JP2010165511A - Film for touch panel, and its roll - Google Patents
Film for touch panel, and its roll Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010165511A JP2010165511A JP2009005653A JP2009005653A JP2010165511A JP 2010165511 A JP2010165511 A JP 2010165511A JP 2009005653 A JP2009005653 A JP 2009005653A JP 2009005653 A JP2009005653 A JP 2009005653A JP 2010165511 A JP2010165511 A JP 2010165511A
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- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 18
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 16
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920006267 polyester film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003504 2-oxazolinyl group Chemical group O1C(=NCC1)* 0.000 description 2
- LPIQIQPLUVLISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=NCCO1 LPIQIQPLUVLISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNGOYPQMJFJDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(=O)OC)=C1 VNGOYPQMJFJDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- WOZVHXUHUFLZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl terephthalate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OC)C=C1 WOZVHXUHUFLZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dioxabicyclo[6.2.2]dodeca-1(10),8,11-triene-2,7-dione Chemical group O=C1OCCOC(=O)C2=CC=C1C=C2 MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bisulfite Chemical compound [Na+].OS([O-])=O DWAQJAXMDSEUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-ol;titanium Chemical compound [Ti].CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO.CCCCO FPCJKVGGYOAWIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- GYUVMLBYMPKZAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate Chemical compound C1=C(C(=O)OC)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)OC)=CC=C21 GYUVMLBYMPKZAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009775 high-speed stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010267 sodium hydrogen sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Surface Treatment Of Optical Elements (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Position Input By Displaying (AREA)
- Push-Button Switches (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
【課題】タッチパネルの製造工程でのオフアニール処理においてもフィルムの湾曲が無く、透明性の低下が少ない、タッチパネルの製造に用いられるフィルムおよびそのロールを提供する。
【解決手段】ポリエチレンテレフタレートからなる厚み35〜250μmの二軸延伸フィルムおよびその両面に設けられた厚み50〜100nmの塗布層からなるタッチパネル用フィルムであって、配向角の最大値が30〜50°であり、150℃で30分間放置したときの該フィルムの熱収縮率のフィルム面内の最小値が0.5%以上、最大値が0.8%以下であることを特徴とするタッチパネル用フィルム。
【選択図】なしDisclosed is a film used for manufacturing a touch panel and a roll thereof, in which the film is not curved even in an off-annealing process in the manufacturing process of the touch panel, and the decrease in transparency is small.
A film for a touch panel comprising a biaxially stretched film having a thickness of 35 to 250 μm made of polyethylene terephthalate and a coating layer having a thickness of 50 to 100 nm provided on both sides thereof, wherein the maximum value of the orientation angle is 30 to 50 °. A film for a touch panel, wherein the film has a minimum value of 0.5% or more and a maximum value of 0.8% or less of the thermal contraction rate when left at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes. .
[Selection figure] None
Description
本発明は、タッチパネル用フィルムおよびそのロールに関する。 The present invention relates to a film for a touch panel and a roll thereof.
抵抗膜式タッチパネルは、上面電極と下部電極の2枚の透明な基材で構成されており、一般的に、上部電極には二軸延伸ポリエステルフィルム、下部電極にはガラスが用いられている。上部電極には、二軸延伸ポリエステルフィルムにアクリル系ハードコート層およびITO膜が2次加工工程およびそれ以降の加工工程で積層される。これらの加工工程で、フィルムは140〜150℃の温度に60分程度さらされる。このため、フィルムが湾曲したり、オリゴマーが析出して透明性が低下する問題がある。オリゴマーの析出を抑制する方法として、フィルムの両側にハードコート層を設けることが行われている。 The resistive touch panel is composed of two transparent base materials, an upper electrode and a lower electrode. In general, a biaxially stretched polyester film is used for the upper electrode and glass is used for the lower electrode. On the upper electrode, an acrylic hard coat layer and an ITO film are laminated on a biaxially stretched polyester film in a secondary processing step and subsequent processing steps. In these processing steps, the film is exposed to a temperature of 140 to 150 ° C. for about 60 minutes. For this reason, there is a problem that the film is curved or the oligomer is precipitated and the transparency is lowered. As a method for suppressing the precipitation of the oligomer, a hard coat layer is provided on both sides of the film.
両面にハードコート層を設けることはコストの面で不利であることから、ハードコート層はフィルムの片面にのみ設けることが望ましい。この場合、ハードコート層を設けた面とは反対の面に、透明導電層、例えばITO層を設けて積層体とする。この積層体は、さらに140〜150℃の温度で60分間程度オフアニール処理される。フィルムとして通常のポリエステルフィルムを用いると、オフアニール処理で積層体が湾曲してしまう。本発明は、タッチパネルの製造工程でのオフアニール処理においてもフィルムの湾曲が無く、透明性の低下が少ない、タッチパネルの製造に用いられるフィルムおよびそのロールを提供することを課題とする。 Since providing a hard coat layer on both sides is disadvantageous in terms of cost, it is desirable to provide a hard coat layer only on one side of the film. In this case, a transparent conductive layer, for example, an ITO layer is provided on the surface opposite to the surface on which the hard coat layer is provided to form a laminate. This laminated body is further subjected to an off-annealing process at a temperature of 140 to 150 ° C. for about 60 minutes. When a normal polyester film is used as the film, the laminate is bent by the off-annealing process. This invention makes it a subject to provide the film used for manufacture of a touch panel, and its roll which does not have the curvature of a film also in the off-annealing process in the manufacturing process of a touch panel, and there is little fall of transparency.
すなわち本発明は、ポリエチレンテレフタレートからなる厚み35〜250μmの二軸延伸フィルムおよびその両面に設けられた厚み50〜100nmの塗布層からなるタッチパネル用フィルムであって、配向角の最大値が30〜50°であり、150℃で30分間放置したときの該フィルムの熱収縮率のフィルム面内の最小値が0.5%以上、最大値が0.8%以下であることを特徴とするタッチパネル用フィルムである。 That is, the present invention is a film for a touch panel composed of a biaxially stretched film having a thickness of 35 to 250 μm made of polyethylene terephthalate and a coating layer having a thickness of 50 to 100 nm provided on both surfaces thereof, and has a maximum orientation angle of 30 to 50. The minimum value in the film plane of the heat shrinkage rate of the film when left at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes is 0.5% or more and the maximum value is 0.8% or less. It is a film.
本発明によれば、タッチパネルの製造工程でのオフアニール処理においてもフィルムの湾曲が無く、透明性の低下が少ない、タッチパネルの製造に用いられるフィルムおよびそのロールを提供することができる。 ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the film used for manufacture of a touchscreen which does not have the curvature of a film also in the off-annealing process in the manufacturing process of a touchscreen, and there is little fall of transparency, and its roll can be provided.
以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
[二軸延伸フィルム]
本発明における二軸延伸フィルムは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートからなる二軸延伸フィルムである。
本発明におけるポリエチレンテレフタレートは、エチレンテレフタレート単位を、全繰返し単位を基準に95モル%以上、好ましくは98モル%以上の繰り返し単位としてなるポリエステルである。これは、ホモポリマーであってもよく、共重合ポリマーであってもよい。共重合ポリマーである場合、共重合成分として、例えば、イソフタル酸、ナフタレンジカルボン酸、ジエチレングリコールを用いることができる。ポリエチレンテレフタレートとして最も好ましいものは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートホモポリマーである。
タッチパネル用フィルムとしての機械的特性を得るために二軸延伸フィルムの厚みは、30〜250μm、好ましくは70〜225μmである。
[Biaxially stretched film]
The biaxially stretched film in the present invention is a biaxially stretched film made of polyethylene terephthalate.
The polyethylene terephthalate in the present invention is a polyester having ethylene terephthalate units as 95 mol% or more, preferably 98 mol% or more of repeating units based on all repeating units. This may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. In the case of a copolymer, for example, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, or diethylene glycol can be used as the copolymer component. Most preferred as polyethylene terephthalate is a polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer.
In order to obtain mechanical properties as a film for a touch panel, the biaxially stretched film has a thickness of 30 to 250 μm, preferably 70 to 225 μm.
[塗布層]
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートの二軸延伸フィルムの両面に塗布層を備える。この塗布層の厚みは50〜100nmである。塗布層の厚みがこの範囲にないとフィルム上にハードコート層を設けたときに干渉縞が生じてしまいタッチパネルの用途に適さない。
[Coating layer]
The film for a touch panel of the present invention includes coating layers on both sides of a biaxially stretched film of polyethylene terephthalate. The thickness of this coating layer is 50 to 100 nm. If the thickness of the coating layer is not within this range, interference fringes are generated when a hard coat layer is provided on the film, which is not suitable for use as a touch panel.
高分子バインダーは、ハードコート層および透明導電層との特に良好な接着性を得る観点から、ポリエステル樹脂およびオキサゾリン基とポリアルキレンオキシド鎖とを有するアクリル樹脂の混合物であることが好ましい。この高分子バインダーは、水に可溶性または分散性のものが好ましいが、多少の有機溶剤を含有する水に可溶なものも用いることができる。高分子バインダーのポリエステル樹脂のガラス転移点は、好ましくは40〜100℃、さらに好ましくは60〜80℃である。この範囲であれば、優れた接着性、耐傷性、耐ブロッキング性および塗布概観を得ることができる。高分子バインダーを構成するポリエステル樹脂の、塗布層中での含有割合は、好ましくは5〜95重量%、さらに好ましくは50〜90重量%である。高分子バインダーを構成するオキサゾリン基とポリアルキレンオキシド鎖とを有するアクリル樹脂の、塗布層中での含有割合は、好ましくは5〜95重量%、さらに好ましくは10〜50重量%である。高分子バインダーがこの範囲の組成であることで、ハードコート層および透明導電層との良好な接着性を得るとともに、フィルムへの密着性を得ることができる。 The polymer binder is preferably a polyester resin and a mixture of an acrylic resin having an oxazoline group and a polyalkylene oxide chain from the viewpoint of obtaining particularly good adhesion to the hard coat layer and the transparent conductive layer. The polymer binder is preferably soluble or dispersible in water, but water-soluble one containing some organic solvent can also be used. The glass transition point of the polyester resin of the polymer binder is preferably 40 to 100 ° C, more preferably 60 to 80 ° C. Within this range, excellent adhesion, scratch resistance, blocking resistance and coating appearance can be obtained. The content of the polyester resin constituting the polymer binder in the coating layer is preferably 5 to 95% by weight, more preferably 50 to 90% by weight. The content ratio of the acrylic resin having an oxazoline group and a polyalkylene oxide chain constituting the polymer binder in the coating layer is preferably 5 to 95% by weight, more preferably 10 to 50% by weight. When the polymer binder has a composition within this range, good adhesion to the hard coat layer and the transparent conductive layer can be obtained, and adhesion to the film can be obtained.
塗布層は、フィルムに滑り性を付与するために、微粒子を含有することが好ましい。微粒子としては例えば無機微粒子、有機微粒子、有機無機複合粒子を用いることができる。微粒子の平均粒径は、例えば100〜500nmである。
塗布層は、加工時の剥離帯電による異物の付着を防止するために、帯電防止剤を含有している方が好ましい。耐電防止剤を含有する場合、塗布層の重量を基準として、好ましくは2〜5重量%である。この範囲で含有することにより、接着性および密着性を損なうことなく、異物の付着を防止する帯電防止性を付与することができる。
The coating layer preferably contains fine particles in order to impart slipperiness to the film. As the fine particles, for example, inorganic fine particles, organic fine particles, and organic-inorganic composite particles can be used. The average particle diameter of the fine particles is, for example, 100 to 500 nm.
The coating layer preferably contains an antistatic agent in order to prevent adhesion of foreign matter due to peeling charging during processing. When it contains an antistatic agent, it is preferably 2 to 5% by weight based on the weight of the coating layer. By containing in this range, the antistatic property which prevents adhesion of a foreign material can be provided, without impairing adhesiveness and adhesiveness.
[配向角の最大値]
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムはフィルムの配向角の最大値が30〜50°である。この範囲の配向角であることで、タッチパネルとして適した、目視で確認できる傷の少ないフィルムであることができる。この配向角は、製膜されたフィルムをロール状に巻き取ったフィルムロールにおいて、フィルムの巾方向を基準線0°としたときに、フィルムの配向が基準線となす角である。すなわち、本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムの巾方向における配向角の最大値は30〜50°である。本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムを製造するためには、タッチパネルの用途に適するように、目視で確認できる傷をつけることなく製造することが必要であり、このためには同時二軸延伸法で延伸する必要がある。同時二軸延伸法で得られる二軸延伸フィルムは、逐次二軸延伸法で得られる二軸延伸フィルムに比べて配向角が高く、フィルムの巾方向における配向角の最大値が30°以上となる。配向角の最大値は高々50°である。
[Maximum orientation angle]
The maximum value of the orientation angle of the film for a touch panel of the present invention is 30 to 50 °. When the orientation angle is within this range, the film can be a film that is suitable as a touch panel and has few scratches that can be visually confirmed. This orientation angle is an angle between the orientation of the film and the reference line when the film width direction of the film is a reference line of 0 ° in a film roll obtained by winding the formed film into a roll. That is, the maximum value of the orientation angle in the width direction of the film for a touch panel of the present invention is 30 to 50 °. In order to produce the film for a touch panel of the present invention, it is necessary to produce the film without visually damaging it so as to be suitable for the use of the touch panel. For this purpose, the film is stretched by a simultaneous biaxial stretching method. There is a need. The biaxially stretched film obtained by the simultaneous biaxial stretching method has a higher orientation angle than the biaxially stretched film obtained by the sequential biaxial stretching method, and the maximum orientation angle in the width direction of the film is 30 ° or more. . The maximum value of the orientation angle is at most 50 °.
[熱収縮率]
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムは、150℃で30分間放置したときの該フィルムの熱収縮率のフィルム面内の最小値が0.5%以上かつ最大値が0.8%以下であり、好ましくは熱収縮率のフィルム面内の最小値が0.5%以上かつ最大値が0.7%以下である。最小値が0.5%未満であるとオフアニールした後、ハードコート層を設けた面を内側にしてフィルムが湾曲してしまう。他方、0.8%を超えるとオフアニールした後、透明導電層を設けた面を内側にしてフィルムが湾曲してしまう。本発明での熱収縮率のフィルム面内の最小値および最大値は、TD方向を基準に45°刻みで測定した熱収縮率の最小値および最大値であり、具体的には、TD方向、TDと45°の方向、TDと90°の方向、TDと135°の方向について熱収縮率を測定し、この測定での最小値をフィルム面上での熱収縮率の最小値とし、最大値をフィルム面上での熱収縮率の最大値とした。
[Heat shrinkage]
The film for a touch panel of the present invention has a minimum value of 0.5% or more and a maximum value of 0.8% or less of the heat shrinkage rate of the film when left at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes, preferably, The minimum value of the heat shrinkage rate in the film surface is 0.5% or more and the maximum value is 0.7% or less. If the minimum value is less than 0.5%, after the off-annealing, the film is curved with the surface provided with the hard coat layer inside. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.8%, after the off-annealing, the film is curved with the surface provided with the transparent conductive layer facing inward. The minimum value and the maximum value in the film surface of the heat shrinkage rate in the present invention are the minimum value and the maximum value of the heat shrinkage rate measured in 45 ° increments with respect to the TD direction, specifically, in the TD direction, The thermal shrinkage rate is measured in the direction of TD and 45 °, in the direction of TD and 90 °, and in the direction of TD and 135 °, and the minimum value in this measurement is the minimum value of the thermal shrinkage rate on the film surface. Was the maximum value of the heat shrinkage on the film surface.
[透明性]
本発明においては、150℃で60分間常圧で放置する前後でのヘーズ変化ΔHzが、好ましくは5%以下である。この範囲のヘーズ変化ΔHであることで、タッチパネルと表示体を組み合わせたときに表示を明瞭に見ることができる。
[transparency]
In the present invention, the haze change ΔHz before and after standing at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes at normal pressure is preferably 5% or less. With the haze change ΔH within this range, the display can be clearly seen when the touch panel and the display body are combined.
[製造方法]
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムを製造するためには、縦延伸倍率と横延伸倍率の差を低くして、同時二軸延伸法にて延伸することが肝要である。以下、ポリエステルの融点をTm、ガラス転移温度をTgと略記する。本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムは、まず、ポリエステルを溶融し、シート状に押出し、冷却ドラムで冷却して未延伸フィルムとし、該未延伸フィルムを二軸方向に同時に延伸し、熱固定し、熱弛緩処理することによって得ることができる。具体的には、ポリエステルを、(Tm+10℃)〜(Tm+30℃)の温度で溶融し、押出して未延伸フィルムとし、該未延伸フィルムを同時に二軸方向に、Tg〜(Tg+10℃)の温度で縦方向に3.3〜3.4倍、横方向に3.4〜3.5倍の倍率で延伸する。得られた延伸フィルムを、(Tg+60)〜Tmの温度で熱固定する。例えばポリエステルが、ポリエチレンテレフタレートホモポリマーである場合、230〜240℃の温度で、1〜60秒の時間熱固定処理するのが好ましい。
[Production method]
In order to produce the touch panel film of the present invention, it is important to reduce the difference between the longitudinal stretching ratio and the lateral stretching ratio and to perform stretching by the simultaneous biaxial stretching method. Hereinafter, the melting point of polyester is abbreviated as Tm, and the glass transition temperature is abbreviated as Tg. The film for a touch panel of the present invention is prepared by first melting polyester, extruding it into a sheet, cooling it with a cooling drum to form an unstretched film, stretching the unstretched film simultaneously in biaxial directions, heat fixing, and thermal relaxation. It can be obtained by processing. Specifically, the polyester is melted at a temperature of (Tm + 10 ° C.) to (Tm + 30 ° C.), extruded to be an unstretched film, and the unstretched film is simultaneously biaxially at a temperature of Tg to (Tg + 10 ° C.). The film is stretched at a magnification of 3.3 to 3.4 times in the longitudinal direction and 3.4 to 3.5 times in the transverse direction. The obtained stretched film is heat-set at a temperature of (Tg + 60) to Tm. For example, when polyester is a polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer, it is preferable to heat-set at a temperature of 230 to 240 ° C. for 1 to 60 seconds.
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムを、タッチパネルに加工するためには、片面にハードコート層を設ける加工を施し、ハードコート加工施していない面に透明導電層を設ける 加工を施し、製品サイズに裁断し、140〜150℃の温度で60分間程度フオフアニールを行い、必要な回路を形成するための絶縁体および導電体を印刷し、透明基材と組み合わせてタッチパネルとする。 In order to process the film for a touch panel of the present invention into a touch panel, a process for providing a hard coat layer on one side is performed, a process for providing a transparent conductive layer on a surface not subjected to a hard coat process is performed, and the product is cut into product sizes. Fough annealing is performed at a temperature of 140 to 150 ° C. for about 60 minutes, and an insulator and a conductor for forming a necessary circuit are printed, and combined with a transparent substrate to form a touch panel.
以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明する。評価は以下の方法で行った。
(1)定義
・製品位置
実施例において、「製品位置」とはミルロールのフィルム面上のTD方向での位置であり、「製品中央部」とはTD方向での中央部であり、「製品端部」とはTD方向での端部から30cm内側(中央部に近い方)の位置である。
・ミルロール
「ミルロール」は、製膜直後に二軸延伸フィルムをロール状に巻いたフィルムロールである。これは、製品サイズにスリットするスリット工程を経る前のロールである。
・延伸倍率
縦延伸倍率は、テンター内縦延伸ゾーン入口でのクリップ速度と出口でのクリップ速度との比(出口での速度/入口での速度)であり、横延伸倍率は、テンター内の横延伸ゾーンの入口での幅と出口での幅との比(出口幅/入口幅)である。
・MD方向、TD方向
MD方向はフィルムの延伸方向であり、TD方向はMD方向と直交する方向、すなわちフィルムの巾方向である。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically by way of examples. Evaluation was performed by the following method.
(1) Definition / Product Position In the examples, “product position” is the position in the TD direction on the film surface of the mill roll, and “product center” is the center in the TD direction. “Part” means a position 30 cm inside (closer to the center) from the end in the TD direction.
-Mill roll "Mill roll" is a film roll obtained by winding a biaxially stretched film into a roll immediately after film formation. This is a roll before undergoing a slitting process for slitting to the product size.
-Stretch ratio The longitudinal stretch ratio is the ratio of the clip speed at the entrance of the longitudinal stretch zone in the tenter and the clip speed at the exit (speed at the exit / speed at the entrance), and the lateral stretch ratio is the transverse speed in the tenter. It is the ratio of the width at the entrance of the stretching zone to the width at the exit (exit width / inlet width).
MD direction, TD direction The MD direction is the stretching direction of the film, and the TD direction is the direction perpendicular to the MD direction, that is, the width direction of the film.
(2)配向角
ミルロールの全巾(TD方向)を10cmごとに、一辺がTD方向、もう一辺がMD方向となるように、一辺が10cmの正方形に切り出し、配向角測定用のサンプルフィルムとした。サンプルフィルムのTD方向を0°として、神崎製紙(株)製MOA−2001Aのマイクロ波分子配向計を用いて、透過マイクロ波強度のパターンからフィルムの配向角を求めた。
(2) Orientation angle The total width (TD direction) of the mill roll is cut into a 10 cm square so that one side is in the TD direction and the other side is in the MD direction every 10 cm to obtain a sample film for measuring the orientation angle. . The TD direction of the sample film was set to 0 °, and the orientation angle of the film was determined from the transmission microwave intensity pattern using a microwave molecular orientation meter of MOA-2001A manufactured by Kanzaki Paper Co., Ltd.
(3)熱収縮率
測定対象の「製品位置」から、長さ40cm巾5cmの長方形のサンプルを切り出した。このときサンプルの中心と製品位置が一致するようにし、TD方向、TD方向、TDと45°の方向、TDと90°の方向、TDと135°の方向が長辺になるように4種類のサンプルを切り出した。これらのサンプルについて、各サンプルを50℃で30分間放置したときの熱収縮率を標点間距離30cmで測定した。標点は2つの標点の中心がサンプルの中心になるように付与した。熱収縮率の測定は、TD方向を基準に45°刻みで行い、TD方向、TDと45°の方向、TDと90°の方向、TDと135°の方向について行った。この測定での最小値をフィルム面上での熱収縮率の最小値とし、最大値をフィルム面上での熱収縮率の最大値とした。
(3) Heat Shrinkage A rectangular sample having a length of 40 cm and a width of 5 cm was cut out from the “product position” to be measured. At this time, the center of the sample coincides with the product position, and the TD direction, TD direction, TD and 45 ° direction, TD and 90 ° direction, and TD and 135 ° direction are the long sides. A sample was cut out. About these samples, the thermal contraction rate when each sample was left to stand for 30 minutes at 50 degreeC was measured by 30 cm of distance between gauge points. The gage was assigned so that the center of the two gage points was the center of the sample. The thermal contraction rate was measured in 45 ° increments with respect to the TD direction, and was performed in the TD direction, the TD and 45 ° directions, the TD and 90 ° directions, and the TD and 135 ° directions. The minimum value in this measurement was set as the minimum value of the heat shrinkage rate on the film surface, and the maximum value was set as the maximum value of the heat shrinkage rate on the film surface.
(4)ヘーズ変化
フィルムのヘーズを測定しHz0(%)とした。フィルムを150℃で60分間常圧で放置した後のヘーズを測定してHz1(%)とした。ヘーズの変化ΔHz(%)を下記式で算出した。なお、ヘーズは、JIS K7136に準じ、日本電色工業社製のヘーズ測定器(NDH−2000)を使用して測定した。
ΔHz(%)=Hz1(%)−Hz0(%)
(4) Haze change The haze of the film was measured and set to Hz 0 (%). The haze after the film was allowed to stand at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes at normal pressure was measured to obtain Hz 1 (%). The change in haze ΔHz (%) was calculated by the following formula. In addition, haze was measured using the Nippon Denshoku Industries Co., Ltd. haze measuring device (NDH-2000) according to JISK7136.
ΔHz (%) = Hz 1 (%) − Hz 0 (%)
(5)湾曲
フィルムの片面にハードコート加工を施した積層体について測定し、下記基準で測定した。なお、ハードコート加工は、大日精化製ハードコート剤EXF−D3006(NS)を5700重量部、信越化学社製界面活性剤KP−361を1重量部、メチルエチルケトン(MEK)3800重量部からなる塗液をフィルムの一方の面に塗布、乾燥(70℃1分間)およびUV照射(300mJ/cm2)することにより形成することで行った。この積層体を、150℃で60分間、常圧で放置し、一辺がTD方向、もう一辺がMD方向となるように、一辺が10cmの正方形に切り出し、凸に湾曲している面を下に向けて基準平面上に静置し、正方向の四隅の基準平面からの高さを測定した。湾曲を下記の基準で評価した。
○:四隅の高さの最大値が3mm以下
△:四隅の高さの最大値が3mm以上5mm未満
×:四隅の高さの最大値が5mm以上
(5) Curvature Measurement was performed on a laminate obtained by applying a hard coat to one side of the film, and the measurement was performed according to the following criteria. In addition, hard coat processing consists of 5700 parts by weight of hard coat agent EXF-D3006 (NS) manufactured by Dainichi Seika, 1 part by weight of surfactant KP-361 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., and 3800 parts by weight of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The liquid was applied to one surface of the film, formed by drying (70 ° C. for 1 minute) and UV irradiation (300 mJ / cm 2 ). This laminate is left at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes under normal pressure, and is cut into a square of 10 cm on one side so that one side is in the TD direction and the other side is in the MD direction. It was left to stand on the reference plane and the height from the reference plane at the four corners in the positive direction was measured. The curvature was evaluated according to the following criteria.
○: Maximum height of the four corners is 3 mm or less Δ: Maximum height of the four corners is 3 mm or more and less than 5 mm ×: Maximum height of the four corners is 5 mm or more
[実施例1]
溶融ポリエチレンテレフタレート([η]=0.63dl/g、Tg=78℃)をダイより押出し、常法により冷却ドラムで冷却して未延伸フィルムとし、次いでその両面に表1に示す塗剤1組成からなる塗剤の濃度8%の水性塗液をロールコーターで均一に塗布して塗布フィルムを得た。塗布フィルムを、引き続いて95℃で乾燥し、120℃で縦方向に3.3倍、横方向に3.5倍の延伸倍率で、縦横方向を同時に延伸し、240℃で熱固定し、厚さ125μm、巾3.5m、長さ2000mのタッチパネル用フィルムのミルロールを得た。評価結果を表2および表3に示す。
[Example 1]
Molten polyethylene terephthalate ([η] = 0.63 dl / g, Tg = 78 ° C.) is extruded from a die and cooled with a cooling drum by a conventional method to form an unstretched film. A coating film was obtained by uniformly applying an aqueous coating solution having a concentration of 8% with a roll coater. The coated film was subsequently dried at 95 ° C., stretched at 120 ° C. in the machine direction at a stretch ratio of 3.3 times in the machine direction and 3.5 times in the transverse direction, and heat-fixed at 240 ° C. A mill roll of a film for a touch panel having a thickness of 125 μm, a width of 3.5 m, and a length of 2000 m was obtained. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
なお、表1の塗剤の各成分は次のとおりである。「部」は重量部を意味する。 In addition, each component of the coating agent of Table 1 is as follows. “Parts” means parts by weight.
ポリエステル樹脂1:
酸成分がテレフタル酸90モル%/イソフタル酸5モル%/5−ナトリウムスルホイソフタル酸5モル%、グリコール成分がエチレングリコール90モル%/ジエチレングリコール10モル%で構成されている(Tg=70℃、平均分子量15000)。ポリエステル樹脂1は、特開平06−116487号公報の実施例1に記載の方法に準じて下記の通り製造した。すなわち、テレフタル酸ジメチル53部、イソフタル酸ジメチル3部、5−ナトリウムスルホイソフタル酸ジメチル5部、エチレングリコール36部、ジエチレングリコール3部を反応器に仕込み、これにテトラブトキシチタン0.05部を添加して窒素雰囲気下で温度を230℃にコントロールして加熱し、生成するメタノールを留去させてエステル交換反応を行った。次いで反応系の温度を徐々に255℃まで上昇させ系内を1mmHgの減圧にして重縮合反応を行い、ポリエステル樹脂1を得た。
Polyester resin 1:
The acid component is composed of 90 mol% of terephthalic acid / 5 mol% of isophthalic acid / 5 mol% of 5-sodium sulfoisophthalic acid, and the glycol component is composed of 90 mol% of ethylene glycol / 10 mol% of diethylene glycol (Tg = 70 ° C., average Molecular weight 15000). The polyester resin 1 was produced as follows according to the method described in Example 1 of JP-A-06-116487. That is, 53 parts of dimethyl terephthalate, 3 parts of dimethyl isophthalate, 5 parts of dimethyl 5-sodium sulfoisophthalate, 36 parts of ethylene glycol and 3 parts of diethylene glycol were charged into the reactor, and 0.05 part of tetrabutoxy titanium was added thereto. Then, the temperature was controlled at 230 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the produced methanol was distilled off to conduct a transesterification reaction. Subsequently, the temperature of the reaction system was gradually raised to 255 ° C., and the inside of the system was reduced to 1 mmHg to carry out a polycondensation reaction, whereby a polyester resin 1 was obtained.
ポリエステル樹脂2:
酸成分が2,6−ナフタレンジカルボン酸75モル%/イソフタル酸20モル%/5−ナトリウムスルホイソフタル酸5モル%、グリコール成分がエチレングリコール90モル%/ジエチレングリコール10モル%で構成されている(Tg=80℃、平均分子量15000)。ポリエステル樹脂2は、下記の通り製造した。すなわち、2,6−ナフタレンジカルボン酸ジメチル51部、イソフタル酸ジメチル11部、5−ナトリウムスルホイソフタル酸ジメチル4部、エチレングリコール31部、ジエチレングリコール2部を反応器に仕込み、これにテトラブトキシチタン0.05部を添加して窒素雰囲気下で温度を230℃にコントロールして加熱し、生成するメタノールを留去させてエステル交換反応を行った。次いで攪拌器のモータートルクの高い重合釜で反応系の温度を徐々に255℃まで上昇させ系内を1mmHgの減圧にして重縮合反応を行い、固有粘度が0.56のポリエステル樹脂2を得た。このポリエステル25部をテトラヒドロフラン75部に溶解させ、得られた溶液に10000回転/分の高速攪拌下で水75部を滴下して乳白色の分散体を得、次いでこの分散体を20mmHgの減圧下で蒸留し、テトラヒドロフランを留去して、ポリエステル樹脂2の水分散体を得た。
Polyester resin 2:
The acid component is composed of 75 mol% of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid / 20 mol% of isophthalic acid / 5 mol% of 5-sodium sulfoisophthalic acid, and the glycol component is composed of 90 mol% of ethylene glycol / 10 mol% of diethylene glycol (Tg). = 80 ° C., average molecular weight 15000). Polyester resin 2 was produced as follows. That is, 51 parts of dimethyl 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, 11 parts of dimethyl isophthalate, 4 parts of dimethyl 5-sodium sulfoisophthalate, 31 parts of ethylene glycol and 2 parts of diethylene glycol were charged into a reactor. 05 parts were added, the temperature was controlled at 230 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the resulting methanol was distilled off to conduct a transesterification reaction. Subsequently, the temperature of the reaction system was gradually raised to 255 ° C. in a polymerization kettle with high motor torque of the stirrer, and the inside of the system was reduced to 1 mmHg to carry out a polycondensation reaction to obtain a polyester resin 2 having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.56. . 25 parts of this polyester was dissolved in 75 parts of tetrahydrofuran, and 75 parts of water was dropped into the resulting solution under high-speed stirring at 10,000 rpm to obtain a milky white dispersion. Then, this dispersion was subjected to a reduced pressure of 20 mmHg. Distillation was performed to distill off the tetrahydrofuran to obtain an aqueous dispersion of polyester resin 2.
架橋剤:
メチルメタクリレート10モル%/2−イソプロペニル−2−オキサゾリン70モル%/ポリエチレンオキシド(n=10)メタクリレート5モル%/アクリルアミド15モル%で構成されている(Tg=100℃)。なお、架橋剤は、特開昭63−37167号公報の製造例1〜3に記載の方法に準じて下記の通り製造した。すなわち、四つ口フラスコに、イオン交換水302部を仕込んで窒素気流中で60℃まで昇温させ、次いで重合開始剤として過硫酸アンモニウム0.5部、亜硫酸水素ナトリウム0.2部を添加し、メタクリル酸メチル7.8部、2−イソプロペニル−2−オキサゾリン52.8部、ポリエチレンオキシド(n=10)メタクリル酸20.4部、アクリルアミド6.6部の混合物を3時間にわたり、液温が60〜70℃になるよう調整しながら滴下した。滴下終了後も同温度範囲に2時間保持しつつ、撹拌下に反応を継続させ、次いで冷却して固形分が25%の架橋剤の水分散体を得た。
Cross-linking agent:
It is composed of 10 mol% methyl methacrylate / 2 mol% 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline / 5 mol% polyethylene oxide (n = 10) methacrylate / 15 mol% acrylamide (Tg = 100 ° C.). The crosslinking agent was produced as follows according to the method described in Production Examples 1 to 3 of JP-A No. 63-37167. That is, 302 parts of ion-exchanged water was charged into a four-necked flask and the temperature was raised to 60 ° C. in a nitrogen stream, then 0.5 parts of ammonium persulfate and 0.2 parts of sodium bisulfite were added as a polymerization initiator, A mixture of methyl methacrylate (7.8 parts), 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline (52.8 parts), polyethylene oxide (n = 10) methacrylic acid (20.4 parts) and acrylamide (6.6 parts) was stirred for 3 hours. The solution was added dropwise while adjusting to 60 to 70 ° C. After the completion of dropping, the reaction was continued under stirring while maintaining the same temperature range for 2 hours, and then cooled to obtain an aqueous dispersion of a crosslinking agent having a solid content of 25%.
添加剤:
帯電防止剤(複合資材株式会社製 商品名エレカットL)
Additive:
Antistatic agent (trade name ELECUT L, manufactured by Composite Materials Co., Ltd.)
[比較例1]
溶融ポリエチレンテレフタレート([η]=0.63dl/g、Tg=78℃)をダイより押出し、常法により冷却ドラムで冷却して未延伸フィルムとし、次いでその両面に表1に示す塗剤1組成からなる塗剤の濃度8%の水性塗液をロールコーターで均一に塗布して塗布フィルムを得た。塗布フィルムを、引き続いて95℃で乾燥し、120℃で縦方向に3.2倍、横方向に3.7倍の延伸倍率で、縦横方向を同時に延伸し、220℃で熱固定し、厚さ125μm、巾3.5m、長さ2000mのタッチパネル用フィルムのミルロールを得た。評価結果を表2に示す。
[Comparative Example 1]
Molten polyethylene terephthalate ([η] = 0.63 dl / g, Tg = 78 ° C.) is extruded from a die and cooled with a cooling drum by a conventional method to form an unstretched film. A coating film was obtained by uniformly applying an aqueous coating solution having a concentration of 8% with a roll coater. The coated film was subsequently dried at 95 ° C., stretched at 120 ° C. at a stretching ratio of 3.2 times in the machine direction and 3.7 times in the transverse direction at the same time in the machine and transverse directions, and heat-set at 220 ° C. A mill roll of a film for a touch panel having a thickness of 125 μm, a width of 3.5 m, and a length of 2000 m was obtained. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
[比較例2]
溶融ポリエチレンテレフタレート([η]=0.63dl/g、Tg=78℃)をダイより押出し、常法により冷却ドラムで冷却して未延伸フィルムとし、次いでその両面に表1に示す塗剤1組成からなる塗剤の濃度8%の水性塗液をロールコーターで均一に塗布して塗布フィルムを得た。塗布フィルムを、引き続いて95℃で乾燥し、120℃で縦方向に3.2倍、横方向に3.7倍の延伸倍率で、縦横方向を同時に延伸し、230℃で熱固定し、厚さ125μm、巾3.5m、長さ2000mのタッチパネル用フィルムのミルロールを得た。評価結果を表2に示す。
[Comparative Example 2]
Molten polyethylene terephthalate ([η] = 0.63 dl / g, Tg = 78 ° C.) is extruded from a die and cooled with a cooling drum by a conventional method to form an unstretched film. A coating film was obtained by uniformly applying an aqueous coating solution having a concentration of 8% with a roll coater. The coated film was subsequently dried at 95 ° C., stretched at 120 ° C. at a stretching ratio of 3.2 times in the machine direction and 3.7 times in the transverse direction at the same time in the machine and transverse directions, and heat-set at 230 ° C. A mill roll of a film for a touch panel having a thickness of 125 μm, a width of 3.5 m, and a length of 2000 m was obtained. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
本発明のタッチパネル用フィルムおよびそのロールは、タッチパネルの基材フィルムとして好適に用いることができる。 The film for touch panels and its roll of this invention can be used suitably as a base film of a touch panel.
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Cited By (2)
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JP2010253831A (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-11 | Teijin Dupont Films Japan Ltd | Film roll for optical film |
JP2013163329A (en) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-22 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Laminated sheet and method of manufacturing the same |
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JP2005186350A (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-14 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Biaxially oriented polyester film for mold release |
JP2007204582A (en) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-16 | Teijin Dupont Films Japan Ltd | Base film for membrane switch |
JP2008299152A (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | Mitsubishi Plastics Inc | Optical polyester film |
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JP2005186350A (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-14 | Toyobo Co Ltd | Biaxially oriented polyester film for mold release |
JP2007204582A (en) * | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-16 | Teijin Dupont Films Japan Ltd | Base film for membrane switch |
JP2008299152A (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2008-12-11 | Mitsubishi Plastics Inc | Optical polyester film |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2010253831A (en) * | 2009-04-27 | 2010-11-11 | Teijin Dupont Films Japan Ltd | Film roll for optical film |
JP2013163329A (en) * | 2012-02-13 | 2013-08-22 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | Laminated sheet and method of manufacturing the same |
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