JP2010505953A - 化合物、スクリーニング、および治療方法 - Google Patents
化合物、スクリーニング、および治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010505953A JP2010505953A JP2009532368A JP2009532368A JP2010505953A JP 2010505953 A JP2010505953 A JP 2010505953A JP 2009532368 A JP2009532368 A JP 2009532368A JP 2009532368 A JP2009532368 A JP 2009532368A JP 2010505953 A JP2010505953 A JP 2010505953A
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- 239000000829 suppository Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004492 suprofen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002198 surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002889 sympathetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003565 tacrine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950005100 talmetacin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005262 talniflumate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950005400 talosalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950003441 tebufelone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WZWYJBNHTWCXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tenoxicam Chemical compound O=C1C=2SC=CC=2S(=O)(=O)N(C)C1=C(O)NC1=CC=CC=N1 WZWYJBNHTWCXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002871 tenoxicam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229950007324 tesicam Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950000997 tesimide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003039 tetrahydroisoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(NCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000147 tetrahydroquinolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CIJQTPFWFXOSEO-NDMITSJXSA-J tetrasodium;(2r,3r,4s)-2-[(2r,3s,4r,5r,6s)-5-acetamido-6-[(1r,2r,3r,4r)-4-[(2r,3s,4r,5r,6r)-5-acetamido-6-[(4r,5r,6r)-2-carboxylato-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(1r,3r,4r,5r)-3-hydroxy-4-(sulfonatoamino)-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxy Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].O([C@@H]1[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)NC(C)=O)O[C@@H]1C(C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1O)O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](OC2C(O[C@@H](OC3[C@@H]([C@@H](NS([O-])(=O)=O)[C@@H]4OC[C@H]3O4)O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C([O-])=O)[C@H](NC(C)=O)[C@H]1C)C([O-])=O)[C@@H]1OC(C([O-])=O)=C[C@H](O)[C@H]1O CIJQTPFWFXOSEO-NDMITSJXSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229960000278 theophylline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000004797 therapeutic response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- GOMLCFUVZKLQCO-HTLAMOOLSA-N thrombin aptamer Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](C2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](C2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](C2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](C2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)COP(O)(=O)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](C2)N2C(NC(=O)C(C)=C2)=O)COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O[C@@H]2CO)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)[C@@H](OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O2)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O2)N2C3=C(C(NC(N)=N3)=O)N=C2)O)C1 GOMLCFUVZKLQCO-HTLAMOOLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003595 thromboxanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PHWBOXQYWZNQIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ticlopidine Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1CN1CC(C=CS2)=C2CC1 PHWBOXQYWZNQIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005001 ticlopidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004605 timolol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940064689 tinzaparin sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950004988 tiprenolol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CSUNLSYSEQIDMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tiprenolol Chemical compound CSC1=CC=CC=C1OCC(O)CNC(C)C CSUNLSYSEQIDMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- COKMIXFXJJXBQG-NRFANRHFSA-N tirofiban Chemical compound C1=CC(C[C@H](NS(=O)(=O)CCCC)C(O)=O)=CC=C1OCCCCC1CCNCC1 COKMIXFXJJXBQG-NRFANRHFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003425 tirofiban Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005147 toluenesulfonyl group Chemical group C=1(C(=CC=CC1)S(=O)(=O)*)C 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011830 transgenic mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000472 traumatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950000451 triflumidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BDSYKGHYMJNPAB-LICBFIPMSA-N ulobetasol propionate Chemical compound C1([C@@H](F)C2)=CC(=O)C=C[C@]1(C)[C@]1(F)[C@@H]2[C@@H]2C[C@H](C)[C@@](C(=O)CCl)(OC(=O)CC)[C@@]2(C)C[C@@H]1O BDSYKGHYMJNPAB-LICBFIPMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950008396 ulobetasol propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZDPHROOEEOARMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001529453 unidentified herpesvirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005356 urokinase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960001722 verapamil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
- PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N warfarin Chemical compound OC=1C2=CC=CC=C2OC(=O)C=1C(CC(=O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 PJVWKTKQMONHTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005080 warfarin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001086 yeast two-hybrid system Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229950007802 zidometacin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002769 zofenopril Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IAIDUHCBNLFXEF-MNEFBYGVSA-N zofenopril Chemical compound C([C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](C[C@@H](C1)SC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(O)=O)SC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 IAIDUHCBNLFXEF-MNEFBYGVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003516 zomepirac sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108091058550 ω-conotoxin Proteins 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Qは、-S-、-S(O)-、および-S(O)2-からなる群から選択され、
R1は、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、
R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールおよびC6〜C12アリールからなる群から選択され、
R3およびR4は、独立に、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成し、
但し、Qが-S-であり、R1が-CH2CNであり、R2が-C6H4(4-OMe)であり、R3とR4が一緒になって非置換のC6-炭素環式6員環を形成する化合物は、特に排除される]。
R1、R3、およびR4は、先に定義の通りであり、
R5は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C3〜C9カルボシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロアリール、C6〜C12アリール、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルチオ、C6〜C12アリールチオ、C1〜C9ヒドロキシアルキル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールオキシ、C1〜12カルボニル、C1〜C9フルオロアルキル、C1〜C9ペルフルオロアルキル、ハロゲン、-SH、-OH、-N3、-NH2、-NO2、および-CNからなる群から選択され、
nは、1、2、3、または4である]。
R1およびR2は、先に定義の通りであり、
mは1、2、または3である]。
R1およびR2は、先に定義の通りであり、
R6は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C3〜C9カルボシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロアリール、C6〜C12アリール、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルチオ、C6〜C12アリールチオ、C1〜C9ヒドロキシアルキル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールオキシ、C1〜12カルボニル、C1〜C9フルオロアルキル、C1〜C9ペルフルオロアルキル、ハロゲン、-SH、-OH、-N3、-NH2、-NO2、および-CNからなる群から選択され、
nは、1、2、3、または4である]。
R1は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、
R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールおよびC6〜C12アリールからなる群から選択され、
R3およびR4は、独立に、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成し、
R5は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C3〜C9カルボシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロアリール、C6〜C12アリール、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルチオ、C6〜C12アリールチオ、C1〜C9ヒドロキシアルキル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールオキシ、C1〜12カルボニル、C1〜C9フルオロアルキル、C1〜C9ペルフルオロアルキル、ハロゲン、-SH、-OH、-N3、-NH2、-NO2、および-CNからなる群から選択され、
nは、1、2、3、または4である]、
この方法は、式(I-B)の化合物を提供するステップ:
LGは、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルスルホニルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールスルホニルオキシ、またはハロゲンである]および
式(I-B)の化合物をC6〜C12アリールイソチオシアネートと反応させて、式(I-C)の化合物を提供するステップ:
「Nec-5化合物」とは、3-p-メトキシフェニル-5,6-テトラ-メチレノチエノ(methylenothieno)-[2,3-d]-ピリミジン-4-オン-2-メルカプトエチルシアニド(化合物1、表2)、およびその構造的類似体(例えば、本明細書に記載の表2〜22の化合物6〜182)を意味し、これらは本明細書に示す式(I)に包含され、下位構造式(II)、(III)、または(IV)に包含され得、さらに下位構造式(V)〜(VII)、(XII)〜(XXVIII)、または(XXIX)に包含され得る。
本発明の化合物の一般的記述では、置換基の特定の種類の原子数は、ある範囲の、例えば1〜9個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル基またはC1〜9アルキルとして一般に与えられる。かかる範囲への言及は、特定の範囲内の整数の原子のそれぞれを有する基への特定の言及を含むものとする。例えば、1〜4個の炭素原子のアルキル基には、C1、C2、C3、およびC4のそれぞれが含まれる。C1〜12ヘテロアルキルは、例えば、1個または複数のヘテロ原子に加えて、1〜12個の炭素原子を含む。他の数の原子および他の種類の原子も同様に示すことができる。
Qは、-S-、-S(O)-、または-S(O)2-であり、
R1は、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、またはC1〜C12カルボニルであり、R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールまたはC6〜C12アリールであり、R3およびR4は、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、またはC1〜C12カルボニルであり、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成し、
但し、実施例において表2に示し、以下に示す、3-p-メトキシフェニル-5,6-テトラ-メチレノチエノ-[2,3-d]-ピリミジン-4-オン-2-メルカプトエチルシアニド(式中、Qは-S-であり、R1は-CH2CNであり、R2は-C6H4(4-OMe)であり、R3とR4は一緒になって非置換のC6-炭素環式6員環を形成する)として化学的に公知の化合物(1)は、特に排除される]。
nは、1、2、3、または4であり、mは、1、2、または3である]。
本発明の治療法は、単独でまたは別の治療法と組み合わせて実施することができ、自宅、診療所、クリニック、病院の外来、または病院で提供することができる。表1に列挙した状態のいずれかの単独または組合せの存在は、本発明の化合物、組成物、および方法を使用して治療することができる。治療は、一般に病院で開始され、したがって医師は、治療法の効果を詳しく観察することができ、必要とされる任意の調節を行うことができる。治療期間は、患者の年齢および状態、ならびに患者が治療にどのように応答するかに依存して決まる。さらに、表1に列挙した状態を発症する危険性がより高いヒトは、その疾患の症候を阻害または遅延するための予防的治療を受けることができる。
医薬組成物および製剤は、本発明の化合物を利用して調製することができる。本発明の医薬組成物は、例えば従来の溶解、凍結乾燥、混合、顆粒化、または糖剤化法を用いて、当業者に公知の方法で調製される。当技術分野で周知の製剤の製造方法は、例えば、Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy、第20版、A.R.Gennaro編集、2000年、Lippincott Williams&Wilkins、Philadelphia、ならびにEncyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology、J.SwarbrickおよびJ.C.Boylan編集、1988〜1999年、Marcel Dekker、New Yorkに見られる。
選択される投与経路に関わらず、適切な水和形態で使用することができる本発明の化合物および/または本発明の医薬組成物は、当業者に公知の従来の方法によって、製薬上許容される剤形に製剤化される。
所望ならば、本発明の化合物での治療を、表1の状態のいずれか、例えば壊死または虚血を含む状態を治療するための治療法と組み合わせることができる。かかる治療には、手術、放射線療法、化学療法、または1種もしくは複数の追加の化合物の投与が含まれる。本発明の化合物との併用療法に適した例示的な化合物を以下に記載する。例えば所望ならば、本発明の化合物での治療は、アルツハイマー病の治療のためのタクリン塩酸塩または多発性硬化症の治療のためのインターフェロンα-1aなどの、細胞死を特徴とする疾患のためのより伝統的な治療法と組み合わせることができる。
表1の状態のいずれか、例えば、心疾患(例えば、冠状動脈性心疾患または虚血性心疾患)または変性疾患(例えば、アルツハイマー病またはハンチントン病などの神経変性疾患)と診断された患者において、疾病表現型の発生の前に、先の治療法のいずれかを適用することができる。特に、壊死を低減することが示された化合物は、任意の標準的投与量および投与経路によって(先に記載の通り)投与することができる。
細胞が最初の攻撃を受けた後、アポトーシスまたは細胞死の壊死機構の一方または両方が活性化され得る。細胞死を誘発するために、腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)およびβ-アミロイドタンパク質への曝露を含む幾つかの化学的攻撃が使用され得る。ヒト神経芽腫細胞(SH-SY5Y)およびヒトジャーカットT細胞を含む様々な細胞型を使用することもできる。アポトーシス機構を遮断するために、一般的なカスパーゼ阻害剤、Cbz-バリン-アラニン-アスパルチルフルオロメチルケトン(zVAD-fmk、Polverino and Patterson、J.Biol.Chem.272:7013〜7021頁、1997年)を投与することができる。この化合物は、全てのカスパーゼを阻害し、その結果アポトーシス経路を破壊する。もたらされる任意の細胞死は、この壊死機構から生じると推定することができる。zVAD-fmkおよびTNFαを細胞に投与した後、細胞を救うために試験化合物をその細胞に適用することができる。このプロトコールを用いて細胞の生存力を回復することが見出された化合物は、壊死経路の阻害剤であるとみなされる。
例えば、zVAD-fmk/DMSOによって低細胞密度(例えば、1×105個の細胞/ml)で誘発される細胞壊死を低減する化合物の同定方法は、壊死の誘発剤がzVAD-fmk/TNFαではなくzVAD-fmk/DMSOである場合を除き、本質的には本明細書に記載の通り達成される。
標的分子のタンパク質相互作用または活性阻害を測定する任意の方法を利用することができる。かかる方法には、それに限定されるものではないが、蛍光偏光アッセイ、質量分析(NelsonおよびKrone、J.Mol.Recognit.(1999年)12:77〜93頁)、表面プラズモン共鳴(Spigaら、FEBS Lett.(2002年)511:33〜35頁;RichおよびMizka、J.Mol.Recognit.(2001年)14:223〜228頁;Abrantesら、Anal.Chem.(2001年)73:2828〜2835頁)、蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)(Baderら、J.Biomol.Screen(2001年)6:255〜264頁;Songら、Anal.Biochem(2001年)291:133〜41;Brockhoffら、Cytometry(2001年)44:338〜248頁)、生物発光共鳴エネルギー移動(BRET)(Angersら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(2000年)97:3684〜3689頁;Xuら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(1999年)96:151〜156頁)、蛍光消光(Engelborghs、Spectrochim.Acta A.Mol.Biomol.Spectrosc.(1999年)57:2255〜2270頁;Geogheganら、Bioconjug.Chem.(2000年)11:71〜77頁)、蛍光活性化細胞スキャン/ソーティング(Barthら、J.Mol.Biol.(2000年)301:751〜757頁)、ELISA、およびラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)が含まれる。
一般に、本発明のスクリーニングアッセイで使用される候補化合物は、天然産物、合成(または半合成)抽出物両方の大きなライブラリ、または当技術分野で公知の方法よる化学ライブラリから同定される。
本発明の化合物を評価することができる細胞生存度アッセイは、以下を含む。
本発明の化合物を分析するために使用できるマウスモデルは以下の通りである。自発呼吸下の成体オスSV-129マウス(19〜23g;Taconic Farms)を2%イソフルランで麻酔し、70%N2Oおよび30%O2中、Fluotec3気化器(Colonial Medical)を使用して、それらを0.8〜1%イソフルランで維持することができる。次いで、シリコーン樹脂(Xantopren、Bayer Dental)および硬化剤(Elastomer Activator、Bayer Dental)の混合物でコーティングした管腔内8-0ナイロンモノフィラメント(Ethicon)で、左のMCAを閉塞することができる。手順が完了したら(約15分かかり得る)、麻酔を中止することができる。2時間後にイソフルランで動物を一時的に再麻酔し、次いでフィラメントを抜くことができる。再灌流の18時間後、マウス脳マトリックス(RBM-2000C;ActivationalSystems)を使用して、前脳を五つの前頭断(2mm)断面に分割し、その断面を2%の塩化2,3,5-トリフェニルテトラゾリウム(Sigma)で染色することができる。画像解析系(BioquantIV、R&M Biometrics)を使用して梗塞領域を定量化し、各断面の梗塞体積を加算することによって、梗塞体積を直接算出することができる。
以下のように、免疫蛍光法によって本発明の化合物を分析することができる。Balbc3T3細胞をPBSで洗浄し、その細胞を25℃で15分間、4%ホルムアルデヒドで固定し、それらをPBSで2回すすぎ、PBS中0.4%TritonX-100、10%正常ヤギまたはロバ血清(Jackson Immunoresearch)で25℃にて30分間透過化/ブロッキングすることができる。サンプルを適切な一次抗体でインキュベートし、製造者の指示に従って、PBS中0.1%Triton、1%血清に4℃で16時間希釈し、次いでPBSで3回洗浄し、一次抗体と同じ緩衝液に1:200で希釈した蛍光団コンジュゲート二次抗体を用いて、25℃で30分間インキュベートすることができる。PBSで2回洗浄した後、細胞をTO-PRO-3またはファロイジン-TRITCで染色し、製造者の指示に従って25℃で10分間PBSに希釈し、PBSで洗浄し、ProLong Antifadeキット(Molecular Probes)を使用してマウントすることができる。ニコン製回転ディスク共焦点顕微鏡を使用して画像を得ることができ、Metamorphソフトウェア(Universal Imaging)を使用してこれらの画像分析を行うことができる。
以下のように、DNA含量について本発明の化合物を分析することができる。適切な処理の後、ジャーカット細胞を1回洗浄し、PBSに再懸濁し、次いで氷冷100%エタノールの4倍容を添加することによって固定することができる。これらの細胞は約1時間氷上に維持すべきであり、その後固定溶液を破棄し、細胞をPBSで1回洗浄し、50μg/mlのPIおよび5μg/mlのRNAse A(Sigma)を添加したPBSに再懸濁し、37℃で15分間、暗室内でインキュベートし、次いでFACSCaliburで分析する。データは、ModFitソフトウェア(Verity Software House)を使用して分析することができる。
以下のように、免疫ブロッティングによって本発明の化合物を分析することができる。細胞は、コンプリートミニプロテアーゼ阻害剤錠剤(Roche)を添加した、20mMのHEPES、pH7.5、150mMのNaCl、1%TritonX-100、10mMのピロリン酸四ナトリウム、100mMのNaF、17.5mMのβ-グリセロリン酸緩衝液に溶解することができる。Bio-Radタンパク質アッセイ試薬を使用し、抗体を用いて等量のタンパク質をウェスタンブロッティングにかけてタンパク質濃度を決定することができる。虚血脳サンプルの場合、皮質の損傷領域を切開して取り出し、それらをRIPA緩衝液(コンプリートミニプロテアーゼ阻害剤を添加した、50mMのTris-HCl、pH8.0、150mMのNaCl、5mMのEDTA、0.1%SDS、0.5%デオキシコール酸ナトリウム、1%NP-40)に溶解し、等量のタンパク質をウェスタンブロッティングにかけることができる。ウェスタンブロッティングの結果は、Scion Imageソフトウェア(Scion Corporation)を使用して定量化することができる。
本発明者らは、TNFαおよびzVAD-fmkによって誘発されるヒト単球系U937細胞の壊死の化学阻害剤について約100,000種の化合物の化学ライブラリをスクリーニングし、この壊死をネクロトーシスの操作上の定義として使用した(Degterevら、Nature Chem.Biol.(2005年)2:112〜119頁;Tengら、Bio.Med.Chem.Lett.(2005年)15:5039〜5044頁)。このスクリーニングによって、効果的にネクロトーシス死を妨げた幾つかのネクロトーシス阻害剤が選択された(LiおよびBeg、J.Virol.(2000年)74:7470〜7477頁;Linら、J.Biol.Chem.(2004年)279:10822〜10828頁;Wilsonら、Cell Death Differ.(2002年)9:1321〜1333頁)。ここで、以下に示す新規ネクロスタチンであるNec-5について記載する。Nec-5は、zVAD-fmkの存在下でのスクリーニングで選択されたが、その作用はカスパーゼの薬理学的阻害には依存しない。この知見は、アポトーシス機構の遺伝子不活性化によってアポトーシスの誘発が無効にされる場合のネクロトーシスの直接活性化と一致する(Loら、Nat.Rev.Neurosci.(2003年)224:29〜55頁;Gwagら、Neuroscience(1995年)68:615〜619頁;Rosenbaumら、J.Neurosci.Res.(2000年)61:686〜692頁;Martin-Villalbaら、J.Neurosci.(1999年)19:3809〜3817頁;Martin-Villalbaら、Cell Death Differ.(2001年)8:679〜686頁)。
Nec-5の硫黄原子上の置換基のそれらの生物活性への影響の研究に関して、水酸化カリウムの存在下で化合物(5)とRXとを反応させることによって、式(V)の一連の化合物を調製した。
アリール置換基の影響の研究に関して、式(VI)の3-アリール-5,6-テトラメチレン-オチエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン-2-メルカプトエチルシアニド化合物(式中、R5は、ベンゼン環に導入された)を調製した。メチルメルカプト部分の導入は実質的な活性をもたらしたので(先に記載の通り)、式(VII)の2-メチルチオ-3-アリール-5,6-テトラメチレノチエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン化合物も調製した。
Nec-5のチオフェン環上の置換基の影響を研究するために、3-p-メトキシフェニル-5,6-二置換チエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン-2-メルカプトエチルシアニド化合物(式(XII)の化合物に相当する)を合成したが、ここではNec-5の縮合シクロヘキシル環を、置換基R3およびR4で置き換えた。2-メチルチオ-3-p-メトキシフェニル-5,6-二置換チエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン化合物(式(XIII)の化合物に相当する)も合成した。
R3およびR4位に5員脂肪族環を担持する化合物(73)が活性を示したので、R1基の変化が、硫黄部分に対して異なるSARに変わるかどうかを決定するために、式(XIV)の化合物を合成した。表7に示すように、水酸化カリウムの存在下で2-メルカプト-3-p-メトキシフェニル-5,6-トリメチレノチエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オンとRXとを反応させることによって、式(XIV)の化合物が形成された。
チオフェン環置換基R3およびR4とピリミジノン部分(R1およびR5)を一緒に変化させることによって、Nec-5の置換基の影響を研究した。化合物(39)、(48)、(76)、および(67)は著しい活性を示したので、これらの化合物の誘導体の合成を続行した。
Nec-5の硫黄およびN-ピリミジノン上の置換基の影響についての研究では、非置換フェニル環および硫黄上の様々な置換基と組み合わせた、2-メルカプト-3-アリール-5,6-テトラメチレノチエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン誘導体(表21に示す式(XXVIII)の化合物に相当する)を調製した。
Nec-5のチオフェン環の硫黄およびN-ピリミジノン上の同時置換の影響についての研究では、2-メルカプト-3-アリール-5,6-二置換チエノ[2,3-d]ピリミジン-4-オン誘導体(表22に示す式(XXIX)の化合物に相当する)を合成した。
本発明者らの予備のSAR研究は、Nec-5のTNFαで処理したFADD欠損ジャーカットT細胞におけるネクロトーシス阻害に関するEC50値が、分子の化学構造に密接に関係していることを示した。縮合したピリミドン-4環のα位におけるチオエチルシアニド部分(式中、R1=エチルシアニド)の存在は、代替基についてのこの部分の置換が活性の完全な喪失をもたらすことから必須である。例外は、化合物(6)がNec-5と同じEC50値を示すことから、R1がメチルの場合であるが、これは著しく低い最大保護値(71%)をもたらす。硫黄原子をスルホキシドに酸化(化合物(30))またはスルホンに酸化(化合物(31))することによって、活性が完全に喪失した。-OMe基の修飾を含むR5置換基の電子的効果の変動が、活性が低減した化合物を常にもたらしたことから、R5パラ-メトキシ基の存在も重要である。パラ-フルオロR5基を有する化合物(例えば、化合物(39))は、低減した活性およびわずかに低減した最大保護(85.1%)をもたらしたが、より大きなハロゲン化物は許容すらされなかった。しかし化合物(135)の場合、R5エチレンジオキシ基はパラ-メトキシにとって好ましく、化合物(135)は、ほぼ2倍の活性増大を示している。最後に、例えばシクロペンチル化合物(73)、シクロヘプチル化合物(74)、および化合物(76)のR3/R4ベンゼン環にさえも見られるように、R3/R4基の変動はある程度の活性を示した。2つのメチル基をR3およびR4位に導入することによって、活性が著しく増大することを指摘する価値がある。さらにこれらの結果は、追加の活性なNec-5類似体を生成するためにさらに研究され得る分子内の位置(例えば、R5位)があることを示唆している。
上記の明細書に言及される全ての刊行物、特許、および特許出願は、参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる。本発明の記載の方法および系の様々な改変および変形は、本発明の範囲および精神から逸脱せずに当業者には明らかとなろう。本発明を、幾つかの実施形態に関連して記載してきたが、特許請求される本発明は、かかる幾つかの実施形態に過度に制限されるべきではないことを理解されたい。実際、当業者に明らかである、本発明を実施するための記載の実施態様の様々な改変は、本発明の範囲に含まれるものとする。
Claims (25)
- 式(I)の化合物または製薬上許容されるその塩:
Qは、-S-、-S(O)-、および-S(O)2-からなる群から選択され、
R1は、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、
R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールおよびC6〜C12アリールからなる群から選択され、
R3およびR4は、独立に、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成し、
但し、Qが-S-であり、R1が-CH2CNであり、R2が-C6H4(4-OMe)であり、R3とR4が一緒になって非置換のC6-炭素環式6員環を形成する化合物は、特に排除される]。 - 表2の化合物6〜31;表3の化合物32〜51;表4の化合物52〜62;表5の化合物63〜78;表6の化合物79〜92;表7の化合物93〜103;表8の化合物104〜118;表9の化合物119〜122;表10の化合物123〜126;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130〜132;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137〜139;表15の化合物140〜142;表16の化合物143〜148;表17の化合物149〜153;表18の化合物154〜157;表19の化合物158〜161;表20の化合物162〜169;表21の化合物170〜172;および表22の化合物173〜182からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 表2の化合物6、13、24、および25;表3の化合物33〜35、38〜41、43、44、および47〜49;表4の化合物53、55、および58;表5の化合物67、68、および72〜76;表6の化合物87および90;表7の化合物98および103;表8の化合物106および114;表9の化合物119および121;表10の化合物123および125;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137および138;表16の化合物144および146;表17の化合物150;表18の化合物154および156;ならびに表20の化合物167からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 活性なNec-5化合物である、請求項6に記載の化合物。
- 式(I)の化合物または製薬上許容されるその塩、および製薬上許容される賦形剤を含む医薬組成物:
Qは、-S-、-S(O)-、および-S(O)2-からなる群から選択され、
R1は、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、
R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールおよびC6〜C12アリールからなる群から選択され、
R3およびR4は、独立に、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成する]。 - 前記化合物が、表2の化合物1および6〜31;表3の化合物32〜51;表4の化合物52〜62;表5の化合物63〜78;表6の化合物79〜92;表7の化合物93〜103;表8の化合物104〜118;表9の化合物119〜122;表10の化合物123〜126;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130〜132;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137〜139;表15の化合物140〜142;表16の化合物143〜148;表17の化合物149〜153;表18の化合物154〜157;表19の化合物158〜161;表20の化合物162〜169;表21の化合物170〜172;ならびに表22の化合物173〜182からなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化合物が、表2の化合物1および6、13、24、および25;表3の化合物33〜35、38〜41、43、44、および47〜49;表4の化合物53、55、および58;表5の化合物67、68、および72〜76;表6の化合物87および90;表7の化合物98および103;表8の化合物106および114;表9の化合物119および121;表10の化合物123および125;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137および138;表16の化合物144および146;表17の化合物150;表18の化合物154および156;ならびに表20の化合物167からなる群から選択される、請求項9に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記化合物が、活性なNec-5化合物である、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 式(I-A)の化合物または製薬上許容されるその塩の合成方法であって:
R1は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C6〜C12アリール、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、
R2は、C1〜C9アルカリールおよびC6〜C12アリールからなる群から選択され、
R3およびR4は、独立に、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、およびC1〜C12カルボニルからなる群から選択され、あるいはR3とR4が一緒になって、C3〜C9炭素環式、C2〜C9複素環式、C6〜C12アリール、またはC2〜C12ヘテロアリール環系を形成し、
R5は、H、C1〜C9アルキル、C2〜C9アルケニル、C2〜C9アルキニル、C3〜C9カルボシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロシクリル、C2〜C9ヘテロアリール、C6〜C12アリール、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルチオ、C6〜C12アリールチオ、C1〜C9ヒドロキシアルキル、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールオキシ、C1〜12カルボニル、C1〜C9フルオロアルキル、C1〜C9ペルフルオロアルキル、ハロゲン、-SH、-OH、-N3、-NH2、-NO2、および-CNからなる群から選択され、
nは、1、2、3、または4である]、
式(I-B)の化合物を提供するステップ:
LGは、C1〜C9アルキルオキシ、C1〜C9アルキルスルホニルオキシ、C6〜C12アリールスルホニルオキシ、またはハロゲンである]および
前記式(I-B)の化合物をC6〜C12アリールイソチオシアネートと反応させて、式(I-C)の化合物を提供するステップ:
- 表1に示した疾患または状態を有する被験体を治療する方法であって、請求項1に記載の有効量の化合物を前記被験体に投与するステップを含む、上記方法。
- 前記疾患または状態が、慢性神経変性疾患;急性神経疾患;急性神経変性;腎不全に関連する細胞死の結果;網膜神経細胞死の結果;心筋の細胞死の結果;免疫系の細胞の細胞死の結果;心筋梗塞症;心筋梗塞;卒中;虚血性脳卒中;出血性脳卒中;虚血;虚血性肝疾患、膵疾患、心疾患、脳疾患、腎疾患または損傷;虚血性腸間膜、網膜、または神経細胞損傷;臓器保存中の虚血性損傷;遅発性虚血脳損傷;外傷性脳損傷;頭部外傷;敗血症;敗血症性ショック;ネクロトーシス;壊死;虚血性壊死;網膜壊死;集中治療の壊死性ミオパチー;原発性全身性感染症;膵炎;あるいはLPSによって誘発される細胞死である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記慢性神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病;ハンチントン病;パーキンソン病;筋萎縮性側索硬化症;HIV関連認知症;脳虚血;筋萎縮性側索硬化症;多発性硬化症;レビー小体病;メンケス病;ウィルソン病;クロイツフェルト-ヤコブ病;またはファール病である、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、表2の化合物6〜31;表3の化合物32〜51;表4の化合物52〜62;表5の化合物63〜78;表6の化合物79〜92;表7の化合物93〜103;表8の化合物104〜118;表9の化合物119〜122;表10の化合物123〜126;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130〜132;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137〜139;表15の化合物140〜142;表16の化合物143〜148;表17の化合物149〜153;表18の化合物154〜157;表19の化合物158〜161;表20の化合物162〜169;表21の化合物170〜172;および表22の化合物173〜182からなる群から選択される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、表2の化合物6、13、24、および25;表3の化合物33〜35、38〜41、43、44、および47〜49;表4の化合物53、55、および58;表5の化合物67、68、および72〜76;表6の化合物87および90;表7の化合物98および103;表8の化合物106および114;表9の化合物119および121;表10の化合物123および125;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137および138;表16の化合物144および146;表17の化合物150;表18の化合物154および156;ならびに表20の化合物167からなる群から選択される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、活性なNec-5化合物である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 表1に示した疾患または状態を有する被験体を治療する方法であって、請求項8に記載の有効量の医薬組成物を前記被験体に投与するステップを含む、上記方法。
- 前記疾患または状態が、慢性神経変性疾患;急性神経疾患;急性神経変性;腎不全に関連する細胞死の結果;網膜神経細胞死の結果;心筋の細胞死の結果;免疫系の細胞の細胞死の結果;心筋梗塞症;心筋梗塞;卒中;虚血性脳卒中;出血性脳卒中;虚血;虚血性肝疾患、膵疾患、心疾患、脳疾患、腎疾患または損傷;虚血性腸間膜、網膜、または神経細胞損傷;臓器保存中の虚血性損傷;遅発性虚血脳損傷;外傷性脳損傷;頭部外傷;敗血症;敗血症性ショック;ネクロトーシス;壊死;虚血性壊死;網膜壊死;集中治療の壊死性ミオパチー;原発性全身性感染症;膵炎;あるいはLPSによって誘発される細胞死である、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記慢性神経変性疾患が、アルツハイマー病;ハンチントン病;パーキンソン病;筋萎縮性側索硬化症;HIV関連認知症;脳虚血;筋萎縮性側索硬化症;多発性硬化症;レビー小体病;メンケス病;ウィルソン病;クロイツフェルト-ヤコブ病;またはファール病である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、表2の化合物1および化合物6〜31;表3の化合物32〜51;表4の化合物52〜62;表5の化合物63〜78;表6の化合物79〜92;表7の化合物93〜103;表8の化合物104〜118;表9の化合物119〜122;表10の化合物123〜126;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130〜132;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137〜139;表15の化合物140〜142;表16の化合物143〜148;表17の化合物149〜153;表18の化合物154〜157;表19の化合物158〜161;表20の化合物162〜169;表21の化合物170〜172;ならびに表22の化合物173〜182からなる群から選択される、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、表2の化合物1、6、13、24、および25;表3の化合物33〜35、38〜41、43、44、および47〜49;表4の化合物53、55、および58;表5の化合物67、68、および72〜76;表6の化合物87および90;表7の化合物98および103;表8の化合物106および114;表9の化合物119および121;表10の化合物123および125;表11の化合物127〜129;表12の化合物130;表13の化合物133〜136;表14の化合物137および138;表16の化合物144および146;表17の化合物150;表18の化合物154および156;ならびに表20の化合物167からなる群から選択される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、活性なNec-5化合物である、請求項24に記載の方法。
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JP2014530881A (ja) * | 2011-10-21 | 2014-11-20 | マサチューセッツ・アイ・アンド・イア・インファーマリー | 軸索再生および神経機能を促進するための方法および組成物 |
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WO2011133964A2 (en) | 2010-04-23 | 2011-10-27 | Massachusetts Eye And Ear Infirmary | Methods and compositions for preserving photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial cells |
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