypropane, tetra (methylenecarboxyl) methane, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, empole trimer acid, and anhydrides thereof, alkyl ester, alkenyl ester, aryl ester Other trivalent or higher carboxylic acids can be mentioned.

  Specific examples of the alkyl ester, alkenyl ester or aryl ester described herein include triethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate, trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate, triethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate. 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid tri-n-butyl, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid isobutyl, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid tri-n-octyl, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid tri 2-ethylhexyl, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid tribenzyl, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid tris (4-isopropylbenzyl) and the like.

  There is no restriction | limiting in particular in the manufacturing method of the said polyester resin, Esterification reaction can be performed by a well-known method. The transesterification can also be performed by a known method, and a known transesterification catalyst can be used. Examples thereof include magnesium acetate, zinc acetate, manganese acetate, calcium acetate, tin acetate, lead acetate, and titanium tetrabutoxide. The polycondensation reaction can be performed by a known method, and a known polymerization catalyst can be used. Specific examples include antimony trioxide and germanium dioxide.

[Synthesis example]
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention further in detail, this invention is not limited by these Examples. In the following, “parts” represents mass% unless otherwise specified.

[Synthesis example of polyester resin used in Examples 1 to 3]
[Polyester resin (1)]
In a reaction vessel equipped with a condenser, a stirrer, and a nitrogen introducing tank, 3 mol of trimethylolpropane, 1 mol of fumaric acid, 1 mol of isophthalic acid, and 0.2 mol of tin (II) octylate were added, and a nitrogen stream at 230 ° C. The reaction was carried out for 2 hours while distilling off the water produced below. Next, 0.5 mol of trimellitic anhydride (reacted for 1 hour under reduced pressure of 5 to 20 mmHg) was added, the reaction was taken out for 2 hours under sealed at normal pressure, taken out, cooled to room temperature, pulverized, and nonlinear polyester resin (1) Got. Resin (1) contained 20% THF-insoluble matter, and the peak top molecular weight was 12,700.

[Polyester resin (2)]
In a reaction vessel equipped with a condenser, a stirrer, and a nitrogen introduction tank, 1 mol of propylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A, 1 mol of ethylene oxide adduct of bisphenol A, 1.5 mol of adipic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid 0. 5 mol and 1 mol of tin (II) dilaurate were added and reacted at 230 ° C. for 2 hours while distilling off the water generated under a nitrogen stream. Next, the mixture was reacted for 3 hours under reduced pressure of 5 to 20 mmHg, cooled to room temperature, and then pulverized to obtain a linear polyester resin (2). Resin (2) contained no THF-insoluble matter and had a peak top molecular weight of 4,500.

[Polyester resin (3)]
1 mol (455 g) of phenol novolak resin A having a nucleus number of 4.4 (average number of phenol nuclei in one molecule) and a softening point of 81 ° C. was placed in the autoclave, and the air in the reaction vessel was replaced with nitrogen. . Next, 1 mol of titanium dihydroxybistriethanolaminate was added, and 3 mol of ethylene glycol was gradually injected while maintaining the temperature at 120 ° C. to complete the reaction. Volatile substances were removed to obtain an oxyalkylene ether (NE1) of a novolac type phenol resin. 2.1 mol (735 g) of polyoxypropylene (2,2) -2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) in a reaction vessel equipped with a thermometer, a stirrer equipped with a torque detector, a cooler and a nitrogen introduction tube ), NE1 (0.9 mol) and terephthalic acid (3 mol) were added and reacted at 230 ° C. under a nitrogen stream. The reaction temperature was lowered to 200 ° C. from the time when the reaction product became transparent, and the polyesterification reaction proceeded under reduced pressure. The reaction was stopped when the viscosity of the reaction product gradually increased and the torque of the stirring rod showed a predetermined value, and the reaction product was taken out and rapidly cooled to obtain the polyester resin ((3)) of the present invention. Polyester resin (3) had a THF insoluble content of 28% and a peak top molecular weight of 5200.

[Hybrid resin (4)]
20 mol of styrene as an addition polymerization monomer, 5 mol of n-butyl methacrylate, and 1 mol of t-butyl hydroperoxide as a polymerization initiator are placed in a dropping funnel, phthalic acid: 30 mol as an addition polymerization and polycondensation reactive monomer, Trimellitic anhydride: 10 mol, bisphenol A (2,2) propylene oxide: 10 mol, bisphenol A (2,2) ethylene oxide: 10 mol, 8 mol of distearoxytin (II) as an esterification catalyst, stainless steel stirring rod, flow-down type The mixture was placed in a flask equipped with a condenser, a nitrogen gas inlet tube and a thermometer, and a mixture prepared by previously adding an addition polymerization material from a dropping funnel was added dropwise over 5 hours while stirring at 150 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere. After completion, the mixture was aged for 5 hours while maintaining at 150 ° C., and then reacted by raising the temperature to 230 ° C. to obtain a hybrid resin (4). The hybrid resin (4) contained no THF-insoluble matter and had a peak top molecular weight of 9,500.

[Styrene acrylic resin (5)]
A flask equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer, a gas introduction tube and a thermometer, 2000 g of ion exchange water, 500 g of styrene as a monomer, 100 g of glycidyl acrylate, 50 g of benzoyl peroxide as a radical initiator, and dodecenyl as a dispersant Charge 10 g of sodium benzenesulfonate. The mixture was heated while stirring with nitrogen substitution, heated to 90 ° C., and reacted for 12 hours. The obtained polymer was washed with water and dried at a room temperature of 10 torr to obtain a powdery powder having a volatile content of 1% or less.
Styrene acrylic resin (5) contained no THF-insoluble matter and had a peak top molecular weight of 4000.

[Colorant]
The colorant is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected from known dyes and pigments according to the purpose. For example, carbon black, nigrosine dye, iron black, naphthol yellow S, Hansa yellow (10G, 5G, G), Cadmium yellow, Yellow iron oxide, Ocher, Yellow lead, Titanium yellow, Polyazo yellow, Oil yellow, Hansa yellow (GR, A, RN, R), Pigment yellow L, Benzidine yellow (G, GR) , Permanent Yellow (NCG), Vulcan Fast Yellow (5G, R), Tartrazine Lake, Quinoline Yellow Lake, Anthrazan Yellow BGL, Isoindolinone Yellow, Bengala, Red Tan, Lead Zhu, Cadmium Red, Cadmium Mercury Red, Antimony Zhu, Permanent Red 4R, Parallel , Faise red, parachloroortho nitroaniline red, risor fast scarlet G, brilliant fast scarlet, brilliant carmine BS, permanent red (F2R, F4R, FRL, FRLL, F4RH), fast scarlet VD, Belkan Fast Rubin B, brilliant Scarlet G, Risor Rubin GX, Permanent Red F5R, Brilliant Carmine 6B, Pigment Scarlet 3B, Bordeaux 5B, Toluidine Maroon, Permanent Bordeaux F2K, Helio Bordeaux BL, Bordeaux 10B, Bon Maroon Light, Bon Maroon Medium, Eosin Lake, Rhodamine Lake B , Rhodamine lake Y, alizarin lake, thioindigo red B, thioindigo maroon, oil Quinacridone red, pyrazolone red, polyazo red, chrome vermilion, benzidine orange, perinone orange, oil orange, cobalt blue, cerulean blue, alkaline blue rake, peacock blue rake, Victoria blue rake, metal-free phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine blue, Fast Sky Blue, Indanthrene Blue (RS, BC), Indigo, Ultramarine Blue, Bitumen, Anthraquinone Blue, Fast Violet B, Methyl Violet Lake, Cobalt Purple, Manganese Purple, Dioxane Violet, Anthraquinone Violet, Chrome Green, Zinc Green, Oxidation Chrome, Pyridian, Emerald Green, Pigment Green B, Naphthol Green B, Green Gold, Acid Glee Rake, malachite green lake, phthalocyanine green, anthraquinone green, titanium oxide, zinc white, lithopone, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

The content of the colorant in the toner material is preferably 1% by weight to 15% by weight, and more preferably 3% by weight to 10% by weight. When the content is less than 1% by weight, the coloring power of the toner may be reduced. When the content is more than 15% by weight, the pigment may be poorly dispersed in the toner. The electrical characteristics may be degraded.
The colorant may be used as a master batch combined with a resin. Examples of such resins include polyesters, styrene or substituted polymers thereof, styrene copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and epoxy resins. , Epoxy polyol resin, polyurethane, polyamide, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylic acid resin, rosin, modified rosin, terpene resin, aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, alicyclic hydrocarbon resin, aromatic petroleum resin, chlorinated paraffin, paraffin wax , Etc. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

  Examples of the polymer of styrene or a substituted product thereof include polystyrene, poly (p-chlorostyrene), and polyvinyl toluene. Examples of the styrene copolymer include styrene-p-chlorostyrene copolymer, styrene-propylene copolymer, styrene-vinyltoluene copolymer, styrene-vinylnaphthalene copolymer, styrene-methyl acrylate copolymer. Copolymer, styrene-ethyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymer, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-ethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-methacrylic copolymer Acid butyl copolymer, styrene-α-chloromethyl methacrylate copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-vinyl methyl ketone copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, styrene-isoprene copolymer, styrene- Acrylonitrile-indene copolymer, steel Down - maleic acid copolymer, styrene - maleic acid ester copolymers and the like.

  The master batch can be manufactured by applying a high shear force and mixing or kneading the resin and the colorant. At this time, it is preferable to add an organic solvent in order to enhance the interaction between the colorant and the resin. Also, the so-called flushing method is preferable in that the wet cake of the colorant can be used as it is, and there is no need to dry it. The flushing method is a method in which an aqueous paste containing water of a colorant is mixed or kneaded together with a resin and an organic solvent, and the colorant is transferred to the resin side to remove water and the organic solvent. For mixing or kneading, for example, a high shear dispersion device such as a three-roll mill can be used.

  The toner of the present invention may further contain known components such as a release agent, a charge control agent, and a magnetic material, if necessary.

[Release agent]
As the release agent, it is preferable to contain a wax in the manufactured toner in order to give the toner releasability. The melting point of the wax is preferably 40 ° C to 120 ° C, more preferably 50 ° C to 110 ° C. When the melting point of the wax is excessive, the fixing property at low temperature may be insufficient. When the melting point of the wax is excessively low, offset resistance and durability may be deteriorated. Note that the melting point of the wax is determined by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). ). That is, the melting peak value when a sample of several mg is heated at a constant temperature increase rate, for example, (10 ° C./min) is defined as the melting point.

  Examples of the wax include solid paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, rice wax, fatty acid amide wax, fatty acid wax, aliphatic monoketone, fatty acid metal salt wax, fatty acid ester wax, and partially saponified fatty acid ester wax. , Silicone varnish, higher alcohol, carnauba wax and the like. Moreover, polyolefins, such as low molecular weight polyethylene and a polypropylene, are mentioned. Among these, polyolefins having a softening point by the ring and ball method of 70 ° C. to 150 ° C. are preferable, and polyolefins having a softening point of 120 ° C. to 150 ° C. are particularly preferable. In addition to synthetic waxes, natural waxes such as carnauba wax can also be used, and it is preferable to make use of the advantages of natural products in combination.

[Charge control agent]
Examples of the charge control agent include nigrosine dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, chromium-containing metal complex dyes, molybdate chelate pigments, rhodamine dyes, alkoxy amines, quaternary ammonium salts (fluorine-modified quaternary ammonium salts). ), Alkylamide, phosphorus simple substance or compound, tungsten simple substance or compound, fluorine-based surfactant, salicylic acid metal salt, salicylic acid derivative metal salt, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.

Commercially available products may be used as the charge control agent, such as bontron 03 of nigrosine dye, bontron P-51 of quaternary ammonium salt, bontron S-34 of metal-containing azo dye, oxynaphthoic acid metal complex E-82 of salicylic acid-based metal complex, E-89 of phenol-based condensate (above, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.), TP-302, TP-415 of quaternary ammonium salt molybdenum complex (above, Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.), quaternary ammonium salt copy charge PSY VP2038, triphenylmethane derivative copy blue PR, quaternary ammonium salt copy charge NEG VP2036, copy charge NX VP434 (above, manufactured by Hoechst), LRA-901, LR-147, a boron complex (Nippon Carlit) Ltd.), copper phthalocyanine, perylene, quinacridone, azo pigments, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, such as polymer compounds having a functional group such as quaternary ammonium bases.

  The content of the charge control agent is preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 0.2 to 5 parts by weight, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. When the content is less than 0.1 parts by weight, the charge controllability may not be obtained. When the content exceeds 10 parts by weight, the chargeability of the toner becomes too large and the effect of the main charge control agent is reduced. As a result, the electrostatic attractive force with the developing roller increases, which may lead to a decrease in toner fluidity and a decrease in image density.

[Magnetic material]
The toner of the present invention may be a magnetic toner containing a magnetic material. Examples of the magnetic material include iron oxide (magnetite, ferrite, hematite, etc.), metal (iron, cobalt, nickel, etc.), the metal and aluminum, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, tin, zinc, antimony, beryllium, bismuth. , Calcium, cadmium, manganese, selenium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and other alloys or mixtures. These may be used individually by 1 type and may use 2 or more types together.
The content of the magnetic material is preferably 5 to 150 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.

  The method for producing the toner of the present invention is not particularly limited, and any conventionally known pulverization method or polymerization method may be used. As the pulverization method, for example, a production method including a step of mechanically mixing toner components including at least a binder resin and a colorant, a step of melt-kneading, a step of pulverization, and a step of classification can be applied. In addition, in the mechanical mixing step and the melt-kneading step, a production method is also included in which powder other than the particles obtained as a product obtained in the pulverization or classification step is returned and reused.

  Powders other than the particles used as products (secondary products) are generated in the finely divided and coarse particles other than the components that become products of the desired particle size obtained in the pulverization process after the melt-kneading process and the subsequent classification process. It means fine particles and coarse particles other than the components that become products having a desired particle size. It is preferable to mix 1 to 20 parts by weight of the by-product with the raw material and preferably 100 parts by weight of the main raw material in the step of mixing or melt-kneading such a by-product.

  The mixing step of mechanically mixing the toner component including at least the binder resin and the colorant, and the mixing step of mechanically mixing the toner component including the binder resin, the colorant, and the charge control agent are usually performed by rotating wings. What is necessary is just to perform on normal conditions using a mixer etc., and there is no restriction | limiting in particular.

  When the above mixing process is completed, the mixture is then charged into a kneader and melt-kneaded. As the melt kneader, a uniaxial or biaxial continuous kneader or a batch kneader using a roll mill can be used. For example, KTK type twin screw extruder manufactured by Kobe Steel, TEM type extruder manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd., twin screw extruder manufactured by Kay Sea Kay Co., Ltd., PCM type twin screw extruder manufactured by Ikegai Iron Works, Conyder manufactured by Buss Co., Ltd. Etc. are preferably used. It is important that this melt-kneading is performed under appropriate conditions that do not cause the molecular chains of the binder resin to be broken. Specifically, the melt kneading temperature should be performed with reference to the softening point of the binder resin. If the temperature is too low from the softening point, cutting is severe, and if the temperature is too high, dispersion does not proceed.

  When the melt-kneading step is completed, the kneaded product is then pulverized. In this pulverization step, it is preferable to first coarsely pulverize and then finely pulverize. At this time, a method of pulverizing by colliding with a collision plate in a jet stream, pulverizing particles by colliding with each other in a jet stream, or pulverizing with a narrow gap between a mechanically rotating rotor and a stator is preferably used. After the pulverization step is completed, the pulverized product is classified in an air stream such as centrifugal force to produce a developer having a predetermined particle size, for example, an average particle size of 4 μm to 20 μm.

In order to produce the toner of the present invention, an external additive is added to and mixed with the toner base produced as described above in order to improve fluidity, storage stability, developability and transferability as a developer. For mixing external additives, a general powder mixer is used, but it is preferable to equip a jacket or the like to adjust the internal temperature. In order to change the load history applied to the external additive, the external additive may be added in the middle or gradually. Of course, you may change the rotation speed of a mixer, rolling speed, time, temperature, etc. A strong load may be given first, then a relatively weak load, and vice versa.
As an example of the mixing equipment that can be used, a Henschel mixer is suitable. As specific conditions, the temperature control in the first jacket is controlled to a temperature range of 25 ° C. to 35 ° C., and the rotation speed of the stirring blade is 1000r. p. m is preferable, and 1200 r. p. If it exceeds m, it is not preferable because the frictional heat increases, which is not preferable. Further, the mixing time is repeated for 30 seconds depending on the toner capacity, and the cooling cycle of 60 seconds is repeated. For example, when the cooling time is shorter than the operation time, the frictional heat increases, the external additive is buried, and the toner fluidity is hindered, and the formation of aggregates is also increased. . If the number of repetitions of the cycle is small, the adhesive force is weak, and if it is used as a developer, it may lead to a problem of carrier spent and the cause of the quality problem targeted by the present invention.
Further, from the side, an air flow source for further mixing and dispersing the powder layer flowing in the apparatus may be provided to increase the mixing efficiency. The size is about one third of the diameter of the rotary blade. Can be used. That is, when the mixing blade rotates at a high speed, a swirling flow is generated and two or more kinds of particles are mixed. The required adhesion strength is determined by the tip peripheral speed obtained and the rotational speed of the mixing blade.

[Two-component developer]
The toner of the present invention may be used as a two-component developer using a carrier. The carrier used here may be any conventional system such as iron powder, ferrite, magnetite, and glass beads. These carriers may be resin-coated. In this case, examples of the resin used include polyfluorocarbon, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, phenol resin, polyvinyl acetal, acrylic resin, and silicone resin. Among these, the silicone coat carrier is excellent from the viewpoint of the developer life. Moreover, you may contain electrically conductive powder etc. in coating resin as needed. As the conductive powder, metal powder, carbon black, titanium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide or the like can be used.
These conductive powders preferably have an average particle diameter of 1 μm or less. When the average particle diameter is larger than 1 μm, it becomes difficult to control electric resistance. In general, the mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier of the two-component developer is preferably 0.5 part by weight to 20.0 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carrier.

[Process cartridge]
The process cartridge used in the present invention develops an electrostatic latent image carrier carrying an electrostatic latent image and the electrostatic latent image carried on the electrostatic latent image carrier using a toner and makes it visible. Development means for forming an image, and other means appropriately selected as necessary.
The developing means includes a developer container that contains the toner or developer of the present invention, and a developer carrier that carries and transports the toner or developer contained in the developer container. And a layer thickness regulating member for regulating the thickness of the toner layer to be carried.
The process cartridge can be detachably provided in various electrophotographic image forming apparatuses, and is preferably provided detachably in the image forming apparatus of the present invention described later.

Here, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, the process cartridge contains an electrostatic latent image carrier (1), charging means (2), developing means (4), transfer means (8), cleaning means. (7) and other means as required. In FIG. 1, symbol (3) indicates exposure by the exposure means, and symbol (5) indicates a recording medium.
Next, the image forming process using the process cartridge shown in FIG. 1 will be described. The electrostatic latent image carrier (1) is charged by the charging means (2) and rotated by the exposure means (not shown) while rotating in the direction of the arrow. By exposure (3), an electrostatic latent image corresponding to the exposure image is formed on the surface. The electrostatic latent image is developed by the developing means (4), and the obtained visible image is transferred to the recording medium (5) by the transferring means (8) and printed out. Next, the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing member after the image transfer is cleaned by the cleaning means (7), further neutralized by the neutralizing means (not shown), and the above operation is repeated again.
A photograph of the surface of the toner particles after the release of the external additive by the ultrasonic vibration method described in the present invention is attached. As observed from the SEM photograph of Example 1, the external addition was performed while receiving the shearing force of the water flow. The state in which the agent adheres to the entire toner can be observed with a photograph of a reflected electron image and a photograph image of a secondary electron image.
It can be seen that in the system having a small ratio of [mixing time / cooling time] described in Comparative Example 1 and a low mixing cycle, the external additive is largely detached.
From this, the present invention represents medium class pruning mixing energy as a ratio of [mixing time / cooling time] to strong high energy mixing (strong shear), and the condition within a specific range and with many mixing cycles is better. Uniform adhesion, less variation, and increased adhesion strength.

[Image forming method]
The image forming method of the present invention includes at least an electrostatic latent image forming step, a developing step, a transfer step, and a fixing step, preferably including a cleaning step, and further other steps appropriately selected as necessary. For example, a static elimination process, a recycling process, a control process, etc. are included.
The image forming apparatus of the present invention includes at least an electrostatic latent image carrier, an electrostatic latent image forming unit, a developing unit, a transfer unit, and a fixing unit, and preferably includes a cleaning unit. In addition, other means appropriately selected as necessary, for example, static elimination means, recycling means, control means and the like are provided.

  The electrostatic latent image forming step can be performed by the electrostatic latent image forming unit, the developing step can be performed by the developing unit, the transfer step can be performed by the transferring unit, and the fixing step. Can be performed by the fixing unit, the cleaning step can be performed by the cleaning unit, and the other steps can be performed by the other unit.

[Electrostatic latent image forming step and electrostatic latent image forming means]
The electrostatic latent image forming step is a step of forming an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image carrier.
The electrostatic latent image carrier (sometimes referred to as “photosensitive member”) is not particularly limited in terms of material, shape, structure, size, etc., and can be appropriately selected from known ones. The shape is preferably a drum shape, and examples of the material include inorganic photoconductors such as amorphous silicon and selenium, and organic photoconductors such as polysilane and phthalopolymethine. Among these, amorphous silicon or the like is preferable in terms of long life.

The formation of the electrostatic latent image can be performed, for example, by uniformly charging the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier and then performing imagewise exposure, and is performed by the electrostatic latent image forming unit. be able to.
The electrostatic latent image forming means includes, for example, at least a charger that uniformly charges the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier and an exposure device that exposes the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier imagewise. Prepare.

The charging can be performed, for example, by applying a voltage to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier using the charger.
The charger is not particularly limited and may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose. For example, a known contact charging device including a conductive or semiconductive roll, brush, film, rubber blade, etc. And non-contact chargers utilizing corona discharge such as corotrons and corotrons.

The exposure can be performed, for example, by exposing the surface of the latent electrostatic image bearing member imagewise using the exposure device.
The exposure device is not particularly limited as long as it can perform imagewise exposure on the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier charged by the charger, and may be appropriately selected according to the purpose. Examples thereof include various exposure devices such as a copying optical system, a rod lens array system, a laser optical system, and a liquid crystal shutter optical system.
In the present invention, a back light system in which imagewise exposure is performed from the back side of the electrostatic latent image carrier may be employed.

[Development process and development means]
The developing step is a step of developing the electrostatic latent image using the toner of the present invention to form a visible image.
The visible image can be formed, for example, by developing the electrostatic latent image using the toner of the present invention, and can be performed by the developing unit.
The developing means is not particularly limited as long as it can be developed using, for example, the toner of the present invention, and can be appropriately selected from known ones. For example, the toner of the present invention is contained and the static Preferable examples include at least a developing device capable of applying the electrostatic image developing toner to the electrostatic latent image in contact or non-contact.

  The developing unit may be a dry developing type, a wet developing type, a single color developing unit, or a multi-color developing unit. For example, a toner having a stirrer that frictionally stirs and charges a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image and a rotatable magnet roller is preferable.

  In the developing device, for example, the toner and the carrier are mixed and stirred, and the toner toner for developing an electrostatic image is charged by friction at that time, and is held on the surface of the rotating magnet roller in a raised state. A brush is formed. Since the magnet roller is arranged in the vicinity of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photosensitive member), a part of the electrostatic charge image developing toner constituting the magnetic brush formed on the surface of the magnet roller is Then, it moves to the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor) by an electric attractive force. As a result, the electrostatic latent image is developed with the toner, and a visible image is formed with the toner on the surface of the electrostatic latent image carrier (photoconductor).

  The developer accommodated in the developing device is a developer containing the toner of the present invention, and the developer may be a one-component developer or a two-component developer. The toner contained in the developer is the toner of the present invention.

EXAMPLES The present invention will be further described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the following, parts are parts by weight.

[Toner prescription]
Polyester resin (number average molecular weight Mn: 4,300, weight average molecular weight Mw: 12,700 ... 100 parts (glass transition point Tg: 55 ° C)
・ Carbon black (MA100, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) 3 parts ・ Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1 part ・ Carnauba wax ・ ・ ・ ・・ 3 parts

[Manufacture of toner base particles]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with an air classifier, and the number content of toner particles having a volume average particle diameter Dv of 4.9 μm and a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less. Is a toner base having a particle size distribution in which the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn is 1.15, and the number content of 3.2 μm or less is 32%. Was made.

"External additive mixing process"
30 kg of the resulting classified toner base was weighed and placed in a mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer, 0.1 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.2 kg of titanium oxide (MT150AFM, manufactured by Teica). Was first mixed at low energy, and then mixed at high energy.
The temperature in the first jacket at this time was controlled to 25 ° C to 30 ° C. The number of revolutions of the stirring blade is low energy. Mixing is performed at 400 rpm for 60 seconds and 10 seconds of cooling. High energy mixing is 1000 rpm for 60 seconds and 10 seconds of cooling. 9 times. The toner of Example 1 was prepared.

得られたトナーのシリカの遊離量、率、を以下のようにして測定した。結果を表５に示す。

The free amount and rate of silica of the obtained toner were measured as follows. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Silica liberation rate]
First, 0.1 ml (manufactured by Kao Corporation) was added to 100 ml of ion-exchanged water, and stirred for 1 minute to prepare a solution A.
Next, 4 g of the initial toner of the sample was added to the solution A, shaken 20 times, the toner was wetted, and after confirming a dispersed state without floating or separation, it was left for 30 minutes to prepare a liquid B.
Next, the liquid B is shaken 5 times to disperse the toner, and then an ultrasonic homogenizer (VCX750, manufactured by SONICS) is used to enter the vibration part 2.5 cm into the liquid B and output energy (output 20 W, 20 CHz) for 1 minute to produce C.
Next, the liquid C is allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then filtered using a filter paper, 100 CIRCLES (manufactured by Toyo Filter Paper Co., Ltd.).
Next, the filtrate C is weighed to 100 ml with ion-exchanged water, and the Si element is quantified with Shimadzu Corporation ICPS7500. The standard solution is an atomic absorption analysis standard solution (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), and the concentration of the content is previously The Si element contained in the filtrate C was quantified together with a standard solution having a concentration changed from 0 ppm to 10 ppm and 20 ppm.
The liberation rate at this time, which was 3.04 ppm, was 0.84%, and the ratio value obtained by dividing the concentration contained in the filtrate by the total amount added was displayed.

[Toner prescription and toner base production]
The same method as in Example 1 was used.
[External additive mixing process]
30 kg of the resulting classified toner base was weighed and placed in a mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer, 0.1 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.2 kg of titanium oxide (MT150AFM, manufactured by Teica). Was first mixed at low energy, and then mixed at high energy.
The temperature in the first jacket at this time was controlled to 25 ° C to 30 ° C. The number of revolutions of the stirring blade is low energy. Mixing is performed at 300 rpm for 60 seconds and a cooling cycle of 20 seconds once. High energy mixing is performed at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds and a cooling cycle of 20 seconds 9 times. The toner of Example 2 was produced.

得られたトナーについて、シリカの遊離率を実施例１と同様にして測定した。結果を表５に示す。

For the obtained toner, the liberation rate of silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Toner formulation; (Using Synthesis Examples (1), (2) and (3))
Polyester resin / Polyester resin of Synthesis Example (1) ... 60 parts / Polyester resin of Synthesis Example (2) ... 20 parts / Polyester resin of Synthesis Example (3) ... 20 parts / Quinacridone magenta (C Pigment Red122) ... 3 parts Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1 part Mixed product of carnauba wax 60% and rice wax 40%・ 4 copies

[Manufacture of toner base]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with an air classifier. 66%, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.24. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 8% was prepared.

[External additive mixing process]
In the same manner as in Example 1, 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.2 kg of titanium oxide (manufactured by MT150AFM Teica Co., Ltd.) were first reduced to 30 kg of the obtained magenta toner base after classification. Mixing with energy (as understood from the table above, mixing with low energy precedes in the following examples as well), and then mixing at high speed with the command Henschel supermixer. The temperature in the first jacket was controlled to 25 ° C. to 30 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 1,000 rpm, 110 seconds of operation and 60 seconds of cooling were performed seven times, and the magenta toner of Example 3 Was made.
With respect to the obtained toner, the adhesion rate and release rate of titanium oxide were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Toner prescription]
・ Polyester resin: 100 parts (Mn; 4300, Mw; 11,700, Tg; 55 ° C., manufactured by Kao Corporation)
・ Carbon black (MA100, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) 3 parts ・ Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) 1 part ・ Carnauba wax 60% and rice Mixture of 40% wax: 4 parts

[Manufacture of toner base]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with an air classifier, and the number content of toner particles having a volume average particle diameter Dv of 4.62 μm and a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less. Was 58%, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.20. Further, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 34%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was A toner base having a particle size distribution of 1.8% was prepared.

[External additive mixing process]
Weigh 30 kg of the resulting classified toner base and put it into the mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer. High speed mixing was performed with a Henschel type super mixer. The stirring condition was such that the temperature in the first jacket was controlled at 30 ° C. to 34 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 900 rpm, 90 seconds of operation and 30 seconds of cooling cycle were performed 5 times, and the black toner of Example 4 was produced. did.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberation rate of silica in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained toner.

The mixture obtained in Example 2 was kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with an air classifier. The toner had a volume average particle diameter Dv of 5.01 μm and a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less. The number content of the particles was 58.5%, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.18, and the content of 3.2 μm or less was 34%, A toner base having a particle size distribution with a volume content of 8 μm or more and 1.8% was prepared.
High-speed mixing of 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.2 kg of titanium oxide (manufactured by MT150AFM Teica Co., Ltd.) under the same mixing conditions as in Example 4 was carried out on 30 kg of the classified toner toner base. Then, the cyan toner of Example 5 was produced.

[Toner prescription]
Polyester resin (number average molecular weight Mn: 4,300, weight average molecular weight Mw: 12,700, glass transition point Tg: 55 ° C.) 100 parts Carbon black (MA100, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation)・ ・ 3 parts ・ Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 1 part ・ A mixture of 60% carnauba wax and 40% rice wax ・ ・ ・ 4 parts

[Manufacture of toner base]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with an air classifier. %, And the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.13, and the content of 3.2 μm or less was 28.3%, A toner base having a particle size distribution of 1.8% was prepared.

[External additive mixing process]
30 kg of the obtained classified toner base was weighed and put into a mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer, and 0.1 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.1 kg of titanium oxide (MT150AFM manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd.). The mixing conditions were as follows: The first jacket temperature was controlled between 30 ° C and 34 ° C. The rotation speed of the stirring blade was 900 rpm, 115 seconds operation and 30 seconds cooling cycle were performed 5 times. Thus, the black toner of Example 6 was produced.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberated amount of silica of the obtained toner in the same manner as in Example 1.

[Toner prescription]
Polyester resin (number average molecular weight Mn: 6,100, weight average molecular weight Mw: 202,500, glass transition point Tg: 65 ° C.) 100 mass parts Yellow dye (CI Pigment Yellow 180)・ ・ 3 parts ・ Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 1 part ・ A mixture of 60% carnauba wax and 40% rice wax ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ 4 parts

[Manufacture of toner base]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with a wind classifier. Was 58%, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.21. A toner base having a particle size distribution with a rate of 1.8% was prepared.

[External additive mixing process]
30 kg of the resulting classified toner base was weighed and placed in a mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer, 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), and surface modified titanium oxide of Synthesis Example 3 in an amount of 0. 3 kg was mixed at high speed with a Henschel mixer. The stirring condition was such that the temperature in the first jacket was controlled at 20 ° C. to 30 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 800 rpm, 60 seconds of operation and 30 seconds of cooling cycle were performed five times, and the yellow toner of Example 7 was produced. did.
For the obtained toner, the amount of liberated silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

30 kg of the toner base after the classification used in Example 1 was weighed and put into a mixing chamber of a Henschel type super mixer, 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), and titanium oxide manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd. 3 kg was mixed at high speed with a Henschel type super mixer. The stirring conditions were such that the temperature in the first jacket was controlled between 20 ° C. and 30 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 800 rpm, 60 seconds of operation, and 40 seconds of cooling cycle 7 times. The black toner of Example 8 was produced.
For the obtained toner, the amount of liberated silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 1]
Next, a comparative example is described.
Using 0.2 kg of commercially available titanium oxide (MT150AFM manufactured by Teica Co., Ltd.), it was produced according to the production formula of Example 1 and classified by a wind classifier. The number content of toner particles of 0 μm or less was 68%, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.45, and the content of 3.2 μm or less was 40. A toner base having a particle size distribution with a volume content of 2.5% and a volume content of 8% or more was prepared.
30 kg of this classified toner base was weighed and put into the mixing chamber of a Henschel super mixer, and then 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) was mixed at a high speed with a Henschel mixer. The rotation speed of the stirring blade whose temperature was controlled at 35 ° C. to 40 ° C. was 800 rpm, and the operation for 10 seconds and the cooling cycle of 30 seconds were carried out three times to produce the black toner of Comparative Example 1.
For the obtained toner, the liberation rate of silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 2]
Manufactured according to the same toner production formula as in Example 1 and classified by a wind classifier, the volume average particle diameter Dv is 5.51 μm, and the number content of toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less is 58%. In addition, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.45, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 35.3%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was 2. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 8% was prepared.
Weigh 30 kg of the toner base after the classification, and put it into the mixing chamber of the Henschel super mixer. The stirring conditions were high-speed mixing using a Henschel mixer. The stirring conditions were controlled at 35 ° C to 40 ° C in the first jacket. The rotation speed of the stirring blade was 800 rpm for 35 seconds and cooling for 5 seconds. A black toner of Comparative Example 2 was produced. For the obtained toner, the liberation rate of silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 3]
Manufactured according to the toner production formulation described in Example 1 and classified by a wind classifier, the volume average particle diameter Dv is 6.12 μm, and the number content of toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less is 68%. In addition, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.41, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 36.3%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was 2. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 5% was prepared. Weigh 30 kg of the toner base after the classification, and put it into the mixing chamber of the Henschel type super mixer. In this stirring condition, high-speed mixing with a Henschel mixer, the temperature in the first jacket was controlled to 35 ° C. to 40 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 800 rpm, mixing for 40 seconds and cooling for 5 seconds, and this cycle was performed twice. A black toner of Comparative Example 3 was produced.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberation rate of silica in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained toner.

[Comparative Example 4]
Manufactured according to the toner production formulation described in Example 1 and classified by a wind classifier, the volume average particle diameter Dv is 6.3 μm, and the number content of toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less is 68%. In addition, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.45, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 37.3%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was 2. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 8% was prepared.
After weighing 30 kg of the toner base after the classification and putting it in the mixing chamber of the Henschel type super mixer, 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and titanium oxide (Taika, MT-150AFM) 0. 2 kg was mixed at a high speed with a Henschel type super mixer, and the toner of Comparative Example 4 was produced under the same conditions as Comparative Example 3.
With respect to the obtained toner, the liberation rate of silica was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Table 5.

[Comparative Example 5]
After pulverizing the jet mill obtained in Example 2, it was classified with an air classifier, and the volume average particle diameter Dv was 6.12 μm, and the number content of toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less was 78%. In addition, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.51, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 35.3%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was 3. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 8% was prepared.
Weigh 30 kg of the toner base after the classification, and put it in the mixing chamber of the Henschel super mixer. High speed mixing with a Henschel mixer. In this stirring condition, the temperature in the first jacket was controlled to 35 ° C. to 40 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 1,200 rpm, mixing was performed for 50 seconds and cooling for 10 seconds, and this cycle was performed twice. A cyan toner was prepared.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberation rate of silica in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained toner.

[Comparative Example 6]
After pulverizing the jet mill obtained in Example 5, it was classified with an air classifier, and the volume average particle diameter Dv was 5.80 μm, and the number content of toner particles having a particle diameter of 4.0 μm or less was 78%. In addition, the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.55, the content of 3.2 μm or less was 35.3%, and the volume content of 8 μm or more was 3. A toner base having a particle size distribution of 8% was prepared. Weigh 30 kg of cyan toner base material after classification and put it into the mixing chamber of a Henschel super mixer, 0.2 kg of silicon dioxide (R972, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.) and 0.3 kg of titanium oxide of MT-150AFM manufactured by Teika. Was mixed at high speed with a Henschel mixer. In this stirring condition, the temperature in the first jacket was controlled to 35 ° C. to 40 ° C., the rotation speed of the stirring blade was 1,200 rpm, mixing was performed for 56 seconds and cooling for 7 seconds, and this cycle was repeated 5 times. A cyan toner was prepared.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberation rate of silica in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained toner.

[Comparative Example 7]
A toner base was produced by using the spherical hydrophobic silica described in Example 1 described in Patent Document 14 (2006-154387) according to the following formulation [Toner formulation]
Polyester resin (number average molecular weight Mn: 4,300, weight average molecular weight Mw: 12700, glass transition point Tg: 55 ° C.) 100 parts Carbon black (MA100, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) 3 parts ・ Charge control agent (Bontron E-84, manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.) ・ ・ ・ 1 part ・ Carnauba wax ...... 3 parts

[Production of toner]
The above mixture is kneaded with an extruder, pulverized with a jet mill, and then classified with a wind classifier. Was 58%, and the ratio Dv / Dn of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn was 1.81, and the content of 3.2 μm or less was 35.3% and the volume content of 8 μm or more. A toner base having a particle size distribution with a rate of 2.8% was prepared.

[External additive mixing process]
30 kg of the classified toner base obtained in Comparative Example 7 was weighed and put into a mixing chamber of a Henschel supermixer, 0.5 kg of silicon dioxide (HDK, H1303 Clear Run and Japan), and titanium oxide (MT150AFM, manufactured by Teica). ) 0.3kg was carried out by Mitsui Mining's Henschel mixer 20B, the temperature inside the jacket was not particularly controlled. A black toner of Comparative Example 7 from which aggregates were removed was prepared.
Table 5 shows the results obtained by measuring the liberation rate of silica in the same manner as in Example 1 for the obtained toner.

[Image evaluation]
It was set in a digital color printer (Ricoh Co., Ltd., IPSIO Color 8500), and image evaluation was performed in “LL environment” and “HH environment”. In each item, the following evaluation was performed after 10,000 image charts having a 7% image area were output. Therefore, the initial image density means the image density after 10,000 sheets are run. The “LL environment” refers to an environment of 15% RH at 10 ° C., and the “HH environment” refers to an environment of 80% RH at 30 ° C.

[(1) Image density]
After outputting the solid image to 6000 paper manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., the image density after initial and 30,000 sheets was measured by X-Rite (manufactured by X-Rite), and this was performed for four colors alone to obtain the average, Evaluation was made according to the following criteria.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
×: Image density is 1.0 or more and less than 1.4 ○: Image density is 1.4 or more and less than 1.8 ◎: Image density is 1.8 or more and less than 2.2

[(2) Abnormal image (filming)]
The solid image surface after 10,000 sheets (initial) and after output of 30,000 sheets was evaluated for the occurrence of white spots, and the level that could be detected with the naked eye was determined as occurring, and evaluated according to the following criteria.
〔Evaluation criteria〕
◎: No white spots occurred in 100 samples sampled ○: White spots occurred in a ratio of 2% to less than 10% Δ: White spots occurred in a ratio of 10% to less than 20% ×: 20% White spots were generated at the above rate [Charge amount]
Regarding the charge amount, the charge amount of the toner on the developing roller of the copying machine was measured by a suction method.

[(3) Fine line reproducibility]
A 600 dpi fine line image after outputting 30,000 sheets was output to 6000 paper manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., and the degree of blurring of the fine line was compared with a stage sample and evaluated in four stages of x, Δ, ○, and ◎. The rank improves in the order of ×, Δ, ○, ◎.

[(4) Background dirt]
The blank paper image after outputting 30,000 sheets is stopped during development, the developer on the photoconductor after development is transferred to tape, and the difference from the image density of the untransferred tape is measured by 938 Spectrodensitometer (X-Rite). ) And evaluated in four stages: x, Δ, ○, and ◎. The smaller the difference in image density, the better the background dirt, and the better the rank in the order of x, Δ, ○, ◎.

* The ratio represents the ratio of mixing time to cooling time (mixing time / cooling time) in the mixing step.
The number of times represents the number of repeated cycles.

The description of the release rate test method described in Table 5 is the same as the test procedure, except that the type and concentration of the surfactant used for the hydrophilic treatment of the toner are different.
About the liberation rate evaluated by test operation, there is no level difference with the test result of this invention, and the value of the substantially same level is obtained.

From the results shown in Tables 4 and 5, when the toner of Examples 1 to 8 was set in a digital full color printer (manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., IPSiOColor 8500), an image was formed. Was not seen. When the developing roller was visually observed, the toner thin layer on the roller was uniform. The amount of charge on the developing roller was measured by a suction method. As a result, the black toner was −32.5 μC / g, the yellow developer was −32 μC / g, the magenta developer was −31 μC / g, and the cyan developer was −31.5 μC. / G. Images were similarly formed under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions of 80% RH at 30 ° C. and low-temperature and low-humidity conditions of 15% RH at 10 ° C., but no change was observed, and a good image was formed. In addition, when a durability test was performed for a total of 40,000 sheets of full-color images in each environment continuously at room temperature, low temperature and low humidity, high temperature and high humidity, and normal temperature, no significant change was observed in the fixed images, and 40,000 sheets. The image of the eyes was clear and clear.
When the developing roller was visually observed, there was no significant change in the toner thin layer on the roller. At this time, the charge amount of the developer was yellow developer-30.5 μC / g, magenta developer-30.2 μC / g. g, cyan developer-30.3 μC / g, and black developer-31.8 μC / g. The developing roller, blade, and photoreceptor were visually observed, but no filming was observed.

On the other hand, the toners of Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were set in a digital full color printer (manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd., IPSiOColor 8500) in an MM environment to form an image. No abnormalities were found. Thereafter, the developing roller was visually observed at the end of 30,000 sheets running, and the toner thin layer on the roller was uniform.
When the charge amount on the developing roller was measured by a suction method, it was -25.2 μC / g to −22.1 μC / g. When an image was formed under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions of 30 ° C. and 80% RH, the image was blurred. Further, when the image was similarly formed under the low temperature and low humidity condition of 10 ° C. and 15% RH, a faint image having a low ID was obtained. When a durability test using full-color images was performed under normal conditions at room temperature, low temperature and low humidity, high temperature and high humidity, and normal temperature, abnormalities such as background stains, dust, and streaks occurred on the images. When the developing roller was visually observed at this time, streaks were generated in the circumferential direction in the toner thin layer on the roller. When the charge amount of the developer was measured, it was deteriorated from yellow to black. That is, the toners of Comparative Examples 1 to 7 were affected by environmental fluctuations, and the amount of charge was easily attenuated and filming occurred.

[Industrial applicability]
The toner of the present invention and its production method are widely used in, for example, laser printers, direct digital plate-making machines, full-color copiers using direct or indirect electrophotographic multicolor image development systems, full-color laser printers, full-color plain paper fax machines, etc. Is done.

(FIG. 1); Image forming apparatus (toner cartridge)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Photoconductor 2 Charging means 3 Exposure 4 Developing means 5 Recording medium 7 Cleaning means 8 Transfer means

JP 2006-154387 A, Japanese Patent No. 2921174, JP2003-255608A, JP 2000-267354 A, Japanese Patent No. 3417213, JP 2000-267354 A, JP 2006-323368 A, Japanese Patent No. 3129074, JP 2006-323368 A JP 2006-0585502 A JP 2008-70577 A JP 2007-86348 A JP-A-5-66608, JP-A-4-9860, JP-A 61-249059, JP-A-4-264453, JP-A-5-346682, Japanese Patent No. 3230046 Japanese Patent No. 3639714 Japanese Patent No. 3216394 JP 2008-70577 A

Claims (18)

  In a pulverized toner containing at least a binder resin, a release agent, and a colorant, the toner is manufactured through a mixing process in which the toner base particles and the external additive, which is an inorganic fine particle, are mixed by a mixer, and the toner after air sieving The amount of the external additive in the sample is 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm as measured by an atomic absorption analysis of the free component collected in the aqueous solution containing the surfactant of the polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound by the ultrasonic vibration method. / (Toner 4 g / 100 ml) The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image is adjusted to a range of 4 g / 100 ml.   2. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner particles have a volume average particle diameter Dv of 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm.   The mixing step for external addition of inorganic fine particles comprises a mixing time for operating the mixing means and a cooling time, and the ratio of the mixing time to the cooling time (mixing time / cooling time) is 0.5 to 5.0. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is for developing an electrostatic image.   The inorganic fine particle external additive contains silica, and the liberation amount of the silica with respect to the toner base particles is adjusted within the range of 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml) measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is for developing an electrostatic image.   The inorganic fine particle external additive further contains titanium dioxide. When the amount of titanium released from the toner base is measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, it is in the range of 0.1 ppm to 5 ppm / (toner 4 g / 100 ml). 5. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the toner is adjusted to a value.   6. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein the atomic absorption analysis is a plasma spectroscopic analysis (ICP-AES) method.   The mixing means used in the mixing step is a mixer having a stirring blade, and the mixing time of one cycle consisting of the mixing time for operating the mixing means and the cooling time is manufactured in the range of 1 minute to 2 minutes. Item 7. The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to any one of Items 3 to 6.   The volume average particle diameter Dv of the toner base particles is 4.5 μm to 5.2 μm, the number content of 4.0 μm or less is 60% or less, and the ratio of the volume average particle diameter Dv to the number average particle diameter Dn. 8. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 1, wherein Dv / Dn is 1.10 to 1.50.   9. The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 1, wherein the toner base particle diameter is 35% or less at a number content of 3.2 μm or less and a volume content of 8 μm or more is 2.0% or less. .   10. The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 1, wherein the content of the releasing agent in the toner base particles is less than 6% by weight.   The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image according to claim 1, wherein the toner base particles further contain a charge control agent.   12. The electrostatic image developing toner according to claim 5, wherein silica particles are adhered to the surface of the toner base at the same time as or before the titanium oxide.   A developer comprising the toner according to claim 1.   A charging process in which voltage is applied to the charging member by applying a voltage to the charging member from the outside, an electrostatic latent image forming process in which an electrostatic latent image is formed on the electrostatic latent image carrier, and development of the electrostatic latent image A developing step of forming a toner image from a developing sleeve of the means, a transfer step of applying a voltage to the transfer member from the outside to transfer the toner image to a recording medium, and cleaning the surface of the charged body after transfer with a cleaning member 13. An image forming method comprising at least a cleaning step and a fixing step for heating and fixing a transfer image transferred to the recording medium, wherein the toner is the toner according to claim 1. An image forming method.   After the toner image is transferred onto the transfer member, the surface of the member to be charged is cleaned to collect the toner on the surface of the member to be charged, and the collected toner is supplied to the developing means for use in the developing process. The image forming method according to claim 14, comprising a recycling system.   A toner cartridge filled with the toner according to claim 1.   In a process cartridge that integrally supports a photosensitive member as a member to be charged and at least one unit selected from a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit and is detachable from the main body of the image forming apparatus, the developing unit includes toner ( 13. A process cartridge which holds the developer and uses the toner / developer according to claim 11 or 12 as the toner (developer).   An evaluation method of the degree of external additive adhesion of a toner obtained by adhering an external additive containing at least silica to a toner base of a pulverized toner containing at least a binder resin, a release agent, and a colorant, The amount of liberated external additive is measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for measuring free components collected in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound by ultrasonic vibration method. The polyoxyethylene lauryl ether compound has an HLB value in the range of 12 to 18, and the concentration of the aqueous solution is in the range of 0.01% by weight to 0.5% by weight. Evaluation method of the degree of adhering to the additive.

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