JP2010221870A - Mounting structure of door weather strip - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a door weather strip mounting structure capable of improving a sealing property at a welding part of a door sash. <P>SOLUTION: This door weather strip comprises a mounting base 11 mounted to a retainer part 10 provided at a peripheral edge of a door 2, a hollow seal part 12 extending from the mounting base 11, a sub seal part 13, and a back face seal part 14 extending outward of the vehicle from a base part of the sub seal part 13, and its corner parts are constituted by a molding part. The door 2 comprises a roof sash corresponding to an upper edge, and a pillar sash corresponding to a vertical edge. The roof sash and the pillar sash are welded at the corner parts. An insert member 52 integrally provided with a holding wall 56 embedded in the back seal part 14 is embedded at the molding part. Then, a tip of the portion of the back seal part 14, in which the holding wall 56 is embedded, is pressure welded in series with both of the sash and the welding part at a welding part of the roof sash and the pillar sash. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a door weather strip mounting structure that is mounted on a vehicle door.

  Generally, a door weather strip is attached to a peripheral portion of a door that opens and closes a door opening formed in a body of an automobile or the like. The door weather strip includes a mounting base that is attached to a retainer portion provided along the peripheral edge of the door, a hollow sealing portion that is integrally formed with the mounting base, and has a hollow portion, and a mounting base that is located on the vehicle outer side than the hollow sealing portion. And a seal lip as a sub-seal part extending from the upper part toward the door outer peripheral side. Further, the door weather strip includes an upper side corresponding to the upper edge of the door, a front vertical side and a rear vertical side corresponding to the front and rear vertical edges of the door, and a lower side corresponding to the lower edge of the door. Are formed by an extrusion molding part that is molded almost linearly, and a mold molding part that connects the ends of the extrusion molding part at a predetermined angle, and is formed in an annular shape as a whole Has been. When the door is closed, the hollow seal portion and the seal lip of the door weather strip are pressed against the peripheral edge portion of the door opening of the automobile body, thereby sealing between the door and the automobile body (for example, patent Reference 1).

  Further, the door weather strip includes a back seal portion that extends toward the vehicle outer side from an intermediate position above the attachment base portion on the vehicle outer surface of the seal lip. Then, by attaching the door weather strip to the retainer portion, the front end of the back seal portion comes into pressure contact with the inside of the door door sash, and the space between the door sash and the door weather strip is sealed. Yes.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-76847

  By the way, in the corner part of a door, the roof sash provided corresponding to the upper edge part of a door and the pillar sash provided corresponding to the vertical edge part of a door are welded. In the welded portion, a step due to a difference in thickness between the two sashes, a deviation in the arrangement position, or a convex weld mark is likely to be formed. For this reason, in the said welding part, there exists a possibility that a clearance gap may be formed between a back surface seal part and a door sash, and there is a concern that a sealing performance may be reduced.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a door weather strip mounting structure capable of improving the sealing performance at the welded portion of the sash.

  In the following, each means suitable for solving the above-described problems will be described in terms of items. In addition, the effect etc. peculiar to the means to respond | correspond as needed are added.

Means 1. An attachment base attached along the periphery of the vehicle door;
A hollow seal portion integrally formed with the mounting base and having a hollow portion;
A sub seal part extending from the mounting base on the vehicle outer side than the hollow seal part;
A rear seal portion extending from the vehicle outer side surface of the base portion of the sub seal portion to the vehicle outer side and contacting the vehicle inner side surface of the door sash;
With the upper edge part of the door, the extrusion part provided corresponding to the rear edge part from the front edge part through the lower edge part, and the ends of the extrusion part at a predetermined angle And a molding part to be connected,
When the door is closed, the hollow seal portion is brought into pressure contact with a peripheral portion of the door opening formed in the vehicle body, and the sub seal portion is a peripheral portion of the door opening at the upper edge portion of the door. A door weather strip mounting structure in which the space between the vehicle body and the door is sealed,
The door includes a roof sash provided corresponding to an upper edge portion and a pillar sash provided corresponding to a vertical edge portion, and the roof sash and the pillar sash are welded at a corner portion of the door. Become
The mold molding part is made of a material harder than the material constituting the mold molding part, and is provided with an insert member that is insert-molded at the time of mold molding.
The insert member integrally includes a holding wall portion embedded in the back seal portion,
A tip portion of a portion of the back seal portion where the holding wall portion is embedded is press-contacted in series with the sash and the welded portion in a welded portion of the roof sash and the pillar sash. The door weather strip mounting structure.

  According to the means 1, a holding wall portion made of a material harder than the material constituting the mold forming portion is embedded in a portion of the back seal portion that is pressed against the welded portion of the roof sash and the pillar sash. . By burying the holding wall in this manner, deformation at the intermediate position in the extending direction of the back seal portion in which the holding wall is embedded is suppressed, and the front side portion of the door sash is strengthened more strongly at the tip portion of the back seal portion. Can be pressed against. Therefore, even if a step or a welding mark is formed in the welded portion, the tip portion of the back seal portion can be deformed so as to follow the surface shape (vehicle interior side surface shape) of the welded portion. For this reason, the clearance gap formed between a welding part and a back surface seal part can be eliminated as much as possible, and the improvement of a sealing performance etc. can be aimed at as a result.

Mean 2. The insert member includes a substantially flat insert body formed integrally with the holding wall portion,
2. The door weather strip mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the holding wall portion extends in a direction substantially orthogonal to a vehicle outer surface of the insert body.

  According to the means 2, the holding wall portion extends substantially orthogonally from the outer surface of the insert body. For this reason, when the front-end | tip site | part of a back surface seal | sticker part and a welding part are made to contact, a holding | maintenance wall part will shift | deviate (For example, a holding | maintenance wall part will shift | deviate to a vehicle inner side, and it will separate from a welding part. Can be suppressed. Accordingly, by embedding the holding wall portion, the effect of pressing the front end portion of the back seal portion in which the holding wall portion is embedded more strongly against the inner side surface of the door sash including the welded portion is more reliably achieved.

  Means 3. 3. The door weather strip mounting structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the insert member is integrally provided with a locking portion that is locked to a locked portion formed on the door.

  According to the means 3, the insert member includes a locking portion that is locked to the locked portion formed in the door, and the insert member is locked by locking the locking portion to the locked portion. As a result, it is possible to prevent the displacement of the holding wall. Therefore, by embedding the holding wall portion in the back seal portion, the effect of pressing the front end portion of the back seal portion more strongly against the inner surface of the door sash including the welded portion is more reliably achieved. In addition, since an insert member is provided with an insert main body like the said means 2, a latching | locking part can be shape | molded comparatively easily in a suitable position.

  Means 4. Any of the means 1 to 3, wherein a distance from a front end portion of the holding wall portion to a contact portion of the back seal portion with the welded portion is 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less. A mounting structure of the door weather strip according to claim 1.

  For example, when the distance from the front end portion of the holding wall portion to the contact portion with the welded portion of both sashes exceeds 5.0 mm, the front end portion of the rear seal portion is strongly pressed against the welded portion. Deformation (buckling) when the effect is not sufficiently achieved, or when the tip of the back seal part and the vertical wall part (the inside surface of the door sash) are pressed against each other, the tip part of the back seal part tilts. ), And there is a concern that a relatively large triangular gap may be formed between the tip of the back seal portion and the welded portion. On the other hand, when the distance from the distal end portion of the holding wall portion to the contact portion with the welded portion of the rear seal portion is less than 1.0 mm, the distal end portion of the rear seal portion and the vertical wall portion in the welded portion are brought into pressure contact with each other. At this time, there is a concern that the effect of deforming the tip portion of the back seal portion in accordance with the surface shape of the welded portion is not sufficiently achieved. On the other hand, according to the means 4, the distance from the front end portion of the holding wall portion to the contact portion with the welded portion of the back seal portion is set to 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less. For this reason, when the door weather strip is attached to the retainer portion, the tip portion of the back seal portion in which the holding wall portion is embedded is shrunk in the protruding direction of the back seal portion (inside / outside direction of the vehicle) and pressed against the welded portion. In addition, the front end portion of the back seal portion can be deformed following the surface shape of the welded portion. Therefore, the above problems can be avoided and the sealing performance can be improved.

It is a perspective view of a car with a front door in an open state. It is a front view of a door weather strip. It is the JJ sectional view taken on the line of FIG. 2 which shows a door weather strip. It is the front view which looked at the mold formation part from the vehicle inside. It is a model perspective view which shows an insert member. It is the KK sectional view taken on the line of FIG. 4 which shows a door weather strip. It is the LL sectional view taken on the line of FIG. 4 which shows a door weather strip. It is a schematic cross section which shows a welding part and a back surface seal lip.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. As shown in FIG. 1, an automobile 1 as a vehicle has an automobile door that opens and closes a door opening 4 formed in an automobile body 3 (vehicle body) (front door in the figure: hereinafter simply referred to as “door 2”). ) Is provided. A door weather strip 5 is attached to the outer peripheral edge of the door 2 to seal between the door 2 and the peripheral edge of the door opening 4 when the door 2 is closed.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the door weather strip 5 is formed on the extruded portion 6 as the upper side portion disposed along the upper edge portion of the door 2, and on the longitudinal edge portion and the lower edge portion on the front and rear sides of the door 2. Extruded portions 7 as vertical side portions and lower side portions disposed along the side, and mold-molded portions (portions with the dotted pattern) 8 and 9 disposed at the corner portions of the door 2 are provided. ing. The extrusion molding parts 6 and 7 are formed in a long shape by an extrusion molding machine (not shown). Moreover, the mold-molding parts 8 and 9 are formed by a predetermined mold apparatus so as to connect the ends of the adjacent extrusion-molded parts 6 and 7. In this embodiment, the door weather strip 5 is made of sponge EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer rubber).

  As shown in FIG. 3, the extruded portion 6 includes a mounting base portion 11 fitted to a retainer portion 10 having a substantially C-shaped cross section provided along the outer peripheral edge of the door 2, and the vehicle interior side of the mounting base portion 11. (A right side in FIG. 3) and a hollow seal part 12 formed to have a hollow part 12 a inside, and on the outer side of the vehicle 2 (the left side in FIG. 3) from the mounting base 11 to the outer peripheral side of the door 2 (on the left side in FIG. 3). A sub seal portion 13 extending to the upper side of FIG. 3 and a back seal portion 14 extending to the vehicle outer side at the base portion of the sub seal portion 13 are provided. In this embodiment, the attachment base 11, the hollow seal portion 12, the sub seal portion 13, and the back seal portion 14 are all simultaneously formed of the same material by extrusion molding. When the door 2 is closed, the hollow seal portion 12 and the sub seal portion 13 are in pressure contact with the peripheral edge portion of the door opening 4 of the automobile body 3, thereby sealing between the automobile body 3 and the door 2. In addition, when the door weather strip 5 is attached, the front end portion (substantially front end portion) of the back surface seal portion 14 abuts on the inner side surface of the door sash of the door 2, thereby the door weather strip 5 and the door 2. It is configured to prevent intrusion of rainwater or the like from the (retainer unit 10).

  A clip (not shown) is attached to the mounting base portion 11 of the extrusion molding portion 7 to be described later at predetermined intervals along the longitudinal direction, and the mounting base portion 11 of the extrusion molding portion 6 is sectioned at the upper portion of the door 2. The door weather strip 5 is fitted into the door 2 by fitting into the substantially C-shaped retainer part 10 and fitting the clip of the extrusion molding part 7 into a mounting hole formed in the door sash or the like at the lower part of the door 2. Installed. In addition, although illustration is abbreviate | omitted, regarding the extrusion molding part 7 provided corresponding to the front edge part of the door 2, a lower edge part, and a rear edge part, it has the same cross-sectional shape as the extrusion molding part 6 fundamentally. ing. However, the sub seal part 13 is omitted in the extrusion part 7.

  In the present embodiment, a door sash including a retainer portion 10 formed corresponding to the upper edge portion of the door 2 (see FIG. 3: hereinafter also referred to as “roof sash 2 a”), and a vertical edge portion of the door 2. A door sash (refer to FIG. 6; hereinafter referred to as “pillar sash 2b”) including the retainer portion 10 formed correspondingly is formed separately, and at the corner portion of the door 2 (as indicated by a two-dot chain line in FIG. 4). The roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b are welded at a position along the line XX shown. Hereinafter, a portion where the roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b are welded is referred to as a “welded portion 2c” (see FIG. 8).

  Now, as shown in FIG. 4, the mold forming portion 9 includes an upper side corresponding portion 41 corresponding to the upper edge portion of the door 2 and a vertical side corresponding portion 42 corresponding to the rear edge portion of the door 2. It has a letter shape. The upper side corresponding portion 41 basically has the same cross-sectional shape as the extruded portion 6 and includes an attachment base portion 11, a hollow seal portion 12, a sub seal portion 13, a back seal portion 14, and the like. The vertical side corresponding portion 42 includes the mounting base portion 11, the hollow seal portion 12, the back seal portion 14, and the like, similar to the extrusion molding portion 7.

  Further, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6, the mold forming portion 9 is formed to extend rearward (upward in FIG. 6) from a portion between the hollow seal portion 12 and the back seal portion 14 of the vertical side corresponding portion 42. The pedestal 51 is provided. An insert member 52 made of polyamide resin is embedded in the pedestal 51 (insert molding). As shown in FIG. 5 and the like, the insert member 52 includes a substantially flat main body portion 53, a clip portion 54 as a locking portion that is formed to protrude from the main body portion 53 toward the vehicle exterior, and extends forward from the main body portion 53. An extension wall portion 55 embedded in the attachment base portion 11 of the upper side corresponding portion 41 and the vicinity of the boundary between the extension wall portion 55 and the main body portion 53 and extending to the vehicle outer side to the back seal portion 14 of the upper side corresponding portion 41. The holding wall portion 56 is embedded, and these are integrally formed. In this embodiment, the main body 53 and the extension wall 55 correspond to the insert main body.

  As shown in FIG. 6, the pillar sash 2 b is formed with a mounting hole 57 as a locked portion at a position corresponding to the clip portion 54. Then, the clip portion 54 is inserted into the mounting hole 57 so that the portion (the portion made of EPDM) located between the main body portion 53 of the insert member 52 and the pillar sash 2b in the mold forming portion 9 is contracted. Thus, the claw portion 54a formed at the tip portion of the clip portion 54 is locked to the outer surface of the pillar sash 2b. Thereby, the mold forming part 9 is fixed to the door 2 main body, and the displacement of the mold forming part 9 with respect to the door 2 main body (particularly, the positional deviation in the vehicle interior / exterior direction) is prevented. In FIG. 6, G is a garnish that covers the outside of the pillar sash 2b.

  Now, as shown in FIG. 7, a back seal portion of a portion (hereinafter referred to as a boundary corresponding portion 43) disposed in correspondence with the welded portion 2c of the roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b in the mold forming portion 9. 14, the holding wall portion 56 is embedded. As shown in FIG. 8, when the door weather strip 5 is attached to the retainer portion 10, the tip portion of the back seal portion 14 of the boundary corresponding portion 43 in which the holding wall portion 56 is embedded is the welded portion 2c. As a result, the roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b are pressed against each other in series.

  Further, in the present embodiment, the holding wall portion 56 extends in a direction substantially orthogonal from the vehicle outer surface of the extension wall portion 55 and the main body portion 53. Furthermore, the distance from the front-end | tip part (vehicle outer side edge) of the holding wall part 56 to the contact site | part with the welding part 2c of the back surface seal part 14 is 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less (for example, about 2.0 mm). ).

  As described in detail above, in the present embodiment, the back seal portion 14 of the boundary corresponding portion 43 disposed in the welded portion 2c of the roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b in the upper side corresponding portion 41 includes a mold forming portion. A holding wall portion 56 made of a material (polyamide resin) that is harder than the material constituting the material 9 is embedded. By burying the holding wall portion 56 in this manner, deformation of the back seal portion 14 in which the holding wall portion 56 is buried at the intermediate position in the extending direction is suppressed, and the tip portion of the back seal portion 14 is welded more strongly. It can be pressed against the part 2c. Therefore, even if a step or a welding mark is formed in the welded portion 2c, the tip portion of the back seal portion 14 can be deformed so as to follow the surface shape of the welded portion 2c. For this reason, the clearance gap formed between the welding part 2c and the back surface seal part 14 can be eliminated as much as possible, and as a result, the improvement of a sealing performance, etc. can be aimed at.

  Moreover, the insert member 52 is provided with the clip part 54 latched by the attachment hole 57 formed in the pillar sash 2b. For this reason, the clip part 54 (claw part 54a) is locked to the mounting hole 57 (the surface on the vehicle outer side of the pillar sash 2b), thereby preventing the displacement of the insert member 52, and thus the holding wall part 56. it can. Therefore, by embedding the holding wall portion 56 in the back surface seal portion 14, the effect of pressing the front end portion of the back surface seal portion 14 more strongly against the welded portion 2c of the sashes 2a and 2b is more reliably achieved.

  Furthermore, the distance from the front-end | tip part of the holding wall part 56 to the contact part with the welding part 2c of the back surface seal part 14 is 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less. For this reason, for example, when the distance from the distal end portion of the holding wall portion 56 to the contact portion of the rear seal portion 14 with the welded portion 2c exceeds 5.0 mm, the distal end portion of the rear seal portion 14 is set to the welded portion. The effect of pressing strongly against 2c is not sufficiently achieved, or when the tip part of the back seal part 14 and the welded part 2c are pressed against each other, the tip part of the back seal part 14 is deformed so that it is tilted ( It is possible to prevent problems such as buckling, and a triangular gap formed relatively large between the tip of the back seal portion 14 and the welded portion 2c. Therefore, when the door weather strip 5 is attached to the retainer portion 10, the front end portion of the back seal portion 14 in which the holding wall portion 56 is embedded is contracted in the protruding direction of the back seal portion 14 so as to be pressed against the welded portion 2 c. The sealing performance can be improved.

  Further, for example, as in the case where the distance from the distal end portion of the holding wall portion 56 to the contact portion of the rear seal portion 14 with the weld portion 2c is less than 1.0 mm, the distal end portion of the rear seal portion 14 and the weld portion When the roof sash 2a and the pillar sash 2b in 2c are brought into pressure contact with each other, it is possible to prevent the front end portion of the back seal portion 14 from being easily deformed following the surface shape of the welded portion 2c. Can do. Therefore, the above-described effect is achieved more reliably, such that the front end portion of the back seal portion 14 is deformed following the surface shape of the welded portion 2c to eliminate the gap between the back seal portion 14 and the welded portion 2c. .

  In addition, the portion of the back seal portion 14 of the upper side corresponding portion 41 in which the holding wall portion 56 is embedded is tilted and deformed even if stress or the like due to deformation of the hollow seal portion 12 or the sub seal portion 13 is applied. It has become difficult. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the back seal portion 14 from being tilted and deformed and separated from the welded portion 2c.

  In addition, it is not limited to the description content of the said embodiment, For example, you may implement as follows. Of course, other application examples and modification examples not illustrated below are also possible.

  (A) Although not specifically mentioned in the above embodiment, the thickness of the roof sash 2a and the thickness of the pillar sash 2b are different in FIG. May be. In this case, a step due to the difference in thickness is not formed in the welded portion 2c, but a welding mark is still formed. Even in this case, there is a possibility that a gap is formed between the inner surface of the door sash and the back seal part 14 in the welded part 2c, but the back seal part corresponding to the welded part 2c as in the above embodiment. By embedding the holding wall portion 56 in 14, the gap can be eliminated as much as possible. Further, even when the door sashes 2a and 2b are welded while being displaced in the in-vehicle direction due to a difference in shape of the door sashes 2a and 2b themselves, manufacturing errors, and the like, the same effects are obtained.

  (B) In the above embodiment, the door weather strip 5 of the front door is embodied, but the present invention can also be applied to a door weather strip attached to another door such as a rear door. Moreover, in the said embodiment, although the door weather strip 5 is comprised by EPDM, you may comprise by other raw materials, such as an olefin type thermoplastic elastomer (TPO). Furthermore, in the said embodiment, although the attachment base 11, the hollow seal part 12, the sub seal part 13, and the back seal part 14 are all comprised with the same material, you may use a partially different material. For example, the hollow seal portion 12, the sub-seal portion 13, and the back seal portion 14 may be made of sponge EPDM, and the attachment base portion 11 may be made of solid EPDM or fine foamed sponge EPDM.

  (C) The clip portion 54 can be omitted in the above embodiment. In addition, the holding wall portion 56 and the extension wall portion 55 may be configured separately from the main body portion 53. In this case, the extension wall portion 55 may be omitted. From the viewpoint of preventing the displacement of the holding wall portion 56 and pressing the front end portion of the back seal portion 14 in which the holding wall portion 56 is embedded against the inner surface of the door sash, the holding wall portion 56 is integrated with the holding wall portion 56. It is desirable that a wall portion (extension wall portion 55) formed in a direction substantially orthogonal to the extending direction of the holding wall portion 56 is formed, and the holding wall portion 56 is fixed to the main body of the door 2. More preferably, a locking means (clip portion 54) is provided.

  Moreover, although the insert member 52 of the said embodiment is comprised with the polyamide resin, as long as it is a material higher in rigidity or harder than the elastic material (rubber material) of the door weather strip 5, it will be specifically limited to a polyamide resin. For example, you may comprise by thermoplastic resin materials, such as a polyester resin. However, it is desirable that the material does not cause melting or the like during vulcanization of the molded part.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Automobile, 2 ... Door, 2a ... Roof sash, 2b ... Pillar sash, 2c ... Welding part, 3 ... Auto body, 5 ... Door weather strip, 6,7 ... Extrusion part, 8, 9 ... Molding part DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Retainer part, 11 ... Mounting base, 12 ... Hollow seal part, 13 ... Sub seal part, 14 ... Back seal part, 41 ... Upper side corresponding part, 42 ... Vertical side corresponding part, 43 ... Boundary corresponding part, 52 ... Insert 53, a body part, 54, a clip part, 55, an extension wall part, 56, a holding wall part, 57, a mounting hole.

Claims (4)

An attachment base attached along the periphery of the vehicle door;
A hollow seal portion integrally formed with the mounting base and having a hollow portion;
A sub seal part extending from the mounting base on the vehicle outer side than the hollow seal part;
A rear seal portion extending from the vehicle outer side surface of the base portion of the sub seal portion to the vehicle outer side and contacting the vehicle inner side surface of the door sash;
With the upper edge part of the door, the extrusion part provided corresponding to the rear edge part from the front edge part through the lower edge part, and the ends of the extrusion part at a predetermined angle And a molding part to be connected,
When the door is closed, the hollow seal portion is brought into pressure contact with a peripheral portion of the door opening formed in the vehicle body, and the sub seal portion is a peripheral portion of the door opening at the upper edge portion of the door. A door weather strip mounting structure in which the space between the vehicle body and the door is sealed,
The door includes a roof sash provided corresponding to an upper edge portion and a pillar sash provided corresponding to a vertical edge portion, and the roof sash and the pillar sash are welded at a corner portion of the door. Become
The mold molding part is made of a material harder than the material constituting the mold molding part, and is provided with an insert member that is insert-molded at the time of mold molding.
The insert member integrally includes a holding wall portion embedded in the back seal portion,
A tip portion of a portion of the back seal portion where the holding wall portion is embedded is press-contacted in series with the sash and the welded portion in a welded portion of the roof sash and the pillar sash. The door weather strip mounting structure. The insert member includes a substantially flat insert body formed integrally with the holding wall portion,
The door weather strip mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the holding wall portion extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to a vehicle outer surface of the insert body.   3. The door weather strip mounting structure according to claim 1, wherein the insert member is integrally provided with a locking portion that is locked to a locked portion formed on the door.   The distance from the front-end | tip part of the said holding wall part to the contact site | part with the said welding part of the said back surface seal part is 1.0 mm or more and 5.0 mm or less. The door weather strip mounting structure according to any one of the preceding claims.

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