JP2010537053A - Cathode assembly for electrolytic cell and method for producing and using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

  A cathode assembly for an electrolytic cell, typically used for metal electrorefining or electrowinning, has a conductive suspension bar and a deposition plate attached to the suspension bar along its upper end to define a joint. The cathode assembly further includes a protective coating. The protective coating has an outer edge, surrounds the suspension bar and a portion of the upper end of the deposition plate, substantially envelops the joint, and exposes the end of the suspension bar outside the outer edge of the protective coating . Each of the ends of the protective coating forms a substantially continuous seal between the protective coating and the suspension rod, thereby at least providing corrosion resistance arranged to prevent fluid from flowing into the protective coating. Contains materials. A method of making and using a cathode assembly for an electrolytic cell is also described.

Description

  The present invention relates generally to a cathode assembly for an electrolytic cell, and more particularly to a cathode assembly used for electrolytic refining or electrowinning, and a method for manufacturing and using the same.

  The following sections do not admit that any of the content described therein is part of the prior art or the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

  Electrolytic refining of metals requires that the anode made of the crude metal to be refined be placed in a suitable electrolytic bath along with the cathode. When a voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, the crude metal is oxidized and pure metal ions are dissolved in the solution, and move through the electrolytic bath to the cathode by electrolysis. Pure metal ions are usually deposited on the cathode as a refined metal with a very high purity. Most of the impurities are left in the electrolytic bath.

  Metal electrowinning requires that an anode made of a metal different from the metal to be refined be placed in a suitable electrolytic bath along with the cathode. The metal to be refined is added in a form that dissolves in the electrolytic bath (eg, by filtration and solvent extraction processes). When a voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, the metal moves from the solution and deposits on the cathode as a refined metal of high purity.

  A typical cathode assembly includes a flat deposition plate attached to a conductive suspension rod along its upper end. The suspension rod is in electrical contact with an external power source. Typically, the suspension rods are placed on a pair of conductive buses parallel to the opposing edges of the tank. A suspension rod supports the deposition plate immersed in the electrolytic bath and provides a flow path for the electrical flow between the power source and the deposition plate.

  When the appropriate thickness of refined metal is deposited on the surface of the deposition plate, the cathode assembly is removed from the electrolytic bath. If the deposition plate is permanent (eg, made of a metal different from the metal to be refined), the refined metal is recovered by any known stripping technique. Often, the vertical side edges of the deposition plate are coated or protected so that the deposition of copper or other desired metal occurs only on or around the flat surface of the deposition plate.

  In some cases, the cathode assembly may include a conductive suspension bar (eg, copper) coupled to a permanent deposition plate (eg, stainless steel). The upper end of the deposition plate is generally inserted into a groove provided along the lower side of the suspension bar. The precipitation plate is then attached to the suspension bar by welding. The use of dissimilar metals is particularly susceptible to electrolytic corrosion at the weld. When corrosion occurs in this weld, the electrical conductivity of the assembly and the efficiency of the entire unit are lowered, and it tends to contribute to mechanical or structural defects.

  The following description is intended to introduce the specification to the reader and is not intended to define the invention. There may be one or more inventions in the combination of apparatus elements or method steps or subcombinations described below or described elsewhere in this document. The inventor does not describe any one or more other inventions in the claims, but only one or more of the inventions disclosed herein. They do not give up or give up their rights.

  In one aspect of the invention, a cathode is provided that includes a conductive suspension bar and a deposition plate attached to the suspension bar along the upper end to define a joint. The cathode assembly further includes a protective coating having an outer edge and surrounding the suspension bar and a portion of the upper end of the deposition plate. This protective coating substantially surrounds the joint and leaves the end of the suspension bar exposed outside the outer edge of the protective coating. Both ends of the protective coating include a corrosion-resistant material arranged to form a substantially continuous seal between the protective coating and the suspension rod, thus preventing at least fluid from flowing into the protective coating. . Depending on the application, it may be sufficient to seal or close only one end of the protective coating.

  The corrosion resistant material may consist of an O-ring, resin or tape.

  The corrosion resistant material may be placed around the suspension bar in contact with one corresponding outer edge of the protective coating.

  Alternatively, each outer edge of the protective coating is spaced from the suspension bar to form a cavity therebetween, and each corrosion resistant material is substantially disposed within the corresponding cavity.

  In some embodiments, the deposition plate is attached to the suspension bar by at least one weld. In another aspect, the protective coating is attached to the deposition plate by at least one weld. In yet another embodiment, the deposition plate and protective coating are made of stainless steel and the suspension bar is made of copper.

  In certain embodiments, at each end of the protective coating, around the portion of the outer surface of the protective coating and adjacent to the corresponding outer edge and the corresponding adjacent exposed portion of the suspension bar, the sleeve Is placed.

  In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for manufacturing a cathode assembly is described. The method includes the steps of providing a conductive suspension bar and securing the upper end of the deposition plate to the suspension bar to form a joint between the two. The method further includes providing a protective coating having an outer edge around a portion of the upper end of the suspension bar and the deposition plate, substantially enclosing the joint and leaving the end of the suspension bar exposed. Includes steps. The method further comprises, at each end of the protective coating, placing a corrosion resistant material between one outer edge of the protective coating and one adjacent exposed end of the suspension bar to form a seal. Including.

  In one aspect, the method further comprises providing the corrosion resistant material as at least one of an O-ring, a corrosion resistant resin, and a tape.

  In another aspect, for the O-ring, sliding the O-ring over the suspension bar until it touches the corresponding outer edge of the protective coating; for the corrosion-resistant resin, the corrosion-resistant resin beads are exposed to the corresponding suspension bar. A step of feeding around the end portion against the corresponding outer edge of the protective covering and injecting a corrosion-resistant resin between the protective covering and the suspension rod; The method further includes the step of winding the tape around the corresponding exposed portion of the suspension bar adjacent the edge in multiple layers.

  In yet another aspect, each outer edge of the protective coating is spaced apart to form a cavity between the suspension rods and the step of placing is performed by fitting a corrosion resistant resin into the cavity.

  In one aspect of the invention, a method for refining metal in an electrolytic cell is described. The method includes providing a tank containing an electrolytic bath, an anode assembly in the electrolytic bath, and a cathode assembly described herein in the electrolytic bath. The method further includes providing a power source and connecting the power source to the anode assembly and the cathode assembly to form an electrolytic cell. The method further includes passing a sufficiently large current through the electrolytic cell to deposit metal ions from the electrolytic bath on the surface of the cathode assembly deposition plate.

  In one aspect of the invention, an electrolytic cell is described. The electrolytic cell includes a tank that houses the electrolytic bath, an anode assembly contained in the electrolytic bath, and a cathode assembly described herein in the electrolytic bath. The electrolytic cell further includes a power source that connects the anode assembly and the cathode assembly to form the electrolytic cell.

For a better understanding of the present invention and to more clearly show how it may be implemented, reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown by way of example.

1 is a partial elevation view of a cathode assembly according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the cathode assembly shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a partial end view of the cathode assembly taken along line 3-3 of FIG. It is sectional drawing along line 3A-3A of FIG. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3B-3B in FIG. FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of the cathode assembly shown in FIGS. FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of the cathode assembly shown in FIGS. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a second embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a partial elevation view of a cathode assembly according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. FIG. 8 is a partial perspective view of the cathode assembly shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 9 is a partial end view of the cathode assembly as viewed from line 9-9 in FIG. FIG. 10 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the outer end of the cathode assembly shown in FIGS. FIG. 10 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the outer end of the cathode assembly shown in FIGS. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of an outer end of a cathode assembly according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. It is a typical perspective view of an example of an electrolytic cell.

  Various apparatus or methods are described below to provide examples of each claimed embodiment of the invention. None of the following embodiments limit the invention described in the claims. Further, any invention recited in the claims may include an apparatus or a method not described below. The claimed invention is not limited to a device or method having all the features of any one device or method described below, and is common to a plurality or all of the devices described below. It is not limited to. The apparatus or method described below may not be any embodiment of the claimed invention. Applicants, inventors, and owners reserve the right to any invention disclosed in the apparatus or method described below that is not claimed in this document. No such invention is abandoned, abandoned, or made public by the disclosure in this document.

  1-3, a cathode assembly according to a first embodiment of the present invention is shown generally at 20. The cathode assembly includes a deposition plate 22 made of an electrically conductive material having a relatively high tensile strength and good corrosion resistance. In the illustrated embodiment, the precipitation plate 22 is made of 316L stainless steel or other alloy having acceptable corrosion resistance, for example with a “2B” finish. It will be appreciated that various finishes can be used depending on the particular application.

  The precipitation plate 22 is attached to a suspension rod 24. As best seen in FIG. 3, the suspension bar 24 generally has a flat top surface and flat side surfaces, with the bottom surface being rounded. Although the figure shows a rounded bottom surface, it may be flat. Also, in general, the external shape of the suspension bar can vary. The suspension rod 24 may be made of copper.

  Precipitation plate 22 is grooved in the suspension bar as shown at 26 in FIG. 3, and then welded to suspension rod 24 as shown at 28 (as best seen in FIG. 3B). May be attached to the suspension rod 24. Alternatively, the precipitation plate 22 may be welded directly to the suspension rod 24. Since it is desirable that a large current flows during use and it is desirable to prevent the concentration of a large current at individual locations, the deposition plate 22 is welded from both sides over the entire length of the deposition plate except for the two openings 30. can do. An opening 30 can be provided in the deposition plate 22 to facilitate lifting the cathode assembly from the tank (not shown). Alternatively, lifting hooks may be provided in other embodiments. Here, reference is made to welding the precipitation plate 22 to the suspension rod 24, but these are made of different materials, and at least for the stainless steel plate 22, it is considered to be brazing rather than a real welding operation. You will see that it may be.

  A protective coating 40 is provided around the suspension rod 24 to cover the weld 28 and increase structural strength. The protective coating 40 can be formed of the same or similar material as the deposition plate. For example, stainless steel and other alloys having corrosion resistance within an allowable range are examples, but the invention is not limited thereto. The protective coating 40 is provided in close contact with the suspension rod 24, but may not be close enough to prevent fluid from entering. The lower edge of the protective coating 42 contacts the deposition plate 22 and is welded there as shown at 44. These welds extend along the entire length of the lower edge 42 that contacts the deposition plate 22.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the protective coating 40 extends out of both edges of the deposition plate 22, and the portions of the lower edge 42 that protrude out face each other directly. If necessary, they can be further deformed or pressed to touch or be in close proximity. Then, in order to close these portions of the protective coating 40, the additional welding shown schematically at 46 is performed. Further, the portions of the lower edge 42 extending across the opening 30 are brought close to or in contact with each other by pressing or deformation, if necessary. An additional weld, shown schematically at 48, is then applied to close these portions of the lower edge 42. This weld 48 is similar to the weld 46 in FIG. 3A. As a whole, this system continuously welds or seals the protective coating 40 and the deposition plate 22 so that there are no openings through which fluid can enter except for both ends of the coating 40.

  Thus, fluids such as corrosive fluids from the electrolytic bath and / or in the cathodic cleaning process can then enter between the protective coating 40 and the suspension rod 24 at both ends of the protective coating 40. The problem remains. An outer edge is formed at each end of the protective coating 40 as indicated at 50. These outer edges 50 leave an exposed portion 52 of the suspension bar 24 at each end of the suspension bar 24.

  The present invention provides a corrosion resistant material for each exposed joint, that is, a material that is at least resistant to corrosion by the electrolytic bath to which the cathode assembly is exposed and the liquid used for cathode cleaning during use. . In the first embodiment of the present invention, corrosion resistant material is provided as O-rings 54 at both ends of the protective coating 40. The O-ring is slid over the exposed portion 52 of the suspension bar and contacts the corresponding outer edge 50 to form a fluid seal between the suspension bar 24 and the protective coating 40 as shown in FIG. 4A. The O-ring 54 is made of a flexible material. Examples include, but are not limited to, plastic, rubber, and other elastomer materials.

  As further shown in FIG. 4B, a modification of the first embodiment includes a protective sleeve 60. The protective sleeve 60 can be formed of copper, stainless steel, or any other similar type of material, and may have the same composition as the copper of the suspension bar 24 or the protective coating 40. . The sleeve 60 has a cross section corresponding to the suspension rod 24, a first portion 62 adapted to have a close fit around the suspension rod 24, and is larger than the first portion 62 and has an outer edge. And a second portion 64 adapted to fit tightly around the protective coating 40 adjacent to 50. As shown in FIG. 4B, each protective sleeve 60 is slid from each end of the suspension bar 24 so as to surround the corresponding outer edge 50 and O-ring 54, thereby protecting the O-ring. When placed, the protective sleeve 60 is secured to the suspension rod 24, for example, by simply forming a small indentation in the protective sleeve 60, which indents push the suspension rod 24 to form a corresponding receiving indentation. be able to. In use, generally no particularly significant force is applied to the protective sleeves 60, so that approach is sufficient to secure each protective sleeve 60. As an alternative, it is also possible to use screwing or welding to fix the sleeve 60.

  In use, the tight fit between the O-ring 54 and the two outer edge portions 50 forms a fluid seal, preventing fluid from entering any part between the protective covering 40 and the suspension rod 24; Or at least prevent or significantly reduce it. This reduces the possibility of fluid reaching the weld 28 between the precipitation plate 22 and the suspension bar 24, which is susceptible to corrosion.

  Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, these show two further embodiments of the present invention. Both of these are modified examples having the protective cover 60 as in the first embodiment.

  Referring first to FIG. 5A, at each outer edge 50, as shown at 70, a corrosion resistant resin bead or band, or other type of epoxy, sealant, or adhesive is provided. This may be provided in the form of a fluid and may enter as shown at 72, for example, by capillary action between the protective covering 40 and the suspension rod 24.

  Regarding the first embodiment, FIG. 5B shows a modification in which the corrosion-resistant beads 70 are protected by the protective cover 60 at each end. This generally corresponds to that shown in FIG. 4B. Depending on the size of the applied material, the size of the protective cover 60 can be adjusted accordingly.

  FIG. 6A shows a third embodiment in which a corrosion resistant tape 80 is wound around each end of the protective coating 40. The tape 80 may have self-adhesive properties or may not require a separate adhesive to hold in place. A sufficient layer of tape 80 is wrapped around the adjacent surface of the outer edge 50 and the corresponding exposed portion 52 of the suspension bar to seal or close all voids between the protective coating 40 and the suspension bar 24. The tape 80 is, for example, E.E. I. It can be formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) manufactured by DuPont and sold under the trademark Teflon®, and may be in the form of a silicone tape.

  Also, for the first two embodiments, the tape 80 at each joint can be protected with a protective sleeve 60. For other embodiments, the protective sleeve 60 can be dimensioned accordingly.

  Reference is now made to FIGS. 7 to 12, which show fourth, fifth and sixth embodiments of the invention and variations thereof. For simplicity and brevity, like parts are given the same reference numerals and the description of these parts will not be repeated. It is understood that, in at least some instances, some of these components may require some change in dimensions, etc. to accommodate different embodiments and variations, but other functions are similar to previous embodiments. I want to be.

  7 to 12, the protective coating is represented by reference numeral 90 and has an enlarged end 92. Thus, the outer edge, now designated 94, is spaced from the exposed end portion 52 of the suspension bar. This distance defines a cavity 96 at each end of the protective coating 90.

  As shown in FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 10, in the first embodiment, O-rings 54 are now placed inside cavities 96 at both ends to form a seal. This enlarged end 92 is connected to the main or central portion of the protective coating by a tapered portion, indicated at 98. In certain applications, it can be seen that it is advantageous to push the O-ring 54 into this tapered portion 98 to enhance the sealing effect. The taper of the taper portion 98 is adjusted accordingly.

  As shown in FIG. 10B, in a variation similar to that previously described, a protective sleeve, indicated at 100, is provided. The protective sleeve 100 has a small cross section that generally corresponds to the portion 62 of the sleeve 60 previously described. Again, the sleeve 100 can be dimensioned to fit tightly with the suspension bar 24 and is fixed or attached to the corresponding exposed end of the suspension bar 52 as before.

  Referring now to FIGS. 11A and 11B, a corrosion resistant resin bead, or any other type of epoxy, adhesive, or sealant 70 is now provided in the cavity 96 at each end of the protective coating 90. The tapered portions 98 at both ends of the protective coating 90 can be dimensioned to allow the epoxy resin or other material 70 to enter any gap between the protective coating 90 and the suspension rod 24.

  As shown in FIG. 11B, a protective sleeve 100 can be provided at each end of the protective coating 90 to protect the seal formed of the corrosion resistant resin 70.

  Finally, as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, a tape seal 80 is provided. The tape 80 is formed with sufficient layers at both ends of the protective coating 90 to form a seal between the enlarged end 92 and the suspension bar 24. Note that the enlarged end 92 is less spaced from the suspension bar 24.

  To protect the tape seal 80, a protective sleeve 100 can be provided at each end of the protective coating 90, as shown in FIG. 12B.

  Referring to FIG. 13, the configuration of the electrolytic cell indicated as a whole by 110 is shown. Here, the anode 112 and the cathode 114 are suspended in a tank 116. In general, the same configuration is used for electrolytic extraction and electrolytic refining. For electrowinning, a solution in which a desired metal, such as copper, is dissolved is prepared. Thus, copper or the desired metal is deposited on the cathode using electrolysis. In electrolytic refining, a previously recovered metal, such as copper, is provided as an anode, dissolved in a solution by electrolysis, and deposited on the cathode. In the electrorefining operation, conditions are set to promote the deposition of the desired copper on the cathode, while other undesired metals and other materials remain in solution or do not deposit on the cathode. Like that.

  Here, an anode 112 and a cathode 114 are shown. Connection to a power source (not shown) is indicated at 118. The electrolytic solution, ie, the electrolytic bath, is selected so as to be suitable for a specific operation such as electrolytic collection or electrolytic refining, and is maintained at a desired temperature or the like.

  Although one or more inventions have been described in specific embodiments herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, each claimed invention is intended to be limited to those specific embodiments. Rather, it should be understood that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of any invention defined in the appended claims.

Claims (26)

(A) a conductive suspension rod;
(B) a precipitation plate attached to the suspension rod along the upper end and defining a joint;
(C) having an outer edge, substantially enclosing the joint, and the end of the suspension bar remains exposed outside the outer edge of the protective covering; and A protective coating surrounding a portion of the upper end of the deposition plate;
(D) forming a substantially continuous seal between the protective covering and the suspension rod at each end of the protective covering, thereby preventing at least fluid from flowing into the protective covering. Arranged corrosion resistant material; and
Including a cathode assembly.   The assembly of claim 1, wherein each of the corrosion resistant materials includes an O-ring.   The assembly according to claim 2, wherein each of the O-rings is disposed about the suspension bar in contact with a corresponding outer edge of the protective covering.   3. Each outer edge of said protective covering is spaced from said suspension rod to form a cavity therebetween, each of said O-rings being substantially disposed within a corresponding cavity. Assembly as described in.   The assembly of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant material comprises a corrosion resistant resin.   6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the corrosion resistant resin is disposed about the suspension bar in contact with one corresponding outer edge of the protective coating.   Each outer edge of the protective coating is spaced apart from the suspension rod to form a cavity therebetween, and the corrosion resistant resin substantially embeds the respective cavity at each end of the protective coating. Item 6. The assembly according to Item 5.   The assembly of claim 1, wherein the corrosion resistant material comprises a tape.   The tape covers the part of the protective coating adjacent to the corresponding outer edge and the part of the exposed part adjacent to the suspension bar at each end of the protective coating. The assembly of claim 8.   Each outer edge of the protective coating is spaced from the suspension bar to form a cavity therebetween, and the tape is substantially filled with the tape at each end of the protective coating. 9. An assembly according to claim 8, wherein the assembly is wrapped around a surface.   The assembly according to claim 1, wherein the deposition plate is attached to the suspension bar by at least one weld.   The assembly of claim 11, wherein the protective covering is attached to the suspension bar by at least one weld.   13. An assembly according to claim 12, wherein the deposition plate and the protective coating are made of stainless steel and the suspension bar is made of copper.   A sleeve disposed at each end of the protective coating around a portion of the outer surface of the protective coating and adjacent to the corresponding outer edge and a corresponding adjacent exposed portion of the suspension bar 14. The assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising: A method of manufacturing a cathode assembly, comprising:
Providing a conductive suspension rod;
Fixing the upper end of the precipitation plate to the suspension rod to form a joint between the two;
Providing a protective coating having an outer edge around a portion of the upper end of the suspension bar and the deposition plate, substantially surrounding the joint and leaving the end of the suspension bar exposed; ,
Placing a corrosion resistant material at each end of the protective coating between one outer edge of the protective coating and one adjacent exposed end of the suspension rod to form a seal;
Including methods.   16. The method of claim 15, further comprising providing the corrosion resistant material as at least one of an O-ring, a corrosion resistant resin, and a tape. Said method comprises
Sliding the O-ring over the suspension bar with respect to the O-ring until it touches the corresponding outer edge of the protective coating;
With respect to the corrosion-resistant resin, a bead of corrosion-resistant resin is supplied around the corresponding exposed end portion of the suspension bar against the corresponding outer edge of the protective coating, and between the protective coating and the suspension rod Interposing the corrosion-resistant resin in between,
Wrapping the tape in multiple layers around the outer edge of the protective coating and the corresponding exposed portion of the suspension bar adjacent to the outer edge with respect to the tape;
The method of claim 16, comprising:   Each outer edge of the protective coating is spaced apart to form a cavity with the suspension rod, and the placing step (d) is performed by fitting the corrosion resistant resin into the cavity. The method of claim 15, wherein:   16. The method of claim 15, wherein the securing step is performed by attaching the deposition plate to the suspension bar with at least one weld.   The method of claim 15, further comprising attaching the protective coating to the deposition plate by at least one weld.   The method of claim 15, further comprising forming the deposition plate and the protective coating from stainless steel.   Further comprising placing a sleeve at each end of the protective coating around a portion of the outer surface of one outer edge of the protective coating and around one adjacent exposed portion of the suspension bar. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein: A method of electrorefining or electrowinning metals in an electrolytic cell,
Providing a tank containing an electrolytic bath;
Providing an anode assembly in the electrolytic bath;
Providing the cathode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 14 in the electrolytic bath;
Providing a power source;
Connecting the power source to the anode assembly and the cathode assembly to form an electrolytic cell;
Passing a sufficiently large current through the electrolytic cell to deposit metal ions from the electrolytic bath on the surface of the deposition plate of the cathode assembly;
Including methods.   The method according to claim 23, wherein the metal ions deposited on the deposition plate include copper. (A) a tank containing an electrolytic bath;
(B) an anode assembly contained in the electrolytic bath;
(C) The cathode assembly according to any one of claims 1 to 14, which is included in the electrolytic bath;
(D) a power source connected to the anode assembly and the cathode assembly to form the electrolytic cell;
Electrolyzer containing.   A cathode assembly comprising any combination of one or more of the above features as described above and / or in the claims and / or shown in the drawings.

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