JP2010287161A - Pedestrian detection system - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a technology for determining whether a portable communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian, in a pedestrian detection system including a vehicle and a portable communication device for giving information on a pedestrian in the direction along which the vehicle travels. <P>SOLUTION: The pedestrian detection system includes: a portable communication device configured to acquire the position thereof and acceleration thereon; an in-vehicle communication device configured to acquire the position, direction of travel and speed of the vehicle; and a determination means for determining whether the portable communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian and whether there is a pedestrian in the direction along which the vehicle travels, and transmitting pedestrian presence information to the in-vehicle communication device in accordance with a determination. The determination means determines that the portable communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian if the acceleration is not less than a predetermined value. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a pedestrian detection system that detects the presence of a pedestrian and notifies a vehicle.

  A pedestrian detection system that notifies information about pedestrians in the direction of travel to a running vehicle, alerts the driver, and performs autonomous vehicle control to prevent collision accidents. There is. For example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-352577 (Patent Document 1), the position of a mobile phone is detected using GPS or the like, and the moving speed is calculated. It is determined whether the vehicle is in a moving state.

JP 2005-352577 A

  However, since the pedestrian detection method described in Patent Document 1 determines whether the user is in a walking state based only on the moving speed of the mobile phone, the mobile phone is actually used by the pedestrian. I didn't know if it was possessed. Therefore, for example, when a malicious person who disturbs traffic leaves the mobile phone on the road, or when a pedestrian drops the mobile phone on the road, there is actually no pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle. Regardless, information about the presence of pedestrians has been notified. If a vehicle that has received such an erroneous report slows down or stops to avoid a collision, it may cause a traffic jam. Also, sudden braking may be dangerous depending on the surrounding conditions. Therefore, in such a pedestrian detection system, it is required to detect whether a pedestrian is actually holding a mobile phone.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a pedestrian detection system for notifying a vehicle of the presence of a pedestrian, in which a mobile communication device such as a mobile phone is actually used by a pedestrian. It is to provide a technique for detecting whether or not the mobile phone is carried.

In order to achieve the above object, the pedestrian detection system of the present invention employs the following configuration. That is,
A portable communication device that acquires the position of the device and the acceleration acting on the device;
An in-vehicle communication device mounted on a vehicle for acquiring the position of the vehicle and the traveling direction and speed of the vehicle;
Based on the position and acceleration of the portable communication device and the position, traveling direction and speed of the vehicle, whether the portable communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian and the pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle A determination means for notifying the vehicle-mounted communication device of pedestrian presence information;
A pedestrian detection system comprising:
In the pedestrian detection system, the determination unit determines that the mobile communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian when acceleration equal to or greater than a predetermined value is applied to the mobile communication device. is there.

  As described above, a mobile communication device (for example, a mobile phone) included in the pedestrian detection system acquires the position of its own device, for example, by measurement using GPS. The acquired position information can be used for grasping the position of the pedestrian when the determination unit determines whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle. The mobile communication device also measures acceleration acting on itself by an acceleration sensor. The acquired acceleration can be used when the determination unit determines whether the mobile communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian.

  A communication device (hereinafter also referred to as an in-vehicle communication device) included in the vehicle included in the pedestrian detection system acquires the position of the own vehicle by, for example, measurement using GPS. The in-vehicle communication device also acquires the traveling direction of the own vehicle by detecting the operation state of the steering wheel, for example. The in-vehicle communication device also acquires the speed of the own vehicle, for example, by measurement with a speedometer that is normally provided in the vehicle. The determination means appropriately determines whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle by using the obtained position, traveling direction and speed of the vehicle and comparing with the previously determined pedestrian position. Can be done. The in-vehicle communication device can also receive the pedestrian presence information from the determination means. If the pedestrian presence information is received in this manner, the vehicle can take an appropriate action for collision avoidance based on the received information.

  The determination means included in the pedestrian detection system determines whether the mobile communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian based on the acceleration of the mobile communication device. Such a determination can be realized by comparing an acceleration pattern when the mobile communication device is carried by a pedestrian with an actual measurement result. Or, more simply, when the measured acceleration value exceeds a predetermined value, it can be determined that the pedestrian is carrying the object. If it is determined that the vehicle is actually carried, whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle is further determined based on the position of the portable communication device and the position, traveling direction, and speed of the vehicle received from the in-vehicle communication device. to decide. When it is determined that there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction, the determination result is notified to the vehicle. For example, a base station server capable of transmitting and receiving information between a mobile communication device and an in-vehicle communication device within a predetermined range can be suitably used as the installation location of the determination means.

  Since the pedestrian detection system has such a configuration, the determination means determines whether or not the mobile communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian, and only when it is actually carried by the pedestrian. Will be notified to the vehicle. Therefore, there is no false detection of notifying pedestrian information to the vehicle even when there is no pedestrian, so smooth traffic control is realized without warning the vehicle driver and braking the vehicle. it can.

In the pedestrian detection system of the present invention, the mobile communication device further acquires operation information indicating whether or not an operation is being performed on the own device, and the determination means determines that the acceleration acting on the mobile communication device is the predetermined value. If the operation information indicates that an operation is being performed, the mobile communication device is determined to be actually carried by a pedestrian even if the operation information is smaller than Can do. Some kind of operation refers to an action that cannot be performed without a pedestrian actually carrying the device, such as a call or a button press. Such a configuration facilitates detection of pedestrians.

  In the pedestrian detection system of the present invention, the determination means may be configured to notify the portable communication device of information that the vehicle is approaching when it is determined that there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle. In this way, by adopting a configuration in which the vehicle approach information is also notified to the mobile communication device side, the mobile communication device performs appropriate processing (for example, an alert by voice or vibration) to alert the pedestrian to the attention. Will be able to.

In the pedestrian detection system of the present invention, the mobile communication device periodically acquires the acceleration, and the determination means stores a determination result made within a predetermined time, and a predetermined time from the present time. If the mobile communication device has been determined to be actually carried by a pedestrian within the range, the pedestrian presence information is transmitted to the in-vehicle communication device regardless of the determination result based on the latest information Can take.

  According to the determination based on the latest acceleration, even if it is considered that the mobile communication device is not actually carried by a pedestrian, it may be a temporary state. For example, a pedestrian is temporarily stopped. When the pedestrian detection system has the above-described configuration, the determination means is not actually carried by the mobile communication device until the mobile communication device has not been accelerated for a predetermined time or longer. It comes to judge. This makes it possible to reduce the probability that the determination means makes an incorrect determination.

  According to the present invention, in a pedestrian detection system that notifies the vehicle of the presence of a pedestrian, it is possible to detect whether a mobile communication device such as a mobile phone is actually carried by a pedestrian.

The figure which shows the structure of the whole pedestrian detection system. The block diagram of a mobile telephone, a base station server, and a vehicle. The flowchart which shows the process of a mobile telephone. The flowchart which shows the process of a vehicle. The flowchart which shows the process of a base station server.

  Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of the entire pedestrian detection system described in the following embodiment. As shown here, mobile communication devices (mobile phones) and in-vehicle communication devices within the range where communication with the base station server is established are the targets of the determination by the base station server.

<Embodiment 1>
First, the configuration and function of each element of the pedestrian detection system of this embodiment will be described.
The lower left part of FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the mobile phone 2, which corresponds to the mobile communication device of the present invention. The control unit 21 gives instructions to other blocks and controls the flow of information. The control unit 21 can be configured as a program that runs on the CPU, for example. The receiving unit 22 receives radio waves from the GPS satellite 1 via an antenna and acquires current position information of the mobile phone. The transmission unit 23 transmits the position information acquired by the reception unit 22 and the information acquired by the walking sensor 24 described later to the base station server 3 via the antenna. The walking sensor 24 is an acceleration sensor, and measures acceleration acting on the own device. Here, it is assumed that the transmission unit 23 periodically transmits information.

The upper part of FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the base station server 3. The determination means of the present invention corresponds to the control unit 31, the reception unit 32, the transmission unit 33, the walking determination unit 34, the acceleration pattern DB 35, and the collision determination unit 36 included in the base station server 3. The control unit 31 gives an instruction to each block, passes information received from a mobile phone or a vehicle to each determination unit, requests a determination, and receives a determination result. The receiving unit 32 receives information transmitted from a mobile phone or an in-vehicle communication device of a vehicle via an antenna. The position and acceleration can be obtained from the mobile phone, and the position, traveling direction and speed can be obtained from the in-vehicle communication device. The transmission part 33 transmits the determination result of a control part to a vehicle-mounted communication apparatus via an antenna. The walking determination unit 34 compares the acceleration of the mobile phone with the data stored in the acceleration pattern DB 35 to determine whether the mobile phone is actually carried by a pedestrian. The acceleration pattern DB 35 stores values indicated by the acceleration sensor corresponding to various walking states. The collision determination unit 36 determines whether there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle from the position of the mobile phone (which is determined to be carried by the pedestrian), the position of the vehicle, the traveling direction, and the speed. . If there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction, it is determined that there is a risk of collision. The control part 31, the walk judgment part 34, and the collision judgment part 36 can be comprised as a program which operate | moves on CPU, for example. The base station server 3 may be configured as a single device, or may be configured by a plurality of devices that are geographically and physically separated. Further, when providing the acceleration pattern DB, data may be stored in a memory device or the like physically separated from the walking determination unit, or may be held as a literal constant as a part of the program. .

  The lower right part of FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the in-vehicle communication device 4 and is mounted on the vehicle. The control unit 41 gives an instruction to each block and controls the flow of information. In addition, when the control unit 41 receives information from the base station server that there is a pedestrian in the direction of travel, the control unit 41 outputs information to a display device (not shown) to alert the driver and instructs the braking device (not shown). Subsequent processing such as stopping the vehicle and changing the course is performed. The receiving unit 42 receives radio waves from the GPS satellite 1 via the antenna and acquires the position of the vehicle. The receiving unit 42 also receives the pedestrian presence information transmitted by the base station server via the antenna. The transmission unit 43 transmits to the base station server 3 the position of the vehicle received by the reception unit 42 and the traveling direction and speed acquired by the travel sensor 44 described later via the antenna. The traveling sensor 44 detects the operation state of the steering wheel, calculates the change from the conventional traveling direction, and sets it as the traveling direction of the vehicle. The travel sensor 44 also acquires the speed of the vehicle based on the result measured by the speedometer that is normally provided in the vehicle. Here, it is assumed that the transmission unit 43 periodically transmits information.

  Next, a general processing flow in the present embodiment will be described with reference to the flowcharts of FIGS.

The mobile phone performs the operation shown in the flowchart of FIG. That is, in step S101, the receiving unit receives a radio wave from a GPS satellite and acquires a current position.
In step S <b> 102, the walking sensor acquires acceleration acting on the own device.
In step S103, the transmission unit transmits the position of the own device and the acceleration acting on the own device to the server. The mobile phone periodically repeats the above series of operations while the power is on (for example, once every 200 msec).

The in-vehicle communication device performs the operation shown in the flowchart of FIG. That is, in step S201, the receiving unit receives radio waves from GPS satellites and acquires position information.
In step S202, the travel sensor acquires the traveling direction and speed of the vehicle.
In step S203, the transmission unit transmits the position, traveling direction, and speed of the vehicle to the base station server.
In step S204, the receiving unit attempts to receive information regarding whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the host vehicle from the base station server.
In step S205, the control unit determines whether there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction. If pedestrian presence information can be received in the previous step, it is determined that there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction (S205 = Y), and the process proceeds to S206. On the other hand, if the presence information of the pedestrian cannot be received, it is determined that there is no pedestrian in the traveling direction (S205 = N), and the process ends.
In step S206, the control unit controls the vehicle so as to perform optimal subsequent processing according to the distance from the pedestrian, the speed of the host vehicle, and the like. The vehicle periodically repeats the above series of operations (for example, once every 200 msec). As a subsequent process performed by the vehicle control unit after receiving the information, for example, when the distance between the vehicle and the pedestrian is relatively wide, a voice message is sent to the driver of the vehicle to notify that there is a pedestrian. . In addition, when the distance is close or the moving speed of the vehicle is high, the brake can be applied urgently.

The base station server performs the operation shown in the flowchart of FIG. That is, in step S301, the receiving unit receives the position and acceleration transmitted from the mobile phone.
In step S302, the control unit passes the acceleration received in the previous step to the walking determination unit, and requests to determine whether or not the mobile phone is actually carried by a pedestrian. In response to this, the walking determination unit makes a determination by comparing with the data stored in the acceleration pattern DB, and returns a determination result to the control unit. If it is determined that it is actually carried, the process proceeds to S303, and if it is determined that it is not carried, the process proceeds directly to S304.
In step S303, the control unit assumes that there is a pedestrian at the position of the mobile phone and maps the position on the map.
In step S304, the receiving unit receives information transmitted from the in-vehicle communication device of the vehicle.
In step S305, the control unit maps the position of the vehicle on the map.

In step S306, the control unit starts determining whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction for each vehicle.
In step S307, the control unit requests the collision determination unit to determine whether there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle. Receiving this, the collision determination unit makes a determination based on the position of the pedestrian, the position of the vehicle to be determined, the traveling direction, and the speed, and returns the result to the control unit. If the result is YES, the process proceeds to S308, and if the result is NO, the process proceeds directly to S309.
In step S308, the transmission unit transmits pedestrian presence information to the vehicle. The server repeats this process for all mapped vehicles. If the determination is completed for all the vehicles (S309 = Y), the process is terminated, and if there are undecided vehicles (S309 = N), the next vehicle is selected and the process is continued.

  Next, an example of processing performed by the pedestrian detection system will be described with reference to the overall view of FIG. In the lower lane in the figure, the mobile phone A is moving on the road as the owner pedestrian crosses the pedestrian crossing. At this time, in S101 of the flow of FIG. 3, the coordinates on the pedestrian crossing in the lower lane can be acquired as the position of the mobile phone. In S102, the acceleration acting on the mobile phone as the owner walks can be acquired. In S103, the position and acceleration are transmitted to the server.

  On the other hand, the vehicle A travels from the right to the left in the lower lane in the figure. At this time, in the flow of FIG. 4, the position of the vehicle (the coordinates of the lower lane), the traveling direction (from right to left), and the speed (30 km / h) are acquired (S201, S202). In S203, these pieces of information are transmitted to the server. When an attempt is made to receive pedestrian presence information in S204, in this example, information that “a pedestrian exists in the traveling direction of the vehicle A” is transmitted from the base station server as will be described later (FIG. 5). (S308), such a determination result can be received. Accordingly, the result of S205 is YES, and the process proceeds to S206 to perform subsequent processing. As the subsequent processing here, since the vehicle A is relatively low speed and the distance from the pedestrian is also widened, it is limited to issuing a voice message to the driver to call attention.

The base station server at this time receives pedestrian information in S301 of the flow of FIG. 5, and proceeds to determination in S302. In the case of the mobile phone A, since the owner is walking, the acceleration of a magnitude that cannot be generated when left unattended is working. This acceleration value is compared with a predetermined value (threshold value) stored in the acceleration pattern DB, and since it is equal to or greater than the threshold value, it can be determined that the object is actually carried by a pedestrian. Subsequently, since S302 = Y, the mobile phone A is mapped as the position of the pedestrian (S303). In step S304, vehicle information is received, and in step S305, the position and the like are mapped. The mapping result looks like the lower lane in FIG. And the judgment about the vehicle A is performed by S306-S309. In this example, since there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction, it is determined that notification is necessary (S307 = Y), and the position of the pedestrian is transmitted to the vehicle A (S308).

  Next, the upper lane in FIG. 1 will be described as an example. The mobile phone B is left on the upper lane because the pedestrian dropped it. At this time, in S101 of the flow of FIG. 3, coordinates on the roadway of the upper lane can be acquired as the position of the mobile phone. In S102, since the mobile phone B is left unattended, the acceleration hardly works. In S103, the position and acceleration are transmitted to the server.

  On the other hand, the vehicle B travels from the left to the right in the upper lane, and performs processing according to the flowchart of FIG. That is, position information corresponding to the upper lane is acquired as the position of the vehicle (S201), and the traveling direction (from left to right) and speed (50 km / h) are obtained by the travel sensor (S202). These pieces of information are transmitted to the base station server (S203). Next, an attempt is made to acquire pedestrian presence information from the base station server (S204). However, in this example, since it is determined that there is no pedestrian, no information is transmitted, S205 is NO, and the process ends. To do.

  The base station server performs processing according to the flowchart of FIG. That is, information is received from the mobile phone B (S301). Then, it is determined whether or not the mobile phone is actually carried. As described above, the mobile phone B has only a small acceleration. Therefore, the walking determination unit determines that the mobile phone is not actually carried because the acceleration is equal to or less than the threshold value. Therefore, the mobile phone B is not mapped on the map. Subsequently, although the position and the like of the vehicle B are acquired and mapped in S304 and S305, in the determination of the collision determination unit for the vehicle B, it is determined that there is no pedestrian in the traveling direction (S307 = N) and walking The process is terminated without transmitting the presence information of the person.

  In addition, in the determination of whether the data is stored in the acceleration pattern DB and whether it is actually carried based on the data, a method other than using the instantaneous acceleration magnitude as described above may be considered. For example, a walking sensor of a mobile phone continuously records acceleration for a certain time, and may determine that a pedestrian is possessed if acceleration that exceeds a threshold value works multiple times during that time. Thereby, the influence of the temporary vibration and gust by the passage of a large vehicle can be excluded. Alternatively, the direction in which the acceleration is applied may be recorded, and if there is a vertical movement corresponding to walking, it may be determined that the pedestrian is possessed. Thereby, the accuracy of determination can be improved.

  In addition, when mapping, the position of the vehicle in the near future is predicted based on the position, traveling direction, and speed of the vehicle, and information is transmitted when the position overlaps or approaches the position of the pedestrian. May be.

  According to the pedestrian detection system as in the present embodiment, the base station server determines whether or not the mobile phone is actually carried by a pedestrian and then walks to the vehicle only when it is determined that the mobile phone is carried. The presence information of a person. As a result, when a mobile phone is intentionally thrown into an intersection or when a pedestrian drops a mobile phone, erroneous information that there is a pedestrian in the vehicle is not notified, and smooth vehicle operation Safe driving can be realized.

<Embodiment 2>
In the present embodiment, a case will be described in which, in addition to the first embodiment, the mobile phone acquires operation information, and the base station server makes a determination using the operation information. The mobile phone of this embodiment is characterized in that, when a pedestrian is performing some operation on his / her own device, the contents are transmitted as operation information to the base station server. Here, the operation information refers to an action that cannot be performed unless the pedestrian actually owns the mobile phone. For example, a pedestrian is making a voice call, a button operation for creating a mail, and other physical operations. The transmission unit of the mobile phone may transmit specific operation details or may simply transmit information that “some operation is being performed”.

  When the base station server receives the operation information, it can be used as a material for determining whether or not the mobile station is actually carried in addition to the acceleration information acquired by the walking sensor. Even if the acceleration acting on the mobile phone is smaller than a predetermined value (threshold), if it is known that some operation is being performed on the mobile phone, the mobile phone is actually carried by a pedestrian. Judge that Thereby, the accuracy of the determination can be improved as compared with the determination based on the acceleration alone. In addition, it is often possible to clearly determine whether or not an operation is being performed, such as whether or not a call is in progress or whether or not a button is pressed. It can be shortened.

<Embodiment 3>
In the present embodiment, an example will be described in which, when the pedestrian presence information is notified from the base station server to the vehicle in the first embodiment, the approach information of the vehicle is simultaneously notified to the mobile phone. When it is determined that a pedestrian is present in the traveling direction of the vehicle, the base station server according to the present embodiment transmits information to a mobile phone carried by the pedestrian in addition to the vehicle. Thereby, the mobile phone can perform appropriate subsequent processing to alert the pedestrian and avoid a collision accident. The subsequent processing is, for example, an operation that outputs a voice message from a speaker of a mobile phone, vibrates using a vibrator function, emits light using an LED, or the like, or issues an alert by combining them. Thereby, since the approach of the vehicle can be known at an early stage even on the side of the pedestrian, time for taking the avoidance operation occurs, and the probability that a collision accident will occur can be reduced.

  In the description of the above embodiment, the determination means is described as being provided in the base station server. However, it is not necessarily limited to this. For example, it is possible to perform the processing by incorporating the judging means on the side of a mobile communication device such as a mobile phone. In this case, the mobile phone process first acquires acceleration information with an acceleration sensor, and then determines whether or not it is actually carried by a pedestrian by the judging means. To the base station server. The base station server then determines the positional relationship between the vehicle and the pedestrian. Thereby, when it is not actually carried, pedestrian information is not transmitted and communication traffic is reduced. In addition, since the base station server does not have to determine whether or not the mobile phone is actually carried, the calculation load is reduced. Alternatively, a configuration in which the mobile communication device and the vehicle directly communicate without providing a base station server is also conceivable. In such a configuration, when the mobile communication device side includes a determination unit, the mobile communication device determines whether or not the mobile communication device is actually carried, and transmits the position information to the vehicle when the mobile communication device is carried. The vehicle determines the risk of collision based on the positional relationship between the vehicle and the pedestrian and performs appropriate subsequent processing. In this case, there is an advantage that the determination time on the vehicle side can be shortened. In addition, when the vehicle is provided with a judging means, the presence / absence of the actual carrying is determined based on the acceleration received from the portable communication device, and if it is carried, the risk of collision is determined using the position information of the pedestrian. to decide. In this case, there is an advantage that the configuration of the mobile communication device can be simplified.

  In the above description, a mobile phone has been described as an example of the mobile communication device. However, the present invention is not limited to this. Any device that can move with a pedestrian and has a communication function, a GPS, and an acceleration sensor can be used. For example, since a pedometer is usually provided with an acceleration sensor, it may have a communication function and GPS. In addition, a GPS device that can be carried by a child to notify a guardian of the current position or a wheelchair can be provided with a necessary mechanism.

2 Mobile communication device 24 Walking sensor 3 Base station server 4 In-vehicle communication device 44 Travel sensor

Claims (6)

A portable communication device that acquires the position of the device and the acceleration acting on the device;
An in-vehicle communication device mounted on a vehicle for acquiring the position, traveling direction and speed of the vehicle;
Based on the acceleration acting on the portable communication device, it is determined whether or not the portable communication device is actually carried by a pedestrian. If it is determined that the portable communication device is carried, the position of the portable communication device and the vehicle Based on the position, traveling direction, and speed of the vehicle, it is determined whether or not there is a pedestrian in the traveling direction of the vehicle. When,
A pedestrian detection system. The mobile communication device further acquires operation information indicating whether or not some operation is performed on the own device,
The determination means is that the operation information is being operated in some way even when the determination based on the acceleration acting on the mobile communication device cannot determine that the mobile communication device is actually carried. The pedestrian detection system according to claim 1, wherein the mobile communication device is determined to be actually carried by a pedestrian. 3. The pedestrian according to claim 1, wherein when the determination unit determines that a pedestrian is present in the traveling direction of the vehicle, the determination unit notifies the mobile communication device of information indicating that the vehicle is approaching. Detection system. The mobile communication device periodically acquires the acceleration,
The determination means stores a determination result made within a predetermined time, and if the mobile communication device has been determined to be actually carried by a pedestrian within a predetermined time from the present, The pedestrian detection system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein pedestrian presence information is transmitted to the in-vehicle communication device regardless of a determination result based on the latest information. The pedestrian detection system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the determination unit is provided in a base station server that transmits and receives information to and from the portable communication device and the in-vehicle communication device. . The pedestrian detection system according to claim 1, wherein the mobile communication device is a mobile phone terminal.

Images