JP2010216911A - Method for estimating magnitude using data of single observation point - Google Patents

Method for estimating magnitude using data of single observation point Download PDF

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JP2010216911A
JP2010216911A JP2009062490A JP2009062490A JP2010216911A JP 2010216911 A JP2010216911 A JP 2010216911A JP 2009062490 A JP2009062490 A JP 2009062490A JP 2009062490 A JP2009062490 A JP 2009062490A JP 2010216911 A JP2010216911 A JP 2010216911A
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magnitude
observation point
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Shunroku Yamamoto
俊六 山本
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Railway Technical Research Institute
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for estimating magnitude using data of a single observation point, which can estimate an accurate magnitude immediately in the estimation of the magnitude using the data of a single observation data by employing a plurality of periodic band filters. <P>SOLUTION: In the method for estimating magnitude using the data of a single observation point, operations of the plurality of periodic band filters are carried out serially by targetting continuous waveform of P wave from an independent seismometer 1, and the maximum amplitude passing through the plurality of periodic band filters is detected after an elapse of several seconds from an earthquake detection, and then a ratio of a long period waveform to the maximum amplitude is calculated, and the magnitude is estimated on the basis of the calculated ratio without using any earthquake source information. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

本発明は、単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法に係り、特に、複数の周期帯域フィルタを用いた単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法に関するものである。   The present invention relates to a magnitude estimation method using single observation point data, and more particularly to a magnitude estimation method using single observation point data using a plurality of periodic bandpass filters.

従来のマグニチュードの推定方法には、以下〔１〕，〔２〕のように２つの方法がある。
〔１〕震源位置決定後（震源距離決定後）マグニチュードを求める方法
（ａ）振幅の絶対値Ａを求め、震源距離Ｘとの経験式からマグニチュードを求める方法であり、マグニチュードＭは、
Ｍ＝ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（Ａ，Ｘ）
で推定される。 Conventional magnitude estimation methods include the following two methods [1] and [2].
[1] Method of obtaining magnitude after determining the location of the epicenter (after determining the epicenter distance) (a) A method of obtaining the absolute value A of the amplitude and obtaining the magnitude from an empirical formula with the epicenter distance X.
M = function (A, X)
Estimated by

（ｂ）スペクトルの長周期成分絶対値Ｓを求め、震源距離Ｘとの経験式からマグニチュードを求める方法（図４参照）であり、マグニチュードＭは、
Ｍ＝ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（Ｓ，Ｘ）
で推定される。
〔２〕震源位置を決定せずにマグニチュードを求める方法
（ｃ）Ｐ波初動卓越周期Ｔ0 を求め、経験式からマグニチュードを求める方法（図５参照）であり、マグニチュードＭは、
Ｍ＝ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（Ｔ0 ）
で推定される。 (B) A method for obtaining an absolute value S of a long-period component of a spectrum and obtaining a magnitude from an empirical formula with the epicenter distance X (see FIG. 4).
M = function (S, X)
Estimated by
[2] Method of obtaining magnitude without determining the location of the epicenter (c) This is a method of obtaining the P wave initial motion dominant period T 0 and obtaining the magnitude from an empirical formula (see FIG. 5).
M = function (T 0 )
Estimated by

この手法は、地震動の周期特性がマグニチュードの大きさにより変化するという理論的・観測的に知られている事実に着目したマグニチュードの推定方法である。この場合には、地震動の周期特性を単一のパラメータで表現している。   This method is a magnitude estimation method that focuses on the facts that are known theoretically and observationally that the periodic characteristics of ground motion change with the magnitude of the magnitude. In this case, the periodic characteristics of the ground motion are expressed by a single parameter.

この方法は震源距離を求める必要がないため、単独観測点でのマグニチュード推定に有効である。   This method is effective for estimating the magnitude at a single observation point because it is not necessary to determine the epicenter distance.

ただし、この方法は、震源規模に依存する周期（スペクトル）特性を卓越周期Ｔ0 というスカラー量のみで表現するため、誤差が発生しやすくなる。 However, since this method expresses the period (spectrum) characteristics depending on the epicenter scale only by the scalar quantity of the dominant period T 0 , an error is likely to occur.

また、地震動が地震計設置箇所の地盤増幅の影響を受けた時、その周期特性が大きく変化することがあるため、誤差が発生しやすくなる。   In addition, when the ground motion is affected by the ground amplification at the seismometer installation location, the periodic characteristics may change greatly, and errors are likely to occur.

特開２００２−２７７５５７号公報JP 2002-277557 A 特開２００５−０１００４１号公報JP 2005-010041 A 特開２００６−０７８２９７号公報JP 2006-078297 A

一般に、地震計は地表面に設置されるので、その記録は地盤増幅の影響を大きく受ける。その結果、上記したように、地震動の卓越周期は場所ごとに大きく変化し、この卓越周期を利用してマグニチュードを求めると大きな誤差が生じることがある。   In general, since seismometers are installed on the ground surface, their records are greatly affected by ground amplification. As a result, as described above, the dominant period of ground motion varies greatly from place to place, and a large error may occur when the magnitude is obtained using this dominant period.

本発明は、上記状況に鑑みて、単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定にあたり、複数の周期帯域フィルタを用いて正確なマグニチュードを即時に推定できる単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法を提供することを目的とする。   In view of the above situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a magnitude estimation method using single observation point data capable of immediately estimating an accurate magnitude using a plurality of periodic band filters in magnitude estimation using single observation point data. To do.

本発明は、上記目的を達成するために、
〔１〕単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法であって、単独地震計のＰ波の連続波形を対象に複数の周期帯域のフィルタ処理を逐次行い、地震検知後数秒の複数の周期帯域フィルタ通過後の最大振幅を検出し、次いで長周期波形の最大振幅に対する比を演算し、この演算された比に基づいて、震源情報なしにマグニチュードを推定することを特徴とする。 In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides
[1] Magnitude estimation method using single observation point data, which sequentially performs filtering processing of multiple periodic bands on the continuous waveform of the P wave of a single seismometer, after passing through multiple periodic band filters for several seconds after earthquake detection Is detected, and then the ratio of the long-period waveform to the maximum amplitude is calculated, and the magnitude is estimated without the source information based on the calculated ratio.

〔２〕上記〔１〕の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法において、非地震時の振幅比の情報を用いて地震計設置場所の地盤増幅特性を自動的に求めることを特徴とする。   [2] The magnitude estimation method based on the single observation point data of [1] is characterized in that the ground amplification characteristics at the seismometer installation location are automatically obtained using information on the amplitude ratio during non-earthquake.

〔３〕上記〔２〕記載の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法において、前記地震計設置場所の地盤増幅特性を考慮して地震時の最大振幅比を補正し、より正確なマグニチュードの推定を行うことを特徴とする。   [3] In the magnitude estimation method using the single observation point data described in [2] above, the maximum amplitude ratio at the time of the earthquake is corrected in consideration of the ground amplification characteristics at the place where the seismometer is installed, and a more accurate magnitude estimation is performed. It is characterized by that.

本発明によれば、震源距離を求める必要がないため、単独観測点データからマグニチュードを即時に推定することができる。   According to the present invention, since it is not necessary to determine the epicenter distance, the magnitude can be immediately estimated from the single observation point data.

また、複数のパラメータを使用することにより、誤差の少ないマグニチュードの推定を行うことがてきる。   Further, by using a plurality of parameters, it is possible to estimate the magnitude with less error.

本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定装置のブロック図である。It is a block diagram of the magnitude | size estimation apparatus which shows the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定フローチャートである。It is a magnitude | size estimation flowchart which shows the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定例を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the example of a magnitude estimation which shows the Example of this invention. 本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定処理例を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the example of a magnitude estimation process which shows the Example of this invention. 従来のマグニチュードの推定例（その１）を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the example of the estimation of the conventional magnitude (the 1). 従来のマグニチュードの推定例（その２）を示す図である。It is a figure which shows the example of the estimation of the conventional magnitude (the 2).

本発明の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法は、単独地震計のＰ波の連続波形を対象に複数の周期帯域のフィルタ処理を逐次行い、地震検知後数秒の複数の周期帯域フィルタ通過後の最大振幅を検出し、次いで長周期波形の最大振幅に対する比を演算し、この演算された比に基づいて、震源情報なしにマグニチュードを推定する。   The magnitude estimation method based on the single observation point data of the present invention sequentially performs a filtering process of a plurality of periodic bands on a continuous waveform of a P wave of a single seismometer, and the maximum after passing through a plurality of periodic band filters within a few seconds after the earthquake is detected. The amplitude is detected, and then the ratio of the long period waveform to the maximum amplitude is calculated, and the magnitude is estimated without the source information based on the calculated ratio.

以下、本発明の実施の形態について詳細に説明する。   Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

図１は本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定装置のブロック図、図２は本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定フローチャート、図３は本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定例を示す図である。   1 is a block diagram of a magnitude estimation apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a magnitude estimation flowchart illustrating an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of magnitude estimation according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is.

図３において、横軸は周期、縦軸はスペクトル振幅（変位）を示している。   In FIG. 3, the horizontal axis indicates the period, and the vertical axis indicates the spectrum amplitude (displacement).

図１において、１は地震計、２は通信回線、１０は制御処理装置、１１はアンチエイリアシングフィルタ（ローパスフィルタ）、１２はＡ／Ｄ変換器、１３は波形収録部、１４はメモリ、１５は周期帯域フィルタ処理部、１６は周期帯域フィルタ通過後の時刻歴波形の振幅検出部、１７は長周期波形の最大振幅に対する比の演算部、１８はマグニチュード推定部、１９は情報文送出部、２０はＧＰＳ時計、２１は状態表示装置、２２はモデムである。   In FIG. 1, 1 is a seismometer, 2 is a communication line, 10 is a control processing device, 11 is an anti-aliasing filter (low-pass filter), 12 is an A / D converter, 13 is a waveform recording unit, 14 is a memory, 15 is A periodic band filter processing unit, 16 is an amplitude detection unit of a time history waveform after passing through the periodic band filter, 17 is a calculation unit of a ratio to the maximum amplitude of a long period waveform, 18 is a magnitude estimation unit, 19 is an information sentence transmission unit, 20 Is a GPS clock, 21 is a status display device, and 22 is a modem.

次に、図２を参照しながら、本発明のマグニチュードの推定方法について説明する。   Next, the magnitude estimation method of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.

（１）単独の地震計１からのＰ波の情報を制御処理装置１０に取込み、デジタル波形データとして時刻歴波形をメモリ１４に取得する（ステップＳ１）。   (1) The information of the P wave from the single seismometer 1 is taken into the control processing apparatus 10, and the time history waveform is acquired in the memory 14 as digital waveform data (step S1).

（２）周期帯域フィルタ処理部１５で処理された複数の周期帯域の時刻歴波形の振幅を、周期帯域フィルタ通過後の時刻歴波形の振幅検出部１６で求める（ステップＳ２）。なお、このことは、図３に示すような複数の周期帯域のスペクトル振幅Ｓ1 ，Ｓ2 ，Ｓ3 を求めることと等しい。 (2) The amplitude of the time history waveform of the plurality of periodic bands processed by the periodic band filter processing unit 15 is obtained by the amplitude detector 16 of the time history waveform after passing through the periodic band filter (step S2). This is equivalent to obtaining spectral amplitudes S 1 , S 2 , S 3 of a plurality of periodic bands as shown in FIG.

（３）次に、複数の周期帯域の時刻歴波形の振幅において、最大振幅に対する他の周期帯域の他の周期帯域の時刻歴波形の振幅の比Ｒ1 ，Ｒ2 ，…，Ｒi を長周期波形の最大振幅に対する比の演算部１７で演算する（ステップＳ３）。 (3) Next, in the amplitude of the time-history waveform of a plurality of periodic band, amplitude ratio of a time history waveform of other periodic band other periodic band to the maximum amplitude R 1, R 2, ..., the length of the R i The ratio is calculated by the ratio calculating unit 17 for the maximum amplitude of the periodic waveform (step S3).

（４）ステップＳ３で求めた比に対して事前に用意した経験式を考慮することにより、震源情報なしにＰ波からマグニチュードを推定する（ステップＳ４）。   (4) The magnitude is estimated from the P wave without the source information by considering an empirical formula prepared in advance for the ratio obtained in step S3 (step S4).

（５）情報文送出部１９から早期マグニチュードの推定情報を通信回線２へ送信する（ステップＳ５）。   (5) The estimated information of the early magnitude is transmitted from the information sentence sending unit 19 to the communication line 2 (step S5).

このように、本発明の単独観測点データによるマグニチュードの推定方法は、地震規模に依存する周期特性を、図３に示すような複数の周期帯域のスペクトル振幅Ｓ1 ，Ｓ2 ，Ｓ3 の比Ｒi により定義し、これらの関係の経験式を利用することにより、マグニチュードを求める。 As described above, the magnitude estimation method based on the single observation point data according to the present invention has a periodic characteristic that depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, and the ratio of spectral amplitudes S 1 , S 2 , S 3 of a plurality of periodic bands as shown in FIG. The magnitude is obtained by defining by R i and using an empirical formula of these relations.

Ｍ＝ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（Ｒ1 , Ｒ2 , Ｒ3 , ・・・）
Ｒ1 ＝Ｓ2 ／Ｓ1
Ｒ2 ＝Ｓ3 ／Ｓ1
Ｒi ＝Ｓi ／Ｓ1
ここで、事前に用意した経験式について説明する。 M = function (R 1 , R 2 , R 3, ...)
R 1 = S 2 / S 1
R 2 = S 3 / S 1
R i = S i / S 1
Here, an empirical formula prepared in advance is described.

上記したように、Ｒ1 ＝Ｓ2 ／Ｓ1 ，Ｒ2 ＝Ｓ3 ／Ｓ1 ，Ｒi ＝Ｓi ／Ｓ1 が示される。 As described above, R 1 = S 2 / S 1 , R 2 = S 3 / S 1 , and R i = S i / S 1 are shown.

上記の式で求められたＲ1 〜Ｒi に関連して過去のデータからマグニチュードＭとの関係式をそれぞれ以下のように回帰する。なお、ここでは、Ｒに関する一次式を示しているが、実際には１次式以外の回帰式が使われる可能性もある。 The relational expression with the magnitude M is regressed as follows from the past data in relation to R 1 to R i obtained by the above formula. Although a linear expression for R is shown here, a regression expression other than the linear expression may be used in practice.

Ｍ1 ＝ａ1 ・Ｒ1 ＋ｂ1
Ｍ2 ＝ａ2 ・Ｒ2 ＋ｂ2
Ｍi ＝ａi ・Ｒi ＋ｂi
ここで、ａ，ｂは回帰の係数である。 M 1 = a 1 · R 1 + b 1
M 2 = a 2 · R 2 + b 2
M i = a i · R i + b i
Here, a and b are regression coefficients.

上記の処理で複数のマグニチュードＭが求められるが、以下のように最終的なマグニチュードは、これらの重み付き平均から求められる。   A plurality of magnitudes M are obtained by the above processing, and the final magnitude is obtained from the weighted average as follows.

Ｍ＝（Ｍ1 ・ｗ1 ＋Ｍ2 ・ｗ2 ＋……＋Ｍi ・ｗi ）／（ｗ1 ＋ｗ2 ＋…ｗi ）
なお、マグニチュードＭは、上記式のようにＭ1 〜Ｍi の重み付き平均により求められるが、ｗはその時の重み係数である。 M = (M 1 · w 1 + M 2 · w 2 +... + M i · w i ) / (w 1 + w 2 +... W i )
Incidentally, the magnitude M is the formula obtained by the weighted average of the M 1 ~M i as but, w is a weighting factor at that time.

ここでは、「波形が定常的な状況では、狭帯域の帯域フィルタをかけた各周期の時刻歴波形の振幅の比は、各周期におけるスペクトル振幅の比に等しい」という性質を使用して、すべての時間領域で以下のような処理を行う。   Here, using the property that, in the case where the waveform is stationary, the ratio of the amplitude of the time history waveform of each period with a narrow band filter is equal to the ratio of the spectral amplitude in each period, The following processing is performed in the time domain.

図４は本発明の実施例を示すマグニチュードの推定処理例を示す図である。   FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of magnitude estimation processing according to the embodiment of the present invention.

この図において、４１は時刻歴波形、４２は帯域フィルタ１、４３は帯域フィルタ２、４４は帯域フィルタｉ、４５は帯域フィルタ１通過後の時刻歴波形、４６は帯域フィルタ２通過後の時刻歴波形、４７は帯域フィルタｉ通過後の時刻歴波形、４８は最大振幅の比（≒スペクトル振幅の比）である。   In this figure, 41 is a time history waveform, 42 is a band filter 1, 43 is a band filter 2, 44 is a band filter i, 45 is a time history waveform after passing through the band filter 1, and 46 is a time history after passing through the band filter 2. Waveform 47 is a time history waveform after passing through band-pass filter i, and 48 is a maximum amplitude ratio (≈spectrum amplitude ratio).

ここでは、時間領域での時刻歴波形４１に各フィルタ（１，２，ｉ）をかけて得られる時刻歴波形４５，４６，４７に基づいて最大振幅の比（≒スペクトル振幅の比）を得ることができる。   Here, the maximum amplitude ratio (≈spectrum amplitude ratio) is obtained based on the time history waveforms 45, 46, 47 obtained by applying the filters (1, 2, i) to the time history waveform 41 in the time domain. be able to.

この処理はすべてを時間領域で毎ステップ行うことが容易であり、地震時、非地震共に計算負荷は一定となる。   This processing can be easily performed every step in the time domain, and the calculation load is constant both during and without an earthquake.

本発明では、震源距離を求める必要がないため、震源情報なしに単独観測点におけるＰ波のデータからマグニチュードを即時に推定することができる。   In the present invention, since it is not necessary to determine the epicenter distance, the magnitude can be immediately estimated from the P wave data at the single observation point without the epicenter information.

また、震源規模に依存する周期（スペクトル）特性を複数のパラメータ（複数の周期帯域のスペクトル振幅）で多角的に表現するため、単一のパラメータを用いてマグニチュードを推定する従来技術に比べて誤差の発生を抑えることができる。   In addition, since the period (spectrum) characteristics that depend on the epicenter are expressed in a multifaceted manner with multiple parameters (spectral amplitudes of multiple periodic bands), the error is larger than that of the conventional technique that estimates the magnitude using a single parameter. Can be suppressed.

さらに、非地震時の記録から設置場所の増幅特性を自動的に計算することができるため、これを利用して、地震時の最大振幅比を補正し、地盤の増幅特性の影響を除去したより正確なマグニチュードの推定を可能とする。   Furthermore, since the amplification characteristics of the installation location can be automatically calculated from the non-earthquake records, this is used to correct the maximum amplitude ratio at the time of the earthquake and remove the influence of the amplification characteristics of the ground. Enables accurate magnitude estimation.

このように、本発明によれば、複数の周期帯域のフィルタの出力を利用し、複数のパラメータから地震動の周期特性を表現し、これを経験式に照らすことによりマグニチュードを求めることができる。   Thus, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain the magnitude by expressing the periodic characteristics of the seismic motion from a plurality of parameters using the outputs of the filters of a plurality of periodic bands and comparing this with an empirical formula.

なお、本発明は上記実施例に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨に基づき種々の変形が可能であり、これらを本発明の範囲から排除するものではない。   In addition, this invention is not limited to the said Example, Based on the meaning of this invention, a various deformation | transformation is possible and these are not excluded from the scope of the present invention.

本発明の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法は、単独観測点の地震データからマグニチュードを即時に推定可能なマグニチュード推定方法として利用可能である。   The magnitude estimation method based on the single observation point data of the present invention can be used as a magnitude estimation method capable of instantaneously estimating the magnitude from the earthquake data of the single observation point.

１ 地震計
２ 通信回線
１０ 制御処理装置
１１ アンチエイリアシングフィルタ（ローパスフィルタ）
１２ Ａ／Ｄ変換器
１３ 波形収録部
１４ メモリ
１５ 周期帯域フィルタ処理部
１６ 周期帯域のスペクトル振幅検出部
１７ 最大スペクトル振幅値に対する比の演算部
１８ マグニチュード推定部
１９ 情報文送出部
２０ ＧＰＳ時計
２１ 状態表示装置
２２ モデム DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Seismometer 2 Communication line 10 Control processing apparatus 11 Anti-aliasing filter (low-pass filter)
12 A / D converter 13 Waveform recording unit 14 Memory 15 Period band filter processing unit 16 Spectral band spectrum amplitude detection unit 17 Calculation unit for ratio to maximum spectrum amplitude value 18 Magnitude estimation unit 19 Information sentence transmission unit 20 GPS clock 21 State Display device 22 Modem

Claims (3)

単独地震計のＰ波の連続波形を対象に複数の周期帯域のフィルタ処理を逐次行い、地震検知後数秒の複数の地震検知後数秒の複数の周期帯域フィルタ通過後の最大振幅を検出し、次いで長周期波形の最大振幅に対する比を演算し、この演算された比に基づいて、震源情報なしにマグニチュードを推定することを特徴とする単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法。   Performs sequential filtering of multiple periodic bands on the continuous waveform of the P wave of a single seismometer, detects the maximum amplitude after passing through multiple periodic band filters several seconds after detecting multiple earthquakes several seconds after earthquake detection, A magnitude estimation method using single observation point data, which calculates a ratio of a long-period waveform to the maximum amplitude and estimates magnitude without source information based on the calculated ratio. 請求項１の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法において、非地震時の振幅比の情報を用いて地震計設置場所の地盤増幅特性を自動的に求めることを特徴とする単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法。   2. The method for estimating magnitude according to claim 1, wherein the ground amplification characteristics at the seismometer installation location are automatically obtained using information on the amplitude ratio during non-earthquake. Method. 請求項２記載の単独観測点データによるマグニチュード決定法において、前記地震計設置場所の地盤増幅特性を考慮して地震時の最大振幅比を補正し、より正確なマグニチュードの推定を行うことを特徴とする単独観測点データによるマグニチュード推定方法。   The magnitude determination method using single observation point data according to claim 2, wherein the maximum amplitude ratio at the time of earthquake is corrected in consideration of the ground amplification characteristics at the seismometer installation location, and more accurate magnitude estimation is performed. Magnitude estimation method using single observation point data.
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JP2013072685A (en) * 2011-09-27 2013-04-22 Railway Technical Research Institute Simple magnitude estimation method utilizing time until maximum amplitude value appearance of earthquake
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