JP2011199934A - Power supply device - Google Patents

Power supply device Download PDF

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JP2011199934A
JP2011199934A JP2010060828A JP2010060828A JP2011199934A JP 2011199934 A JP2011199934 A JP 2011199934A JP 2010060828 A JP2010060828 A JP 2010060828A JP 2010060828 A JP2010060828 A JP 2010060828A JP 2011199934 A JP2011199934 A JP 2011199934A
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power
secondary battery
storage device
power supply
power storage
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JP5577775B2 (en
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Makoto Ishikura
誠 石倉
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
    • B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
    • B60L7/14—Dynamic electric regenerative braking for vehicles propelled by ac motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/14—Boost converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a power supply device which is large in capacity, high in output and long in life.SOLUTION: The power supply device 100 includes a first secondary battery 13 which supplies power to a motor generator 11, a second secondary battery 14 which is connected to the first secondary battery 13 in parallel and supplies power to the motor generator 11, and a boosting converter 20 which is connected between the first secondary battery 13 and the second secondary battery 14 and varies the power supplied to the motor generator 11 from the second secondary battery 14 according to the demand power of the motor generator 11.

Description

本発明は、電源装置の構造に関する。   The present invention relates to a structure of a power supply device.

近年、環境対策の面からリチウムイオン二次電池等の充放電可能な電池によってモータを駆動して走行する電気自動車が多く開発されている。リチウムイオン二次電池は、アルミニウム箔の両面にコバルト酸リチウムなどの活物質を溶剤で溶いて塗布した正極電極と、銅箔に正極同様炭素材料などを溶媒で溶いて塗布した負極電極とが用いられることが多い。リチウムイオン二次電池は、活物質の粒径、比表面積などによって容量密度と出力密度の特性が決まってくる。例えば、粒径が大きく、比表面積が低い活物質を用いた場合には、寿命が長く、容量密度が高い高容量電池（高容量密度型電池）となるが出力密度が低下してしまい、逆に、粒径が小さく、比表面積が高いい活物質を用いた場合には、出力密度が高い高出力電池（高出力密度型電池）となるが、寿命が短く容量密度が低下してしまう傾向が高い。電気自動車には長い航続距離とともに高い加減速性能が求められていることから、電気自動車に搭載される二次電池には高容量かつ高出力化が求められている。また、電気自動車の耐久性を高める必要から二次電池の長寿命化が求められている。   In recent years, many electric vehicles that run by driving a motor with a chargeable / dischargeable battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery have been developed from the viewpoint of environmental measures. A lithium ion secondary battery uses a positive electrode in which an active material such as lithium cobaltate is dissolved in a solvent on both sides of an aluminum foil, and a negative electrode in which a carbon material is dissolved in a copper foil in a solvent similar to the positive electrode. It is often done. The characteristics of capacity density and power density of a lithium ion secondary battery are determined by the particle size, specific surface area, and the like of the active material. For example, when an active material having a large particle size and a low specific surface area is used, a high capacity battery (high capacity density type battery) having a long life and a high capacity density is obtained, but the output density is reduced, and vice versa. In addition, when an active material having a small particle size and a high specific surface area is used, a high output battery (high output density type battery) with a high output density is obtained, but the life is short and the capacity density tends to decrease. Is expensive. Since electric vehicles are required to have high acceleration / deceleration performance with a long cruising distance, secondary batteries mounted on electric vehicles are required to have high capacity and high output. In addition, it is required to extend the life of secondary batteries because of the need to increase the durability of electric vehicles.

しかし、高容量電池と高出力電池とはその特性が背反することからこれらの２つの要求を一種類の電池で実現することは困難である。そこで、同じ電圧の高容量電池と高出力電池とを、並列に接続した電池構成とし、高容量かつ高出力の電源とすることが提案されている。   However, since the characteristics of high-capacity batteries and high-power batteries are contradictory, it is difficult to realize these two requirements with a single type of battery. In view of this, it has been proposed that a high-capacity battery and a high-power battery having the same voltage be connected in parallel to provide a high-capacity and high-output power source.

この電池構成は、モータへの放電の際に高出力電池が先に放電し、それによって生じる高容量電池との間の電位差によって、高容量電池から高出力電池に充電されていくことによって二次電池全体として高容量、高出力の特性を出すことができる。しかし、モータへの放電によって高出力電池の残存容量（ＳＯＣ）が著しく低下した場合、高容量電池から高出力電池への電流の供給が追いつかず、高出力電池の出力が低下してしまうという問題があった。このため、並列に接続した高出力電池と高容量電池との間に昇圧コンバータを配置し、高出力電池の残存容量（ＳＯＣ）あるいは出力電圧が著しく低下した場合には高容量電池の電圧を昇圧コンバータによって昇圧して高出力電池を充電し、高出力電池の残存容量（ＳＯＣ）又は出力電圧を回復させる方法が提案されている（例えば、特許文献１参照）。   In this battery configuration, the high-power battery is discharged first when discharging to the motor, and the secondary battery is charged from the high-capacity battery to the high-power battery by the potential difference with the high-capacity battery. The battery as a whole can exhibit high capacity and high output characteristics. However, when the remaining capacity (SOC) of the high-power battery is significantly reduced due to the discharge to the motor, the current supply from the high-capacity battery to the high-power battery cannot catch up, and the output of the high-power battery decreases. was there. For this reason, a boost converter is placed between the high-power battery and the high-capacity battery connected in parallel, and the voltage of the high-capacity battery is boosted when the remaining capacity (SOC) of the high-power battery or the output voltage drops significantly. A method has been proposed in which a high-power battery is charged by boosting with a converter and the remaining capacity (SOC) or output voltage of the high-power battery is recovered (for example, see Patent Document 1).

特開２００６−１２１８７４号公報JP 2006-121874 A

しかし、特許文献１に記載された従来技術の電池構成は、基本的には同電圧の高容量電池と高出力電池とを並列に接続したものであることから、モータからの出力要求があった場合には、まず高出力電池からモータに放電され、高容量電池から高出力電池への充電が追い付かず、高出力電池の出力あるいは残存容量（ＳＯＣ）が著しく低下してきたら、昇圧コンバータによって高容量電池の電圧を昇圧して高出力電池に充電するものである。このため、電動車両の走行中には高出力電池の残存容量（ＳＯＣ）が低くなる状態となりやすく、電池の特性上、寿命が短い高出力電池の寿命がより短くなってしまうという問題がある。   However, since the battery configuration of the prior art described in Patent Document 1 is basically a high-capacity battery having the same voltage and a high-output battery connected in parallel, there has been a request for output from the motor. In this case, if the high-power battery is discharged from the high-power battery first, and the charge from the high-capacity battery to the high-power battery cannot catch up, and the output or remaining capacity (SOC) of the high-power battery has dropped significantly, The voltage of the battery is boosted to charge the high output battery. For this reason, there is a problem that the remaining capacity (SOC) of the high-power battery tends to be low during the traveling of the electric vehicle, and the life of the high-power battery having a short life is further shortened due to the characteristics of the battery.

本発明は、高容量かつ高出力で寿命の長い電源装置を提供することを目的とする。   An object of the present invention is to provide a power supply device having a high capacity, a high output, and a long lifetime.

本発明の電源装置は、負荷に電力を供給する第１の蓄電装置と、前記第１の蓄電装置と並列に接続され、前記負荷に電力を供給する第２の蓄電装置と、前記第１の蓄電装置と前記第２の蓄電装置との間に接続され、前記負荷の要求電力に応じて前記第２の蓄電装置から負荷に供給する電力を変化させる供給電力変化手段と、を備えることを特徴とする。また、本発明の電源装置において、前記電源装置は車両に搭載される車両用電源装置であり、前記負荷は車両に搭載される電動機であること、としても好適である。   The power supply device of the present invention includes a first power storage device that supplies power to a load, a second power storage device that is connected in parallel to the first power storage device and supplies power to the load, and the first power storage device Supply power changing means connected between the power storage device and the second power storage device and changing the power supplied from the second power storage device to the load in accordance with the required power of the load. And In the power supply device of the present invention, it is also preferable that the power supply device is a vehicle power supply device mounted on a vehicle, and the load is an electric motor mounted on the vehicle.

本発明の電源装置において、前記第１、第２の蓄電装置は充放電可能な二次電池であり、前記第１の蓄電装置の電圧は前記第２の電源装置の電圧よりも高く、前記第１の蓄電装置は単位電極面積当たりの容量が前記第２の蓄電装置よりも大きく、前記第２の蓄電装置は単位電極面積当たりの出力電力が前記第１の蓄電装置よりも大きいこと、としても好適であるし、前記第１の蓄電装置は充放電可能な二次電池であり、前記第２の蓄電装置はキャパシタとしても好適である。   In the power supply device of the present invention, the first and second power storage devices are rechargeable secondary batteries, and the voltage of the first power storage device is higher than the voltage of the second power supply device. One power storage device has a larger capacity per unit electrode area than the second power storage device, and the second power storage device has a larger output power per unit electrode area than the first power storage device. Preferably, the first power storage device is a chargeable / dischargeable secondary battery, and the second power storage device is also preferable as a capacitor.

本発明の電源装置において、供給電力変化手段は、スイッチング素子を含む昇圧コンバータであり、運転者のアクセル踏みこみ量が所定量以下の場合には、スイッチング素子をオフとし、運転者のアクセルの踏みこみ量が所定量を超える場合には、前記負荷の要求電力に応じて前記第２の蓄電装置から負荷に供給する電力にかかわらずスイッチング素子をスイッチング動作させること、としても好適である。   In the power supply device of the present invention, the supply power changing means is a step-up converter including a switching element. When the driver's accelerator depression amount is equal to or less than a predetermined amount, the switching element is turned off and the driver's accelerator depression step is performed. When the amount of dust exceeds a predetermined amount, the switching element is preferably switched according to the required power of the load regardless of the power supplied from the second power storage device to the load.

本発明は、高容量かつ高出力で寿命の長い電源装置を提供することができるという効果を奏する。   The present invention has an effect that a power supply device having a high capacity, a high output, and a long life can be provided.

本発明の実施形態における電源装置の構成を示す系統図である。It is a systematic diagram which shows the structure of the power supply device in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施形態における電源装置の動作を示すフローチャートである。It is a flowchart which shows operation | movement of the power supply device in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施形態における電源装置の第２の二次電池の充電動作を示すフローチャートである。It is a flowchart which shows the charge operation of the 2nd secondary battery of the power supply device in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施形態における電源装置に用いられる昇圧コンバータのスイッチング素子の動作を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows operation | movement of the switching element of the boost converter used for the power supply device in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の実施形態における電源装置の第１の二次電池の電圧電流特性を示すグラフである。It is a graph which shows the voltage-current characteristic of the 1st secondary battery of the power supply device in embodiment of this invention. 本発明の他の実施形態における電源装置の構成を示す系統図である。It is a systematic diagram which shows the structure of the power supply device in other embodiment of this invention. 本発明の他の実施形態における電源装置の動作を示すフローチャートである。It is a flowchart which shows operation | movement of the power supply device in other embodiment of this invention. 本発明の他の実施形態における電源装置のキャパシタの充電動作を示すフローチャートである。It is a flowchart which shows the charging operation of the capacitor of the power supply device in other embodiment of this invention. 本発明の他の実施形態における電源装置に用いられるキャパシタの初期充電動作を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the initial stage charge operation | movement of the capacitor used for the power supply device in other embodiment of this invention. 本発明の他の実施形態における電源装置に用いられるキャパシタの停止時放電動作を示す説明図である。It is explanatory drawing which shows the discharge operation at the time of the stop of the capacitor used for the power supply device in other embodiment of this invention.

以下、図面を参照しながら本発明の実施形態の電源装置について説明する。図１に示すように、電動車両に搭載される本実施形態の電源装置１００は、第１の蓄電装置である充放電可能な第１の二次電池１３と、第１の二次電池１３と昇圧コンバータ２０を介して並列に接続されている充放電可能な第２の蓄電装置である第２の二次電池１４と、第１、第２の二次電池１３，１４から供給される直流電力を三相交流電力に変換して負荷である車両駆動用のモータジェネレータ１１に供給するインバータ１２と、昇圧コンバータ２０のスイッチング素子２１、２３をオンオフさせて第２の二次電池１４からインバータ１２を介してモータジェネレータ１１に供給する電力を変化させる制御部５０と、を含んでいる。   Hereinafter, a power supply device according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. As shown in FIG. 1, the power supply device 100 of this embodiment mounted on an electric vehicle includes a first secondary battery 13 that is a chargeable / dischargeable first power storage device, a first secondary battery 13, and the like. DC power supplied from second secondary battery 14, which is a chargeable / dischargeable second power storage device connected in parallel via boost converter 20, and first and second secondary batteries 13, 14. Is converted into three-phase AC power and supplied to the motor generator 11 for driving the vehicle as a load, and the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 are turned on and off to switch the inverter 12 from the second secondary battery 14. And a control unit 50 that changes electric power supplied to the motor generator 11.

第１、第２の二次電池１３，１４は単セルまたは複数のセルが直列に接続されたもので、第１の二次電池１３の直列に接続されているセルの数は第２の二次電池の直列に接続されているセルの数よりも多く、第１の二次電池１３の電圧は第２の二次電池１４の電圧よりも高くなっている。例えば、第１の二次電池１３の電圧は６５０Ｖ程度で第２の二次電池１４の電圧は２００或いは３００Ｖ程度である。また、第１の二次電池１３の満充電容量は第２の二次電池１４の満充電容量よりも大きい。第１の二次電池１３は単位電極面積当たりの容量が大きい高容量密度型の二次電池であり、第２の二次電池１４は単位電極面積当たりの出力電力が大きい高出力型の二次電池であり、前記第１の二次電池１３の単位電極面積当たりの容量は第２の二次電池１４の単位電極面積当たりの容量よりも大きく、第２の二次電池１４の単位電極面積当たりの出力電力は第１の二次電池１４の単位電極面積当たりの出力電力よりも大きい。   The first and second secondary batteries 13 and 14 are single cells or a plurality of cells connected in series, and the number of cells connected in series of the first secondary battery 13 is the second two. More than the number of cells connected in series with the secondary battery, the voltage of the first secondary battery 13 is higher than the voltage of the second secondary battery 14. For example, the voltage of the first secondary battery 13 is about 650V, and the voltage of the second secondary battery 14 is about 200 or 300V. The full charge capacity of the first secondary battery 13 is larger than the full charge capacity of the second secondary battery 14. The first secondary battery 13 is a high capacity density type secondary battery having a large capacity per unit electrode area, and the second secondary battery 14 is a high output type secondary battery having a large output power per unit electrode area. A capacity per unit electrode area of the first secondary battery 13 is larger than a capacity per unit electrode area of the second secondary battery 14, and is per unit electrode area of the second secondary battery 14. Is larger than the output power per unit electrode area of the first secondary battery 14.

第１、第２の二次電池１３，１４はリチウムイオン二次電池で構成してもよい。この場合、第１の二次電池１３は大粒径で比表面積の低い活物質を用いた高容量密度で長寿命型の大容量電池であり、第２の二次電池１４は小粒径で比表面積の高い活物質を用いた高出力型の小容量電池としてもよい。また、第１の二次電池１３をニッケル水素電池とし、第２の二次電池を上記のようなリチウムイオン二次電池として構成してもよい。第１の二次電池１３には、外部電源に接続して第１の二次電池１３を充電するためのプラグ１５が取り付けられている。また、第２の二次電池１４にはＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ１６を介して電動車両のエアコン等の補機１７が接続されている。   The first and second secondary batteries 13 and 14 may be constituted by lithium ion secondary batteries. In this case, the first secondary battery 13 is a high capacity density and long life type large capacity battery using an active material having a large particle diameter and a low specific surface area, and the second secondary battery 14 is a small particle diameter. A high output type small capacity battery using an active material having a high specific surface area may be used. Alternatively, the first secondary battery 13 may be a nickel metal hydride battery, and the second secondary battery may be a lithium ion secondary battery as described above. The first secondary battery 13 is attached with a plug 15 for connecting to an external power source and charging the first secondary battery 13. An auxiliary machine 17 such as an air conditioner of an electric vehicle is connected to the second secondary battery 14 via a DC / DC converter 16.

昇圧コンバータ２０は、上アームスイッチング素子２１と、上アームスイッチング素子２１と逆並列に接続された上アームダイオード２２と、上アームスイッチング素子２１と直列に接続された下アームスイッチング素子２３と、下アームスイッチング素子２３と逆並列に接続された下アームダイオード２４と、上アームスイッチング素子２１と下アームスイッチング素子２３との間に接続された低圧電路３５と、低圧電路３５の中に設けられたリアクトル２５と、上アームスイッチング素子２１の低圧電路３５と反対側に接続される高圧電路３４と、下アームスイッチング素子２３の低圧電路３５と反対側に接続される基準電路３３とを含んでいる。昇圧コンバータ２０は低圧側端子２６，２７、高圧側端子２８，２９を備えている。低圧側端子２６と高圧側端子２８はいずれも基準電路３３に接続され、低圧側端子２６は低圧電路３５に接続され、高圧側端子２９は高圧電路３４に接続されている。昇圧コンバータ２０の低圧側端子２６，２７には第２の二次電池１４が接続され、昇圧コンバータ２０の高圧側端子２８，２９はそれぞれ第１の二次電池のプラス側出力線３１とマイナス側出力線３２とに接続されている。   Boost converter 20 includes upper arm switching element 21, upper arm diode 22 connected in antiparallel with upper arm switching element 21, lower arm switching element 23 connected in series with upper arm switching element 21, and lower arm A lower arm diode 24 connected in antiparallel with the switching element 23, a low piezoelectric path 35 connected between the upper arm switching element 21 and the lower arm switching element 23, and a reactor 25 provided in the low piezoelectric path 35 And a high piezoelectric path 34 connected to the side opposite to the low piezoelectric path 35 of the upper arm switching element 21, and a reference electric path 33 connected to the side opposite to the low piezoelectric path 35 of the lower arm switching element 23. The step-up converter 20 includes low-voltage side terminals 26 and 27 and high-voltage side terminals 28 and 29. Both the low voltage side terminal 26 and the high voltage side terminal 28 are connected to the reference electrical circuit 33, the low voltage side terminal 26 is connected to the low piezoelectric path 35, and the high voltage side terminal 29 is connected to the high piezoelectric path 34. The second secondary battery 14 is connected to the low-voltage side terminals 26 and 27 of the boost converter 20, and the high-voltage side terminals 28 and 29 of the boost converter 20 are the positive output line 31 and the negative side of the first secondary battery, respectively. It is connected to the output line 32.

第１の二次電池１３の出力側には第１の二次電池１３の出力電圧を検出する電圧センサ４１が設けられ、第１の二次電池１３のプラス側出力線３１には第１の二次電池１３からの出力電流を検出する電流センサ４２が設けられている。また、第２の二次電池１４の出力側には、第２の二次電池１４の出力電圧を検出する電圧センサ４４が設けられ、第２の二次電池１４のプラス側である低圧電路３５には第２の二次電池１４からの出力電流を検出する電流センサ４５が設けられている。第１、第２の二次電池１３，１４にはそれぞれの温度を検出する温度センサ４３，４６が設けられている。また、電動車両の運転席に設けられているアクセルにはその踏み込み量を検出するアクセル位置センサ１８が取り付けられている。   A voltage sensor 41 for detecting the output voltage of the first secondary battery 13 is provided on the output side of the first secondary battery 13, and the first output line 31 of the first secondary battery 13 is connected to the first output line 31. A current sensor 42 that detects an output current from the secondary battery 13 is provided. A voltage sensor 44 that detects the output voltage of the second secondary battery 14 is provided on the output side of the second secondary battery 14, and the low piezoelectric path 35 that is the plus side of the second secondary battery 14. Is provided with a current sensor 45 for detecting an output current from the second secondary battery 14. The first and second secondary batteries 13 and 14 are provided with temperature sensors 43 and 46 for detecting respective temperatures. Further, an accelerator position sensor 18 for detecting the amount of depression is attached to an accelerator provided in a driver seat of the electric vehicle.

インバータ１２、昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３は制御部５０に接続され、制御部５０の指令によって動作するよう構成されている。また、モータジェネレータ１１、各電圧センサ４１，４４、各電流センサ４２，４５、温度センサ４３，４６、アクセル位置センサ１８はそれぞれ制御部５０に接続され、制御部５０にはモータジェネレータ１１、各二次電池１３，１４の状態、アクセル開度信号が入力されるよう構成されている。制御部５０は、内部に信号処理を行うＣＰＵと、制御プログラムやデータを格納する記憶部とを含むコンピュータである。   The switching elements 21 and 23 of the inverter 12 and the boost converter 20 are connected to the control unit 50 and are configured to operate according to commands from the control unit 50. The motor generator 11, the voltage sensors 41 and 44, the current sensors 42 and 45, the temperature sensors 43 and 46, and the accelerator position sensor 18 are connected to the control unit 50. The control unit 50 includes the motor generator 11 and two The state of the secondary batteries 13 and 14 and the accelerator opening signal are input. The control unit 50 is a computer including a CPU that performs signal processing therein and a storage unit that stores control programs and data.

図２から図５を参照しながら電源装置１００の動作について説明する。通常、電動車両は第１の二次電池１３を使用して走行している。図２のステップＳ１０１に示すように、制御部５０は、第１、第２の二次電池１３，１４の状態量を取得する。具体的には、制御部５０は、各電圧センサ４１，４４、各電流センサ４２，４５、各温度センサ４３，４６から各二次電池１３，１４の出力電圧、出力電流、温度を取得する。そして、制御部５０は、図２のステップＳ１０２，Ｓ１０３に示すように、これらの状態量に基づいて各二次電池１３，１４の各残存容量（ＳＯＣ1，ＳＯＣ2）、各放電可能電力（ＷＯＵＴ1，ＷＯＵＴ2）、各充電可能電力（Ｗｉｎ1，Ｗｉｎ2）を計算する。例えば、制御部５０は、二次電池１３，１４ごとに出力電流を積分しておき、その各積分値を用いて各残存容量（ＳＯＣ1，ＳＯＣ2）を算出するようにしてもよいし、各二次電池１３，１４の各出力電圧と各出力電流との各特性カーブを用いて各残存容量（ＳＯＣ1，ＳＯＣ2）を計算するようにしてもよい。各二次電池１３，１４の各放電可能電力（ＷＯＵＴ1，ＷＯＵＴ2）、各充電可能電力（Ｗｉｎ1，Ｗｉｎ2）は、各二次電池１３，１４の温度が低い場合には小さくなり、温度が高くなってくると大きくなる。また、各二次電池１３，１４の各充電可能電力（Ｗｉｎ1，Ｗｉｎ2）は各二次電池１３，１４の各残存容量（ＳＯＣ1，ＳＯＣ2）が大きい場合に小さくなり、各二次電池１３，１４の各放電可能電力（ＷＯＵＴ1，ＷＯＵＴ2）は各残存容量（ＳＯＣ1，ＳＯＣ2）が大きい場合に大きくなる性質を持っているので、制御部５０はこの特性に基づいて各二次電池１３，１４の各放電可能電力（ＷＯＵＴ1，ＷＯＵＴ2）、各充電可能電力（Ｗｉｎ1，Ｗｉｎ2）を計算するようにしてもよい。なお、各電力は各二次電池１３，１４からの放電をプラス、充電をマイナスとするので各放電可能電力（ＷＯＵＴ1，ＷＯＵＴ2）はプラスとなり、各充電可能電力（Ｗｉｎ1，Ｗｉｎ2）はマイナスとなる。 The operation of the power supply apparatus 100 will be described with reference to FIGS. Usually, the electric vehicle travels using the first secondary battery 13. As shown in step S <b> 101 of FIG. 2, the control unit 50 acquires the state quantities of the first and second secondary batteries 13 and 14. Specifically, the control unit 50 acquires the output voltage, output current, and temperature of the secondary batteries 13 and 14 from the voltage sensors 41 and 44, the current sensors 42 and 45, and the temperature sensors 43 and 46, respectively. Then, as shown in steps S102 and S103 of FIG. 2, the control unit 50 determines the remaining capacities (SOC 1 and SOC 2 ) and dischargeable powers (SOC 1 and SOC 2 ) of the secondary batteries 13 and 14 based on these state quantities. WOUT 1 , WOUT 2 ) and each chargeable power (Win 1 , Win 2 ) are calculated. For example, the control unit 50 may integrate the output current for each of the secondary batteries 13 and 14 and calculate each remaining capacity (SOC 1 , SOC 2 ) using each integrated value. Each remaining capacity (SOC 1 , SOC 2 ) may be calculated using each characteristic curve of each output voltage and each output current of each secondary battery 13, 14. Each dischargeable power (WOUT 1 , WOUT 2 ) and each chargeable power (Win 1 , Win 2 ) of each secondary battery 13, 14 become small when the temperature of each secondary battery 13, 14 is low, The temperature increases as the temperature increases. Moreover, each chargeable power (Win 1 , Win 2 ) of each secondary battery 13, 14 becomes small when each remaining capacity (SOC 1 , SOC 2 ) of each secondary battery 13, 14 is large, and each secondary battery 13, 14 becomes small. Since each dischargeable power (WOUT 1 , WOUT 2 ) of the batteries 13 and 14 has a property of increasing when the respective remaining capacities (SOC 1 and SOC 2 ) are large, the control unit 50 determines each power based on this characteristic. The dischargeable power (WOUT 1 , WOUT 2 ) and the chargeable power (Win 1 , Win 2 ) of the secondary batteries 13 and 14 may be calculated. Each power plus discharge from the secondary battery 13, the discharge electric power so that a negative charge (WOUT 1, WOUT 2) becomes positive, the chargeable power (Win 1, Win 2) Is negative.

制御部５０は、図２のステップＳ１０４に示すように、アクセル位置センサ１８から運転者のアクセルの踏み込み量を取得する。そして、制御部５０は、図２のステップＳ１０５に示すように、運転者のアクセルの踏み込み量が所定の量を超えている場合には、制御部５０は、すぐに大きな要求出力電力指令が来ると判断し、図２のステップＳ１０６に示すように昇圧コンバータ２０を待機状態とする。これは、図４に示すように、それまでＯＦＦ状態であった昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３を小さなデューティ比でオンオフさせ、昇圧コンバータ２０の出力電圧を第１の二次電池の出力電圧に略等しい状態に保つ動作である。この状態では、昇圧コンバータ２０から第１の二次電池１３の各出力線３１，３２にはまだ電力は出力されておらず、電動車両は第１の二次電池１３からの電気出力のみで駆動されている。   As shown in step S <b> 104 of FIG. 2, the control unit 50 acquires the driver's accelerator depression amount from the accelerator position sensor 18. Then, as shown in step S105 of FIG. 2, when the amount of depression of the driver's accelerator exceeds a predetermined amount, the control unit 50 immediately receives a large required output power command. And step-up converter 20 is set in a standby state as shown in step S106 of FIG. As shown in FIG. 4, the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 that have been in the OFF state are turned on and off with a small duty ratio, and the output voltage of the boost converter 20 is output from the first secondary battery. This is an operation of maintaining a state substantially equal to the voltage. In this state, power is not yet output from the boost converter 20 to the output lines 31 and 32 of the first secondary battery 13, and the electric vehicle is driven only by the electrical output from the first secondary battery 13. Has been.

図２のステップＳ１０７に示すように、制御部５０は、電源装置１００に対する要求入出力電力Ｐreqを計算する。これは、電動車両の速度、加速度、アクセル踏み込み量に基づく加速要求、或いはブレーキの踏み込み量に基づく減速要求などによって計算する。要求入出力電力Ｐreqは各二次電池１３，１４を放電させる要求がプラス、各二次電池１３，１４へ充電する要求がマイナスである。図２のステップＳ１０８に示すように、制御部５０は、計算した要求入出力電力Ｐreqと第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1、または充電可能電力ＷＩＮ1を比較する。そして、要求入出力電力Ｐreqが放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1よりも大きい場合、または充電可能電力ＷＩＮ1が要求入出力電力Ｐreqよりも大きい場合には、制御部５０は第１の二次電池１３のみでは要求入出力電力Ｐreqを満足できないと判断し、図２のステップＳ１０９に示すように、昇圧コンバータ２０を動作させて第２の二次電池１４から第１の二次電池１３の各出力線３１，３２への電力の入出力を開始させる。制御部５０は、図４の時間ｔ1以降に示すように、昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフ動作を行い、第２の二次電池１４の電圧を昇圧して第１の二次電池１３の各出力線３１，３２に電力の出力を開始する。各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフのデューティ比は、第２の二次電池１４から出力させる電力によって変化させる。 As shown in step S <b> 107 of FIG. 2, the control unit 50 calculates a required input / output power P req for the power supply apparatus 100. This is calculated based on an acceleration request based on the speed, acceleration, and accelerator depression amount of the electric vehicle, or a deceleration request based on the brake depression amount. The required input / output power P req is positive when the secondary battery 13 or 14 is discharged, and negative when the secondary battery 13 or 14 is charged. As shown in step S108 of FIG. 2, the control unit 50 compares the calculated required input / output power P req with the dischargeable power WOUT 1 or the chargeable power WIN 1 of the first secondary battery 13. When the required input / output power P req is larger than the dischargeable power WOUT 1 , or when the chargeable power WIN 1 is larger than the required input / output power P req , the control unit 50 controls the first secondary battery 13. Alone , it is determined that the required input / output power P req cannot be satisfied, and the boost converter 20 is operated to output each output from the second secondary battery 14 to the first secondary battery 13 as shown in step S109 of FIG. Input / output of power to the lines 31 and 32 is started. As shown after time t 1 in FIG. 4, the control unit 50 performs on / off operations of the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 to boost the voltage of the second secondary battery 14 and perform the first two operations. Output of power to the output lines 31 and 32 of the secondary battery 13 is started. The on / off duty ratio of each switching element 21, 23 is changed by the electric power output from the second secondary battery 14.

この出力電力の変化は、例えば次のように昇圧コンバータ２０の出力電圧を変化させることにより行う。第１の二次電池１３は、図５に示すように、出力電流が大きくなると、出力電圧が小さくなるような電圧電流特性を持っている。今、第１の二次電池１３からの出力電流が図５に示すＡ1で、電圧はＶ1で電力Ｗ1（Ｗ1＝Ｖ1×Ａ1）をインバータ１２に出力しているとする。この状態で、運転者によってアクセルが踏み込まれ、要求入出力電力Ｐreqが増加すると、第１の二次電池１３からの出力電流はＡ1からＡ2に増加するが、第１の二次電池１３の出力電圧はＶ1からＶ2に少しだけ低下し、第１の二次電池１３の出力は電力Ｗ2（Ｗ2＝Ｖ2×Ａ2＝Ｗ1＋Ｐreq）となる。そこで、昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフのデューティ比を昇圧コンバータ２０の出力電圧が第１の二次電池１３の最初の出力電圧Ｖ1に保たれるように制御する。すると、第１の二次電池１３は電力Ｗ1を出力し、昇圧コンバータ２０を介してＷ2−Ｗ1＝Ｐreqの電力が第２の二次電池１４から第１の二次電池１３の各出力線３１，３２に出力され、第１の二次電池１３の出力電圧は当初のＶ1に保持される。つまり、第１の二次電池１３の出力電圧を当初の出力電圧Ｖ1に保持するように昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフのデューティ比を制御することにより、第２の二次電池１４からインバータ１２にＷ2−Ｗ1＝Ｐreqの電力を供給することができる。 The output power is changed by changing the output voltage of the boost converter 20 as follows, for example. As shown in FIG. 5, the first secondary battery 13 has voltage-current characteristics such that the output voltage decreases as the output current increases. Assume that the output current from the first secondary battery 13 is A 1 shown in FIG. 5, the voltage is V 1 , and the power W 1 (W 1 = V 1 × A 1 ) is output to the inverter 12. . In this state, when the accelerator is depressed by the driver and the required input / output power P req increases, the output current from the first secondary battery 13 increases from A 1 to A 2 , but the first secondary battery The output voltage of 13 is slightly reduced from V 1 to V 2, and the output of the first secondary battery 13 becomes power W 2 (W 2 = V 2 × A 2 = W 1 + P req ). Therefore, the on / off duty ratios of the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 are controlled so that the output voltage of the boost converter 20 is maintained at the first output voltage V 1 of the first secondary battery 13. Then, the first secondary battery 13 outputs the power W 1, and the power of W 2 −W 1 = P req is changed from the second secondary battery 14 to the first secondary battery 13 via the boost converter 20. is output to the output lines 31 and 32, the output voltage of the first secondary battery 13 is held at the initial V 1. That is, by controlling the on / off duty ratio of each switching element 21, 23 of the boost converter 20 so as to maintain the output voltage of the first secondary battery 13 at the initial output voltage V 1 , the second secondary battery 13 is controlled. Power of W 2 −W 1 = P req can be supplied from the battery 14 to the inverter 12.

モータジェネレータ１１からの回生電力が大きくなり、第１の二次電池１３のＷＩＮ1の絶対値よりも大きくなるような場合も、上記と同様、昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３を動作させて第１の二次電池１３の各出力線３１，３２の電圧を一定に保つようにして、要求入出力電力Ｐreqの増加分を第２の二次電池１４に充電することができる。 Even when the regenerative power from the motor generator 11 increases and becomes larger than the absolute value of WIN 1 of the first secondary battery 13, the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 are operated as described above. Thus, the second secondary battery 14 can be charged with an increase in the required input / output power P req by keeping the voltages of the output lines 31 and 32 of the first secondary battery 13 constant.

上記のように昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフのデューティ比を変化させて第２の二次電池１４からインバータ１２に供給する電力を制御する方法は、一つの例であって、第２の二次電池１４からインバータ１２に供給する電力を設定し、その設定した電力を出力できるように昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３のオンオフのデューティ比を変化させるようにしてもよい。   The method of controlling the power supplied from the second secondary battery 14 to the inverter 12 by changing the on / off duty ratio of the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 as described above is one example. The power supplied from the second secondary battery 14 to the inverter 12 may be set, and the ON / OFF duty ratios of the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 may be changed so that the set power can be output. .

制御部５０は、要求入出力電力Ｐreqが放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1よりも小さく、充電可能電力ＷＩＮ1が要求入出力電力Ｐreqよりも小さくなるまで、上記のように第２の二次電池１４に電力を入出力する。そして、要求入出力電力Ｐreqが放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1よりも小さく、充電可能電力ＷＩＮ1が要求入出力電力Ｐreqよりも小さくなると、第１の二次電池１３のみで電動車両を駆動することができると判断し、図２のステップＳ１１０に示すように、第２の二次電池１４からの電力供給あるいは第２の二次電池１４への充電を停止する。 The control unit 50 requests input and output power P req is smaller than the dischargeable power WOUT 1, until the chargeable power WIN 1 becomes smaller than the required output power P req, the second secondary battery as described above 14 Input / output power to / from. When the required input / output power P req is smaller than the dischargeable power WOUT 1 and the chargeable power WIN 1 is smaller than the required input / output power P req , the electric vehicle is driven only by the first secondary battery 13. As shown in step S110 of FIG. 2, the power supply from the second secondary battery 14 or the charging to the second secondary battery 14 is stopped.

第２の二次電池１４は第１の二次電池１３よりも満充電容量が小さい小容量の電池であるので、高出力で放電させた場合、残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が低下してしまう場合がある。一般的に充放電可能な二次電池は、残存容量が大きく低下すると寿命が短くなってしまうことから、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が所定の容量よりも低下している場合には、図２のステップＳ１１１に示すように、第２の二次電池の充電を行い、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が制御中心容量近傍となるようにし、寿命の消費を抑制する。 Since the second secondary battery 14 is a small-capacity battery having a smaller full charge capacity than the first secondary battery 13, the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) decreases when discharged at a high output. There is. In general, a chargeable / dischargeable secondary battery has a shortened life when the remaining capacity is greatly reduced. Therefore, the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 is lower than a predetermined capacity. If so, as shown in step S111 of FIG. 2, the second secondary battery is charged so that the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 is close to the control center capacity. Reduce lifespan consumption.

以下、図３を参照しながら第２の二次電池１４の充電動作について説明する。図３のステップＳ２０１に示すように、制御部５０は、第２の二次電池１４の温度センサ４６、電圧センサ４４、電流センサ４５によって第２の二次電池１４の状態量を取得し、先に図２を参照して説明したのと同様、図３のステップＳ２０２に示すように第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）を計算する。そして、図３のステップＳ２０３に示すように、制御部５０は計算した第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）と所定の閾値との比較を行い、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が所定の閾値よりも少なくなっている場合には、図３のステップＳ２０４に示すように、電動車両の走行状態などから電源装置１００に対する要求入出力電力Ｐreqを計算する。そして、図３のステップＳ２０５に示すように、第２の二次電池１４への充電電力Ｐchaと要求入出力電力Ｐreqの合計と第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1とを比較する。 Hereinafter, the charging operation of the second secondary battery 14 will be described with reference to FIG. As shown in step S201 of FIG. 3, the control unit 50 acquires the state quantity of the second secondary battery 14 by the temperature sensor 46, the voltage sensor 44, and the current sensor 45 of the second secondary battery 14, In the same manner as described with reference to FIG. 2, the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 is calculated as shown in step S202 of FIG. Then, as shown in step S <b> 203 of FIG. 3, the control unit 50 compares the calculated remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 with a predetermined threshold value, and determines the second secondary battery 14. When the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) is smaller than the predetermined threshold value, as shown in step S204 of FIG. 3, the required input / output power P req for the power supply apparatus 100 is calculated from the running state of the electric vehicle. . Then, as shown in step S205 of FIG. 3, the sum of the charging power P cha to the second secondary battery 14 and the required input / output power P req and the dischargeable power WOUT 1 of the first secondary battery 13 are obtained. Compare.

そして、第２の二次電池１４への充電電力Ｐchaと要求入出力電力Ｐreqの合計が第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1よりも小さい場合には、制御部５０は、電動車両の駆動と第２の二次電池１４への充電電力を第１の二次電池１３からの放電によって行うことができると判断し、図３のステップＳ２０６に示すように、第２の二次電池１４の充電電力を当初設定した充電電力Ｐchaとし、図３のステップＳ２０８に示すように、当初設定した充電電力Ｐchaで第２の二次電池１４を充電する。また、第２の二次電池１４への充電電力Ｐchaと要求入出力電力Ｐreqの合計が第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1よりも大きい場合には、制御部５０は、当初設定した充電電力Ｐchaで第２の二次電池１４を充電することができないと判断し、図３のステップＳ２０７に示すように、第２の二次電池１４の充電電力Ｐchaを要求入出力電力Ｐreqから第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1を差し引いたものに再設定する（Ｐcha＝Ｐreq−ＷＯＵＴ1）。そして、図３のステップＳ２０８に示すように、再設定した充電電力Ｐchaで第２の二次電池１４を充電する。 When the sum of the charging power P cha to the second secondary battery 14 and the required input / output power P req is smaller than the dischargeable power WOUT 1 of the first secondary battery 13, the control unit 50 It is determined that driving of the electric vehicle and charging power to the second secondary battery 14 can be performed by discharging from the first secondary battery 13, and as shown in step S 206 in FIG. a charge power P cha the charging power of the next cell 14 initially set, as shown in step S208 of FIG. 3, to charge the second battery 14 in the charging power P cha initially set. When the sum of the charging power P cha to the second secondary battery 14 and the required input / output power P req is larger than the dischargeable power WOUT 1 of the first secondary battery 13, the control unit 50 determines that it is not possible to charge the second battery 14 in the charging power P cha initially set, as shown in step S207 of FIG. 3, the request input charging power P cha of a second secondary battery 14 The output power P req is reset to the value obtained by subtracting the dischargeable power WOUT 1 of the first secondary battery 13 (P cha = P req −WOUT 1 ). Then, as shown in step S208 of FIG. 3, the second secondary battery 14 is charged with the reset charging power Pcha .

制御部５０は、図３のステップＳ２０９に示すように、電圧センサ４４、電流センサ４５の信号から第２の二次電池１４への充電電力量を計算し、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）を計算し、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が、例えば、残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）の制御中心容量近傍の所定の残存容量となったかどうかを判断する。そして、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）が所定の残存容量となったら図３のステップＳ２１０に示すように第２の二次電池１４への充電を停止する。 As shown in step S209 in FIG. 3, the control unit 50 calculates the amount of charging power to the second secondary battery 14 from the signals of the voltage sensor 44 and the current sensor 45, and the remaining of the second secondary battery 14 The capacity (SOC 2 ) is calculated, and it is determined whether or not the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 is, for example, a predetermined remaining capacity near the control center capacity of the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ). . Then, when the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 reaches a predetermined remaining capacity, charging to the second secondary battery 14 is stopped as shown in step S210 of FIG.

以上説明した実施形態は、大容量、高電圧で高容量密度型の第１の二次電池１３と小容量、低電圧で高出力型の第２の二次電池１４とを組み合わせ、電動車両の通常駆動は第１の二次電池１３を用いて行い、大きな加速、減速の際など、第１の二次電池１３の放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ1以上の電力が要求される際には第２の二次電池１４の電圧を昇圧コンバータ２０によって昇圧して第１の二次電池１３からの出力と合わせてインバータ１２を介してモータジェネレータ１１に供給し、第２の二次電池１４を放電させた後に第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）を制御中心近傍になるように充電するので、電源装置１００を高容量かつ高出力で寿命の長いものとすることができる。また、低圧の第２の二次電池１４の方が第１の二次電池１３よりも先に劣化が進んでくるが、第２の二次電池１４は小容量でその大きさが小さいことから容易に交換することができる上、交換費用も少なく、車両寿命に対するメンテナンス費用を低減することができる。また、本実施形態では、通常の駆動に用いられる第１の二次電池１３の電圧を６５０Ｖ程度の高い電圧とすることにより、モータジェネレータ１１からの逆起電力に容易に対応することができる。更に、２００Ｖ或いは３００Ｖの低圧の第２の二次電池１４から電動車両の補機に給電することから、ハイブリッド車両など従来の車両と補機を共通にすることができ、コストの低減を図ることができる。 The embodiment described above is a combination of a large capacity, high voltage, high capacity density type first secondary battery 13 and a small capacity, low voltage, high output type second secondary battery 14. The normal driving is performed by using the first secondary battery 13, and the second secondary battery 13 is used when electric power higher than the dischargeable power WOUT 1 of the first secondary battery 13 is required, such as during large acceleration and deceleration. After the voltage of the secondary battery 14 is boosted by the boost converter 20 and supplied to the motor generator 11 via the inverter 12 together with the output from the first secondary battery 13, the second secondary battery 14 is discharged. Since the remaining capacity (SOC 2 ) of the second secondary battery 14 is charged in the vicinity of the control center, the power supply device 100 can have a high capacity, a high output, and a long life. Further, the low-voltage second secondary battery 14 is deteriorated earlier than the first secondary battery 13, but the second secondary battery 14 has a small capacity and a small size. In addition to being able to be easily replaced, the replacement cost is low, and the maintenance cost for the vehicle life can be reduced. In the present embodiment, the back electromotive force from the motor generator 11 can be easily handled by setting the voltage of the first secondary battery 13 used for normal driving to a high voltage of about 650V. Furthermore, since power is supplied to the auxiliary machine of the electric vehicle from the secondary secondary battery 14 having a low voltage of 200V or 300V, the auxiliary machine can be used in common with a conventional vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle, and the cost can be reduced. Can do.

図６を参照しながら本発明の他の実施形態について説明する。先に図１から図５を参照して説明した実施形態と同様の部分には同様の符号を付して説明は省略する。図６に示すように、本実施形態は、図１を参照して説明した実施形態の第２の二次電池１４を同様の電圧で同様の容量を持つキャパシタ６１としたものである。それ以外の部分は、図１を参照して説明した実施形態の電源装置１００と同様である。また、図７及び図８に示すように、本実施形態の動作及びキャパシタ６１を放電させた後の充電は、図１から５を参照して説明した実施形態と同様で、図２，３の第２の二次電池１４がキャパシタ６１に変更され、第２の二次電池１４の残存容量（ＳＯＣ2）、放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ2、充電可能電力ＷＩＮ2がそれぞれキャパシタ６１の残存容量（ＳＯＣ3）、放電可能電力ＷＯＵＴ3、充電可能電力ＷＩＮ3に変更されただけであるので、説明は省略する。 Another embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. Parts similar to those of the embodiment described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted. As shown in FIG. 6, in the present embodiment, the second secondary battery 14 of the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1 is a capacitor 61 having the same voltage and the same capacity. Other parts are the same as those of the power supply apparatus 100 according to the embodiment described with reference to FIG. Further, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the operation of the present embodiment and the charging after discharging the capacitor 61 are the same as those of the embodiment described with reference to FIGS. second secondary battery 14 is changed to the capacitor 61, the remaining capacity of the secondary battery 14 (SOC 2), dischargeable power WOUT 2, the remaining capacity of the chargeable power WIN 2 each capacitor 61 (SOC 3 ), Only the dischargeable power WOUT 3 and the chargeable power WIN 3 are changed, and the description thereof is omitted.

図９と図１０を参照しながら、電動車両の起動停止の際のキャパシタ６１への充電、放電動作について説明する。キャパシタ６１は長時間充電状態にあると劣化が進行してしまう場合がある。そこで、本実施形態では、電動車両が停止している際には、キャパシタ６１の電荷を第１の二次電池１３に移動させてキャパシタ６１の電荷を抜き、電動車両が始動された際には第１の二次電池１３によってキャパシタ６１を充電するようにしている。図９に示すように、本実施形態では、運転者によって図６に示すイグニッションキー６２が操作され、キーの位置がＲｅａｄｙ−ＯＮの位置となったら、制御部５０は、Ｒｅａｄｙ−ＯＮ要求があったものと判断してキャパシタ６１を充電する指令を出力する。ただし、この時点では、まだ車両を起動させない。この指令によって図６に示す昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３がオンオフ動作を開始して第１の二次電池１３からキャパシタ６１への充電を開始する。キャパシタ６１の充電を開始するとキャパシタ６１の残存容量（ＳＯＣ3）は次第に上昇し、第１の二次電池１３の残存容量（ＳＯＣ1）は低下していていく。ただし、第１の二次電池１３の満充電容量はキャパシタ６１の満充電容量よりも大きいので第１の二次電池１３の残存容量（ＳＯＣ1）の低下はわずかである。そして、キャパシタ６１の残存容量（ＳＯＣ3）が制御中心容量近傍となったら制御部５０は昇圧コンバータ２０の各スイッチング素子２１，２３をオフとして第１の二次電池１３とキャパシタ６１とを切り離し、キャパシタ６１の充電を終了する。キャパシタ６１の充電が終了したら、制御部５０は車両を起動する準備が完了したと判断して、Ｒｅａｄｙ−ＯＮフラグを立てて車両を起動させる。 With reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, the charging and discharging operations of the capacitor 61 when the electric vehicle is started and stopped will be described. If the capacitor 61 is charged for a long time, the deterioration may progress. Therefore, in this embodiment, when the electric vehicle is stopped, the electric charge of the capacitor 61 is moved to the first secondary battery 13 to remove the electric charge of the capacitor 61, and when the electric vehicle is started. The capacitor 61 is charged by the first secondary battery 13. As shown in FIG. 9, in this embodiment, when the ignition key 62 shown in FIG. 6 is operated by the driver and the key position becomes the Ready-ON position, the control unit 50 makes a Ready-ON request. A command to charge the capacitor 61 is output. However, at this time, the vehicle is not started yet. In response to this command, each switching element 21, 23 of boost converter 20 shown in FIG. 6 starts an on / off operation, and starts charging from first secondary battery 13 to capacitor 61. When charging of the capacitor 61 is started, the remaining capacity (SOC 3 ) of the capacitor 61 gradually increases, and the remaining capacity (SOC 1 ) of the first secondary battery 13 decreases. However, since the full charge capacity of the first secondary battery 13 is larger than the full charge capacity of the capacitor 61, the remaining capacity (SOC 1 ) of the first secondary battery 13 is slightly reduced. Then, when the remaining capacity (SOC 3 ) of the capacitor 61 becomes close to the control center capacity, the control unit 50 turns off the switching elements 21 and 23 of the boost converter 20 to disconnect the first secondary battery 13 and the capacitor 61, The charging of the capacitor 61 is finished. When the charging of the capacitor 61 is completed, the control unit 50 determines that preparation for starting the vehicle is completed, and sets the Ready-ON flag to start the vehicle.

そして、運転者が電動車両を停止させた後、イグニッションキー６２の位置をＲｅａｄｙ−ＯＦＦの位置とすると、制御部５０は、Ｒｅａｄｙ−ＯＦＦ要求があったものと判断して上記と逆にキャパシタ６１の電圧を昇圧コンバータ２０によって第１の二次電池１３の充電電圧まで昇圧してキャパシタ６１の電荷を第１の二次電池１３に移動させて第１の二次電池１３を充電する。ただし、この時点では、まだ車両を停止させない。キャパシタ６１の残存容量（ＳＯＣ3）が所定の残存容量以下となったら、制御部５０は、昇圧コンバータ２０の動作を停止し、第１の二次電池１３とキャパシタ６１とを切り離す。キャパシタ６１からの電荷の移動が終了したら、制御部５０は車両を停止する準備が完了したと判断して、Ｒｅａｄｙ−ＯＦＦフラグを立てて車両を停止させる。 Then, after the driver stops the electric vehicle, if the position of the ignition key 62 is set to the Ready-OFF position, the control unit 50 determines that there is a Ready-OFF request, and conversely to the capacitor 61 Is boosted to the charging voltage of the first secondary battery 13 by the boost converter 20 to move the electric charge of the capacitor 61 to the first secondary battery 13 to charge the first secondary battery 13. However, at this time, the vehicle is not stopped yet. When the remaining capacity (SOC 3 ) of capacitor 61 becomes equal to or less than the predetermined remaining capacity, control unit 50 stops the operation of boost converter 20 and disconnects first secondary battery 13 and capacitor 61. When the movement of the electric charge from the capacitor 61 is completed, the control unit 50 determines that preparation for stopping the vehicle is completed, and sets a Ready-OFF flag to stop the vehicle.

本実施形態では、このように、電動車両が停止している際には、キャパシタ６１の電荷を第１の二次電池１３に移動させてキャパシタ６１の電荷を抜き、電動車両が始動された際には第１の二次電池１３によってキャパシタ６１を充電するようにして、必要な時間だけキャパシタ６１が充電されているようにすることによって、キャパシタ６１の劣化を抑制することができる。   In the present embodiment, when the electric vehicle is stopped, the electric charge of the capacitor 61 is moved to the first secondary battery 13 to remove the electric charge of the capacitor 61, and the electric vehicle is started. In this case, the capacitor 61 is charged by the first secondary battery 13 so that the capacitor 61 is charged only for a necessary time, whereby deterioration of the capacitor 61 can be suppressed.

１１ モータジェネレータ、１２ インバータ、１３ 第１の二次電池、１４ 第２の二次電池、１５ プラグ、１６ ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ、１７ 補機、１８ アクセル位置センサ、２０ 昇圧コンバータ、２１ 上アームスイッチング素子、２２ 上アームダイオード、２３ 下アームスイッチング素子、２４ 下アームダイオード、２５ リアクトル、２６，２７ 低圧側端子、２８，２９ 高圧側端子、３１ プラス側出力線、３２ マイナス側出力線、３３ 基準電路、３４ 高圧電路、３５ 低圧電路、４１，４４ 電圧センサ、４２，４５ 電流センサ、４３，４６ 温度センサ、５０ 制御部、６１ キャパシタ、６２ イグニッションキー、１００ 電源装置。   DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 Motor generator, 12 Inverter, 13 1st secondary battery, 14 2nd secondary battery, 15 Plug, 16 DC / DC converter, 17 Auxiliary machine, 18 Accelerator position sensor, 20 Boost converter, 21 Upper arm switching element 22 Upper arm diode, 23 Lower arm switching element, 24 Lower arm diode, 25 Reactor, 26, 27 Low voltage side terminal, 28, 29 High voltage side terminal, 31 Plus side output line, 32 Minus side output line, 33 Reference circuit, 34 High piezoelectric path, 35 Low piezoelectric path, 41, 44 Voltage sensor, 42, 45 Current sensor, 43, 46 Temperature sensor, 50 Control unit, 61 Capacitor, 62 Ignition key, 100 Power supply.

Claims (5)

負荷に電力を供給する第１の蓄電装置と、
前記第１の蓄電装置と並列に接続され、前記負荷に電力を供給する第２の蓄電装置と、
前記第１の蓄電装置と前記第２の蓄電装置との間に接続され、前記負荷の要求電力に応じて前記第２の蓄電装置から負荷に供給する電力を変化させる供給電力変化手段と、
を備えることを特徴とする電源装置。 A first power storage device for supplying power to a load;
A second power storage device connected in parallel to the first power storage device and supplying power to the load;
Supply power changing means connected between the first power storage device and the second power storage device and changing the power supplied from the second power storage device to the load according to the required power of the load;
A power supply apparatus comprising: 請求項１に記載の電源装置であって、
前記電源装置は車両に搭載される車両用電源装置であり、前記負荷は車両に搭載される電動機であること、
を特徴とする電源装置。 The power supply device according to claim 1,
The power supply device is a vehicle power supply device mounted on a vehicle, and the load is an electric motor mounted on the vehicle;
A power supply characterized by. 請求項１または２に記載の電源装置であって、
前記第１、第２の蓄電装置は充放電可能な二次電池であり、
前記第１の蓄電装置の電圧は前記第２の電源装置の電圧よりも高く、
前記第１の蓄電装置は単位電極面積当たりの容量が前記第２の蓄電装置よりも大きく、前記第２の蓄電装置は単位電極面積当たりの出力電力が前記第１の蓄電装置よりも大きいこと、
を特徴とする電源装置。 The power supply device according to claim 1 or 2,
The first and second power storage devices are rechargeable secondary batteries,
The voltage of the first power storage device is higher than the voltage of the second power supply device,
The first power storage device has a larger capacity per unit electrode area than the second power storage device, and the second power storage device has a larger output power per unit electrode area than the first power storage device;
A power supply characterized by. 請求項１または２に記載の電源装置であって、
前記第１の蓄電装置は充放電可能な二次電池であり、前記第２の蓄電装置はキャパシタであり、
前記第１の蓄電装置の電圧は前記第２の蓄電装置の電圧よりも高いこと、
を特徴とする電源装置。 The power supply device according to claim 1 or 2,
The first power storage device is a chargeable / dischargeable secondary battery, and the second power storage device is a capacitor,
The voltage of the first power storage device is higher than the voltage of the second power storage device;
A power supply characterized by. 請求項２から４のいずれか１項に記載の電源装置であって、
供給電力変化手段は、スイッチング素子を含む昇圧コンバータであり、
運転者のアクセル踏みこみ量が所定量以下の場合には、スイッチング素子をオフとし、
運転者のアクセルの踏みこみ量が所定量を超える場合には、前記負荷の要求電力に応じて前記第２の蓄電装置から負荷に供給する電力にかかわらずスイッチング素子をスイッチング動作させること、
を特徴とする電源装置。 The power supply device according to any one of claims 2 to 4,
The supply power changing means is a boost converter including a switching element,
When the driver's accelerator depression is below the specified amount, the switching element is turned off,
When the amount of depression of the driver's accelerator exceeds a predetermined amount, the switching element is switched regardless of the power supplied from the second power storage device to the load according to the required power of the load;
A power supply characterized by.
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