JP2010036147A - System for removing water-soluble organic compound - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a system for removing water-soluble organic compound capable of efficiently decomposing and removing the water-soluble organic compound contained in an exhaust gas, employing a simple configuration of the system. <P>SOLUTION: The system includes a scrubber 1 having a cylindrical vessel 10 filled with a prescribed filler 11 from above which water drips down and a reaction tank 2 having a cylindrical vessel 21 including a liquid phase photocatalyst 22 and provided with an ultraviolet lamp 23 and a nozzle 24 for generating minute bubbles containing ozone gas. The exhaust gas containing the water-soluble organic compound is introduced into the scrubber 1 to make the organic compound dissolve in the water therein. The water is then drawn into the reaction tank 2, in which the water-soluble organic compound is decomposed with the photocatalyst 22 and the minute ozone bubbles. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a system for removing water-soluble organic compounds contained in exhaust gas from factories and the like, and in particular, by using fine bubbles and a liquid-phase photocatalyst, the removal efficiency of water-soluble organic compounds has been greatly improved. The present invention relates to a water-soluble organic compound removal system.

  Suspended Particulate Matter (hereinafter referred to as “SPM”) is causing adverse health effects such as adverse effects on human respiratory tract, irritation to eyes and throat and adverse effects on respiratory tract due to photochemical oxidants. There is a need to deal with substances. There are various causes for the occurrence of SPM and photochemical oxidants, but volatile organic compounds (hereinafter referred to as VOC) are one of the causes, and printing factories, painting factories, In semiconductor manufacturing factories and the like, removal of VOC is required.

  Water-soluble volatile organic compounds (hereinafter referred to as WSOC) are part of VOCs and are increasingly used in paint shops as an alternative to insoluble VOCs such as toluene, as well as product drying. There are many cases where WSOC is contained in the exhaust gas from the factory, such as when IPA is used in the factory.

In general, methods for decomposing and removing VOC include (a) direct combustion method, (b) thermal storage combustion method, (c) catalytic combustion method, (d) biodegradation method, (e) activated carbon adsorption method, (f) low temperature There are plasma decomposition methods (Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2, etc.).
JP 2003-161424 A JP 2008-133751 A

However, in the various combustion methods (a) to (c) used as a method for decomposing and removing VOC, there is a problem that CO ₂ emissions increase in a large-scale establishment. In addition, there is a problem that the decomposition product has a risk of generating harmful substances such as dioxins.

  In addition, (d) in the biodegradation method, there is a problem that the degradation rate is slow and the degradation efficiency tends to become unstable when the inlet concentration varies. (E) In the activated carbon adsorption method, the activated carbon broke through. In this case, there was a problem that the activated carbon had to be treated as industrial waste. In addition, when regeneration is performed, energy such as heat must be input, and in the case of desorption, a solvent recovery device is required. Furthermore, (f) the low temperature plasma decomposition method has various problems such as a problem that a large amount of processing cannot be performed.

  On the other hand, in addition to the above method, (g) the absorption method can be applied to remove WSOC. However, maintenance and management of the chemical solution and waste liquid treatment are required, which increases the running cost and uses water as the absorption solution. When used, there were problems such as an increase in removal performance and the amount of makeup water.

  The present invention has been proposed in order to solve the above-described problems of the prior art, and its purpose is to efficiently decompose and remove water-soluble organic compounds contained in exhaust gas with a simple system configuration. It is an object of the present invention to provide a removal system for water-soluble organic compounds.

  In order to achieve the above object, the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to claim 1 is a scrubber configured such that a predetermined filler is installed in a container and water is dropped from an upper portion of the filler. And a reaction vessel in which a liquid phase photocatalyst and an ultraviolet lamp are installed in a container, and a fine bubble generating nozzle for generating fine bubbles is provided.

  Further, the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to claim 2 includes a scrubber configured such that a predetermined filler is installed in the container and water is dropped from the upper part of the filler, A liquid phase photocatalyst and an ultraviolet lamp are installed, and a reaction tank in which a fine bubble generating nozzle for generating fine bubbles is installed, and an exhaust gas containing a water-soluble organic compound is introduced into the scrubber, After the water-soluble organic compound is dissolved in water, the water is introduced into the reaction tank, and the water-soluble organic compound is decomposed in the reaction tank.

  According to the first and second aspects of the invention having the above-described configuration, the running cost can be reduced by using the water in the scrubber as the water-soluble organic compound absorbent. In addition, water in which a water-soluble organic compound is dissolved is introduced into a reaction vessel in which a liquid-phase photocatalyst is installed, and microbubbles are generated in the reaction vessel and irradiated with ultraviolet rays. Can be significantly improved, and the water-soluble organic compound can be decomposed with high efficiency by a liquid phase photocatalytic reaction.

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to the first or second aspect, water in which the water-soluble organic compound has been decomposed in the reaction tank is recycled to the scrubber again. It is characterized by being configured to supply.

  According to the invention described in claim 3 having the above-described configuration, water in which the water-soluble organic compound is dissolved can be continuously processed in the reaction tank, and is again supplied to the scrubber for use. As a result, it is possible to greatly reduce the amount of water supplied to the scrubber.

  The invention according to claim 4 is the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fine bubbles are ozone-containing fine bubbles. is there.

  According to the invention of claim 4 having the above-described configuration, the ozone molecules in the ozone-containing fine bubbles are efficiently dissolved in the circulating water, and the ozone molecules in the water decompose hydroxy radicals (.OH) by self-decomposition. Generate. Thereby, since free radical reaction by hydroxy radical (.OH) occurs in water, WSOC can be efficiently decomposed. As a result, a synergistic effect of the oxidative decomposition by hydroxy radical (.OH) and the liquid phase photocatalytic reaction can be obtained in the reaction tank, so that the decomposition efficiency of WSOC can be greatly improved.

The invention according to claim 5 is the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the liquid phase photocatalyst is a powdery TiO ₂ photocatalyst and a predetermined plastic surface. Or it is what was carry | supported on the fiber piece surface, or what used the nonwoven fabric as a carrying medium.

According to the invention described in claim 5 having the above-described configuration, a powdery TiO ₂ photocatalyst supported on a predetermined plastic surface or fiber piece surface is used and cut into a predetermined size. Irradiate from an ultraviolet lamp by making it into a strip shape, disperse it in the solution to be treated and install it so that it can move freely with water flow, or by placing it in a layered manner at the center or bottom of the container Since it can receive energy efficiently, the decomposition process of the water-soluble organic compound by a photocatalytic reaction can be performed with high efficiency. Moreover, in order to further improve the decomposition efficiency, it is preferable to use a nonwoven fabric as the carrier medium.

A sixth aspect of the present invention is the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of the first to fifth aspects, wherein the scrubber and the reaction tank are stacked one above the other. It is what.
According to invention of Claim 6 which has the above structures, a significant space-saving can be implement | achieved by installing a reaction tank in the lower part of a scrubber.

A seventh aspect of the present invention is the water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of the first to sixth aspects, wherein the fillers are arranged at a high density. is there.
According to the invention described in claim 7 having the above-described configuration, the gas-liquid contact area in the filler can be increased, so that the removal efficiency of the water-soluble organic compound can be improved.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the removal system of the water-soluble organic compound which can decompose | disassemble and remove the water-soluble organic compound contained in waste gas efficiently with a simple system structure can be provided.

  Specifically, by using water supplied to the scrubber as the WSOC absorption liquid, not only can the running cost be reduced, but also the WSOC contained in the absorption liquid can be decomposed by ozone-containing fine bubbles and a liquid phase photocatalyst. Therefore, since the continuous treatment and reuse of the water that becomes the absorbing liquid is possible, the makeup water to the scrubber can be greatly reduced.

  Hereinafter, specific embodiments (hereinafter referred to as embodiments) of a water-soluble organic compound removal system according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

(1) First Embodiment (1-1) Configuration (1-1-1) Overall Configuration As shown in FIG. 1, the water-soluble organic compound removal system of this embodiment contacts exhaust gas containing WSOC with water. The scrubber 1 for reducing the WSOC concentration in the exhaust gas, the reaction tank 2 for decomposing WSOC dissolved in the circulating water supplied to the scrubber 1, and the treated circulating water in the reaction tank 2 are stored. A lower water tank 3 that performs adsorption treatment with activated carbon, a cushion tank 4 provided on the downstream side of the lower water tank 3, a circulation pump 5 that circulates circulating water to the scrubber 1, and a circulation pipe 7. ing. The scrubber 1 is installed on a pedestal 6.

(1-1-2) Configuration of Scrubber The scrubber 1 is composed of a cylindrical container 10, and a predetermined filler 11 is filled in the central portion of the container. And the lower space 13 is formed. An exhaust gas supply pipe 14 for introducing exhaust gas containing WSOC to be processed into the scrubber 1 is connected to the lower space 13, and a circulating tank 15 in which the circulating water 15 in which WSOC in the exhaust gas is dissolved is described later. The circulating water discharge pipe 16 for sending to 2 is connected. The exhaust gas supply pipe 14 is provided with a blower 17 so that the amount of exhaust gas introduced into the scrubber 1 can be adjusted as appropriate. The cylindrical container 10 includes not only a cylindrical container but also a prismatic container.

  On the other hand, a sprinkling header 18 is provided in the upper space 12 and is configured to sprinkle circulating water treated in a reaction tank 2 or the like described later to the filler 11. Further, a mist separator 19 is provided on the upper part of the watering header 18, and the exhaust gas after the treatment that has passed through the mist separator 19 is discharged to the outside through the exhaust gas discharge pipe 20 provided at the upper end of the cylindrical container 10. It is comprised so that.

  The WSOC in the exhaust gas introduced into the scrubber 1 having the above-described configuration is absorbed and removed by a liquid film formed on the surface of the filler 11 by circulating water (water) dripped from above by the watering header 18. . Therefore, the fillers 11 arranged in the scrubber 1 are preferably combined and arranged at a high density as shown in FIG. By arranging in this way, the gas-liquid contact area can be increased, so that the WSOC removal efficiency can be improved.

  In addition, the filler 11 has a large effective area, small pressure loss, strong chemical and mechanical properties made of synthetic resin, light weight and easy removal of the filler, suspended matter (SS ) And the like are preferable (for example, Terralet (trade name) manufactured by Tsukishima Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd.). Depending on the substance to be treated, a vaporizing humidifying film (for example, VHR series: manufactured by Wetmaster) that can easily improve the gas-liquid contact area may be used.

(1-1-3) Configuration of Reaction Tank The reaction tank 2 is composed of a cylindrical vessel 21 in which a predetermined liquid phase photocatalyst 22 and an ultraviolet lamp 23 are installed. In addition, as the liquid phase photocatalyst 22, a powdery TiO ₂ photocatalyst supported on the surface of a plastic or a fiber piece, or a non-woven fabric (hydrophobic fiber or hydrophilic fiber such as polyolefin) was used as a supporting medium. It is preferable to use what was cut into a predetermined size and made into a strip shape. The cylindrical container 21 includes not only a cylindrical container but also a prismatic container.

The powdery TiO ₂ photocatalyst supported on the plastic surface or the fiber piece surface, or the non-woven fabric carrying the powdered TiO ₂ photocatalyst is dispersed in the reaction tank and installed so that it can move freely by the water flow. Alternatively, it is fixedly arranged in a layered manner in the center of the container. When the liquid phase photocatalyst 22 configured as described above is dispersedly arranged in the reaction tank 2, the liquid phase photocatalyst 22 can be moved by the water flow in the container, and therefore is irradiated from the ultraviolet lamp 23. Energy can be received efficiently.

As the ultraviolet lamp 23, water can be used in ultraviolet lamps (main wavelength 254 nm (UV _254), the main wavelength 254 nm (including several% to 185 nm, is preferably used (UV _{254 + 185)).}

  Further, a fine bubble generating nozzle 24 is installed in the reaction tank 2, and a fine bubble generating pump 25 is connected to the fine bubble generating nozzle 24 and an ozone generator is connected via an ozone supply pipe 26. 27 or an ozone gas cylinder is connected. The fine bubble generating nozzle 24 is a device that generates fine bubbles having a bubble size of nm size or μm size or both by a high-speed shearing method or the like. It is comprised so that a micro bubble of 10 micrometers can be generated. Note that the fine bubbles referred to here are bubbles containing micro-sized bubbles, nano-sized bubbles, or both, and are fine bubbles having a particle size of several tens of nanometers to several tens of micrometers immediately after the generation of the fine bubbles. .

  In the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1, ozone is introduced into the fine bubble generating nozzle 24 via the ozone supply pipe 26, but air is introduced instead of ozone, You may comprise so that a fine bubble may be generated.

(1-1-4) Configuration of Lower Water Tank and Cushion Tank As shown in FIG. 1, the lower water tank 3 into which the circulating water subjected to WSOC decomposition treatment in the reaction tank 2 is introduced via a pipe 31. A pump 32 and an activated carbon tower 33 are connected. And it is comprised so that WSOC which has not reached primary decomposition | disassembly or complete decomposition | disassembly in the said reaction tank 2 can be made to adsorb | suck to activated carbon.

  In addition, a cushion tank 4 is provided on the downstream side of the lower water tank 3 so that when the amount of circulating water supplied to the scrubber 1 is insufficient, water can be appropriately supplied to the cushion tank 4. It is configured. The lower water tank 3 and the cushion tank 4 are not necessarily required, and may be configured to filter the circulating water that has passed through the reaction tank 2 through a predetermined filtration filter. You may comprise so that it can supply to the reaction tank 2 directly.

(1-2) Operation The water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment having the above-described configuration operates as follows.

  In the scrubber 1, a liquid film is formed on the surface of the filler 11 by circulating water (water) dropped from above by the watering header 18. When exhaust gas containing WSOC is introduced into the scrubber 1 through the exhaust gas supply pipe 14, the exhaust gas rises in the cylindrical scrubber 1 and comes into contact with a liquid film formed on the surface of the filler 11. As a result, WSOC contained in the exhaust gas is absorbed by the liquid film formed on the surface of the filler 11 and removed from the exhaust gas.

  The exhaust gas from which WSOC has been removed passes through the mist separator 19 and is then discharged to the outside through the exhaust gas discharge pipe 20. On the other hand, the circulating water 15 in which WSOC in the exhaust gas is dissolved is stored at the bottom of the scrubber 1 and introduced into the reaction tank 2 via the circulating water discharge pipe 16.

  A predetermined liquid phase photocatalyst 22 is installed in the reaction tank 2, and circulating water in which WSOC is dissolved is introduced, and at the same time, ozone-containing microbubbles having a predetermined particle diameter are generated by a microbubble generating nozzle 24. The ultraviolet lamp 23 irradiates ultraviolet rays having a predetermined wavelength.

  In the reaction tank 2, the liquid phase photocatalyst 22 is subjected to a reduction reaction by electrons in the conduction band caused by irradiating ultraviolet light having energy higher than the band cap by the ultraviolet lamp 23 and an oxidation reaction by holes in the valence band. WSOC can be decomposed.

  Further, since the fine bubbles have a surface area much smaller than that of millibubbles and have a large gas-liquid contact area, the ozone molecules in the ozone-containing fine bubbles are efficiently dissolved in the circulating water. Since ozone molecules in water generate hydroxy radicals (.OH) by self-decomposition, a free radical reaction due to the hydroxy radicals (.OH) occurs in water, and WSOC can be efficiently decomposed.

  As described above, in the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment, the synergistic effect of ozone oxidative decomposition and liquid phase photocatalytic reaction can be obtained in the reaction tank 2, greatly increasing the WSOC decomposition rate. Can be improved.

  Subsequently, the circulating water subjected to the WSOC decomposition process in the reaction tank 2 is introduced into the lower water tank 3 and introduced into the activated carbon cylinder 33 through the pipe 31. Thereby, WSOC that has not reached primary decomposition or complete decomposition contained in the circulating water can be adsorbed on the activated carbon.

  Subsequently, in the cushion tank 4 installed on the downstream side of the lower water tank 3, when the amount of circulating water supplied to the scrubber 1 is insufficient, water is appropriately replenished, and then the circulation pump 5 and the circulation Circulating water is supplied to the scrubber 1 through the service pipe 7.

(1-3) Effect As described above, according to the present embodiment, the running cost can be reduced by using water as the WSOC absorption liquid in the scrubber. In addition, the water in which WSOC is dissolved is introduced into the reaction tank 2 in which a predetermined liquid phase photocatalyst 22 is installed to generate ozone-containing fine bubbles and irradiate ultraviolet rays, thereby improving the contact efficiency between the WSOC and the photocatalyst. It can be greatly improved, and a synergistic effect of the oxidative decomposition by ozone and the liquid phase photocatalytic reaction can be obtained, so that the decomposition treatment of WSOC can be performed with high efficiency.

  Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, water in which WSOC is dissolved can be continuously processed, and it can be supplied again to the scrubber and used, so that makeup water can be greatly reduced. it can. Moreover, since the packing density, that is, the gas-liquid contact area can be improved by appropriately arranging the filler to be installed in the scrubber, the WSOC removal performance in the exhaust gas can be easily improved.

(2) Second Embodiment The present embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment, and has a more compact configuration by installing the reaction tank 2 at the lower portion of the scrubber 1.

(2-1) Configuration As shown in FIG. 3, the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment has a scrubber 1 that reduces the WSOC concentration in the exhaust gas by bringing the exhaust gas containing WSOC into contact with water, A reaction tank 2 for decomposing WSOC dissolved in the circulating water supplied to the scrubber 1, a filtration filter 40 for filtering the treated circulating water in the reaction tank 2, and circulating water passing through the filtration filter 40, the scrubber 1 and a circulation pump 5 that circulates and supplies the gas.

  In the present embodiment, the scrubber 1 is installed on a pedestal 6, and the reaction tank 2 is installed in the lower part of the scrubber 1, here, in the pedestal 6. A circulating water discharge pipe 16 for introducing the circulating water 15 in which the WSOC therein is dissolved into the reaction tank 2 is connected. The reaction tank 2 is connected with a water supply pipe 41 and a drain pipe 42 for supplying water into the reaction tank 2. In addition, since the structure of the other part of the scrubber 1 and the reaction tank 2 is the same as that of the said 1st Embodiment, description is abbreviate | omitted.

(2-2) Action / Effect According to the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment having the above-described configuration, not only the same action / effect as in the first embodiment can be obtained, but also a reaction vessel. By installing 2 at the lower part of the scrubber 1, a significant space saving can be realized.

(3) Third Embodiment This embodiment is a modification of the first embodiment, and is more compact by integrating the reaction tank 2 and the lower water tank 3 shown in the first embodiment. This is a simple configuration.

(3-1) Configuration In the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, a partial partition wall 51 is installed inside the water tank 50, and the water tank 50 is formed by the partial partition wall 51. The upper layer portion and the middle layer portion are configured to be partitioned into two sections 50a and 50b, and the lower layer section is configured to communicate with the two sections.

  A predetermined liquid phase photocatalyst 22 and an ultraviolet lamp 23 are installed in one section 50a of the water tank 50, and a fine bubble generating nozzle 24 is installed. The fine bubble generating nozzle 24 has a fine bubble. A generation pump 25 is connected, and an ozone generator 27 or an ozone gas cylinder is connected via an ozone supply pipe 26.

  In addition, a pump 32 and an activated carbon tower 33 are connected to the other section 50 b via a first pipe 52, and a pump 54 and a filtration filter 40 are connected via a second pipe 53. Since other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment, description thereof will be omitted.

(3-2) Actions / Effects In the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment having the above-described configuration, the one partition 50a formed in the water tank 50 by the partial partition wall 51 has been described above. Similarly, the synergistic effect of the oxidative decomposition by ozone and the liquid phase photocatalytic reaction can be obtained, so that the decomposition rate of WSOC can be greatly improved.

  Further, in the other compartment 50b formed in the water tank 50, the primary decomposition contained in the circulating water is introduced by introducing the circulating water subjected to the WSOC decomposition treatment into the activated carbon cylinder 33 through the first pipe 52. Alternatively, WSOC that has not reached complete decomposition can be adsorbed on the activated carbon. Furthermore, since circulating water can also be filtered by introduce | transducing into the filtration filter 40 via the 2nd piping 53, it becomes a more efficient removal system.

  As described above, according to the water-soluble organic compound removal system of the present embodiment, not only operations and effects similar to those of the first embodiment can be obtained, but the reaction tank 2 and the lower water tank 3 are integrated. As a result, significant space saving can be realized.

(4) Other Embodiments The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and the following modifications can be considered. For example, in the above embodiment, a heat exchange coil is arranged in place of the filler 11 installed in the scrubber 1 to recover the heat of the exhaust, and the WSOC in the exhaust gas is absorbed by the water film formed on the coil fin surface. You may comprise so that it may do.

It is a figure which shows the structure of 1st Embodiment of the removal system of the water-soluble organic compound which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the example of arrangement | positioning of the filler installed in a scrubber. It is a figure which shows the structure of 2nd Embodiment of the removal system of the water-soluble organic compound which concerns on this invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of 3rd Embodiment of the removal system of the water-soluble organic compound which concerns on this invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Scrubber 2 ... Reaction tank 3 ... Lower tank 4 ... Cushion tank 5 ... Circulation pump 6 ... Base 7 ... Piping for circulation 10 ... Cylindrical container 11 ... Filler 12 ... Upper space 13 ... Lower space 14 ... Exhaust gas supply piping 15 ... Circulating water in which WSOC is dissolved 16 ... Circulating water discharge pipe 17 ... Blower 18 ... Sprinkling header 19 ... Mist separator 20 ... Exhaust gas discharge pipe 21 ... Cylindrical container 22 ... Liquid phase photocatalyst 23 ... Ultraviolet lamp 24 ... Fine bubble generating nozzle 25 ... Pump for generating fine bubbles 26 ... Ozone supply pipe 27 ... Ozone generator 31 ... Pipe 32 ... Pump 33 ... Activated carbon tower 40 ... Filtration filter 41 ... Pipe for water supply 42 ... Pipe for drainage 50 ... Water tank 51 ... Partial partition wall 52 ... 1st piping 53 ... 2nd piping 54 ... Pump

Claims (7)

A scrubber configured such that a predetermined filler is installed in the container and water is dripped from an upper portion of the filler;
A water-soluble organic compound removal system comprising: a liquid phase photocatalyst and an ultraviolet lamp installed in a container; and a reaction tank provided with a fine bubble generating nozzle for generating fine bubbles. A scrubber configured such that a predetermined filler is installed in the container and water is dripped from an upper portion of the filler;
A liquid phase photocatalyst and an ultraviolet lamp are installed in the container, and a reaction tank in which a fine bubble generating nozzle for generating fine bubbles is installed,
After introducing an exhaust gas containing a water-soluble organic compound into the scrubber and dissolving the water-soluble organic compound in the water in the scrubber, this water is introduced into the reaction vessel,
A system for removing a water-soluble organic compound, wherein the reaction vessel is configured to perform a decomposition treatment of the water-soluble organic compound.   The water-soluble organic compound removal system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein water in which the water-soluble organic compound is decomposed in the reaction tank is circulated and supplied to the scrubber again. .   The water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fine bubbles are ozone-containing fine bubbles. The liquid phase photocatalyst is one obtained by carrying a powdery TiO ₂ photocatalyst on a predetermined plastic surface or fiber piece surface, or using a nonwoven fabric as a carrying medium. 5. The water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of 4 above.   The water-soluble organic compound removal system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the scrubber and the reaction tank are stacked one above the other.   The said filler is arrange | positioned at high density, The removal system of the water-soluble organic compound as described in any one of Claim 1 thru | or 6 characterized by the above-mentioned.

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