JP2010242425A - Steel tower support type chimney demolishing method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a steel tower support type chimney demolishing method for carrying out demolition while attaining constant reliability and safety without being influenced by the head capacity and lifting capacity of a crane and moreover minimizing high lift work. <P>SOLUTION: A work station 22 for removing a refractory material, with a heavy machine 21 placed in a stack shell 11, is built up, and a mast 38 of the work station 22 is sequentially added to locate the work station 22 at the upper part in the stack shell 11. In this state, the refractory material 13 on the inner surface of the stack shell 11 is removed by the heavy machine 21, and thereafter the mast 38 is sequentially removed to lower the work station 22 for removing the refractory material, by a predetermined height to remove the refractory material 13 on the inner surface of the stack shell 11 in that position. This process is repeated to remove the refractory material 13 in the stack shell 11. The stack shell 11 is then removed by cutting and removing the predetermined length from the lower part of the stack shell 11 while supporting the stack shell 11 liftably by a work station 24 for removing the stack shell, and a steel tower crane 25 is started in a steel tower 14 to demolish the steel tower 14 from the upper part. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a tower-supported chimney demolition method in which a cylinder is supported by a steel tower and a refractory material is lined in the cylinder.

  Conventionally, to dismantle a chimney that has passed its service life, it is common to build a scaffold around the chimney and cut it sequentially from the top of the chimney to make a block, which is then suspended to the ground with a large crawler crane. is there.

  However, the lifting capacity of the crane is limited, and if the chimney height is 150 m or more, the crawler crane is basically impossible to cope with. In addition, since a scaffold is built around the steel tower, sufficient safety measures are required, the cost is increased, and the ground for installing the crawler crane needs to be improved extensively. Furthermore, leasing fees for crawler cranes are expensive and need to be arranged about one year in advance, and are susceptible to weather during dismantling, so there are days when they cannot be operated. However, there is a problem that the cost is increased.

  Therefore, as shown in Patent Document 1, the cylinder body with the refractory material lined on the inner surface is disengaged from the steel tower, the cylinder body is supported by the jack device, and the lower part of the cylinder body is cut to a predetermined length. After the removal, the cylinder is lowered, and this is repeated sequentially to remove the cylinder from the bottom, and at the same time, a tower crane is installed on the tower, and the tower is sequentially disassembled and removed from the top. Yes.

JP 2001-159249 A JP-A-8-218620

  However, in Patent Document 1, in order to cut the cylinder body together with the refractory material lined on its inner surface, it is cut with a high temperature plasma arc torch. However, when the cylinder height of the refractory material is 150 m, the cylinder diameter is It is 4 m or more and the thickness of the refractory material is about 8 cm, and it is practically difficult to cut this with a high-temperature plasma arc torch.

  Therefore, as shown in Patent Document 2, a heavy machine fixing plate is placed on the upper part of the chimney to be disassembled, and the upper part of the chimney is crushed by the heavy machine installed on the heavy machine fixing plate, but the method is to dismantle from the upper part. The height is 150 m, and the steel tower that supports the barrel is also 130 m, so it is difficult to install heavy equipment on the top of the chimney with a crane or the like.

  Therefore, an object of the present invention is a steel tower that solves the above-mentioned problems and can be disassembled with as little reliability as possible while maintaining a certain level of reliability and safety without being affected by the lifting capacity and lifting capacity of the crane. It is to provide a support type chimney dismantling method.

  In order to achieve the above object, the invention according to claim 1 is the tower-supported chimney demolition method in which the periphery of the cylinder is supported by the steel tower and the refractory material is lined on the inner surface of the cylinder. Start up the refractory material removal workstation and add the masts of the workstations one after the other to place the refractory material removal workstation at the top of the cylinder, and in that state, remove the refractory material on the inner surface of the cylinder with heavy equipment. After that, the mast is removed sequentially and the refractory material removal workstation is lowered to a predetermined height to remove the refractory material on the inner surface of the barrel at that position, and the following is repeated to remove the refractory material in the barrel, The cylinder is removed by cutting a predetermined length from the bottom of the cylinder while supporting the cylinder in a barrel removal workstation so that it can be moved up and down, and then a tower crane is launched in the tower. A steel tower supporting chimney dismantling method, characterized in that to continue to dismantle the tower from the top.

  In the invention of claim 2, a cylinder receiving beam is installed in an opening for introducing exhaust gas into the cylinder body, and a refractory material removing workstation on which a heavy machine is mounted is constructed above the cylinder receiving beam, and a lower part of the workstation The unit mast is connected to the cylinder mast, and a lifting cylinder is provided below the cylinder support beam. The connecting mast is connected to the lower part of the unit mast and the connection mast is lifted by the lifting cylinder to remove the refractory material. 2. The tower-supported chimney dismantling method according to claim 1, wherein the station is lifted upward, the connecting mast is sequentially added, and the refractory material removal workstation is raised up to the upper part of the cylinder by lifting with the lifting cylinder.

  The invention according to claim 3 is a dust chute in which the refractory material is removed from the inner surface of the cylinder by a heavy machine after the refractory material removal workstation is raised to the upper part of the cylinder body, and the waste material of the refractory material is provided in the mast. The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 2, wherein the steel tower is dropped to the bottom of the tube body and removed.

  The invention according to claim 4 is the tower-supported chimney according to claim 3, wherein the workstation for removing the refractory material is provided with a hopper for guiding the waste material of the refractory material removed by the heavy machinery to the dust chute so as to be movable around the mast. Demolition method.

  In the fifth aspect of the present invention, after removing the fireproof material at a predetermined height on the inner surface of the cylinder with a heavy machine, the mast for connecting the lower mast is removed, and the workstation for removing the fireproof material is lowered downward by the amount of the connection mast. 4. The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 3, wherein the refractory material at that position is removed, and then the refractory material removal workstation is lowered to sequentially remove the lower refractory material.

  In the invention of claim 6, after removing the refractory material, a work station for removing the barrel is attached to the barrel, and the barrel is removed while being cut at intervals of 2 to 3 m, and the barrel is lowered with a jack. The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 1.

  According to the present invention, the work station for removing the refractory material loaded with heavy machinery is raised to the upper part of the cylinder, the refractory material lined in the cylinder is removed from the upper part, and then the cylinder is removed from the lower part, It exhibits an excellent effect that the support chimney can be safely disassembled without using a large crawler crane.

In the present invention, a steel tower support type chimney dismantling method is shown, FIG. 1 (a) shows the whole structure of a steel tower support type chimney to be dismantled, and FIG. 1 (b) shows a refractory material removal workstation on which heavy machinery is placed. It is a figure which shows the state which is located in the upper part in a cylinder and removes a refractory material. In the present invention, a procedure for disassembling the barrel after removal of the refractory material is shown. FIG. 2 (a) shows a state in which the barrel is supported so as to be lifted and lowered at a workstation for removing the barrel, and FIG. ) Is a view showing a state in which the cylinder is removed to the second support point. In the present invention, the procedure for disassembling the cylinder body and the dismantling procedure for the steel tower are shown, FIG. 3 (a) shows the state where the cylinder body is removed to the upper part, and FIG. 3 (b) shows the steel tower in order to remove the steel tower. It is a figure which shows the state which started the crane for steel towers to dismantle from the upper part. FIG. 4A shows a state in which the steel tower is dismantled, FIG. 4A shows a state in which the steel tower crane is lowered together with the steel tower dismantling, and the steel tower crane is dismantled and removed by a hydraulic crane. FIG. It is a figure which shows the state which dismantles and removes a steel tower to a leg part. In the present invention, a procedure for lifting a refractory material removal workstation with heavy equipment placed inside the cylinder to the top is shown. FIG. 5 (a) shows a state in which a cylinder receiving beam is attached to the opening of the cylinder. b) is a diagram showing a state in which the dismantling stage on which the heavy machinery is placed is raised together with the mast. Similarly, FIG. 6A shows a procedure for lifting the refractory material removal workstation with heavy equipment placed inside the cylinder to the top, and FIG. 6A shows a state in which the disassembly stage on which the heavy equipment is placed is raised to assemble the hopper stage. (B) is a figure which shows the state which raised the dismantling stage which mounted the heavy machine with the mast further, and formed the workstation for refractory material removal. In this invention, it is a figure which shows the state which lifts the refractory material removal workstation which carried the heavy machine in the cylinder body to the top, and has removed the refractory material with the heavy machine. In this invention, it is a figure which shows the process of the waste material in a cylinder lower part, when removing a refractory material with a heavy machine. In this invention, it is a figure which shows the procedure which removes the cylindrical body after removing a refractory material from the lower part.

  A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  First, the entire structure of the tower-supported chimney 10 to be disassembled will be described with reference to FIG.

  In FIG. 1A, 11 is a steel cylinder, which is formed by sequentially connecting steel pipes on a foundation 12, and a refractory material 13 (see FIG. 7) is lined on the inner surface of the cylinder 11. A steel tower 14 is provided on the foundation 12 around the cylinder body 11, and the cylinder body 11 and the steel tower 14 are connected by first to fifth fulcrums 15a to 15e to constitute a steel tower support type chimney 10. The The steel tower 14 is configured by connecting four outer peripheral steel frames 16 with truss members 17.

  The cylinder 11 has, for example, a height of 150 m, a diameter of 4.4 m, a steel pipe weight of 164 tons, and a refractory material weight of 377 tons. The steel tower 14 has a height of 135 m, an interval of 28 m below the outer steel frame 16, and an upper part. The distance is 7.5 m and the total weight is 336 tons.

  The cylinder 11 is formed with an opening 18 connected to a smoke exhaust duct from a boiler or the like, and the opening 18 is closed by a protective cover 19 at the time of disassembly.

  Further, the cylindrical body 11 is provided with a spiral staircase 20, and the steel tower 14 is provided with a corridor 23.

  1 (b) to 4 (b) show the outline of the dismantling method of the tower-supported chimney 10 shown in FIG. 1 (a). FIG. In order to remove the refractory material from the upper part, a workstation 22 for removing the refractory material on which the heavy machine 21 is placed is set up in the cylinder 11 and the mast 38 of the workstation 22 is sequentially added to make the workstation 22 in the cylinder 11 2 (a) is supported by the barrel removal workstation 24 so as to be able to move up and down in order to cut and remove the barrel 11 which has become only a steel pipe after removing the refractory material from the lower portion. 2 (b) shows a state in which the lower part of the cylinder 11 is removed and the cylinder 11 is lowered, and FIG. 3 (a) shows a state in which the upper part of the cylinder 11 is cut and removed. FIG. 3 (b) shows a tower for dismantling the tower 14 from above. FIG. 4A shows a state in which the lane 25 is started up, and FIG. 4A shows a state in which the steel tower crane 25 is lowered together with the steel tower dismantling, and the steel crane 25 is dismantled and removed by the hydraulic crane 26. Shows a state in which the steel tower 14 is disassembled and removed to the legs by the hydraulic crane 26.

  As described above, in the dismantling method of the present invention, first, the refractory material 13 lining the cylinder 11 is removed from the upper part to the lower part of the cylinder 11 by the heavy machinery 21, and then the cylinder 11 from which the refractory material 13 has been removed is removed. It is possible to dismantle with good work efficiency by dismantling sequentially from the lower part in the manner of dropping daruma, and then dismantling the steel tower 14 from the upper part with the crane 25 for steel towers.

  Hereinafter, the tower-supported chimney dismantling method of the present invention will be described in detail.

  First, as shown in FIG. 1B, the work scaffold 30 is assembled to the height of the opening 18 of the cylinder 11 in the steel tower 14, and the cylinder receiving beam 31 is straddled over the opening 18 using the opening 18. Install and fix as follows. In addition, a dust collector 32 that sucks dust from the cylinder 11 is installed in the work scaffold 30.

  In this state, as shown in FIG. 5A, the four mast raising / lowering cylinders 33 are attached to the lower part of the cylinder receiving beam 31, and the mast frame 35 is attached to the tip of the rod 34 of the raising / lowering cylinder 33. . A disassembly stage 36 is mounted on the upper surface of the cylinder receiving beam 31, and a unit mast 38 u made of a shape steel and a truss member is attached to the lower part of the dismantling stage 36 through an opening 37 of the cylinder receiving beam 31.

  A dust chute 39 is attached in the unit mast 38u.

  On the other hand, a construction hole 40 is formed in the cylinder 11, a foundation mast 41 is installed on the foundation 12 in the cylinder 11, and a mast connection scaffold 42 is installed in the cylinder 11. A mast supply platform 43 is installed outside the cylinder 11, and a stage 44 is spanned between the mast connection scaffold 42 and the mast supply platform 43 through the construction hole 40.

  A movable carriage 45 is provided on the stage 44, and the carriage 45 can move the connection mast 38s connected to the unit mast 38u.

  Before connecting the connecting mast 38 s to the unit mast 38 u below the dismantling stage 36, the heavy machinery 21 is placed on the work scaffold 30 by a crane (not shown), and the heavy machinery 21 is self-propelled to dismantle the stage. 36 is moved up.

  The connection mast 38 s is connected to the unit mast 38 u by first moving the connection mast 38 s on the movable carriage 45 with the movable carriage 45 and setting the connection mast 38 s on the basic mast 41. In this state, the rod 34 of the lifting cylinder 33 is extended to lower the mast frame 35. As a result, the mast frame 35 is lowered to the stage 44 while fitting the connection mast 38s, and engages the mast frame 35 and the lower end of the connection mast 38s. Thereafter, the connecting mast 38s is slightly lifted by the lifting cylinder 33, the upper end of the connecting mast 38s is aligned with the connecting position of the lower end of the unit mast 38u, and these are connected with bolts or the like to form the mast 38. At that time, the dust chute 39 in the mast 38 is also appropriately connected.

  When the rod 34 of the lifting cylinder 33 is retracted after connecting the unit mast 38u and the connecting mast 38s, the dismantling stage 36 on which the heavy machinery 21 is placed rises together with the mast 38, as shown in FIG. It becomes a state.

  In the state of FIG. 5B, the upper end of the dust chute 39 in the mast 38 is positioned on the upper surface of the cylinder receiving beam 31, and the hopper stage 46 is attached to the unit mast 38 on the cylinder receiving beam 31. When the rod 34 of the lifting cylinder 33 is further retracted, the state shown in FIG. 6A is obtained, and the lifting stage 47 is attached to the unit mast 38 on the cylinder receiving beam 31 in this state.

  As a result, the demolition stage 36 which becomes the dismantling work area 22a by placing the heavy machinery 21, the hopper stage 46 which becomes the waste material processing area 22b for processing the removed refractory material, and the lifting stage which becomes the worker's waiting / lifting area 22c 47, a refractory material removal workstation 22 is formed.

  After attaching the elevating stage 47, the rod 34 of the elevating cylinder 33 is retracted as shown in FIG. 6B, and in that state, the mast 38 is engaged with the dismantling stage 36 with a pin or the like (not shown), The engagement between the mast frame 35 and the mast 38 is released, the connection mast 38s to be newly connected is moved by the moving carriage 45 directly below the mast 38, and the connection mast 38s is connected to the mast 38 according to the procedure described above. The mast 38 is lifted by the elevating cylinder 33, and the connecting mast 38 s is sequentially connected thereafter, and the refractory material removal workstation 22 is raised to the top of the barrel 11. While the refractory material removal workstation 22 is raised up to the top of the cylinder 11, dust adhering to the inner surface of the cylinder 11 is scraped off and further washed with water.

  When the refractory material removal workstation 22 is raised to the top of the cylinder 11, the mast 38 is fixed to the cylinder receiving beam 31, and the workstation 22 is held by the cylinder receiving beam 31. Further, the basic mast 41 used for alignment at the time of mast connection is appropriately removed.

  FIG. 7 shows a state in which the refractory material removal workstation 22 is raised up to the top of the barrel 11 and the refractory material 13 lining the barrel 11 is disassembled by the heavy machinery 21, and FIG. The state which has removed the material at the lower part of the cylinder 11 is shown.

  The refractory material 13 on the inner surface of the cylinder 11 is disassembled by the breaker 21b attached to the tip of the arm 21a of the heavy machine 21.

  At this time, a guide chute 50 is provided between the outer periphery of the dismantling stage 36 and the cylinder 11 to guide the crushed refractory waste 13a to the dust chute 39 in the mast 38, and the guide chute 50 is a cylinder. 11 is provided so as to be movable along the inner circumference.

  Further, a gondola 52 is provided on the hopper stage 46 through a wire 51 so as to be movable up and down. The gondola 52 can be moved up and down between the refractory material removal workstation 22 and the cylinder receiving beam 31 so that an operator can move from the work scaffold 30 to the refractory material removal workstation 22 with the gondola 52.

  The waste material 13a of the refractory material removed by the breaker 21b of the heavy machine 21 falls on the guide chute 50, is guided by the dust chute 39, is dropped downward from the dust chute 39, and is collected.

  Further, since dust is generated while the refractory material 13 is crushed and removed, water is supplied to the refractory material 13 in advance so that the dust does not rise.

  The waste material 13a introduced into the dust chute 39 falls in the dust chute 39, falls to a receiving hopper 53 installed at the lower part of the cylinder 11 as shown in FIG. 8, and is sequentially scraped by a heavy machine 54 with a shovel. To process.

  Since the cylinder 11 has a height of 150 m and the waste material 13a is free to fall within the dust chute 39, acceleration occurs. Therefore, the dust chute 39 has a multi-stage net or the like so as to prevent free fall of the waste material 13a. To reduce the falling speed.

  In addition, a hose is attached to a dust collector 32 provided in the work scaffold 30, and the hose is exposed to the cylinder 11 from the opening 18 on the cylinder receiving beam 31, and dust scattered in the cylinder 11 is removed by suction. Like that.

  When the refractory material 13 having a certain height in the cylinder 11 is removed by the heavy machine 21, the rod 34 of the lifting cylinder 33 is extended and the lower end of the mast 38 is lowered to the stage 44, thereby removing the refractory material together with the heavy machine 21. The work station 22 is lowered, and the refractory material 13 is removed at that position.

  Further, the mast 38 is fixed to the cylinder receiving beam 31, the lowermost connection mast 38 s is removed, placed on the movable carriage 45, and carried out of the barrel 11.

  In this way, the refractory material removal workstation 22 is sequentially lowered to remove the refractory material 13 of the cylindrical body 11 and the connection mast 38s and the dust chute 39 are sequentially removed, so that the disassembly stage 36 finally becomes the cylinder receiving beam. Drops to 31 and all refractory material is removed.

  After removal of the refractory material, the heavy machinery 21 is moved to the work scaffold 30 and lowered to the ground by a crane, and the refractory material removal workstation 22, the mast 38, and the lifting cylinder 33 are all removed, and the tube is made of only steel. Let's say 11

  Next, as shown in FIG. 2A to FIG. 3A, a barrel removal workstation 24 that supports the barrel weight is constructed outside the barrel 11, and the barrel removal workstation 24 is constructed. A method of cutting and removing sequentially from the lower part of the barrel 11 while lowering the barrel 11 will be described.

  FIG. 9 shows an example in which the barrel 11 is removed in the manner of dropping the barrel 11 while the barrel 11 is supported by the barrel removal workstation 24.

  First, the barrel removal workstation 24 includes a hydraulic jack 56 installed on the foundation 12 around the barrel 11, and a support jig 60 that supports the barrel 11 is attached to the tip of the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56. .

  Under the present circumstances, the 1st-5th fulcrum 15a-15e which connects the cylinder 11 and the steel tower 14 is cancelled | released.

  As shown in FIG. 9A, the support jig 60 supports the cylinder 11 in a state where the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56 is extended. After cutting at a height of 3 m (FIG. 9 (b)) and removing the barrel cutting portion 11b, the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56 is retracted by the length of the cut to lower the barrel 11 (FIG. 9 (c)), this is repeated thereafter and cut sequentially at a height of 2 to 3 m. As shown in FIG. 9 (d), the barrel cutting portion 11b corresponding to the final degeneration of the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56 is removed. After removing and retracting the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56 to the final retracted position as shown in FIG. 9 (e), the support jig 60 is removed from the barrel 11 (FIG. 9 (f), the rod of the hydraulic jack 56 57 is extended as shown in FIG. 9 (g) and supported as shown in FIG. 9 (a). Attaching a jig 60 to the cylindrical body 11, so as to cut off the lower portion of the same sequentially tubular body 11 below.

  At this time, the spiral staircase 20 attached to the outer periphery of the cylinder 11 is also removed as appropriate.

  The removal of the barrel 11 by the barrel removal workstation 24 depends on the stroke of the rod 57 of the hydraulic jack 56, but by removing the first to fifth fulcrum points 15a to 15e as much as possible, The support jig 60 can be easily supported on the cylinder 11.

  That is, as shown in FIG. 2 (a), the support jig 60 is attached to the lower part of the first support point 15a (height 31.8m), and the cylinder 11 below the first support point 15a is attached to FIG. 2 (b). Next, the support jig 60 is attached to the lower part of the second support point 15b to remove the cylindrical body 11 below the second support point 15b, and thereafter the support jig 60 is sequentially extended to the fifth support point 15e. Are sequentially attached and finally lowered to the upper barrel 11 as shown in FIG.

  When the dismantling of the cylinder 11 is completed, the steel tower crane 25 is raised so that the mast 25a stands up to the top of the steel tower 14, and the steel tower 14 in FIG. 3 (b) is removed from the upper part. 4 is disassembled to a predetermined height, the crane 25 for steel tower is dismantled and removed by the hydraulic crane 26 as shown in FIG. 4 (a), and the steel tower is removed by the hydraulic crane 26 as shown in FIG. 4 (b). 14 is dismantled to the legs.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 Cylinder 13 Refractory material 18 Opening 21 Heavy machine 22 Refractory material removal workstation 24 Cylinder removal workstation 25 Steel tower crane 31 Cylinder support 33 Lifting cylinder 38 Mast 39 Dust chute

Claims (6)

  In the tower-supported chimney demolition method where the circumference of the cylinder is supported by a steel tower and the refractory material is lined on the inner surface of the cylinder, a workstation for removing the refractory material with a heavy machine placed in the cylinder is set up and The mast is added one after another, and the refractory material removal workstation is positioned at the upper part of the cylinder body. In this state, the refractory material on the inner surface of the cylinder body is removed with a heavy machine, and then the mast is removed and the refractory material removal workstation is installed. Remove the refractory material on the inner surface of the cylinder at that position by lowering the height, then repeat this to remove the refractory material in the cylinder, and then support the cylinder so that it can be raised and lowered at the workstation for removing the cylinder However, it is characterized in that the cylinder is removed by cutting and removing a predetermined length from the lower part of the cylinder, and then the tower crane is set up in the tower and the tower is disassembled from the upper part. Pylons supporting chimney demolishing method.   A cylinder receiving beam is installed in the opening that introduces the exhaust gas into the cylinder, a refractory material removal workstation with heavy equipment is built above the cylinder receiving beam, and a unit mast is connected to the lower part of the workstation In addition, a lifting cylinder is provided at the lower part of the cylinder receiving beam, a connecting mast is connected to the lower part of the unit mast, and the connecting mast is lifted by the lifting cylinder to raise the refractory material removal workstation upward. The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 1, wherein the mast for connection is added and lifted by a lifting cylinder to raise the refractory material removal workstation to the upper part of the cylinder.   After launching the refractory material removal workstation to the top of the cylinder, remove the refractory material on the inner surface of the cylinder with heavy equipment, and drop the waste material of the refractory to the bottom of the cylinder through the dust chute provided in the mast The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 2, which is removed by removing the steel tower.   The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 3, wherein the refractory material removal workstation is provided with a hopper for guiding the waste material of the refractory material removed by heavy machinery to the dust chute so as to be movable around the mast.   After removing the refractory material at the specified height on the inner surface of the cylinder with a heavy machine, remove the mast for connecting the lower mast, lower the refractory material removal workstation downward by the amount of the connecting mast, and refractory material at that position The tower-supported chimney demolition method according to claim 3, wherein the refractory material removal workstation is lowered and the lower refractory material is sequentially removed.   After removing the refractory material, a barrel removal workstation is attached to the barrel, the barrel is removed while being cut at intervals of 2 to 3 m, and the barrel is lowered at the barrel removal workstation. The steel tower supported chimney dismantling method according to 1.

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