JP2010520080A - Method for manufacturing a print head having a hydrophobic ink ejection surface - Google Patents

Abstract

An excellent method of manufacturing a print head having a hydrophobic ink ejection surface is provided.
The method includes: (a) a partially manufactured printhead comprising a plurality of nozzle chambers and a relatively hydrophilic nozzle surface that at least partially defines an ink ejection surface. Providing a step of (b) attaching a layer of a relatively hydrophobic polymer material that is resistant to removal by ashing to the nozzle surface; and (c) providing a plurality of nozzle openings in the nozzle surface. Defining a print head having a relatively hydrophobic ink ejection surface. Steps (b) and (c) can be performed in any order.
[Selection] Figure 22

Description

  The present invention relates to the field of printers, and in particular to the field of ink jet printheads. The present invention was developed primarily to improve the print quality and reliability of high resolution print heads.

  Many different types of printing have been invented, many of which are still in use today. Known printing forms have various ways of marking the print medium with a suitable marking medium. Commonly used printing forms include offset printing, laser printing / copying machines, dot matrix impact printers, thermal paper printers, film recorders, thermal wax printers, dye sublimation printers, drop-on-demand printers and continuous flow printers Inkjet printers. Each of these types of printers has its own advantages and problems when considering cost, speed, quality, reliability, simplicity of construction and operation, and the like.

  In recent years, the field of ink jet printing, in which each individual ink pixel is derived from one or more ink nozzles, has become increasingly popular, mainly due to its inexpensive and versatile nature.

  Many different techniques have been invented for inkjet printing. To review this area, see the article by J Moore, “Non-Impact Printing: Introduction and Historical Perspective”, Output Hard Copy Devices, R Dubeck and S Sheri, pp. 207-220. .

  There are many different types of inkjet printers themselves. The use of continuous ink flow in inkjet printing appears to date back to at least 1929, and US Pat.

  U.S. Patent No. 6,053,077 also discloses a method of continuous ink jet printing that includes the step of adjusting the ink jet flow to cause ink drop separation by a high frequency electrostatic field. This technique is still used by several manufacturers, including Elmjet and Scitex (see also US Pat.

  A piezoelectric ink jet printer is also a form of an ink jet printing apparatus that is generally used. The piezoelectric system is disclosed in Patent Document 4 using a diaphragm operation mode, Patent Document 5 disclosing a squeeze operation mode of a piezoelectric crystal, Patent Document 6 disclosing a bend mode of piezoelectric operation, and Inkjet flow. Patent Document 7 discloses the piezoelectric push mode operation of the present invention, and Patent Document 8 discloses the shear mode type piezoelectric transducer element.

  Recently, thermal inkjet printing has become a very popular form of inkjet printing. Thermal ink jet printing techniques include those disclosed in US Pat. Both of the above references relied on the activation of an electrothermal actuator that generated bubbles in a confined space such as a nozzle, thereby ejecting ink onto an appropriate print medium from an opening connected to this confined space. An inkjet printing technique is disclosed. Printing devices that use electrothermal actuators are manufactured by manufacturers such as Canon and Hewlett Packard.

  As can be seen, many different types of printing techniques can be used. Ideally, one printing technique should have several desirable attributes. This includes inexpensive structure and operation, high speed operation, safe long-term continuous operation, and the like. Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages in the areas of cost, speed, quality, reliability, power consumption, simplicity of operation structure, durability and consumable parts.

  In the construction of an inkjet printing system, there are a significant number of important factors that must be traded off with each other, especially when large print heads, especially page width type print heads, are built. The following outlines some of these factors.

  First, inkjet printheads are typically constructed using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques. As such, inkjet printheads tend to rely on standard integrated circuit construction / manufacturing techniques to deposit a flat layer on a silicon wafer and etch some portion of the flat layer. Within the scope of silicon circuit manufacturing technology, certain techniques are better known than others. For example, techniques associated with the fabrication of CMOS circuits are likely to be more easily used than techniques associated with fabrication of exotic circuits including ferroelectrics, gallium arsenide, and the like. Thus, it is desirable to utilize well-proven semiconductor manufacturing techniques that do not require any “exotic” processes or materials in the construction of MEMS. Of course, there are some tradeoffs, and it may be desirable to use exotic materials if the benefits of using exotic materials are much greater than the disadvantages of using exotic materials. However, the problem of exotic materials can be avoided if more common materials can be used to achieve the same or similar properties.

  Desirable characteristics of an ink jet print head include a hydrophobic ink ejection surface (“front face” or “nozzle surface”), preferably a hydrophobic ink ejection surface and a hydrophilic nozzle chamber. It may be a combination of a chamber) and an ink supply channel. The hydrophilic nozzle chamber and ink supply channel provide capillary action, and thus the hydrophilic nozzle chamber and ink supply channel reinject ink into the nozzle chamber after each ink drop injection and ink drop ejection. Ideal for supply. The hydrophobic front minimizes the tendency for ink to overflow across the front of the print head. If the front surface is hydrophobic, it is considered that the water-based inkjet ink is unlikely to overflow laterally from the nozzle opening. In addition, ink that overflows from the nozzle opening is unlikely to spread across the front or mix on the front, but instead, ink that overflows from the nozzle opening can be more easily removed by appropriate maintenance operations. Form separate spherical micro ink droplets that can be processed.

  However, while a hydrophobic front surface and a hydrophilic ink chamber are desirable, there are significant problems with producing such a printhead by MEMS technology. The final stage of MEMS printhead manufacturing is generally photoresist ashing using oxygen plasma. However, organic hydrophobic material deposited on the front surface is generally removed by this ashing process, leaving a hydrophilic surface. Also, the problem of depositing hydrophobic material after ashing is that the hydrophobic material adheres not only to the front face of the print head but also to the inside of the nozzle chamber. The nozzle chamber walls are hydrophobized, which is highly undesirable in terms of generating a positive ink pressure biased towards the nozzle chamber. This is a challenge and creates significant demands on printhead manufacturing.

  Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a printhead manufacturing process in which the resulting printhead has improved surface characteristics that do not include the surface characteristics of the nozzle chamber. It would also be desirable to provide a printhead manufacturing process in which the resulting printhead has a hydrophobic front surface and a hydrophilic nozzle chamber.

US Patent No. 194001 US Pat. No. 3,596,275 U.S. Pat. No. 3,373,437 U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 US Pat. No. 3,683,212 US Pat. No. 3,747,120 U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,601 U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,590 British Patent Publication No. 200700712 U.S. Pat.No. 4,490,728

In a first aspect, the present invention is a method of manufacturing a print head having a hydrophobic ink ejection surface,
(A) providing a partially manufactured printhead comprising a plurality of nozzle chambers and a relatively hydrophilic nozzle surface that at least partially defines an ink ejection surface;
(B) depositing a layer of a relatively hydrophobic polymer material that is resistant to removal by ashing on the nozzle surface;
(C) defining a plurality of nozzle openings in the nozzle surface;
This provides a print head having a relatively hydrophobic ink ejection surface,
A method is provided wherein steps (b) and (c) are performed in any order.

  Optionally, step (c) is performed prior to step (b), and the method includes the additional step of defining a corresponding plurality of aligned nozzle openings in the deposited polymer material.

  Optionally, the aligned corresponding nozzle openings are defined by photopatterning the polymer material.

  Optionally, step (c) is performed after step (b), and the polymer material is used as a mask for etching the nozzle surface.

  Optionally, prior to etching the nozzle surface, the polymer material is photopatterned to define a plurality of nozzle opening regions.

Optionally, step (c) is performed after step (b), and step (c)
Depositing a mask on the polymeric material;
Patterning the mask to expose the polymer material in a plurality of nozzle opening regions;
Etching the exposed polymer material and the underlying nozzle surface to define the plurality of nozzle openings;
Removing the mask.

  Optionally, the mask is a photoresist and the photoresist is removed by ashing.

  Optionally, the same gas chemistry is used to etch the polymer material and the nozzle surface.

Optionally, the gas chemistry includes O ₂ and a fluorine-containing compound.

  Optionally, in the partially manufactured print head, the roof of each nozzle chamber is supported by a sacrificial photoresist scaffold, and the method further comprises removing the photoresist scaffold by ashing. .

  Optionally, the roof of each nozzle chamber is at least partially defined by the nozzle surface.

  Optionally, the nozzle surface is spaced from the substrate such that a sidewall of the respective nozzle chamber extends between the nozzle surface and the substrate.

  Optionally, the roof and sidewalls of each nozzle chamber consist of a ceramic material that can be deposited by CVD.

  Optionally, the roof and sidewalls are made of a material selected from the group comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride.

Optionally, the hydrophobic polymer material forms an inactivated surface oxide in O ₂ plasma.

Optionally, the hydrophobic polymer material recovers its hydrophobicity after exposure to O ₂ plasma.

  Optionally, the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polymerized siloxanes and fluorinated polyolefins.

  Optionally, the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorinated polyethylene (PFPE).

  Optionally, after deposition, at least a portion of the polymeric material is UV cured.

  In another aspect, the present invention provides a print head obtained or obtainable by the method of the present invention.

  In a second aspect, the present invention provides a print having an ink ejection surface, wherein at least a portion of the ink ejection surface is coated with a hydrophobic polymer material selected from the group comprising polymerized siloxanes and fluorinated polyolefins. Provide the head.

  Optionally, the polymeric material is resistant to removal by ashing.

  Optionally, the polymeric material forms an inert surface oxide in an oxygen plasma.

  Optionally, the polymeric material recovers its hydrophobicity after exposure to oxygen plasma.

  Optionally, the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorinated polyethylene (PFPE).

  In another aspect, the present invention is a print head comprising a plurality of nozzle assemblies formed on a substrate, each nozzle assembly comprising a nozzle chamber, a nozzle opening defined in a roof of the nozzle chamber, and a nozzle A print head comprising an actuator for ejecting ink through an opening is provided.

  Optionally, a nozzle surface coated with a hydrophobic polymer at least partially defines the ink ejection surface.

  Optionally, each roof defines at least a portion of the nozzle surface of the print head, and thanks to the hydrophobic coating, the outer surface of each roof is more hydrophobic than the inner surface of the respective nozzle chamber.

  Optionally, at least a portion of the ink ejection surface has a contact angle greater than 90 ° and the inner surface of the nozzle chamber has a contact angle of less than 90 °.

  Optionally, each nozzle chamber comprises a roof and side walls made of ceramic material.

  Optionally, the ceramic material is selected from the group comprising silicon nitride, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride.

  Optionally, the roof is spaced from the substrate such that a sidewall of the respective nozzle chamber extends between the nozzle surface and the substrate.

  Optionally, the ink ejection surface is more hydrophobic than the ink supply channel of the print head.

  Optionally, the actuator is a heater element configured to heat ink in the chamber to form a bubble, thereby pushing an ink droplet through the nozzle opening.

  Optionally, the heater element is suspended in the nozzle chamber.

Optionally, said actuator is
A first active element connected to the drive circuit;
A second passive element, and
The second passive element mechanically cooperates with the first element such that the first element expands relative to the second element when a current is passed through the first element, so that the actuator It is a thermal bend actuator that bends.

  Optionally, the thermal bend actuator defines at least a portion of the roof of the respective nozzle chamber so that actuation of the actuator moves the actuator toward the floor of the nozzle chamber.

  Optionally, the nozzle opening is defined in the actuator or the stationary part of the roof.

  Optionally, the hydrophobic polymer material defines a mechanical seal between the actuator and the stationary portion of the roof, thereby minimizing ink leakage during operation.

  Optionally, the hydrophobic polymer material has a Young's modulus of less than 1000 MPa.

In a third aspect, the present invention is a nozzle assembly for an inkjet printhead comprising:
A nozzle chamber having a roof, wherein the roof is movable with respect to a stationary part and a nozzle opening defined in the roof, and the movement of the moving part with respect to the stationary part passes through the nozzle opening A nozzle chamber having to cause ink ejection;
An actuator for moving the moving part relative to the stationary part;
A nozzle seal comprising a mechanical seal interconnecting the moving portion and the stationary portion, the mechanical seal comprising a polymeric material selected from the group comprising polymerized siloxanes and fluorinated polyolefins.

  Optionally, the nozzle opening is defined in the moving part.

  Optionally, the nozzle opening is defined in the stationary part.

Optionally, said actuator is
A first active element connected to the drive circuit;
A second passive element, and
The second passive element mechanically cooperates with the first element such that the first element expands relative to the second element when a current is passed through the first element, so that the actuator It is a thermal bend actuator that bends.

  Optionally, the first and second elements are cantilevers.

  Optionally, the thermal bend actuator defines at least a portion of the moving portion of the roof, whereby actuation of the actuator moves the actuator toward the floor of the nozzle chamber.

  Optionally, the polymeric material has a Young's modulus of less than 1000 MPa.

  Optionally, the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorinated polyethylene (PFPE).

  Optionally, the polymeric material is hydrophobic and resistant to removal by ashing.

Optionally, the polymeric material recovers its hydrophobicity after exposure to O ₂ plasma.

  Optionally, the entire roof is coated with a polymer material such that the ink ejection surface of the print head is hydrophobic.

  Optionally, each roof forms at least a portion of the nozzle surface of the print head, and thanks to the polymer coating, the outer surface of each roof is more hydrophobic than the inner surface of the respective nozzle chamber.

  Optionally, the polymer coating has a contact angle greater than 90 ° and the inner surface of the nozzle chamber has a contact angle of less than 90 °.

  Optionally, the polymer coating has a contact angle greater than 110 °.

  Optionally, the inner surface of the nozzle chamber has a contact angle of less than 70 °.

  Optionally, the nozzle chamber comprises a side wall extending between the roof and the substrate such that the roof is spaced from the substrate.

  Optionally, the roof and the sidewalls are made of a ceramic material that can be deposited by CVD.

  Optionally, the ceramic material is selected from the group comprising silicon nitride, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride.

2 is a partial perspective view of an array of nozzle assemblies for a thermal inkjet printhead. FIG. FIG. 2 is a side view of the nozzle assembly unit cell shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 shows a partially formed nozzle assembly after depositing sidewall and roof material on a sacrificial photoresist layer. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 4. 8 is a mask related to the nozzle rim etching shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the etching of the roof layer for forming a nozzle opening rim. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 7. 11 is a mask associated with the nozzle opening etching shown in FIG. FIG. 6 shows the etching of the roof material to form an elliptical nozzle opening. FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 10. It is a figure which shows the oxygen plasma ashing of the 1st and 2nd sacrificial layer. FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 12. It is a figure which shows the nozzle assembly after ashing, and the other side of a wafer. FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 14. FIG. 18 is a mask related to the back surface etching shown in FIG. 17. FIG. FIG. 6 shows backside etching for etching ink supply channels in a wafer. FIG. 18 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 17. FIG. 11 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 10 after applying a hydrophobic polymer coating. FIG. 20 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 19. FIG. 20 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 19 after photo-patterning the polymer coating. FIG. 22 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 21. FIG. 8 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 7 after deposition of a hydrophobic polymer coating. FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 23. FIG. 24 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 23 after photo-patterning the polymer coating. FIG. 26 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 25. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of an inkjet nozzle assembly with a roof having a moving portion defined by a thermal bend actuator. FIG. 28 is a cutaway perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 27. FIG. 28 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 27. FIG. 28 is a cutaway perspective view of the array of nozzle assemblies shown in FIG. 27. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of an alternative inkjet nozzle assembly with a roof having a moving portion defined by a thermal bend actuator. FIG. 32 is a cutaway perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 31. FIG. 32 is a perspective view of the nozzle assembly shown in FIG. 31. FIG. 28 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 27 with a polymer coating on the roof that forms a mechanical seal between the moving roof portion and the stationary roof portion. FIG. 32 shows the nozzle assembly of FIG. 31 with a polymer coating on the roof that forms a mechanical seal between the moving roof portion and the stationary roof portion.

  An optional embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  The present invention can be used with any type of printhead. The applicant of the present invention has so far described a very large number of inkjet printheads. Not all such printheads need to be described here for an understanding of the present invention. Nevertheless, the present invention will now be described with respect to thermal bubble-forming ink jet print heads and mechanical thermal bend actuated ink jet print heads. The advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following discussion.

Thermal Bubble-Forming Inkjet Printhead Referring to FIG. 1, a portion of a printhead with a plurality of nozzle assemblies is shown. 2 and 3 show a cross-sectional view and a cutaway perspective view of one of these nozzle assemblies.

  Each nozzle assembly includes a nozzle chamber 24 formed on the silicon wafer substrate 2 by MEMS manufacturing techniques. The nozzle chamber 24 is defined by a roof 21 and side walls 22 extending from the roof 21 to the silicon substrate 2. As shown in FIG. 1, each roof is defined by a portion of the nozzle surface 56 that extends across the jetting face of the print head. The nozzle surface 56 and the sidewall 22 are formed from the same material, which is deposited by PECVD over the sacrificial photoresist scaffold during MEMS fabrication. The nozzle surface 56 and the sidewall 22 are generally formed from a ceramic material such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride. These rigid materials have excellent properties for the robustness of the print head, and their inherent hydrophilicity is advantageous for supplying ink to the nozzle chamber 24 by capillary action. However, the outer surface (ink ejection surface) of the nozzle surface 56 is also hydrophilic, which causes the ink overflowing the nozzle surface to spread.

  Returning to the details of the nozzle chambers 24, it can be seen that nozzle openings 26 are defined in the roof of each nozzle chamber 24. Each nozzle opening 26 is generally oval and has an associated nozzle rim 25. The nozzle rim 25 helps the direction of the ink drops during printing and reduces at least some of the ink overflowing from the nozzle openings 26. The actuator that ejects ink from the nozzle chamber 24 is a heater element 29 disposed below the nozzle opening 26 and suspended across a pit 8. A current is supplied to the heater element 29 through the electrode 9 connected to the driving circuit of the CMOS layer 5 of the substrate 2 underneath. When an electric current is passed through the heater element 29, the heater element 29 rapidly superheats the surrounding ink to form bubbles, and the bubbles push ink out of the nozzle openings. By suspending the heater element 29, when the ink is injected into the nozzle chamber 24, the heater element 29 is completely immersed in the ink. This improves the efficiency of the print head because less heat is dissipated into the underlying substrate 2 and more input energy is used to generate bubbles.

  As most clearly shown in FIG. 1, the nozzles are arranged in a plurality of rows, and an ink supply channel 27 extending vertically along the rows supplies ink to each nozzle in that row. The ink supply channel 27 delivers ink to the ink inlet passage 15 of each nozzle, and the ink inlet passage 15 supplies ink into the nozzle chamber 24 from the side of the nozzle opening 26 through the ink conduit 23.

  A MEMS manufacturing process for manufacturing such a printhead is described in detail in the applicant's earlier US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 246,684, filed Oct. 11, 2005. . The contents of this specification are incorporated herein by reference. For the sake of clarity, some steps towards the end of this manufacturing process are briefly described again here.

  FIGS. 4 and 5 show a partially manufactured printhead with a nozzle chamber 24 containing sacrificial photoresist 10 (“SAC1”) and 16 (“SAC2”). The SAC1 photoresist 10 was used as a scaffold for depositing heater material to form a suspended heater element 29. The SAC2 photoresist 16 was used as a scaffold to deposit the sidewalls 22 and the roof 21 (which defines a portion of the nozzle surface 56).

  Referring to FIGS. 6-8, in this prior art process, an elliptical nozzle rim 25 is defined in the roof 21 by etching the roof material 20 2 microns in the next stage of MEMS fabrication. This etch is defined using a photoresist layer (not shown) exposed by the dark tone rim mask shown in FIG. The elliptical rim 25 includes two coaxial rim lips (25a) and (25b) disposed on their respective thermal actuators (29).

  Referring to FIGS. 9-11, the next step is to define an elliptical nozzle opening 26 in the roof 21 by etching completely until it penetrates the remaining roof material bounded by the rim 25. This etch is defined using a photoresist layer (not shown) exposed by the dark tone roof mask shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 11, the elliptical nozzle opening 26 is disposed on the thermal actuator 29.

After all the MEMS nozzle features have been completely formed in this manner, the SAC1 and SAC2 photoresist layers 10 and 16 are removed by O ₂ plasma ashing in the next step (FIGS. 12 and 13). FIGS. 14 and 15 show the total thickness (150 microns) of the silicon wafer 2 after ashing the SAC1 and SAC2 photoresist layers 10 and 16. FIG.

  Referring to FIGS. 16-18, after the front side MEMS processing of the wafer is completed, the ink supply channel 27 is etched from the back side of the wafer using standard anisotropic DRIE to intersect the ink inlet 15. This backside etch is defined using a photoresist layer (not shown) exposed by the dark tone mask shown in FIG. An ink supply channel 27 provides a fluid connection between the backside of the wafer and the ink inlet 15.

  Finally, referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the backside etch thins the wafer to about 135 microns. FIG. 1 shows a cutaway perspective view of three adjacent nozzle rows of a completed printhead integrated circuit. Each nozzle row has a respective ink supply channel 27 that extends along its length and supplies ink to a plurality of ink inlets 15 in each row. The ink inlet supplies ink to each row of ink conduits 23 and each nozzle chamber receives ink from the common ink conduit of that row.

  As already discussed above, this prior art MEMS manufacturing process inevitably involves hydrophilic inks because the nozzle surface 56 is formed from a ceramic material such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, aluminum nitride. Leave the spray surface.

Nozzle Etching and Subsequent Hydrophobic Polymer Coating As an alternative to the process described above, the nozzle surface 56 is a hydrophobic polymer deposited thereon immediately after nozzle opening etching (ie, the steps shown in FIGS. 10 and 11). Have The polymer material should be resistant to the ashing process because the photoresist scaffold layer must be removed later. Preferably, the polymeric material should be resistant to removal by O ₂ or H ₂ ashing plasma. Applicants of the present invention have identified a group of polymer materials that meet the above requirements of being hydrophobic and at the same time resistant to O ₂ or H ₂ ashing. These materials are generally polymerized siloxanes or fluorinated polyolefins. More specifically, both polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorinated polyethylene (PFPE) have been shown to be particularly advantageous. Such materials form passivating surface oxides in O ₂ plasma and subsequently recover their hydrophobicity relatively quickly. Another advantage of these materials is that they have excellent adhesion to ceramics such as silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. Another advantage of these materials is that they can be photopatterned, which makes them particularly suitable for use in MEMS processes. For example, PDMS can be cured with UV light, which allows the unexposed areas of PDMS to be removed relatively easily.

  Referring to FIG. 10, there is shown a partially manufactured printhead nozzle assembly after rim etching and nozzle etching as described above. However, at this stage, instead of proceeding to ashing SAC1 and SAC2 (as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13), a thin hydrophobic polymer is applied to the nozzle surface 56 as shown in FIGS. Material layer 100 (approximately 1 micron) is spin coated.

After deposition, the polymer material layer is photo-patterned to remove material deposited in the nozzle openings 26. Photopatterning can include exposing the polymer layer 100 other than the region of the polymer layer 100 in the nozzle opening 26 with UV light. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, at this point the print head has a hydrophobic nozzle surface and subsequent MEMS processing steps proceed in a manner similar to that described with respect to FIGS. can do. Importantly, the hydrophobic polymer 100 is not removed by the O ₂ ashing step used to remove the photoresist scaffolds 10 and 16.

As an alternative nozzle etch process using a hydrophobic polymer coating and subsequent polymer as an etch mask , the hydrophobic polymer layer 100 is deposited immediately after the steps illustrated by FIGS. Thus, after the rim 25 is defined by rim etching, but before the nozzle opening 26 is defined by nozzle etching, a hydrophobic polymer is spin coated on the nozzle surface.

  Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, the nozzle assembly is shown after the hydrophobic polymer 100 has been applied. The polymer 100 is then photopatterned to remove the material bounded by the rim 25 in the nozzle opening area, as shown in FIGS. Therefore, at this point, the hydrophobic polymer material 100 can act as an etching mask for etching the nozzle openings 26.

The nozzle opening 26 is defined by an etch that penetrates the roof structure 21, which typically uses a gas chemistry that includes O ₂ and a fluorinated hydrocarbon (eg, CF ₄ or C ₄ F ₈ ). Executed. Hydrophobic polymers such as PDMS and PFPE are usually etched under the same conditions. However, since materials such as silicon nitride are etched much faster, the roof 21 can be selectively etched using PDMS or PFPE as an etch mask. In comparison, at a gas ratio of 3: 1 (CF ₄ : O ₂ ), silicon nitride is etched about 240 microns per hour and PDMS is etched about 20 microns per hour. Thus, it will be appreciated that etch selectivity using a PDMS mask can be achieved when defining the nozzle openings 26.

The nozzle assembly 24 after the roof 21 has been etched to define the nozzle openings is the same as shown in FIGS. Thus, subsequent MEMS processing steps can proceed in a manner similar to the steps described with respect to FIGS. Importantly, the hydrophobic polymer 100 is not removed by the O ₂ ashing step used to remove the photoresist scaffolds 10 and 16.

Nozzle etching using a hydrophobic polymer coating followed by an additional photoresist mask FIGS. 25 and 26 show how the hydrophobic polymer 100 can be used as an etching mask for nozzle opening etching. In general, different etch rates between polymer 100 and roof 21 provide sufficient etch selectivity, as discussed above.

However, as another alternative, a photoresist layer (see FIG. 24) that allows conventional downstream MEMS processing over the hydrophobic polymer 100 shown in FIG. 24, particularly in response to situations where etch selectivity is insufficient. (Not shown) can be attached. After photo-patterning the top resist layer, the hydrophobic polymer 100 and the roof 21 can be etched in one step using the top gas resist layer as a standard etch mask and the same gas chemistry. it can. For example, CF ₄ / O ₂ gas chemistry first etches through the hydrophobic polymer 100 and then through the roof 21.

Subsequent O ₂ ashing can be used to remove only the top photoresist layer (to obtain the nozzle assembly shown in FIGS. 10 and 11), or using extended O ₂ ashing, Both the top and sacrificial photoresist layers 10 and 16 can be removed (to obtain the nozzle assembly shown in FIGS. 12 and 13).

Those skilled in the art will be able to envision other alternative sequences of MEMS processing steps in addition to the three alternative sequences discussed herein. However, in identifying hydrophobic polymers that have the ability to withstand O ₂ and H ₂ ashing, the inventors of the present invention have provided a viable means of providing a hydrophobic nozzle surface in an inkjet printhead manufacturing process. Will understand.

Although the method by which the nozzle surface of the thermal bend actuator printhead printhead can be hydrophobized has been discussed, it will be appreciated that any type of printhead can be hydrophobized in a similar manner. Nevertheless, the present invention realizes certain advantages with respect to the previously described print head of Applicant of the present invention comprising a thermal bend actuator nozzle assembly. Therefore, we will now discuss how the present invention can be used in such a printhead.

  In a thermal bend-actuated printhead, the nozzle assembly can comprise a nozzle chamber having a roof portion that moves relative to the floor portion of the chamber. This movable roof portion is generally actuated to move toward the floor portion by a two-layer thermal bend actuator. Such an actuator can be located outside the nozzle chamber or can define a moving part of the roof structure.

  A moving roof is advantageous because it reduces the jetting energy of ink drops by having only one surface of the moving structure acting on viscous ink. However, a problem with such a moving roof structure is that the ink in the nozzle chamber needs to be sealed during operation. The nozzle chamber generally relies on a fluid seal that uses the surface tension of the ink to form the seal. However, such seals are incomplete and it would be desirable to form a mechanical seal that avoids relying on surface tension as a means to contain ink. Such a mechanical seal would need to be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the bending movement of the roof.

  A general nozzle assembly 400 having a moving roof structure is described in the applicant's earlier US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 607,976, filed Dec. 4, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Incorporated herein by reference). This is illustrated herein in FIGS. 27-30. The nozzle assembly 400 includes a nozzle chamber 401 formed on a passivated CMOS layer 402 of a silicon substrate 403. The nozzle chamber is defined by a roof 404 and sidewalls 405 extending from the roof to the protected CMOS layer 402. Ink is supplied to the nozzle chamber 401 by an ink inlet 406 in fluid communication with an ink supply channel 407 that receives ink from the backside of the silicon substrate. Ink is ejected from the nozzle chamber 401 by nozzle openings 408 defined in the roof 404. Nozzle opening 408 is offset from ink inlet 406.

  As clearly shown by FIG. 28, the roof 404 has a moving portion 409 that defines a substantial portion of the total area of the roof. The moving portion 409 generally defines at least 50% of the total area of the roof 404. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 27-30, the moving portion 409 is defined with a nozzle opening 408 and a nozzle rim 415 such that the nozzle opening and nozzle rim move together with the moving portion.

  The nozzle assembly 400 is characterized in that the moving portion 409 is defined by a thermal bend actuator 410 having a flat upper active beam 411 and a flat lower passive beam 412. Thus, the actuator 410 generally defines at least 50% of the total area of the roof 404. Correspondingly, the upper active beam 411 generally defines at least 50% of the total area of the roof 404.

As shown in FIGS. 27 and 28, at least a portion of the upper active beam 411 is spaced from the lower passive beam 412 to maximize the thermal insulation of the two beams. More specifically, a Ti layer is used as the bridging layer 413 between the upper active beam 411 made of TiN and the lower passive beam 412 made of SiO ₂ . Bridging layer 413 allows a gap 414 to be defined between the active and passive beams of actuator 410. This gap 414 improves the overall efficiency of the actuator 410 by minimizing heat transfer from the active beam 411 to the passive beam 412.

  However, it will of course be understood that the active beam 411 can alternatively be fused or glued directly to the passive beam 412 to increase the rigidity of the structure. Such design changes will be well within the domain of those skilled in the art.

  The active beam 411 is connected to a pair of contacts 416 (positive and ground) through a Ti bridging layer. The contact 416 is connected to the driving circuit of the CMOS layer.

  When an ink droplet needs to be ejected from the nozzle chamber 401, current flows through the active beam 411 between the two contacts 416. The active beam 411 is rapidly heated by this current and expands relative to the passive beam 412, thereby causing the actuator 410 (which defines the moving portion 409 of the roof 404) to bend downward toward the substrate 403. Since the gap 460 between the moving part 409 and the stationary part 461 is very small, it generally depends on the surface tension to seal this gap when the moving part operates to move toward the substrate 403. be able to.

  This movement of the actuator 410 causes ink ejection from the nozzle opening 408 due to a rapid increase in pressure inside the nozzle chamber 401. When the current stops, the moving portion 409 of the roof 404 can return to its rest position, which causes ink to be drawn into the nozzle chamber 401 from the inlet 406 in preparation for the next jet.

  Referring to FIG. 30, it will be readily understood that this nozzle assembly can be duplicated into an array of nozzle assemblies to define a print head or print head integrated circuit. The printhead integrated circuit includes a silicon substrate, an array of nozzle assemblies (typically arranged as a plurality of columns) formed on the substrate, and drive circuitry for the nozzle assemblies. For example, prior US patent application Ser. No. 10 / 854,491, filed May 27, 2004, and previously filed on Dec. 20, 2004. Multiple printhead integrated circuits can be adjacent or connected to form the page width inkjet printhead described in US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 014,732. The contents of these specifications are incorporated herein by reference.

  The alternative nozzle assembly 500 shown in FIGS. 31-33 is similar to the nozzle assembly 400 as long as the thermal bend actuator 510 has an upper active beam 511 and a lower passive beam 512 that define a moving portion of the roof 504 of the nozzle chamber 501. It is similar.

  However, in contrast to nozzle assembly 400, nozzle opening 508 and rim 515 are not defined by the moving portion of roof 504. Conversely, the nozzle opening 508 and rim 515 are defined in a fixed or stationary portion 561 of the roof 504 so that the actuator 510 moves independently of the nozzle opening and rim during ink droplet ejection. The advantage of this arrangement is that it is easier to control the flight direction of the ink drops. Again, relying on the small size of the gap 560 between the moving portion 509 and the stationary portion 561 to form a fluid seal by using the surface tension of the ink during operation.

  The nozzle assemblies 400 and 500 and their corresponding print heads can be constructed using a suitable MEMS process in a manner similar to the process described above. In all cases, the (moving or stationary) roof of the nozzle chamber is formed by depositing the roof material on a suitable sacrificial photoresist scaffold.

  Referring now to FIG. 34, the nozzle assembly 400 previously shown in FIG. 27 now has additional hydrophobicity (described in detail above) on a roof that includes both a moving portion 409 and a stationary portion 461 of the roof. It can be seen that the polymer layer 101 is coated. Importantly, the hydrophobic polymer 101 seals the gap 460 shown in FIG. Having very low stiffness is an advantage of polymers such as PDMS and PFPE. Generally, these materials have a Young's modulus of less than 1000 MPa, generally on the order of about 500 MPa. This feature is advantageous because these materials allow a mechanical seal to be formed within a thermal bend actuator nozzle of the type described herein. During operation, the polymer stretches elastically and does not significantly impede actuator movement. In fact, the elastic seal helps the bend actuator return to its rest position. This is the time when ink droplet ejection occurs. In addition, because there is no gap between the moving roof portion 409 and the stationary roof portion 461, the ink is completely sealed inside the nozzle chamber 401 and cannot leak outside the nozzle opening 408 during operation.

  FIG. 35 shows a nozzle assembly 500 having a hydrophobic polymer coating 101. As with nozzle assembly 400, it can be appreciated that sealing gap 560 with polymer 101 forms a mechanical seal 562 that provides an excellent mechanical seal of ink in nozzle chamber 501.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and / or modifications may be made to the invention shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. . Accordingly, the embodiments of the invention are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims (20)

A method of manufacturing a print head having a hydrophobic ink ejection surface,
(A) providing a partially manufactured printhead comprising a plurality of nozzle chambers and a relatively hydrophilic nozzle surface that at least partially defines the ink ejection surface;
(B) attaching a layer of a relatively hydrophobic polymer material that is resistant to removal by ashing to the nozzle surface;
(C) defining a plurality of nozzle openings in the nozzle surface, thereby providing a print head having a relatively hydrophobic ink ejection surface;
The step (b) and the step (c) are executed in an arbitrary order.
Method. Step (c) is performed before step (b);
The method of claim 1, further comprising defining a corresponding plurality of aligned nozzle openings in the deposited polymeric material.   The method of claim 2, wherein the aligned corresponding plurality of nozzle openings are defined by photopatterning the polymer material. Step (c) is performed after step (b);
The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric material is used as a mask to etch the nozzle surface.   The method of claim 4, wherein the polymer material is photopatterned to define a plurality of nozzle opening regions prior to etching the nozzle surface. Step (c) is performed after step (b);
Step (c)
Depositing a mask on the polymeric material;
Patterning the mask to expose the polymer material in a plurality of nozzle opening regions;
Etching the exposed polymer material and the underlying nozzle surface to define the plurality of nozzle openings;
The method of claim 1, comprising removing the mask.   The method of claim 6, wherein the mask is a photoresist and the photoresist is removed by ashing.   The method of claim 6, wherein the same gas chemistry is used to etch the polymeric material and the nozzle surface. The method of claim 8, wherein the gas chemistry comprises O ₂ and a fluorine-containing compound. Within the partially manufactured print head, the roof of each nozzle chamber is supported by a sacrificial photoresist scaffold,
The method of claim 1, further comprising removing the photoresist scaffold by ashing.   The method of claim 1, wherein the roof of each nozzle chamber is at least partially defined by the nozzle surface.   The method of claim 11, wherein the nozzle surface is spaced from the substrate such that a sidewall of each nozzle chamber extends between the nozzle surface and the substrate.   The method of claim 1, wherein the roof and sidewalls of each nozzle chamber are made of a ceramic material that can be deposited by CVD. The roof and the side wall,
14. The method of claim 13, comprising a material selected from the group comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride. The method of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic polymer material forms a passivated surface oxide in an O ₂ plasma. Wherein the hydrophobic polymeric material to recover its hydrophobicity after exposure to O ₂ plasma, the method of claim 15.   The method of claim 1, wherein the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polymerized siloxanes and fluorinated polyolefins.   The method of claim 17, wherein the polymeric material is selected from the group comprising polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and perfluorinated polyethylene (PFPE).   The method of claim 1, wherein after deposition, at least a portion of the polymeric material is UV cured. A print head obtained or obtainable by the method according to claim 1.

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