JP2009210162A - 発電併用給湯システム - Google Patents
発電併用給湯システム Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2009210162A JP2009210162A JP2008051254A JP2008051254A JP2009210162A JP 2009210162 A JP2009210162 A JP 2009210162A JP 2008051254 A JP2008051254 A JP 2008051254A JP 2008051254 A JP2008051254 A JP 2008051254A JP 2009210162 A JP2009210162 A JP 2009210162A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- hot water
- heat
- water supply
- power generation
- supply system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 201
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008157 edible vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(fluoro)methane Chemical compound F[C]Cl KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
- F24D11/002—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system
- F24D11/003—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system combined with solar energy
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D10/00—District heating systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/13—Heat from a district heating network
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
- F24D2200/14—Solar energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/60—Planning or developing urban green infrastructure
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/17—District heating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/50—Energy storage in industry with an added climate change mitigation effect
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Abstract
【解決手段】太陽熱集熱器1及び追焚き器11により媒体を昇温させる蓄熱タンク3を備えると共に、媒体を膨張させて電力を得る発電手段8を備え、発電手段8で膨張されて仕事を終えた媒体の熱により熱交換タンク5で温水を得るようにし、太陽熱及び外部熱源の熱エネルギーを発電手段8での電力と熱交換タンク5の温水の熱源に回収し、太陽熱を用いて給湯を行なうと同時に、系内の動力で発電による電力を得る。
【選択図】図1
Description
2 循環配管
3 蓄熱タンク
4 循環ポンプ
5 熱交換タンク
6 媒体循環路
7 昇圧ポンプ
8 発電手段
9 膨張器
10 発電機
11 追焚き器
15 貯留タンク
16 第2循環配管
17 温水配管
18 温水循環ポンプ
31 中温貯湯タンク
Claims (10)
- 環境の熱及び外部熱源により媒体を昇温させる昇温手段と、
前記媒体を膨張させて電力を得る発電手段と、
前記発電手段で膨張されて仕事を終えた前記媒体の熱により温水を得る給湯手段とを備えた
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項1に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記環境の熱は太陽熱である
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項1もしくは請求項2に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記昇温手段は、
環境の熱を集めて昇温媒体を昇温させる熱機器と、
前記熱機器で昇温された前記昇温媒体が前記外部熱源からの熱媒体が循環されると共に前記媒体が循環され、前記昇温媒体及び前記熱媒体との間で熱交換されて前記媒体を昇温する蓄熱手段とからなる
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項3に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記昇温媒体は水であり、昇温されて加熱温水となった前記昇温媒体を貯留する貯留タンクを備え、前記貯留タンクに貯留された加熱温水が給湯手段に循環されて温水を得る熱源とされる
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項4に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記加熱温水の一部を前記給湯手段で得られる前記温水に混合する混合手段を備えた
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項3に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記昇温媒体は油である
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項6に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記油は食用油である
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項5もしくは請求項7に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記外部熱源は、燃料の燃焼熱を熱源とするものである
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項5もしくは請求項7に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記外部熱源は、外部機器の廃熱を熱源とするものである
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。 - 請求項8もしくは請求項9に記載の発電併用給湯システムにおいて、
前記蓄熱手段には前記給湯手段で熱回収された前記媒体が昇圧手段により昇圧されて供給され、
前記蓄熱手段は前記媒体を85℃〜200℃に昇温させ、
前記発電手段では85℃〜200℃に昇温された前記媒体が膨張されることで電力が得られる
ことを特徴とする発電併用給湯システム。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008051254A JP5250740B2 (ja) | 2008-02-29 | 2008-02-29 | 発電併用給湯システム |
KR1020090016560A KR20090093856A (ko) | 2008-02-29 | 2009-02-26 | 발전 겸용 급탕 시스템 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008051254A JP5250740B2 (ja) | 2008-02-29 | 2008-02-29 | 発電併用給湯システム |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2009210162A true JP2009210162A (ja) | 2009-09-17 |
JP5250740B2 JP5250740B2 (ja) | 2013-07-31 |
Family
ID=41183502
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008051254A Expired - Fee Related JP5250740B2 (ja) | 2008-02-29 | 2008-02-29 | 発電併用給湯システム |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP5250740B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20090093856A (ja) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2011149660A (ja) * | 2010-01-25 | 2011-08-04 | Rinnai Corp | 太陽熱給湯装置 |
JP2011256854A (ja) * | 2010-06-11 | 2011-12-22 | Hiroyasu Nakamura | 蓄熱式発電システムおよび発電方法 |
JP2012042105A (ja) * | 2010-08-18 | 2012-03-01 | Shimizu Corp | ヒートポンプ給湯機及びヒートポンプ給湯機システム |
JP2012211752A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-01 | Equos Research Co Ltd | 熱電コージェネレーションシステム |
JP2019052781A (ja) * | 2017-09-13 | 2019-04-04 | 矢崎エナジーシステム株式会社 | 空調給湯システム |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101208234B1 (ko) * | 2010-06-14 | 2012-12-04 | 한밭대학교 산학협력단 | 온수 공급용 히트펌프시스템 및 그 제어방법 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000110515A (ja) * | 1998-10-05 | 2000-04-18 | Takeshi Hatanaka | 太陽熱発電システム |
JP2001343168A (ja) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-14 | Kazunori Yamamoto | 太陽熱を利用した冷暖房システム |
JP2002289212A (ja) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-10-04 | Toshiba Corp | 燃料電池コジェネレーションシステム |
JP2003247749A (ja) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-09-05 | Kyocera Corp | 太陽エネルギー利用装置 |
JP2005226924A (ja) * | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-25 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | ハイブリッド給湯システム |
JP2006169970A (ja) * | 2004-12-13 | 2006-06-29 | Sanden Corp | ランキンシステム |
-
2008
- 2008-02-29 JP JP2008051254A patent/JP5250740B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-02-26 KR KR1020090016560A patent/KR20090093856A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000110515A (ja) * | 1998-10-05 | 2000-04-18 | Takeshi Hatanaka | 太陽熱発電システム |
JP2001343168A (ja) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-14 | Kazunori Yamamoto | 太陽熱を利用した冷暖房システム |
JP2002289212A (ja) * | 2001-03-26 | 2002-10-04 | Toshiba Corp | 燃料電池コジェネレーションシステム |
JP2003247749A (ja) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-09-05 | Kyocera Corp | 太陽エネルギー利用装置 |
JP2005226924A (ja) * | 2004-02-13 | 2005-08-25 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | ハイブリッド給湯システム |
JP2006169970A (ja) * | 2004-12-13 | 2006-06-29 | Sanden Corp | ランキンシステム |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2011149660A (ja) * | 2010-01-25 | 2011-08-04 | Rinnai Corp | 太陽熱給湯装置 |
JP2011256854A (ja) * | 2010-06-11 | 2011-12-22 | Hiroyasu Nakamura | 蓄熱式発電システムおよび発電方法 |
JP2012042105A (ja) * | 2010-08-18 | 2012-03-01 | Shimizu Corp | ヒートポンプ給湯機及びヒートポンプ給湯機システム |
JP2012211752A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-01 | Equos Research Co Ltd | 熱電コージェネレーションシステム |
JP2019052781A (ja) * | 2017-09-13 | 2019-04-04 | 矢崎エナジーシステム株式会社 | 空調給湯システム |
CN109579177A (zh) * | 2017-09-13 | 2019-04-05 | 矢崎能源系统公司 | 空调及热水供给系统 |
CN109579177B (zh) * | 2017-09-13 | 2020-12-08 | 矢崎能源系统公司 | 空调及热水供给系统 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP5250740B2 (ja) | 2013-07-31 |
KR20090093856A (ko) | 2009-09-02 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
KR100975276B1 (ko) | 흡수식 히트펌프를 이용한 지역난방수 공급 시스템 | |
JP5250740B2 (ja) | 発電併用給湯システム | |
JP2010190218A (ja) | 燃料を予熱するための廃熱利用 | |
KR101790294B1 (ko) | 복수개의 축열조와 태양열 집열기를 구비한 히트 펌프 구동 지역난방 열공급 시스템 | |
KR20140131793A (ko) | 지열, 태양열 및 공기열을 이용한 하이브리드 히트펌프 시스템 | |
KR101469928B1 (ko) | 자가발전 기능을 갖는 히트펌프의 냉·난방기 장치 | |
CN109140797B (zh) | 一种太阳能、空气能联用发电系统及其制冷、发电和供暖方法 | |
JP2001324240A (ja) | マルチエネルギーシステム | |
JP2004069197A (ja) | 自然エネルギー・地中熱併用システムおよびその運転方法 | |
US20180128519A1 (en) | Solar Turbo Pump - Hybrid Heating Air-Conditioning and Method of Operation | |
JP2008180473A (ja) | ハイブリッドエネルギー利用ヒートポンプ装置 | |
KR101397621B1 (ko) | 가스 화력 발전소의 에너지 효율 향상 시스템 | |
JP2009074744A (ja) | ガスヒートポンプコージェネレーション装置 | |
KR20100007818U (ko) | 공기열원 히트펌프 태양열 냉난방시스템 | |
JP2014122576A (ja) | 太陽熱利用システム | |
JP2004162983A (ja) | ヒートポンプ組込式貯湯給湯器 | |
CN113587189B (zh) | 一种可再生能源供热系统及方法 | |
CN103388854B (zh) | 一种综合利用能源的热水供应系统 | |
JP2004139914A (ja) | 燃料電池発電・給湯システム | |
JP2004286024A (ja) | 発電装置 | |
JP2005337645A (ja) | 地中蓄熱型コジェネレーションシステム | |
KR101678913B1 (ko) | 냉매 팽창터빈 구동 와전류 발열장치를 이용한 히트 펌프 냉난방 시스템 | |
US20120227425A1 (en) | Solar turbo pump - hybrid heating-air conditioning and method of operation | |
CN105986954B (zh) | 一种功冷联供系统 | |
JP3182633U (ja) | 建物のエネルギープラント |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20110218 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20110310 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20121012 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20121017 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20121113 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20130109 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20130119 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5250740 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20230426 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
S531 | Written request for registration of change of domicile |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531 |
|
S533 | Written request for registration of change of name |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313533 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |