JP2009205025A - Illuminating device and projection type display device equipped therewith - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an illuminating device having little change of color characteristic and capable of adjusting emitted light quantity largely while securing reliability by eliminating influence on an optical diaphragm mechanism, a discharge lamp and peripheral members by heat brought by unwanted light generated by interception of the light, and to provide a projection type display device equipped therewith. <P>SOLUTION: The illuminating device is equipped with the short arc type discharge lamp 4, and a reflection mirror 5 collecting and guiding luminous flux in one direction, and is equipped with a first lens array 8 dividing the luminous flux into a plurality of partial luminous fluxes and converging each of the partial luminous fluxes at a position separate by a predetermined distance, a second lens array 9 superposing the partial luminous fluxes to radiate, and a condenser lens 11 uniformizing light intensity distribution from the luminous flux, and then it is equipped with a sliding part 27 making the short arc type discharge lamp 4 and the reflection mirror 5 relatively move in parallel on an optical axis that is a light emitting direction. Thus, a bright spot position of the short arc type discharge lamp 4 is deviated from a focal point of the reflection mirror 5, whereby condensed light quantity is varied and emitted light quantity is adjusted. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an illumination device using a short arc type discharge lamp and a projection display device including the same.

  A projection display device using a spatial light modulation element applies light modulation corresponding to a video signal to light that illuminates a spatial light modulation element such as a liquid crystal display element, and enlarges and projects the modulated modulated light. Since high brightness is desired as a projection display device, a high-intensity discharge lamp such as a metal halide, an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp, or a xenon lamp is used as a light source.

In such a system, in recent years, for the purpose of improving image quality, an optical aperture mechanism such as a mechanical iris is used, which is a method for increasing the contrast of an image by controlling the amount of light from a light source according to the average luminance level. Techniques for adjusting the amount of light have been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-228667 describes a method of adjusting the light amount by an optical aperture.
JP 2007-183450 A

However, the conventional configuration has the following problems and needs to take measures.
・ Ensuring the reliability of the diaphragm mechanism against the heat of the light source light ・ Ensuring the reliability of the light source itself by the reflected light to the diaphragm mechanism ・ Measures against sound Therefore, without using an optical diaphragm mechanism such as a mechanical iris, the light source itself Therefore, a technique for adjusting the amount of light is necessary.

  SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the above-described conventional problems, and ensures the reliability of the diaphragm mechanism with respect to the heat of the light source light, ensures the reliability of the light source itself with the heat reflected by the reflected light to the diaphragm mechanism, and measures against sound. It is an object of the present invention to provide an illumination device realized by adjustment and a projection display device including the same.

  In order to solve the conventional problem, an illumination device according to claim 1 of the present application includes a light source that emits a light beam and a reflecting mirror that collects the light beam and guides the light beam in one direction. A first lens array that divides the generated light flux into a plurality of partial light fluxes and converges each of the partial light fluxes at positions separated by a predetermined distance; and a position near the position where the partial light flux converges. , A second lens array that irradiates each of the partial light beams on the light modulator, and the partial light beam is incident in the vicinity of a position where the partial light beams converge, and an intensity distribution of light from the light flux is obtained. An illumination device including a condenser lens that is uniformized on a spatial light modulation element, wherein the light source and the reflecting mirror that collects light are relatively slidable on a substantially optical axis that is a light emission direction. Structure with moving parts Taken up, the By from the focal point of the reflecting mirror shifted position of the light source is obtained by and adjusting the amount of light emitted collecting light amount of the optical variable to.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect of the present invention, the light source is a high-intensity light source having a substantially point light source such as a short arc discharge lamp.

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect of the present invention, a drive unit capable of arbitrarily moving the relative position of the light source and the reflecting mirror by an external signal is provided. It is.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the third aspect of the present invention, a circuit capable of controlling a moving distance for moving a relative position between the light source and the reflecting mirror is provided.

  According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the third aspect of the present invention, the drive unit for moving the relative position of the light source and the reflecting mirror is separated from the light source and the reflecting mirror and arranged at an independent location. It is a feature.

  Further, the invention described in claim 6 is a projection display device characterized by comprising the illumination device according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

  According to the illumination device of the present invention and the projection display device including the illumination device, the reliability of the diaphragm mechanism with respect to the heat of the light source light, the reliability of the light source itself with respect to the heat due to the reflected light with respect to the diaphragm mechanism, and the light shielding It is possible to provide an illuminating device capable of adjusting the amount of light by the light source itself, which implements a countermeasure against the driving noise of the diaphragm mechanism, and a projection display device including the illuminating device.

  On the other hand, as a method of adjusting the amount of light, a method of adjusting the light emission amount by changing the output of the light source can be considered, but as a problem of this method, the short arc type discharge lamp has a problem of a change in color characteristics generated by variable output and a discharge. Since it is impossible to adjust the power more than necessary to maintain, the lighting device of the present invention and the projection display device equipped with the lighting device of the present invention can change the color characteristic even for the problem that there is a limit on the width of the light amount that can be adjusted. The effect is that the amount of emitted light is greatly adjusted.

  DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Embodiments of an illumination device and a projection device including the illumination device according to the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings.

  The light emitting direction refers to the traveling direction in which the light emitted from the short arc type discharge lamp 4 is adjusted by the reflecting mirror 5, the lenses 8, 9 and the like. In this embodiment, the light emitting direction is opened from the short arc type discharge lamp 4. The following description will be given on the assumption that a direction (one-dot chain line 7 arrow) toward the part is indicated.

(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 show diagrams of an illumination device and a projection display device including the illumination device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

  The lamp unit 3 is a light source that emits light when power of 80 W to 300 W is applied. As shown in FIG. 3, the short arc type discharge lamp 4 that emits discharge and a reflecting mirror that collects the emitted light and sends it in one direction. 5. The short arc type discharge lamp 4 has electrodes facing each other by an arc tube in which mercury vapor is sealed, and discharges between the electrodes to form an arc. This arc becomes a bright spot. The light emitted from the discharge contains wavelength components from the ultraviolet region to the infrared region. The reflecting mirror 5 is arranged so that the bright spot of the short arc type discharge lamp 4 is focused and the surroundings are covered.

  The first lens array 8 and the second lens array 9 are components of an optical system for making light emitted from the lamp unit 3 uniform in the direction of the irradiation surface. The first lens array 8 is disposed on the light emission side of the lamp unit 3, and a plurality of rectangular microlenses are disposed in an array.

  The second lens array 9 is disposed in the vicinity of the focal position of the first lens array 8, and has a rectangular minute lens corresponding to the first lens array 8.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the polarization conversion element 10 is disposed adjacent to the downstream side of the second lens array 9 in the light emission direction, and aligns the polarization components of the incident light into a linear polarization component in one direction. Convert.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the condenser lens 11 is a lens that guides a linearly polarized light component whose polarization plane is unified by the polarization conversion element 10 to a spatial light modulation element such as a liquid crystal display valve, and the light emission direction of the polarization conversion element 10. It is arrange | positioned in the immediately downstream side. Then, a rectangular image of the minute lens generated in the first lens array 8 is superimposed on the liquid crystal display element 18 that is an illumination target, for example, a spatial light modulation element, and is formed.

  The color separation will be described. First, as the behavior of the R light, the first dichroic mirror 14 and the second dichroic mirror 16 have a function of selecting and separating the wavelength of the guided light emitted from the short arc discharge lamp. ing. The arrangement is shown in FIG. Light from the condenser lens 11 enters the first dichroic mirror 14. The first dichroic mirror reflects R light and transmits G light and B light. The reflected light R is incident on the R light field lens 19 </ b> R after the optical path is bent by approximately 90 degrees at each of the first dichroic mirror 14 and the reflecting mirror 15. The R light field lens 19R collimates the R light from the reflecting mirror 15 and enters the R light liquid crystal display element 18R. The R light liquid crystal display element 18R is a transmissive liquid crystal display device that modulates R light according to an image signal. The R light modulated by the R light liquid crystal display element 18R enters the cross dichroic prism 20 which is a color synthesis optical system.

  As the behavior of the G light, the G light and the B light transmitted through the first dichroic mirror 14 enter the second dichroic mirror 16. The second dichroic mirror reflects G light and transmits B light. The G light reflected by the second dichroic mirror 16 has its optical path bent by about 90 degrees by the second dichroic mirror 16 and enters the G light field lens 19G. The G light field lens 19G collimates the G light from the second dichroic mirror 16 and makes it incident on the G light liquid crystal cover element 19G. The G light liquid crystal display element 19 is a transmissive liquid crystal display device that modulates G light according to an image signal. The G light modulated by the G light liquid crystal display element 19G enters the cross dichroic prism 20 from a different side from the R light.

  As the behavior of the B light, the B light transmitted through the second dichroic mirror 16 enters the B field lens 19B via the two relay lenses 17 and the two reflection mirrors 15. The optical path of B light is longer than the optical path of R light and the optical path of G light. In order to make the illumination magnification in the liquid crystal display element equal to that of the other color light, a relay optical system using the relay lens 17 is employed in the optical path of the B light. The B light is collimated and incident on the B light liquid crystal display element 18B. The B light liquid crystal display element 18B is a transmissive liquid crystal display device that modulates B light according to an image signal. The B light modulated by the B light liquid crystal display element 18B enters the cross dichroic prism 20 from a side different from the R light and the G light.

  The image synthesis will be described. The cross dichroic prism 20 has two dichroic films arranged so as to be substantially orthogonal to each other, and the R light and B light are bent at approximately 90 degrees at the center. G light goes straight. At this time, the R light, G light, and B light are combined, and the combined light is emitted in the direction of the projection lens 13 from the surface of the cross dichroic prism 20 on which the R light, G light, and B light are not incident. .

The image projection will be described. The combined light incident on the projection lens 13 is enlarged and projected onto a screen (not shown) disposed at a predetermined position by the projection lens.
[Features of the present illumination device and a projection display device including the same]
The illumination device 22 of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.

  As shown in FIG. 3, a short arc discharge lamp 4 that is a light source that emits a light beam is a component that includes a base A22 and a base B23 at a coupling portion that is held by a reflecting mirror 5 that collects the emitted light and guides it in one direction. The bright spot of the short arc type discharge lamp 4 can be shifted from the focal point of the reflecting mirror 5 by having the base A22 and the base B23 interposed therebetween.

  The base B 23 and the short arc type discharge lamp 4 are fixed with an adhesive 25. The base B23 and the base A22 are provided with a machined precision surface, and for example, a metal material such as stainless steel is used. Further, the surface treatment is performed with a material having heat-resistant lubricity, such as a fluororesin. The base A22 and the base B23 are concentric. Further, the base B23 is tensioned by the coil spring 24 in a direction substantially opposite to the light emission of the optical axis 7 with respect to the base A22. The base A22 is fixed to the reflecting mirror 5 with an adhesive 25. This portion becomes a portion that absorbs variation in geometric tolerance, and the bright spot of the short arc type lamp 4 and the reflector focus 6 can be aligned with each other on the optical axis. Thus, the bright point of the substantially point light source of the short arc type discharge lamp 4 arranged at the focal position of the reflecting mirror 5 can be moved on the optical axis, and the short arc type discharge lamp 4 is the substantially point light source. Therefore, the relationship between the moving amount of the bright spot and the change in the amount of irradiated light can be as shown in FIG. 4, for example, and the slide can be moved substantially in parallel on the optical axis of the short arc type discharge lamp 4 and the reflecting mirror 5. By adopting a configuration including the unit 27 and shifting the position of the light source from the focal point of the reflecting mirror, the amount of emitted light can be adjusted by varying the amount of light collected. This can also be changed in characteristics by illumination optical design.

  The sliding part is realized by using a drive system motor. As this motor, for example, a linear motor, a DC motor, a stepping motor, or a VCM motor may be used.

  As a circuit for controlling the motor, a control circuit having a position recognition sensor such as a hall element or an encoder is also required.

  As described above, according to the illumination device according to the embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device, the influence of heat generated by unnecessary light generated by light blocking on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and peripheral members is eliminated. An illumination device capable of adjusting the amount of emitted light with a small change in color characteristics, and a projection display with improved contrast, while taking measures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding while ensuring reliability An apparatus can be provided.

  The lamp unit 3 is composed of the reflecting mirror 5, the short arc type discharge lamp 4, the base A22, the base B23, a case (not shown), and an electrical connector (not shown). it can.

  In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, the lighting device 22 of the present embodiment is configured such that the actuator 1 serving as a drive unit is used as a lamp as means for shifting the position of the bright spot of the short arc type lamp 4 from the reflector focus 6 on the optical axis. Separated from the unit 3, the lamp house 2 is configured. This actuator 1 moves linearly like a linear motor, for example.

  As described above, even if the lamp unit is replaced, it is not necessary to prepare the drive unit individually, and an increase in cost can be suppressed unnecessarily.

  The actuator 1 has a function of correcting the reference position at the contact point between the protruding portion of the actuator 1 and the base B23.

  As described above, even when the lamp unit is replaced, individual variation can be canceled and the target light quantity can be adjusted.

  The amount of movement is arbitrarily controlled by a preset control system (not shown).

As described above, the timely and appropriate amount can be arbitrarily controlled by the movement amount of the actuator by an external signal, the target light amount can be adjusted, the illumination light amount suitable for the image signal can be adjusted, and the contrast can be improved. it can.
[Other Embodiments]
As mentioned above, although one Embodiment of this invention was described, this invention is not limited to the said embodiment, A various change is possible in the range which does not deviate from the summary of invention.

(Embodiment 2)
As shown in FIG. 5, in the illumination device of the above embodiment and the projection display device including the same, the actuator 1 has been described with reference to an example (FIG. 2) arranged in a lamp house. It may be arranged. FIG. 5 shows an example in which the actuator 1 is arranged in the lamp unit.

  As described above, according to the illumination device according to the embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device, the influence of heat generated by unnecessary light generated by light blocking on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and peripheral members is eliminated. An illumination device capable of adjusting the amount of emitted light with a small change in color characteristics, and a projection display with improved contrast, while taking measures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding while ensuring reliability An apparatus can be provided.

(Embodiment 3)
As shown in FIG. 6, in the illumination device of the above embodiment and the projection display device including the same, the actuator 1 has been illustrated and described using a linear motor as an example (FIG. 2). 28 may be used. In FIG. 6, the example which comprised the cam mechanism and the rotation motor 28 is shown.

  As described above, according to the illumination device according to the embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device, the influence of heat generated by unnecessary light generated by light blocking on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and peripheral members is eliminated. An illumination device capable of adjusting the amount of emitted light with a small change in color characteristics, and a projection display with improved contrast, while taking measures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding while ensuring reliability An apparatus can be provided.

(Embodiment 4)
As shown in FIG. 7, the illumination device described in the above embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device have been described as a three-plate liquid crystal projector, but a transmissive single-plate liquid crystal projector is also possible. It will be as follows if it demonstrates using FIG.

The single-panel liquid crystal projector includes a transmissive liquid crystal display element 31 that is illuminated by the illumination device 1, a projection lens 13 that magnifies and projects modulated light, and polarizing plates 30 on the light incident side and the light outgoing side of the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31. 32. The polarizing plate 30 and the polarizing plate 32 are arranged so that their transmission axes are orthogonal to each other. In addition, since it is the structure similar to the said embodiment about the illuminating device, the description is abbreviate | omitted here.

  The light irradiated from the short arc type discharge lamp 4 and transmitted through the microlenses of the first lens array 8 is incident on the microlenses of the corresponding second lens array 9. Then, the light transmitted through each minute lens of the second lens array 9 forms a rectangular image of the minute lens on the transmission type liquid crystal display element 31 to be illuminated by the condenser lens 11. In this case, generally, the rectangular shape of the microlens is formed to be similar to the shape of the display area of the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31. Since polarizing plates 30 and 32 having transmission axes orthogonal to each other are arranged before and after the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31, only linearly polarized light having a wavefront coincident with the transmission axis of the polarizing plate 30 is included in the illumination light. Then, the light passes through the polarizing plate 30 and reaches the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31. The light incident on the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31 is emitted after undergoing optical modulation corresponding to the video signal by the transmissive liquid crystal display element 31. Then, only the modulated light component having a wavefront whose wavefront is shifted by 90 ° from the linearly polarized illumination light is transmitted through the polarizing plate 32, so that an image is enlarged and displayed on a screen or the like (not shown) by the projection lens 13.

  As described above, according to the illumination device according to the embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device, the influence of heat generated by unnecessary light generated by light blocking on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and peripheral members is eliminated. A single plate type liquid crystal with improved contrast and a lighting device capable of adjusting the amount of emitted light with little change in color characteristics, with countermeasures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding while ensuring reliability A projector can be provided.

(Embodiment 5)
As shown in FIG. 8, the single-plate liquid crystal projector (projection display device) provided with the illumination device according to the embodiment may be a reflective single-plate liquid crystal projector. It will be as follows if it demonstrates using FIG.

  The single-plate liquid crystal projector includes an illumination device, a polarizing beam splitter 31 that converts indefinite polarized light into linearly polarized light, a reflective liquid crystal display element 33 that is disposed facing the light transmitting surface 34a of the polarizing beam splitter 31, and a polarizing beam splitter. And a projection lens 35 for enlarging and projecting the modulated light from the reflective liquid crystal display element 33 that has passed 31. In addition, since it is the structure similar to the said embodiment about the illuminating device, the description is abbreviate | omitted here.

  The light irradiated from the short arc type discharge lamp 4 and transmitted through the microlenses of the first lens array 8 is incident on the microlenses of the corresponding second lens array 9. Then, the light transmitted through each minute lens of the second lens array 9 forms a rectangular image of the minute lens on the transmission type liquid crystal display element 31 to be illuminated by the condenser lens 11. At that time, the illumination light is separated at the polarization separation surface 34b of the polarization beam splitter 34 into a P-polarized component having a wavefront parallel to the incident surface of the polarization separation surface 34b and an S-polarized component having a perpendicular wavefront. The P-polarized component incident on the reflective liquid crystal display element 33 is subjected to light modulation corresponding to the video signal in the reflective liquid crystal display element 33 and is emitted. In this case, only the P-polarized component of the modulated light emitted from the reflective liquid crystal display element 33 is transmitted through the polarization separation surface 34b of the polarization beam splitter 34, so that an image is enlarged and displayed on a screen (not shown) by the projection lens 35. .

  As described above, according to the illumination device according to the embodiment and the projection display device including the illumination device, the influence of heat generated by unnecessary light generated by light blocking on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and peripheral members is eliminated. A single plate type liquid crystal with improved contrast and a lighting device capable of adjusting the amount of emitted light with little change in color characteristics, with countermeasures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding while ensuring reliability A projector can be provided.

(Embodiment 6)
As shown in FIG. 9, the illumination device described in the above embodiment has been described as a three-plate liquid crystal projector, but it can also be used as a single illumination device.

  According to the illuminating device including the illuminating device according to the above-described embodiment, the reliability is ensured by eliminating the influence on the optical diaphragm mechanism, the discharge lamp, and the peripheral members due to the heat caused by the unnecessary light generated by the light blocking. Therefore, it is possible to provide a lighting device that can take measures against the driving noise of the aperture mechanism and can largely adjust the amount of light emitted.

(Embodiment 7)
The projector device described in the above embodiment can also be used as a rear projection device. According to the single plate type liquid crystal projector provided with the illumination device according to the above embodiment, while eliminating the influence on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp and the peripheral members due to the heat caused by the unnecessary light generated by the light blocking, while ensuring the reliability, It is possible to provide a rear projection television in which the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding is taken, the change in color characteristics is small, the amount of emitted light can be adjusted largely, and the contrast is improved.

  The illumination device according to the present invention and the projection display device including the illumination device eliminate the influence on the optical aperture mechanism, the discharge lamp, and the peripheral members due to the heat caused by unnecessary light generated by blocking light because the output of the light source is not changed. While ensuring reliability, measures against the sound of driving the diaphragm mechanism for light shielding have been taken, and there is little change in color characteristics, and there is a function that can adjust the amount of emitted light greatly, and a short arc type discharge lamp It is useful for applications such as the illumination device used and a projection display device provided with the illumination device.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an illumination device and a projection display device including the illumination device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. The enlarged view of schematic structure of the illuminating device in Embodiment 1 of this invention. The enlarged view of the lamp unit schematic structure of the illuminating device in Embodiment 1 of this invention. Explanatory diagram of relationship between bright spot movement and brightness change Schematic configuration diagram of an illumination device and a projection display device including the same in Embodiment 2 of the present invention Schematic configuration diagram of an illumination device and a projection display device including the same in Embodiment 3 of the present invention Schematic configuration diagram of an illumination device and a projection display device including the illumination device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention Schematic configuration diagram of an illumination device and a projection display device including the same in Embodiment 5 of the present invention Schematic configuration diagram of a lighting apparatus according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Actuator 2 Lamphouse 3 Lamp unit 4 Short arc type discharge lamp 5 Reflector 6 Reflector focus 7 Optical axis 8 First lens array 9 Second lens array 10 Polarization conversion element 11 Condenser lens 12 Optical engine part 13 Projection lens 14 First 1 dichroic mirror 15 reflection mirror 16 second dichroic mirror 17 relay lens 18 liquid crystal display element 18R R light liquid crystal display element 18G G light liquid crystal display element 18B B light liquid crystal display element 19R R light field lens 19G G light field Lens 19B B Field lens for light 20 Cross dichroic prism 21 Illuminator 22 Base A
23 Base B
24 Coil spring 25 Adhesive 26 Sliding part lubricant 27 Sliding part 28 Cam mechanism and rotary motor 29 Aperture 30 Polarizing plate 31 Transmission type liquid crystal display element 32 Polarizing plate 33 Reflection type liquid crystal display element 34 Polarizing beam splitter 34a Translucent surface 34b Polarization separation surface 35 Projection lens

Claims (6)

  A light source that emits a light beam; and a reflecting mirror that collects the light beam and guides the light beam in one direction, divides the light beam emitted from the light source into a plurality of partial light beams, and each of the partial light beams has a predetermined distance A first lens array that converges at a position separated by a distance and a position near the position at which the partial light flux converges, and superimposes each of the partial light fluxes at a predetermined distance to make the light intensity distribution uniform. A lighting device comprising a second lens array and a condenser lens, wherein the light source and the reflecting mirror for collecting light are relatively slidable on a substantially optical axis that is a light emission direction. The illumination apparatus is characterized in that the amount of emitted light is adjusted by varying the amount of light collected by shifting the position of the light source from the focal point of the reflecting mirror.   2. The illumination device according to claim 1, wherein the light source is a high-intensity light source having a substantially point light source such as a short arc type discharge lamp.   The illumination device according to claim 1, further comprising a drive unit that can arbitrarily move a relative position between the light source and the reflecting mirror by an external signal.   4. The illumination device according to claim 3, further comprising a circuit capable of controlling a moving distance for moving a relative position between the light source and the reflecting mirror.   4. The illumination device according to claim 3, wherein a driving unit for moving a relative position between the light source and the reflecting mirror is separated from the light source and the reflecting mirror and arranged at an independent place.   A projection display device comprising the illumination device according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

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