JP2010210870A - Functional thin film, liquid crystal display device, and functional thin film forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve the accuracy of contour shapes in corner parts of an alignment layer or the like having a rectangular shape, in an ink jet printing system. <P>SOLUTION: In the ink jet printing system, coating liquid such as the alignment layer is applied to a coating pattern region of the alignment layer or the like where a right-angle triangular pattern is extended in an arrangement for extending opposite sides of the rectangular shape in each corner part, of a rectangular basic coating pattern. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&amp;INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a functional thin film, a liquid crystal display device, and a functional thin film forming method.

  In a liquid crystal display device, an alignment film that controls the alignment of liquid crystal molecules is used. The alignment film is a thin film having a function of horizontally aligning or vertically aligning liquid crystal molecules. A thin film that performs a specific function like an alignment film is called a functional thin film. The liquid crystal display device has a configuration in which a liquid phase layer is sandwiched between opposing substrates. Usually, an electrode for applying a voltage to the liquid phase layer is formed on both substrates, and the electrode is covered with an insulating film as necessary, and an alignment film is formed thereon.

  A closed main seal is formed between the two substrates, and the liquid crystal is accommodated in a space inside the main seal. When the main seal is formed on the alignment film, the adhesion is insufficient and the yield may be reduced. Usually, the main seal is formed outside the region where the alignment film is formed. Since the region where the alignment film is not formed cannot align liquid crystal molecules, it cannot be used as a display region. It can be said that the frame-shaped region between the alignment film and the main seal is a useless region. In particular, in a small liquid crystal display device, it is required to make the dead space other than the display area as small as possible.

  The alignment film and the insulating film were formed by flexographic printing. In order to perform flexographic printing, a flexographic plate is required. In the case of multi-product and small-volume production, a flexo plate for each product type is required, and manual operation is required to replace the flexo plate. In addition, a large amount of organic solvent is required to clean the flexographic plate, and a storage place where the temperature and humidity are stable is required for storage, and the use efficiency of the consumed material is low. Contact between the flexographic plate and the substrate is There is a possibility of foreign matter adhesion.

  Attention has been focused on a film forming method in which inkjet printing is replaced with flexographic printing. The viscosity of the material used for flexographic printing is 25 mPa · s or more, but the viscosity of the material used for inkjet printing is about 2 mPa · s to 15 mPa · s. The low-viscosity material has a low concentration of solid components that become a solid phase after drying, and the liquid-phase coating film tends to spread around. For this reason, it has been pointed out that a thin film formed by ink jet printing is difficult to control in size and shape around the thin film.

  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-126760 first forms a bank by discharging a coating liquid to the contour of the coating area, and then applies a coating liquid having substantially the same components as the bank to the main area surrounded by the bank. Propose. Since the bank functions as a weir for the coating solution, the accuracy of the shape control of the coating film is improved.

  Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-361623 proposes applying the peripheral part of the alignment film application region to a fine pattern including a gap. By forming the void portion, drying of the coating solution in the peripheral portion is promoted, the concentration of the solid component is improved, and wetting and spreading are suppressed.

  Part of the present inventors, Toko and Iwasaki, can suppress the spread of the coating film from the peripheral part by making the dot density smaller than the central part in the peripheral part when producing the functional thin film by ink jet printing. (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-129191). Here, the produced functional thin film is an alignment film and an insulating film.

JP 2003-126760 A JP 2004-361623 A JP 2008-129191 A

  Provided is a thin film that can be formed using inkjet printing and has a highly accurate contour shape. Further, a method for forming this thin film is provided.

According to one aspect of the present invention,
There is provided a functional thin film having a rectangular shape as a basic shape and having an expansion region which is rounded at each corner portion and expands outward from the rectangle.

According to another aspect of the invention,
Applying a functional thin film by ink jet printing to the entire application area including the rectangular application area on the ground plane and the additional area extending out of the rectangle at each corner of the rectangle;
The applied functional thin film liquid is allowed to spread outward while being dried to form a functional thin film;
A functional thin film forming method is provided.

  Corner rounding is suppressed.

1A and 1B are cross-sectional views illustrating the configuration of a liquid crystal display device. 2A and 2B are a plan view schematically showing a nozzle arrangement of a head of an ink jet printing apparatus, and a plan view schematically showing a scanning method. FIGS. 2C and 2D are views schematically showing the shape of an alignment film produced by a conventional technique. It is the top view to show, and the sketch of the partially expanded photograph of the produced film | membrane. 3A and 3B are plan views schematically showing a method of forming an alignment film according to the first embodiment, and FIGS. 3C and 3D are photographs of the alignment film of the manufactured sample and diagrams based thereon. 4A and 4B are plan views schematically showing a method of forming an alignment film according to the second embodiment, and FIG. 4C is an enlarged plan view of a corner portion. 5A and 5B are plan views schematically showing a method for forming an alignment film according to the third embodiment, and FIG. 5C is a plan view schematically showing a modification of the additional region. 6A and 6B are plan views schematically showing an alignment film forming method according to a reference example.

  First, the configuration of the liquid crystal display device in which the experiment was performed will be described.

  As shown in FIG. 1A, transparent electrodes 12 and 22 such as indium tin oxide (ITO) are formed in a desired pattern on glass substrates 11 and 21 having a thickness of 0.6 mm to 0.7 mm, for example. The prototyped sample is a liquid crystal display device for in-vehicle audio equipment.

  Silica-based insulating films 13 and 23 are formed by flexographic printing on the entire surface of the substrate except the electrode lead-out region so as to cover the transparent electrodes 12 and 22, and an alignment film 15 such as polyimide is formed on the display region on the insulating films 13 and 23. 25 are formed by ink jet printing. It is a problem to improve the positional accuracy of the alignment film formed by inkjet printing.

  A main seal material in which a gap control material is mixed with a resin material is applied on one substrate using a dispenser or the like. The conductive material 32 is also applied using a material obtained by mixing a conductive ball with a resin material for electrode connection between the upper and lower substrates. A gap control material is dispersed on the other substrate, the two substrates are overlapped, and the resin material is cured by pressurization and heat treatment to form the main seal 31 and the conductive material 32.

  A liquid crystal material is injected into the gap formed between the two substrates, and the injection port is sealed with a sealing material. Polarizers P1 and P2 are attached to the outer surfaces of the glass substrates 11 and 21, respectively. In this way, a liquid crystal display device is manufactured.

  For the present application, the electrode shape is not particularly limited. In the case of a simple matrix type, parallel striped segment electrodes and common electrodes are formed, and pixels are formed at intersections. For specific applications, a segment type using a combination of a segment electrode having an arbitrary shape and a common electrode having a shape including the segment electrode is often used. The alignment film is a film for controlling the alignment of liquid crystal molecules, and mainly includes a horizontal alignment film and a vertical alignment film. Ultraviolet rays can also be used for curing the resin material. After forming the alignment film, an alignment treatment such as rubbing is performed to control the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules rise or fall when a voltage is applied. The liquid crystal can be injected by vacuum injection, surface tension injection, or the like. The liquid crystal material can also be injected by one drop filling (ODF) using a dispenser or the like.

  The polarizing plate is attached in a crossed Nicols arrangement or a parallel Nicols arrangement. For example, if a 90 ° twist alignment horizontal alignment film is used and the polarizing plate is arranged in a crossed Nicols arrangement parallel to the alignment direction, normally white display is obtained, and if one polarizing plate is arranged in a parallel Nicol arrangement orthogonal to the alignment direction, it is normally displayed. Black display. When the alignment film is a vertical alignment film, a normally black display is obtained when the polarizing plate is arranged in a crossed Nicol arrangement, and a normally white display is obtained when the polarizing film is arranged in a parallel Nicol arrangement.

  The insulating films 13 and 23 in the configuration of FIG. 1A ensure insulation between the electrodes, but are not essential constituent requirements. As shown in FIG. 1B, the insulating films 13 and 23 may be omitted.

  FIG. 2A is a plan view schematically showing the nozzle arrangement of the head of the inkjet printing apparatus. The nozzles 40 are alternately arranged on the right and left, and are arranged in the vertical direction. The object is scanned horizontally with respect to the head. Multiple stripe regions can be printed simultaneously. A desired pattern can be printed by controlling the nozzles on and off. In the sample prepared in the preliminary experiment, a rectangular alignment film was printed. The nozzle pitch d was about 0.7 mm. The discharge amount per shot is about 100 nanoliters. Although there is a head having a nozzle pitch of about 0.071 mm, the discharge amount per shot is extremely small, about 40 picoliters, and it is not suitable for forming a film thickness of a certain degree or more. Since the pitch of 0.7 mm is too large as a resolution, the pitch is further scanned.

  As shown in FIG. 2B, the region of 1 pitch is scanned a plurality of times while gradually shifting the vertical position. When scanned four times, the vertical resolution is about 0.7 / 4 = 0.175 mm. The lateral (scanning) direction resolution is determined by the substrate feed speed and the discharge cycle. When the substrate feed rate is 500 mm / sec and the discharge cycle is 10 kHz (0.1 msec), the lateral resolution is 0.05 mm.

As shown in FIG. 2C, the alignment film liquid was applied to the rectangular application region 50 by inkjet printing. The spread of the coating solution after coating depends on the viscosity of the coating solution and the surface tension of the coating solution. The alignment film solution used had a viscosity of 14 mPa · sec ± 1 mPa · sec. The coating amount was 18.4 nanoliters / mm ² . After coating, the coating solution spreads and dries to form the alignment film 55. Except for the corner portion, the spreading widths w1 and w2 from the top and bottom parallel sides to the outside were both 1.3 mm. Except for the corner portion, the spreading widths w3 and w4 from the left and right parallel sides to the outside were both 1.3 mm. The spread of the coating solution within the substrate surface is considered to be uniform regardless of the direction. Rounding 56 occurred in the corner portion of the alignment film 55.

As shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 2D, the radius of curvature R of the rounding 56 at the corner of the alignment film 55 was 2 mm. The amount of entry into the main seal formation region having the line 57 as the inner edge was an amount that cannot be ignored. Consider rearrangement so that the alignment film 55 and the main seal formation region 57 do not overlap. A circular arc with a radius of 2 mm is inscribed in a square with a side of 2 mm. The length of the diagonal of the square is (2 ² +2 ² ) ^1/2 = 2.82 mm. In the arrangement in which the alignment film 55 and the main seal formation region 57 are in contact with each other, a region without the alignment film having a maximum width of 0.82 mm is generated. In order to prevent light leakage, the width reduction of the frame region is limited. In order to promote the width reduction of the frame region, it is desired to reduce the radius of curvature of the rounded shape of the corner portion. Assuming ink jet printing, the viscosity of the coating solution is desirably 15 mPa · sec or less.

  As a method for controlling the radius of curvature of the corner without changing the coating solution, it was considered to change the shape of the coating film. First, as a preliminary experiment, an alignment film having sharp corner notches formed at the corners was applied by inkjet printing.

  6A and 6B are plan views schematically showing an alignment film forming method according to a reference example.

  As shown in FIG. 6A, a cutout that can be called a triangular shape is formed in the corner portion of the rectangular application region 50. A notch region is formed starting from a point T on a horizontal side and a vertical side at a certain distance from the vertex P of the rectangular shape, and ending at a point S at a certain distance in the horizontal and vertical directions from the vertex P.

  FIG. 6B schematically shows the planar shape of the coating region 50 and the alignment film 55 after drying. A notch having an acute apex angle is formed in a corner portion of the rectangular region.

  Forming a sample with a distance from the vertex P of the rectangle to the point T of 0.35 mm ± 0.05 mm, a horizontal distance between the vertex P and the point S, and a vertical distance of 0.8 mm ± 0.1 mm; Changes in the alignment film shape were observed.

    The finish of the sample was a rectangular shape with rounded corners, and the radius of curvature of rounding was larger than that of the rectangular coating region shown in FIG. 2C. When the notch is formed in the corner portion, the amount of the coating liquid in the coating area corner portion is reduced. It is considered that the amount of the coating liquid does not change and the spread width does not change except for the rectangular corner portion. At the corner, the width of the notch area will decrease and the radius of curvature of rounding will increase. Therefore, an attempt was made to reduce the radius of curvature of the rounded portion by increasing the amount of the coating solution at the corner of the coating region.

  In the first embodiment, right-angled triangles projecting outward are added to the upper and lower portions of the left and right parallel sides of the rectangular coating region. The upper and lower parallel sides are extended and the upper and lower parts of the left and right parallel sides are bent outward.

  As shown in FIG. 3A, a rectangular shape 58 is a desired shape of the alignment film. The spread width of the alignment film liquid measured in advance is defined as w. The rectangular shape formed by the sides shifted from the respective sides of the rectangular shape 58 by w is defined as the application region 50. When the coating liquid is applied to the application region 50, as described with reference to FIGS. 2C and 2D, a region where no alignment film is formed at the corner portion is generated. Therefore, the upper and lower sides of the application region 50 are extended within the rectangular shape 58 and connected to a point at a predetermined distance on the side to form an additional region 51 of a right triangle. A region obtained by combining the rectangular application region 50 and the additional region 51 having a right triangle is defined as an entire application region 61.

  As shown in FIG. 3B, the entire application region 61 for applying the alignment film liquid has a shape in which right-angled additional regions 51 projecting outward are added to the upper and lower ends of the left and right sides of the rectangular application region 50. . The upper and lower sides of all the application regions 61 are straight and parallel, the left and right sides are straight and parallel at the center, and the upper and lower ends are bent outward at an angle and intersect with the upper and lower sides to form an acute angle. The alignment film 62 after the alignment film liquid is applied to all the application regions 61 and dried has a smaller radius of curvature at the corner.

  In the region other than the corner portion, the spread of the coating liquid is the same as that in the preliminary experiment, and is considered to be a constant spread width w. It is considered that the upper and lower sides of the alignment film 62 other than the corner portion extend from the upper and lower sides of the entire application region 61 and are located on the upper and lower outer sides of the width w. Since the upper and lower sides are extended to the left and right by the additional region 51, it is considered that the position where rounding starts on the upper and lower sides of the alignment film 62 moves to the left and right outer sides. The left and right sides bend outward at the top and bottom of the straight line. If the bent portion cancels the tendency for rounding, the position where the rounding starts is considered to move upward and downward. It is also conceivable that the alignment film 62 swells left and right due to the shape of the additional region 51. In the vicinity of the intersection of the straight line portion and the hypotenuse of the right triangle, the spread of the coating liquid from the straight portion and the spread of the coating liquid from the hypotenuse overlap, and the spread width may be increased. Since the right triangle becomes narrower toward the tip, there will be less material that causes the tip to expand, and the extension width will also be smaller. It is conceivable that the radius of curvature of the corner portion obtained as a result becomes small.

  FIG. 3C is a sketch of a photograph of the produced sample. The radius of curvature of the rounding 56 in the corner portion of the alignment film 62 after drying was reduced. On the side, the rounded portion 56 of the corner portion swells slightly outside the side of the rectangle, and shows a shape that enters the inner edge 57 of the main seal formation region. In FIG. 3A, when the horizontal side length of the right triangle to be added is 0.7 mm ± 0.1 mm and the vertical side length is 0.8 mm ± 0.1 mm, the radius of curvature of the rounding 56 of the corner portion is 0.7 mm. there were. It has been found that the radius of curvature of the corner can be reduced to 1 mm or less.

  As exaggeratedly shown in FIG. 3D, the alignment film 62 has a rounding 56 including an expansion region 54 that expands laterally. The protrusion distance PJ from which the expansion region 54 protrudes from the straight line portion in the vertical direction was about 0.12 mm. It has been found that the distance of the expansion region that expands outward from the rectangle can be 0.15 mm or less. The straight line portion in the vertical direction is disposed inside the main seal region boundary 57. The overlap distance OL where the main seal region and the alignment film overlap was 0.1 mm or less. In order to suppress the protruding distance of the expansion region, it is desirable that the angle formed by the extension of the straight line portion on the side and the hypotenuse of the right triangle be 45 degrees or less.

Although the alignment film slightly enters below the main seal, since the overlap distance is about 0.1 mm or less, it can be said that there is no problem in the adhesion of the main seal. In the rectangular corner portion surrounded by the main seal, a region without an alignment film is generated. Considering a square with a side of 0.7 mm, ignoring the part that expands laterally and enters the lower part of the main seal, the width of the region without the alignment film is the maximum (0.7 ² +0.7 ² ) ^{1 / It is} about 2−0.7 = 0.3 (mm). This is a significant improvement compared to the maximum width of 0.8 mm when no additional region is formed. In practice, the maximum width could be made smaller, such as by taking in the expansion region.

  In the first embodiment, right-angled triangles are added to the upper and lower parts of a rectangular vertical parallel side. In the sample, a triangular additional region 51 having a height of 0.7 mm was applied in the horizontal direction, but the protruding distance of the expansion region formed in the peripheral portion in the horizontal direction of the alignment film 62 after drying was about 0.12 mm. It was something. Inflated regions were not formed on the upper and lower sides, and rounding in which the spreading width was reduced occurred at both ends. In the first embodiment, it is obvious that a modification in which the horizontal direction and the vertical direction are exchanged is possible.

  4A and 4B are plan views schematically showing the alignment film forming method according to the second embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 4A, a rectangular application region 50 is arranged inside the coating liquid spreading width w from a rectangular shape 58 which is a desired alignment film shape. In the corner portion of the application region 50, an additional region 52h having a right triangle projecting in the horizontal direction is formed above and below the vertical side. The process up to this point is the same as in the first embodiment. Furthermore, right-angled triangular additional regions 52v projecting in the vertical direction are also formed at the left and right ends of the horizontal side.

  FIG. 4B schematically shows the planar shape of the entire coating region 61 and the alignment film 62 after drying. A phenomenon similar to that in the first embodiment will occur in the peripheral portion in the horizontal direction. The peripheral portion in the vertical direction is affected by the newly applied additional region 54v. However, the spreading of the coating liquid is not oriented in the direction and is considered to be uniform within the surface, and the phenomenon that occurs will be the same as that in the peripheral portion in the horizontal direction. In the corner portion, the horizontal expansion portion and the vertical expansion portion will be combined.

  FIG. 4C is a plan view exaggerating the shape of the corner portion. The horizontal expansion region 54h having a protrusion distance PJh and the vertical expansion region 54v having a protrusion distance PJv are combined.

  Produced a sample in which two additional areas were formed in each corner with the length of the side in contact with the rectangle being 0.8 mm ± 0.1 mm and the height being 0.7 mm ± 0.1 mm, and the shape of the alignment film was improved. It was confirmed.

  When the finish of the sample was observed, it was confirmed that the expanded regions 54h and 54v were generated in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction in the rounded portion 56 as expected and formed as a combined shape.

  In the second embodiment, two right triangles are added to each corner portion of the rectangular application region. Instead of adding two triangles to one corner, it is also possible to form one additional region that protrudes from a rectangular orthogonal side at a predetermined angle.

  5A and 5B are plan views schematically showing an alignment film forming method according to the third embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 5A, in the corner portion of the rectangular application region 50, the horizontal side edge portion and the vertical side edge portion are bent outward to form apexes on the vertical direction and the horizontal direction outside of the rectangular application region 50. Form. The additional region 53 to be formed is defined by two oblique sides. Each of the horizontal parallel side and the vertical parallel side is considered to be bent outward at both ends to suppress the reduction (rounding) of the spread width and to reduce the radius of curvature of the corner portion. It is also conceivable to form an inflating part. Since the additional region 54d protrudes in the direction of 45 degrees obliquely and has a narrow width, it is expected that the radius of curvature of the inflated portion becomes small.

  FIG. 5B schematically shows the shape of the entire coating region 61 and the alignment film 62 after drying. It will be possible to suppress rounding at the corners, narrow the area without the alignment film, and suppress overlap with the main seal.

  A sample having a height similar to that of the above-described embodiment was prepared with the height of the hypotenuse of the additional region 53 being 0.7 mm ± 0.1 mm, the width projected in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction being 0.8 mm ± 0.1 mm, The effect of improving the alignment film shape was confirmed.

  When the finish of the sample was observed, it was confirmed that, as expected, in the rounded portion 56, the expanded portions 54h and 54v were generated in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction as in FIG. However, in the third embodiment, the overhang dimension of the rounded portion 56 is equal to that of the second embodiment, but R is finished small. This is presumably because the area of the additional region was smaller than in the second embodiment.

  From the second and third embodiments, the arrangement and shape of the additional region affect the overhanging dimension of the rounded portion 56, and the area of the additional region affects the size of the rounded portion, and consequently the radius of the rounded portion. It is thought that.

  As mentioned above, although this invention was demonstrated along the Example, this invention is not limited to these. For example, in the embodiment, to simplify the design, the additional region is defined by a straight line. However, as illustrated in FIG. 5C, the additional region 54 is defined by a curve that gradually curves outward from the straight part. It is also good. Only the hypotenuse of the right triangle addition region may be such a curve. This may be effective for shape control of the expansion region. The liquid crystal display device may be an active matrix type. Although the case where the alignment film is formed in a rectangular shape has been described, a predetermined shape other than a rectangular shape may be used. A functional thin film having a function other than the alignment function may be formed in the predetermined region with high accuracy. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, substitutions, improvements, combinations, and the like can be made.

P1, P2 polarizing plate,
w Spreading width,
d (nozzle) pitch,
PJ protrusion distance,
OL overlap distance,
11, 21 glass substrate,
12, 22 Transparent electrode,
13, 23 insulating film,
15, 25 alignment film,
31 Main seal,
32 conductive material,
40 nozzles,
50 application area,
51 Additional region (right triangle),
52 Additional areas (2),
53 Additional areas,
54 expansion region,
55 alignment film,
56 Rounding,
57 Main seal formation area,
58 rectangular shape (of alignment film),
61 Total application area,
62 Alignment film.

Claims (15)

  A functional thin film having a rectangular shape as a basic shape and rounded at each corner portion and having an expansion region expanding outward from the rectangle.   The functional thin film according to claim 1, wherein the functional thin film is an alignment film of a liquid crystal display device.   The functional thin film according to claim 1, wherein the expansion region bulges outward from a pair of opposing sides of the rectangle.     The functional thin film according to claim 1, wherein the expansion region bulges outward from two pairs of opposite sides of the rectangle.   The functional thin film according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a radius of curvature of the rounding is 1 mm or less, and a distance that the expansion region bulges outward from the rectangle is 0.15 mm or less. A pair of opposing glass substrates, an opposing transparent electrode formed above the inner surface of the pair of glass substrates, an opposing alignment film formed above the opposing transparent electrode, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the opposing alignment films And a pair of polarizing plates disposed above the outer surface of the pair of glass substrates,
A liquid crystal display device, wherein the alignment film has a rectangular shape as a basic shape, and has an expansion region that is rounded at each corner portion and expands outward from the rectangle.   The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, further comprising a main seal surrounding the liquid crystal layer, wherein the alignment film enters 0.1 mm or less below the main seal.   The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein the expansion region is expanded outward from a pair of opposing sides of the rectangle.   The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein the expansion area is expanded outward from two opposing sides of the rectangle.   10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 6, wherein a radius of curvature of the rounding is 1 mm or less, and a distance that the expansion region bulges outward from the rectangle is 0.15 mm or less. Applying a functional thin film by ink jet printing to the entire application area including the rectangular application area on the ground plane and the additional area extending out of the rectangle at each corner of the rectangle;
The applied functional thin film liquid is allowed to spread outward while being dried to form a functional thin film;
A functional thin film forming method comprising:   12. The functionality according to claim 11, wherein the additional region is four regions of a right triangle connected to ends of a pair of opposing sides of the rectangle and arranged to extend another pair of opposing sides of the rectangle. Thin film deposition method.   The functionality according to claim 11, wherein the additional region is eight regions of a right triangle connected to ends of opposite sides of each pair of the rectangles and arranged to extend the opposite sides of the other pairs of the rectangles. Thin film deposition method.   The functional thin film forming method according to claim 11, wherein the additional regions are four regions from each corner of the rectangle toward one point outside each opposite side of the rectangle.   The functional thin film forming method according to claim 11, wherein the additional regions are four regions defined by curves that gradually bend outward from a straight line portion at each corner of the rectangle.

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