JP2009168925A - Image forming apparatus and image forming method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine and a printer carrying out image formation with the use of a plurality of image forming means each forming a toner image and an intermediate transfer body to which the toner image formed by the image forming means is transferred and to provide an image forming method, the image forming apparatus and the image forming method enabling the toner image to be excellently transferred to transfer material from the intermediate transfer body. <P>SOLUTION: By using a deterioration degree detection means for detecting the degree of deterioration in the image forming means 60 positioned most downstream in the rotational direction of the intermediate transfer body among the plurality of image forming means 60BK, 60Y, 60M and 60C and a degree of deterioration determining means for determining whether or not the degree of deterioration detected by the deterioration degree detection means has reached a prescribed level, when determination is made that the degree of deterioration has reached the prescribed level, bias applied by a transfer means 47 is made smaller than when the level of deterioration is determined not to reach the prescribed level. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and an image forming method, such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine, and a printer, which form an image using a toner image, and each of the image forming apparatus and the image forming apparatus uses a plurality of image forming means for forming a toner image. Regarding the method.

  2. Description of the Related Art Image forming apparatuses such as copying machines, facsimile machines, and printers that include image forming means for forming toner images are widely known as disclosed in [Patent Document 1] to [Patent Document 5]. .

  Further, in such an image forming apparatus, a plurality of image forming units for forming toner images, respectively, as in the image forming apparatus capable of forming a color image disclosed in, for example, [Patent Document 1] and [Patent Document 2]. What is equipped with is known. The image forming apparatus described in [Patent Document 1] employs a direct transfer system in which the toner images formed by the respective image forming units are directly transferred so as to be sequentially superimposed on the conveyed paper. In the image forming apparatus described in [Document 2], the toner images formed by the respective image forming means are once transferred so as to be sequentially superimposed on the rotating intermediate transfer member, and then the superimposed toner image on the intermediate transfer member is transferred. An indirect transfer method is adopted in which the images are collectively transferred onto the conveyed paper.

  In such an image forming apparatus, when the image forming means is new, a toner image is formed well and image formation is performed well. However, if the image forming means deteriorates over time, the developer used is charged. As the amount decreases, the image quality of a low density image such as a solid image or a halftone image decreases. The deterioration of the image quality of the low-density image tends to appear relatively remarkably when it becomes a blurred image.

  [Patent Document 5] proposes a technique for setting an optimum transfer current value for transferring a toner image onto a sheet based on the number of printed sheets in order to cope with a change in the charge amount of the toner. Yes.

JP 2005-017624 A JP 2007-199504 A JP 2001-194840 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 04-080777 Japanese Patent No. 3172557

  However, since the technique described in [Patent Document 5] is applied to an image forming apparatus having only one image forming means, this technique is used as it is in [Patent Document 1], [Patent Document 2], and the like. Cannot be applied to an image forming apparatus having a plurality of image forming means.

In particular, application to an indirect transfer type image forming apparatus is difficult. This is because if the degree of deterioration of each image forming means is different and the charge amount of the toner constituting each toner image is different, the conditions for transferring each toner image superimposed on the intermediate transfer member onto a sheet are satisfactory. Because it is different. In addition, the toner image formed by the image forming means on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member is transferred and conveyed on the intermediate transfer member, and passes through the other image forming means in the course of this conveyance, and variously This is because a condition for transferring to a sheet is different from a condition for image formation by an image forming apparatus having one image forming unit.
Therefore, even if the technique described in [Patent Document 5] is diverted to an image forming apparatus having a plurality of image forming means to obtain high image quality, it is unclear in what mode the diversion should be performed. is there.

  The present invention provides an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a facsimile machine, or a printer that forms an image by using a plurality of image forming means for forming a toner image and an intermediate transfer member to which the toner image formed thereby is transferred. It is an object of the present invention to provide an image forming apparatus and an image forming method capable of satisfactorily transferring a toner image from an intermediate transfer member to a transfer material such as paper.

  In order to achieve the above object, a first aspect of the present invention provides a plurality of image forming means for forming toner images, respectively, and a rotating intermediate transfer member to which toner images formed by the plurality of image forming means are transferred. And a transfer means for transferring a toner image on the intermediate transfer body to a transfer material by applying a bias, and deterioration of the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer body among the plurality of image forming means. A first deterioration degree detecting means for detecting a degree, and a first deterioration degree judging means for judging whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the first deterioration degree detecting means has reached a first level. And when the first deterioration degree determination means determines that the deterioration degree has reached the first level, than when the deterioration degree has not been determined to have reached the first level, Large bias applied by the transfer means In an image forming apparatus to reduce the of.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to the first aspect, the first deterioration degree detecting unit detects the deterioration degree based on a driving amount of the image forming unit located on the most downstream side. It is characterized by.

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to the second aspect, the first deterioration degree detecting means uses the drive amount of the image forming means located on the most downstream side of the toner consumed in the image forming means. The degree of deterioration is detected based on a value divided by the amount.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to the second or third aspect, the first deterioration degree detection unit detects the deterioration degree based on a use environment of the image forming unit located on the most downstream side. It is characterized by doing.

  According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the image forming apparatus according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, when the deterioration level detected by the first deterioration level detection unit does not reach the first level. A second deterioration degree detecting means for detecting a deterioration degree of the image forming means located on the upstream side of the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming means; And a second deterioration degree determining means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the second deterioration degree detecting means has reached a second level that is higher than the first level. Then, the second deterioration degree judging means is a degree of deterioration as a second level in order from the degree of deterioration of the image forming means located on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member. Is determined by using the levels that increase in order. When the deterioration degree determining means determines that the deterioration degree has reached the second level, the first deterioration degree determining means has not determined that the deterioration degree has reached the first level. The magnitude of the bias applied by the transfer means is made smaller than when the deterioration degree is not determined to have reached the second level by the second deterioration degree determination means.

  According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, a plurality of image forming units for forming toner images, a rotating intermediate transfer member to which toner images formed by the plurality of image forming units are transferred, and application of a bias A transfer unit that transfers a toner image on the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material, and a first detection unit that detects a degree of deterioration of the image forming unit that is located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming units. First degradation using a degradation degree detection means and a first degradation degree judgment means for judging whether or not the degradation degree detected by the first degradation degree detection means has reached a first level. When the degree of deterioration is determined to have reached the first level by the degree determination means, the bias applied by the transfer means is greater than when the degree of deterioration has not been determined to have reached the first level. Image formation to reduce size There is the law.

  The present invention provides a plurality of image forming units that respectively form toner images, a rotating intermediate transfer member to which toner images formed by the plurality of image forming units are transferred, and an application of a bias on the intermediate transfer member. Transfer means for transferring the toner image to the transfer material, and first deterioration degree detection means for detecting the deterioration degree of the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming means. And a first deterioration degree determination means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the first deterioration degree detection means has reached a first level. Thus, when it is determined that the degree of deterioration has reached the first level, the magnitude of the bias applied by the transfer unit is larger than when it is not determined that the degree of deterioration has reached the first level. In the image forming device By transferring the toner image from the intermediate transfer member to the transfer material well, it is possible to form an image with good image quality, and reducing the bias reduces the deterioration of the intermediate transfer member. It is possible to provide an image forming apparatus that can be suppressed and have a long lifetime.

  If the first deterioration degree detection means detects the deterioration degree based on the drive amount of the image forming means located at the most downstream side, the deterioration degree can be detected with relatively high accuracy and good image quality can be obtained. It is possible to provide an image forming apparatus that can perform image formation and that can suppress deterioration of the intermediate transfer member and extend its life by reducing the bias.

  The first deterioration degree detecting means detects the deterioration degree based on a value obtained by dividing the drive amount of the image forming means located at the most downstream side by the amount of toner consumed in the image forming means. For example, it is possible to detect the degree of deterioration with higher accuracy and to perform image formation with good image quality, and it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the intermediate transfer member and extend the life by reducing the bias. An image forming apparatus can be provided.

  If the first deterioration degree detecting means detects the deterioration degree based on the use environment of the image forming means located at the most downstream side, the deterioration degree can be detected with higher accuracy, and an image with good image quality can be detected. It is possible to provide an image forming apparatus that can perform the formation and that can suppress the deterioration of the intermediate transfer member and extend the life by reducing the bias.

  When the degree of deterioration detected by the first deterioration degree detecting means does not reach the first level, the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer body among the plurality of image forming means. A second deterioration degree detecting means for detecting the deterioration degree of the image forming means located on the upstream side, and the deterioration degree detected by the second deterioration degree detecting means is higher than the first level. And a second deterioration degree determining means for determining whether or not the second level has been reached. The second deterioration degree determining means includes the intermediate transfer member among the image forming means located on the upstream side. In order from the degree of deterioration of the image forming means on the downstream side in the rotation direction, the determination is performed using a level at which the degree of deterioration increases in order as the second level. When it is determined that the degree of deterioration has reached the second level, More than when the deterioration degree is not determined to have reached the first level by the deterioration degree determining means, and the deterioration degree has not been determined to have reached the second level by the second deterioration degree determining means. If the magnitude of the bias applied by the transfer unit is reduced, the degree of deterioration of the image forming unit other than the image forming unit located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member is also used, so that the intermediate transfer is performed. By appropriately transferring the toner image from the body to the transfer material, it is possible to form an image with good image quality, and the deterioration of the intermediate transfer body can be suppressed by reducing the bias. An image forming apparatus capable of extending the life can be provided.

  The present invention provides a plurality of image forming units that respectively form toner images, a rotating intermediate transfer member to which toner images formed by the plurality of image forming units are transferred, and an application of a bias on the intermediate transfer member. Transfer means for transferring the toner image to the transfer material, and first deterioration degree detection means for detecting the deterioration degree of the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming means. And a first deterioration degree determination means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the first deterioration degree detection means has reached a first level, and the first deterioration degree determination means When it is determined that the degree of deterioration has reached the first level, the magnitude of the bias applied by the transfer means is smaller than when it is not determined that the degree of deterioration has reached the first level. Is in the image forming method By transferring the toner image from the intermediate transfer member to the transfer material well, it is possible to form an image with good image quality, and reducing the bias reduces the deterioration of the intermediate transfer member. It is possible to provide an image forming method capable of suppressing the lifetime.

  FIG. 1 shows an outline of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention is applied. The image forming apparatus 100 is a multifunction peripheral of a copying machine, a printer, and a facsimile machine, and can perform full color image formation. When the image forming apparatus 100 is used as a printer or a facsimile, the image forming apparatus 100 performs an image forming process based on an image signal corresponding to image information received from the outside.

  The image forming apparatus 100 is a sheet-like recording medium, which is a transfer material and recording paper, in addition to plain paper generally used for copying, etc., OHP sheets, thick paper such as cards and postcards, and envelopes. It is possible to perform image formation. Further, the image forming apparatus 100 can form images on both sides of the transfer sheet S that is a transfer medium that is a recording medium.

  The image forming apparatus 100 is a cylindrical photosensitive member that is a latent image carrier as a plurality of image carriers that can form images as images corresponding to colors separated into yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. This is a tandem structure adopting a tandem structure in which body drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C are arranged in parallel, in other words, a tandem type, that is, a tandem type image forming apparatus.

  The photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C have a diameter of 24 mm and the same diameter, and serve as intermediate transfer belts that are intermediate transfer members that are endless belts disposed almost in the center of the main body 99 of the image forming apparatus 100. Are arranged at equal intervals on the outer peripheral surface side of the transfer belt 11, that is, on the image forming surface side. The transfer belt 11 is movable in the direction of the arrow A1 while facing the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C.

  The photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C are arranged in this order from the upstream side in the A1 direction. Each of the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C is an image station 60BK, 60Y, and 60M that is an image forming unit as an image forming unit for forming black, yellow, magenta, and cyan images. , 60C.

  The visible image, that is, the toner image formed on each of the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C is superimposed and transferred onto the transfer belt 11 that moves in the direction of the arrow A1, and then transferred onto the transfer paper S at a time. It has become.

  In the superimposing transfer to the transfer belt 11, the toner images formed on the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C are transferred to the same position on the transfer belt 11 while the transfer belt 11 moves in the A1 direction. In this manner, voltage is applied by primary transfer rollers 12BK, 12Y, 12M, and 12C as transfer chargers disposed at positions facing the respective photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C with the transfer belt 11 interposed therebetween. , The timing is shifted from the upstream side toward the downstream side in the A1 direction, and the transfer is performed at the transfer position that is opposite to the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C and the transfer belt 11.

  The transfer belt 11 is made of a conductive material such as carbon black in PVDF (vinylidene fluoride), ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer), PI (polyimide), PC (polycarbonate), TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), etc. It is preferable to use a resin film-like endless belt dispersed in this embodiment. In this embodiment, a single-layer structure in which carbon black is added to TPE having a tensile modulus of elasticity of 1000 MPa to 2000 MPa, a thickness of 100 to 200 μm, and a width of 230 mm. Belt member.

Further, the transfer belt 11 has a volume resistivity of 10 ⁸ to 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm and a surface resistivity of 10 ⁸ to 10 ¹¹ Ω / □ (volume resistivity, surface resistance) in an environment of 23 ° C. and 50% RH. It is desirable that both the ratios are measured with a HirestaUP MCP-HT450 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation under the conditions of an applied voltage of 500 V and an applied time of 10 seconds. When the volume resistivity and the surface resistivity exceed such ranges, the transfer belt 11 is charged. Therefore, the further the image station 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, the more downstream the image station 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C. Since it is necessary to take a measure such as setting the set voltage value high, it becomes difficult to use a single power supply for the primary transfer unit. This is because the charge potential on the surface of the transfer belt 11 becomes high due to the discharge generated in the transfer process, the transfer material peeling process, etc., and the self-discharge becomes difficult. Arise. If the volume resistivity or surface resistivity falls below this range, the charge potential decays faster, which is advantageous for static elimination by self-discharge.However, toner scatter occurs because the current during transfer flows in the surface direction. End up. Therefore, the volume resistivity and surface resistivity of the transfer belt 11 in this embodiment are within such ranges.

  The image forming apparatus 100 includes a main body 99 that occupies a center position in the vertical direction, a reading device 21 that is positioned above the main body 99 and that reads a document, and is positioned on the upper side of the reading device 21 and loaded with a document. An automatic document feeder 22 called ADF that feeds the document toward the reading device 21 and the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C located below the main body 99 and conveyed between the intermediate transfer belt 11 And a sheet feeding device 23 as a sheet feeding table on which the transfer sheets S to be loaded are stacked.

  The image forming apparatus 100 also includes four image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, and an intermediate transfer device that is disposed below the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C and includes the transfer belt 11. A transfer belt unit 10 as an intermediate transfer unit, and a secondary transfer device 47 as a secondary transfer means as a transfer means for transferring the toner image on the transfer belt 11 to the transfer paper S.

  The image forming apparatus 100 is also disposed between the secondary transfer device 47 and the image station 60BK in the direction A1 so as to face the transfer belt 11 and cleans the transfer belt 11 as an intermediate transfer belt as an intermediate transfer belt cleaning device. It has a cleaning device 32 as a cleaning unit, and a toner mark sensor 33 disposed at a position facing the upper surface of the transfer belt 11 on the downstream side of the image station 60C in the direction A1.

  The image forming apparatus 100 also includes an optical scanning device 8 serving as a latent image forming unit serving as an optical writing device serving as a writing unit disposed so as to face the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, and a transfer belt unit 10. An intermediate transfer member waste toner storage portion 34 disposed to face the transfer belt unit 10 below, and a toner transport path (not shown) connecting the cleaning device 32 and the intermediate transfer member waste toner storage portion 34 to each other. have.

  The image forming apparatus 100 also transfers the transfer sheet S conveyed from the sheet feeding apparatus 23 at a predetermined timing in accordance with the toner image formation timing by the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C. It has a registration roller pair 13 that feeds out toward a secondary transfer section with the next transfer device 47 and a sensor (not shown) that detects that the leading edge of the transfer sheet S has reached the registration roller pair 13.

  The image forming apparatus 100 also includes a fixing device 6 as a roller fixing type fixing unit for fixing the toner image onto the transfer sheet S that has entered the toner image transferred and conveyed in the direction of arrow C1, and fixing. A sheet discharge roller 7 that discharges the transfer sheet S that has passed through the apparatus 6 to the outside of the main body 99, an environment detection sensor 36 that is disposed inside the main body 99 and detects the use environment of the image forming apparatus 100, and the fixing apparatus 6. A reversal feeding device 14 that reverses the transfer sheet S on which image formation has been performed on one side and feeds it again to the registration roller pair 13 is provided.

  The image forming apparatus 100 also includes a paper discharge tray 17 serving as a paper discharge unit that is disposed above the main body 99 and stacks the transfer paper S discharged from the main body 99 by the paper discharge rollers 7, and yellow, magenta, and cyan. And a toner bottle (not shown) filled with black toner.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the image forming apparatus 100 also starts control of an operation panel 40 and an image station 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C for an operator such as a user, that is, an operator to operate the image forming apparatus 100. And a control unit 90 as control means for controlling the overall operation of the image forming apparatus 100.

  The image forming apparatus 100 is an in-body discharge type image forming apparatus in which the discharge tray 17 is positioned above the main body 99 and below the reading device 21. The transfer paper S stacked on the paper discharge tray 17 is taken out downstream in the direction D1 corresponding to the left side in FIG.

  In addition to the transfer belt 11, the transfer belt unit 10 has a primary transfer roller 12BK, 12Y, 12M, and 12C, a tension roller 72 around which the intermediate transfer belt 11 is wound, and a secondary transfer opposed to the drive roller. The transfer entrance roller 73 as a roller and a tension roller 74 as a driven roller, a spring 28 that urges the tension roller 72 in a direction away from the transfer entrance roller 73, and each roller that stretches the transfer belt 11, that is, The tension roller 72, the transfer inlet roller 73, and the stretching roller 74 are rotatably supported on both sides, and have a pair of intermediate transfer unit side plates (not shown) disposed so as to sandwich the intermediate transfer belt 11. .

The tension roller 72 is an aluminum pipe having a diameter of φ20 mm, and is configured by press-fitting a collar having a diameter of φ24 mm (not shown) at both ends. Such a collar functions as a regulating member that regulates the meandering of the transfer belt 11.
The springs 28 are provided on the side plates of the intermediate transfer unit and urge both ends of the tension roller 72 to apply a predetermined tension to the transfer belt 11.

  The transfer entrance roller 73 is a urethane coating roller having a wall thickness of 0.05 mm and a diameter of φ20 mm and a small diameter change due to temperature. In addition, a polyurethane rubber having a wall thickness of 0.3 to 1 mm, a wall thickness of 0.03 to 0.03. A 0.1 mm thin layer coating roller or the like can be used. The transfer entrance roller 73 is driven to rotate by driving a motor as a drive source (not shown), whereby the transfer belt 11 is driven to rotate in the A1 direction.

  The primary transfer rollers 12BK, 12Y, 12M, and 12C are metal rollers having a diameter of 8 mm, and are offset by 8 mm on the downstream side in the A1 direction and 1 mm in the vertical upward direction with respect to the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C, respectively. It is arranged in a state. In addition, as the primary transfer rollers 12BK, 12Y, 12M, and 12C, a conductive blade, a conductive sponge roller, or the like can be used.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the primary transfer rollers 12BK, 12Y, 12M, and 12C are connected to high-voltage power supplies 31BK, 31Y, 31M, and 31C, respectively, and +500 to +1000 V with respect to the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C. These transfer biases are applied in common to transfer the toner images on the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C to the transfer belt 11.

  The secondary transfer device 47 is disposed opposite to the transfer entrance roller 73, contacts the transfer belt 11, and performs secondary transfer as a transfer member that rotates in the same direction as the transfer belt 11 at the contact position with the transfer belt 11. A secondary transfer roller 5 that is a counter roller, and a high-voltage power source that is connected to the secondary transfer roller 5 and applies a secondary transfer bias to the transfer belt 11 to transfer the toner image on the transfer belt 11 to the transfer sheet S. 41. The bias value applied by the high voltage power supply 41 is controlled by the control unit 90.

The secondary transfer roller 5 faces the transfer entrance roller 73 with the transfer belt 11 interposed therebetween, and forms a secondary transfer portion between the secondary transfer roller 5 and the intermediate transfer belt 15. The secondary transfer roller 5 has a diameter φ of 20 mm and an Asker C hardness by covering a metal core such as SUS with a urethane elastic body adjusted to a resistance value of 10 ⁶ to 10 ¹⁰ Ω by a conductive material. It is configured as 35 to 50 degrees. In addition, the secondary transfer roller 5 may be an ion conductive roller (urethane + carbon dispersion, NBR, hydrin), an electronic conductive type roller (EPDM), or the like, or another material may be used for the elastic body.

The reason why the resistance value of the secondary transfer roller 5 is set to 10 ⁶ to 10 ¹⁰ Ω is that if it exceeds this upper limit, it becomes difficult for the current to flow. Therefore, a higher voltage must be applied to obtain the necessary transfer property. This is because the power supply cost is increased, and it is necessary to apply a high voltage, so that discharge occurs in the gap before and after the secondary transfer nip, and white spots are lost on the halftone image due to the discharge. White spots are noticeable in a low temperature and low humidity environment (for example, 10 ° C., 15% RH).

In addition, the resistance value of the secondary transfer roller 5 is set to 10 ⁶ to 10 ¹⁰ Ω below the lower limit between the multi-color image portion (for example, three-color superimposed image) and the single-color image portion existing on the same image. This is because transferability cannot be achieved. Such transferability cannot be achieved at the same time. If the resistance value of the secondary transfer roller 5 is low, a sufficient current flows to transfer a single-color image portion at a relatively low voltage. This is because a voltage value higher than the optimum voltage for the single color image portion is required, and setting a voltage that can transfer the multiple color image portion causes an excessive transfer current in the single color image and causes a reduction in transfer efficiency.

  The resistance value of the secondary transfer roller 5 is measured by placing the secondary transfer roller 5 on a conductive metal plate and applying a load of 4.9 N on one side to both ends of the core metal. It calculated from the value of the electric current which flows when a voltage of 1 kV is applied between the metal plate and the conductive metal plate.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the cleaning device 32 includes an intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 as a cleaning blade that is in contact with the transfer belt 11 at a position facing the transfer entrance roller 73. The transfer belt 11 is cleaned by scraping off unnecessary materials such as transfer residual toner and paper dust on the roller 11.

  The intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 is a urethane rubber blade having a thickness of 1.5 to 3 mm and a rubber hardness of 65 to 80 degrees, and is in contact with the transfer belt 11 by a counter. Unnecessary items such as transfer residual toner scraped off by the intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 are stored in the intermediate transfer member waste toner storage section 34 through the toner conveyance path. At least one of the transfer belt 11 corresponding to the cleaning nip portion with which the intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 abuts or the edge portion of the intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 is coated with a lubricant, toner, zinc stearate or the like during assembly. Is applied to prevent the intermediate transfer cleaning blade 35 from rolling up in the cleaning nip portion, and the cleaning performance is improved by forming a dam layer in the cleaning nip portion.

  The toner mark sensor 33 is referred to as a TM sensor, and measures the toner density of the toner image on the transfer belt 11 and the position of each color toner image when adjusting the image density and color matching.

  The fixing device 6 includes a fixing roller 62 having a heat source therein, and a pressure roller 63 pressed against the fixing roller 62. The fixing sheet 62 carrying the toner image is transferred to the fixing roller 62 and the pressure roller 63. By passing through a fixing portion as a fixing nip which is a pressure contact portion, the carried toner image is fixed on the surface of the transfer paper S by the action of heat and pressure.

The fixing device 6 changes the process speed at the time of fixing, that is, the rotation speed of the fixing roller 62 and the pressure roller 63, depending on the type of the transfer sheet S. Specifically, when the basis weight is 100 g / m ² or more, the process speed is set to a half speed, and the transfer paper S passes through the fixing unit over a time twice as long as the normal time. The fixing ability can be secured.

  The optical scanning device 8 is a laser beam scanner using a laser diode as a light source, and scans and exposes a surface to be scanned formed by the surfaces of the photoconductive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C, and outputs an electrostatic latent image. Beams LBK, LY, LM, and LC, which are laser beams as laser beams based on image signals for forming an image, are emitted. The optical scanning device 8 may use an LED as a light source.

  The optical scanning device 8 is detachable with respect to the main body 99. When the optical scanning device 8 is detached, process cartridges (described later) provided in the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C can be independently taken out from the main body 99. It has become.

  The sheet feeding device 23 includes a paper feed tray 15 on which the transfer paper S is stacked, and a paper feed roller 16 as a paper feed transport roller that feeds the transfer paper S stacked on the paper feed tray 15.

  The reading device 21 is located above the main body 99, and is integrated with the main body 99 so as to be rotatable by a shaft 24 disposed on the upstream end of the image forming apparatus 100 in the D1 direction. The first opening / closing body that can be opened and closed with respect to the main body 99 is provided.

  The reading device 21 has a gripping portion 25 as a first gripping portion for gripping when the reading device 21 is opened with respect to the main body 99 at the downstream end portion in the D1 direction. The reading device 21 is rotatable about a shaft 24 and opens with respect to the main body 99 by gripping the grip portion 25 and rotating it upward. The opening angle of the reading device 21 with respect to the main body 99 is approximately 90 degrees, and access to the inside of the main body 99, work for closing the reading device 21, and the like are facilitated.

  The reading device 21 includes a contact glass 21a on which a document is placed, a light source (not shown) that irradiates light on the document placed on the contact glass 21a, and a first light source (not shown) that reflects light reflected from the light source. A first traveling body 21b that includes a reflector and travels in the left-right direction in FIG. 1; a second traveling body 21c that includes a second reflector (not shown) that reflects light reflected by the reflector of the first traveling body 21b; An image forming lens 21d for forming an image of light from the second traveling body 21c, a reading sensor 21e for receiving the light passing through the image forming lens 21d and reading the contents of the document are provided.

  The automatic document feeder 22 is positioned above the reading device 21, and is integrated with the reading device 21 by a shaft 26 disposed at the upstream end of the image forming apparatus 100 in the D1 direction. Is provided as a second opening / closing body that can be opened and closed.

  The automatic document feeder 22 has a gripping portion 27 as a second gripping portion for gripping the automatic document feeder 22 when the automatic document feeder 22 is opened with respect to the reading device 21 at the downstream end of the D1 direction. Yes. The automatic document feeder 22 is rotatable about a shaft 26. The automatic document feeder 22 is opened with respect to the reading device 21 by gripping the gripping portion 27 and rotating upward to expose the contact glass 21a.

  The automatic document feeder 22 includes a document table 22a on which a document is placed and a drive unit having a motor or the like (not shown) that feeds a document placed on the document number 22a. When copying using the image forming apparatus 100, the document is set on the document table 22a of the automatic document feeder 22, or the automatic document feeder 22 is turned upward to manually move the document onto the contact glass 21a. After the document is placed on the automatic document feeder 22, the automatic document feeder 22 is closed and the document is pressed against the contact glass 21a. The opening angle of the automatic document feeder 22 with respect to the reading device 21 is approximately 90 degrees, and the work of placing a document on the contact glass 21a, the maintenance work of the contact glass 21a, and the like are easy.

The paper discharge roller 7 is rotated forward and backward under the control of the control unit 90.
The reverse feeding device 14 is disposed between the paper discharge roller 7 and the paper discharge roller 7 and the fixing device 6, and is a conveyance roller that is rotated forward and backward in synchronization with the paper discharge roller 7 under the control of the control unit 90. 37, a reverse conveyance path 38 that reversely conveys the transfer sheet S from the conveyance roller 37 toward the registration roller pair 13 while bypassing the fixing device 6, and the paper discharge roller 7 and the conveyance roller 37 are rotated in reverse. And a switching claw 39 for guiding the transfer sheet S to the reverse conveyance path 38.

  For the transfer paper S that has passed through the fixing device 6 and has a toner image fixed on one side, the reverse feeding device 14 rotates the paper discharge roller 7 and the transport roller 37 in the forward direction and uses the switching claw 39 to transfer the transfer paper S. When guiding toward the transport roller 37 and performing double-sided image formation, the discharge roller 7 and the transport roller 37 are moved at the timing when the rear end of the transfer sheet S on which the toner image is fixed on one side passes through the switching claw 39. In addition, the transfer claw 39 is switched and the transfer paper enters the reverse conveyance path 38, and the transfer paper S is reversed in the reverse conveyance path 38 and fed to the registration roller pair 13.

The transfer paper S that has passed through the reverse conveyance path 38 is in a state where the surface opposite to the surface on which the toner image is fixed when passing through the fixing device 6 faces the transfer belt 11.
Therefore, the image forming apparatus 100 is a double-sided image forming apparatus capable of forming an image on both sides of the transfer paper S by including the reverse feeding device 14.

  The configuration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C will be described as a representative of the configuration of the image station 60BK including the photosensitive drum 20BK. Since the configuration of the other image stations is substantially the same, in the following description, for the sake of convenience, a reference numeral corresponding to the reference symbol assigned to the configuration of the image station 60BK is attached to the configuration of the other image station. In addition, detailed description will be omitted as appropriate, and those with BK, Y, M, and C at the end of the reference sign are configurations for forming black, yellow, magenta, and cyan images, respectively. Will be shown.

  The image station 60BK provided with the photoconductive drum 20BK is used for cleaning the primary transfer roller 12BK and the photoconductive drum 20BK around the photoconductive drum 20BK along the rotation direction B1, which is the clockwise direction in the drawing. A cleaning device 70BK as a cleaning unit, a charging device 30BK as a charging device as a charging unit for charging the photosensitive drum 20BK to a high voltage, and a developing unit as a developing unit for developing the photosensitive drum 20Y A developing device 50BK.

  The photosensitive drum 20BK, the cleaning device 70BK, the charging device 30BK, and the developing device 50BK are integrated to form a process cartridge. The process cartridge is detachable from the main body 99. Making a process cartridge in this way is very preferable because it can be handled as a replacement part, so that the maintainability is remarkably improved.

The photosensitive drum 20BK is rotationally driven at a peripheral speed of 120 mm / s.
The charging device 30BK includes a brush roller (not shown in detail) and a high-voltage power source (not shown) that applies a bias to the brush roller. The brush roller is pressed against the surface of the photosensitive drum 20BK, and is driven to rotate by the photosensitive drum 20BK. The high-voltage power supply applies a bias in which AC is superimposed on DC to the brush roller, but a DC bias may be applied. The surface of the photosensitive drum 20BK is uniformly charged to −500 V by the charging device 30BK.

  The developing device 50BK includes a developing roller 51BK disposed at a position facing the photosensitive drum 20BK, a developing roller driving motor 52BK shown in FIG. 2 as a driving source for rotationally driving the developing roller 51BK, and a developing roller 51BK. A high-voltage power supply (not shown) for applying a developing bias.

  The developing roller 51BK has a diameter of 12 mm and is driven to rotate at a linear speed of 160 mm / s by a driving roller driving motor 52BK. The driving of the developing roller driving motor 52BK is controlled by the control unit 90. The developing device 50BK performs one-component contact development, and uses a toner having a normal charging characteristic of negative polarity as a developer. The developing device 50BK stores 180 g of the toner in a new state, in other words, initially.

  As shown in FIG. 2, the environment detection sensor 36 includes a temperature detection sensor 42 as a temperature detection unit that detects a use temperature of the image forming apparatus 100 and a humidity as a humidity detection unit that detects the use humidity of the image forming apparatus 100. And a detection sensor 43.

  Although not shown, the operation panel 40 has a single-sided print key that instructs the image forming apparatus 100 to form an image on only one side of the transfer paper S, and the image forming apparatus 100 forms an image on both sides of the transfer paper S. A double-sided print key for instructing to perform, a numeric keypad for designating the number of images to be formed, a print start key for instructing start of image formation, and the like.

  The control unit 90 stores the CPU 44, the ROM 45 as the first storage unit that stores the operation program of the image forming apparatus 100 and various data necessary for the operation of the operation program, and data necessary for the operation of the image forming apparatus 100. It has a configuration including a RAM 46 as second storage means for storing. The RAM 46 functions as a temperature storage unit that stores the temperature detected by the temperature detection sensor 42, and also functions as a humidity storage unit that stores the humidity detected by the humidity detection sensor 43.

  When full-color image formation is performed in the image forming apparatus configured as described above, when the print start key is pressed on the operation panel 40, the surface of the photosensitive drum 20BK is rotated by the charging device 30BK as the B1 rotates. An electrostatic latent image is formed that is uniformly charged and is based on image information corresponding to the black color by exposure scanning of the beam LBK from the optical scanning device 8. The electrostatic latent image is formed by scanning the beam LBK in the main scanning direction, which is the direction perpendicular to the paper surface, and sub-scanning in the circumferential direction of the photosensitive drum 20BK by rotating the photosensitive drum 20BK in the B1 direction. This is done by scanning in the direction as well.

  The electrostatic latent image formed in this way is charged with black toner charged by the developing device 50BK, developed into a black color and visualized, and the black toner obtained by development is developed. The toner image, which is a visible image, is primarily transferred to the transfer belt 11 moving in the A1 direction by the primary transfer roller 12BK, and foreign matters such as toner remaining after the transfer are scraped off and stored by the cleaning device 70BK. The drum 20BK is used for the next charging by the charging device 30BK.

  Similarly, toner images of the respective colors are formed on the other photosensitive drums 20Y, 20M, and 20C, and the formed toner images of the respective colors are transferred to the A1 direction by the primary transfer rollers 12Y, 12M, and 12C. 11 is sequentially transferred to the same position on the head.

  The toner image superimposed on the transfer belt 11 moves to the transfer portion that is the secondary transfer portion that is opposed to the secondary transfer roller 5 as the transfer belt 11 rotates in the A1 direction. When a secondary transfer bias having a predetermined size is applied by the high-voltage power supply 41 under the control, the transfer is transferred to the transfer sheet S at the transfer portion, and secondary transfer is performed.

  The transfer sheet S conveyed between the transfer belt 11 and the secondary transfer roller 5 is fed out from the sheet feeding device 23 and is transferred onto the transfer belt 11 by the registration roller pair 13 based on the detection signal from the sensor. The toner image is sent out at the timing when the leading end of the toner image faces the secondary transfer roller 5.

  When the toner images of all colors are collectively transferred and carried on the transfer paper S, the transfer paper S is separated from the transfer belt 11 by the curvature of the transfer entrance roller 73, transported in the direction C <b> 1, and enters the fixing device 6. When passing through the fixing unit between the pressure roller 63 and the pressure roller 63, the carried toner image is fixed by the action of heat and pressure. By this fixing process, a full-color image as a composite color image is formed on the transfer paper S. It is formed.

  The fixed transfer paper S that has passed through the fixing device 6 is stacked on the paper discharge tray 17 via the paper discharge roller 7 when the single-sided print key is pressed on the operation panel 40. When the double-sided print key is pressed on the operation panel 40, the fixed transfer sheet S that has passed through the fixing device 6 is subjected to the toner image transfer and fixing again via the reverse feeding device 14. Then, the paper is stacked on the paper discharge tray 17 via the paper discharge roller 7. The transfer belt 11 that has finished the secondary transfer is cleaned by a cleaning device each time and is prepared for the next primary transfer.

  In such an image forming apparatus 100, when the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C are new, a toner image is favorably formed and image formation is favorably performed. However, the image stations 60BK, 60Y, When 60M and 60C deteriorate, the charge amount of the developer to be used may decrease, and the image quality of a low density image such as a solid image or a halftone image may decrease. The deterioration of the image quality of the low-density image tends to appear relatively remarkably when it becomes a blurred image.

  Such a decrease in image quality has been found by the inventors of the present invention to easily occur in the later toner image in the order of transfer onto the transfer belt 11. This is because the charge amount of the later toner in the order tends to be lower than the charge amount of the earlier toner in the order. When the charge amount is low, the electrostatic attraction force to the transfer paper S is low. This is presumably because it is not sufficiently obtained, and the flow of electric charge due to the movement of the toner is small and easily discharged.

  The reason why the charge amount of the later toner in the order tends to be lower than the charge amount of the earlier toner in the order is that the toner image in the earlier order passes through another image station. Since the number of times increases, even if the charge amount of the toner is low, the charge amount is improved by charge-up when passing through another image station. This is presumably because the number of passes through the station is small and the amount of charge is difficult to improve due to charge-up when passing through another image station.

  The inventors of the present invention have also intensively studied the conditions for ensuring the image quality of the toner image later in the order of transfer to the transfer belt 11, and as a result, the amount of charge of the toner constituting the toner image is determined with time. It has been concluded that it is effective to make the secondary transfer bias in the case of the decrease lower than the initial value, that is, before the toner charge amount decreases.

  The reason for this will be described with reference to FIG. FIGS. 9A and 9B show the relationship between the two-color overlap solid and halftone blurs and the secondary transfer current value equivalent to the secondary transfer bias with respect to the initial stage and time. . The rank indicates that the larger the number, the better the image quality.

  As is clear from the comparison between FIGS. 6A and 6B, the image quality related to the two-color overlap solid blur does not change so much in the initial and time courses, but the image quality related to the halftone blur is not so changed. As for the initial and lapse of time, a peak in image quality appears when the secondary transfer current value is reduced in the lapse of time. That is, the secondary transfer current value with the best image quality related to halftone blur shifts to the smaller side with time. Therefore, if the secondary transfer bias when the charge amount is reduced is made smaller than the initial value, the reduction in halftone blur can be suppressed. It has been found that such a shift is remarkable when the transfer sheet S is a thin sheet or when an image is formed on the second surface of the transfer sheet S.

  Further, as apparent from FIG. 6B, the image quality of the halftone blur is good because the secondary transfer bias when the decrease in the halftone blur is most suppressed is good in the image quality related to the two-color overlap solid blur. Is compatible with the image quality of the two-color overlay stickiness.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 6C, reducing the secondary transfer bias is effective in suppressing deterioration in image quality due to the potential memory. The potential memory is a factor of image quality degradation caused by the transfer belt 11 being charged by the secondary transfer bias.

  Furthermore, as is clear from the test results shown in FIG. 5, it has been found that reducing the secondary transfer bias is effective in suppressing deterioration of the transfer belt 11. This is because the damage to the transfer belt 11 due to the discharge is suppressed by lowering the secondary transfer bias.

  The test conditions shown in FIG. 6 were obtained by performing double-sided printing using 5000 image forming process cartridges as the process cartridges of the respective colors constituting the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C. The degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C is measured based on the travel distance of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C, and the secondary transfer bias is controlled by the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C. When the travel distance reaches 2000 m, the secondary transfer current is reduced by constant current control. The travel distance of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C reaches 2000 m before image formation is performed 5000 times. The secondary transfer current value is reduced from 20 μA to 15 μA when forming an image on one side of the transfer sheet S, and from 15 μA to 10 μA when forming an image on the other side of the transfer sheet S. To do. Ricoh T6200 was used for the transfer paper S.

  Under these conditions, each process cartridge is replaced after every 5000 image formations. However, when the number of image formations approaches 5000, the secondary transfer bias decreases. When the secondary transfer current value is decreased until the number of sheets is reached, the total applied bias is decreased, and thereby the deterioration degree of the transfer belt 11 and the deterioration of the image quality based thereon are reduced. It differs depending on whether or not the transfer current value is lowered.

  In view of such circumstances, in the image forming apparatus 100, the secondary transfer bias is controlled by the control unit 90 based on the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C. Here, the control unit 90 functions as a secondary transfer bias control unit as a bias control unit.

  The degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C is substantially the degree of reduction in the charge amount of the developer, that is, the toner. In addition to the deterioration of the developer itself, the decrease in the charge amount of the toner can be caused by various deteriorations in the structure for charging the developer and the charge amount of the toner constituting the toner image on the transfer belt 11 over time. Depending on the factors, in the image forming apparatus 100, based on the travel distance of the rotating bodies provided in the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, specifically, the travel distances of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C, in other words, the driving amount, The degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C was measured.

  The rotating bodies provided in the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C include the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C in addition to the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C. Since the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C that are in direct contact with each other for a long time are considered to be more preferable in measuring the degree of deterioration of the developer, the driving amount of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C Based on the above, the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C was measured.

  Since the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C are generally rotated at a high peripheral speed ratio with respect to the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C as in the present embodiment, the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C are rotated. It is preferable in terms of sensitivity to measure the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C based on the driving amounts of the rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C.

  The driving amounts of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C are measured by their respective rotational speeds. Specifically, based on the time when the controller 90 energizes each of the developing roller driving motors 52BK, 52Y, 52M, and 52C, this time is converted into the rotational speed of each of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C, The drive amounts of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C are measured. The measured rotation speeds of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C are stored in the RAM 46. Here, the RAM 46 functions as a developing roller driving amount storage unit as a developing roller rotation speed storage unit. As a developing roller driving amount storage unit, the RAM 46 includes areas for storing driving amounts of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C. When a gear is provided between the developing roller driving motors 52BK, 52Y, 52M, 52C and the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, 51C, the developing roller 51BK, The drive amounts, that is, the rotation speeds of 51Y, 51M, and 51C are calculated.

  The rotational speed is converted into the travel distance of each of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C by the controller 90 by integration with the circumference of each of the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C.

  As will be described later, the calculated travel distance is compared with a predetermined threshold value T, and whether or not the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C has reached the level of adjusting the secondary transfer bias. From the standpoint of measuring the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C based on the degree of deterioration of the developer and the degree of reduction of the charge amount, this is a factor that affects the degree of deterioration of the developer. , A consumption amount of a developer, that is, a toner, and an environment in which the image forming apparatus 100 is used.

  The smaller the toner consumption, the longer the toner is used in the developing devices 50BK, 50Y, 50M, and 50C, and the development rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and 51C and the photosensitive drums 20BK, 20Y, 20M, and 20C are used. Since it is repeatedly subjected to sliding and friction, the degree of deterioration increases. As the use environment of the image forming apparatus 100 is high temperature and high humidity and low temperature and low humidity, the use environment of the developer is more severe and easily deteriorates, and also causes a decrease in charge amount. Note that the developer is more likely to be deteriorated at low temperature and low humidity than at high temperature and high humidity.

  Therefore, in the image forming apparatus 100, when detecting the degree of deterioration of each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and the equivalent driving amounts of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, respectively. A value obtained by dividing the traveling distance of each 51C by the amount of toner consumed in each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C is used. The toner consumption is calculated by the control unit 90 based on the image areas of the toner images formed in the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, respectively. Here, the control unit 90 functions as a toner consumption calculation unit. An example of the degree of deterioration obtained in this way is shown in FIG.

  In the image forming apparatus 100, when detecting the degree of deterioration of each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, the developing rollers 51BK, 51Y, 51M, and the equivalent driving amounts of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C, respectively. A value obtained by integrating coefficients according to the usage environment of the image forming apparatus 100 is used for each traveling distance of 51C. The coefficient is detected by the temperature detection sensor 42 and the humidity detection sensor 43, and is stored in the ROM 45 based on the temperature and humidity stored in the RAM 46 as the temperature storage unit and the RAM 46 as the humidity storage unit, respectively. With reference to FIG. Here, the control unit 90 functions as an environmental coefficient determination unit, and the ROM 45 functions as an environmental coefficient storage unit. An example of the degree of deterioration obtained in this way is shown in FIG. The environmental factor used in the figure is 1.0 for a NN having a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 50%, which is suitable as a use environment, and a temperature of 32 ° C. and a humidity higher than that of the NN. The case of 60% HH is set to 1.2, and the case of LL at a temperature of 10 ° C. and a humidity of 15%, which is lower in temperature and humidity than NN, is set to 1.5.

In the image forming apparatus 100 of the present embodiment, all of the travel distance, toner consumption amount, and environmental coefficient are used for obtaining the degree of deterioration. FIG. 8 shows an example of the degree of deterioration obtained in this way.
As described above, the control unit 90 functions as a deterioration level detection unit that detects the deterioration levels of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C.

  Further, the control unit 90 functions as a deterioration degree determination unit that determines whether or not the secondary transfer bias should be adjusted based on the detected deterioration degree by comparing with a predetermined threshold value T. The threshold value T used for determining the degree of deterioration is different for each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C. This is because, as described above, the later in the order of transfer to the transfer belt 11, the less the number of times the toner image is charged up, the lower the secondary transferability to the transfer paper S. It is.

  Specifically, the threshold T is set to a value of 200 for the image station 60C located on the most downstream side in the A1 direction that is the rotation direction of the transfer belt 11, and the image located on the upstream side in the A1 direction from this value. The stations 60M, 60Y, and 60BK are values of 250, 300, and 350, which mean values having a degree of deterioration higher than 200, respectively. The reason why the threshold value T is increased from the downstream in the A1 direction to the upstream is because the number of charge-ups is taken into consideration.

  These threshold values T are used as a reference for determining whether or not the degree of deterioration of each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C has reached a level that requires the secondary transfer bias to be reduced. It is stored in the ROM 45. Here, the ROM 45 functions as a threshold value storage unit.

  In view of the fact that the more the toner image is transferred to the transfer belt 11 downstream in the A1 direction, the image quality is likely to deteriorate, the control unit 90 compares the threshold T with the image station on the downstream side in the A1 direction. The secondary transfer bias is adjusted as necessary. The threshold T corresponding to each image station is read from the ROM 45 serving as a threshold storage unit and used.

  That is, when the control unit 90 functions as the deterioration level detection unit, first, the control unit 90 calculates the deterioration level of the image station 60C located at the most downstream in the A1 direction (FIG. 9 (S1)) and also functions as the deterioration level determination unit. In this case, first, the calculated deterioration degree of the image station 60C is compared with 200 which is a threshold value T for determining whether or not the secondary transfer bias should be lowered (S2 in FIG. 9). ). If the degree of deterioration is 200 or more, the secondary transfer bias is made smaller by the control unit 90 as the secondary transfer bias control means than when the degree of deterioration is lower than 200 (FIG. 9 (S3)). Specifically, when forming an image on one side of the transfer sheet S, the secondary transfer current value is reduced from 20 μA in the normal state to 12 μA, and the image on the other side of the transfer sheet S at the time of the double-sided image formation instruction. At the time of formation, the secondary transfer current value is reduced from 15 μA as usual to 10 μA. Thereafter, image formation is performed in this state.

  In the above-described step S2 for the image station 60C, when the degree of deterioration is lower than the threshold value T for the image station 60C, the control unit 90 determines that A1 The degree of deterioration is calculated for the image station 60M adjacent to the image station 60C on the upstream side in the direction (FIG. 9 (S1)). A comparison is made with 250 which is a threshold value T for determining whether or not the secondary transfer bias should be lowered (FIG. 9 (S2)). If the degree of deterioration is 250 or more, the secondary transfer bias is made smaller by the control unit 90 as the secondary transfer bias control means than in the case where the degree of deterioration is below 250, as described above (FIG. 9 (S3 )), Image formation is performed in this state.

  In the above-described step S2 for the image station 60M, when the deterioration level is lower than 250, which is the threshold value T for the image station 60M, the control unit 90 performs A1 when functioning as the deterioration level detection unit. The degree of deterioration is calculated for the image station 60Y adjacent to the image station 60M on the upstream side in the direction (FIG. 9 (S1)), and when functioning as a degree-of-determination determination unit, the calculated degree of deterioration of the image station 60Y is A comparison is made with 300, which is a threshold value T for determining whether or not the level at which the secondary transfer bias should be lowered has been reached (FIG. 9 (S2)). If the degree of deterioration is 300 or more, the secondary transfer bias is made smaller by the control unit 90 as the secondary transfer bias control means than in the case where the degree of deterioration is less than 300, as described above (FIG. 9 (S3 )), Image formation is performed in this state.

  In the above-described step S2 for the image station 60Y, when the deterioration level is lower than 300, which is the threshold value T for the image station 60Y, the control unit 90 performs A1 when functioning as the deterioration level detection unit. The degree of deterioration is calculated for the image station 60BK adjacent to the image station 60Y on the upstream side in the direction (FIG. 9 (S1)), and the calculated degree of deterioration of the image station 60BK is used in functioning as a deterioration degree determination unit. A comparison is made with 350, which is a threshold value T for determining whether or not the level at which the secondary transfer bias should be lowered has been reached (FIG. 9 (S2)). If the degree of deterioration is 350 or more, the secondary transfer bias is made smaller by the control unit 90 as the secondary transfer bias control means than in the case where the degree of deterioration is less than 350, as described above (FIG. 9 (S3 )), Image formation is performed in this state.

  In the above-described step S2 for the image station 60BK, when the degree of deterioration is lower than the threshold value T for the image station 60BK, the control unit 90 does not change the secondary transfer current. Perform image formation.

  Such control is performed every time an image is formed. The toner consumption amount used for calculating the degree of deterioration is the consumption amount of toner used for image formation up to the previous time. However, it is reset when the process cartridge constituting the image station is replaced. The temperature and humidity used to calculate the degree of deterioration are average values of temperature and humidity at the time of image formation up to this time. However, it is reset when the process cartridge constituting the image station is replaced.

  In this way, it is determined whether or not the degree of deterioration of each of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M, and 60C has reached a level that reduces the magnitude of the secondary transfer bias. By reducing the magnitude of the bias, as shown in FIG. 10, a result that halftone blur was improved was obtained.

  It should be noted that problems such as halftone blurring are most likely to appear in the image station 60C located at the most downstream side in the A1 direction. Therefore, such control is performed only on the image station 60C from the viewpoint of simplification of control and cost reduction. May be. In this case, a value of 100 is used as the threshold value T, and when the image is formed on one side of the transfer sheet S, the secondary transfer current value is reduced from 20 μA in the normal state to 15 μA, and the transfer at the time of the double-side image formation instruction When the image was formed on the other side of the paper S, the secondary transfer current value was reduced from 15 μA in the normal state to 10 μA, and as a result, as shown in FIG. 11, the halftone blur was improved. .

  Similarly, from the viewpoint of simplification of control, cost reduction, etc., the threshold value T is a value used for the image station 60C located on the most downstream side in the A1 direction, and the image station located on the upstream side of the image station 60C in the A1 direction. Two values may be used for 60BK, 60Y, and 60M. Further, the threshold value T is not limited to the above-described value, and an optimum value for the image quality of various images is selected.

  As described above, in this embodiment, the comparison with the threshold value T is performed using the threshold value T corresponding to each image station in order from the image station on the downstream side in the A1 direction, and the adjustment of the secondary transfer bias. However, if the secondary transfer bias is adjusted by simply using the degree of deterioration of the image stations 60BK, 60Y, 60M other than the image station 60C located on the most downstream side in the A1 direction, a solid image is obtained with a two-color superimposed solid image. It was found that the bossotsuki image stands out.

  The reason for this will be described below when a green image is formed. In the case of forming a green image, the yellow toner image and the cyan toner image are overlapped. However, if the deterioration level of the yellow toner is large and the deterioration level of the cyan toner is small, The toner image is superimposed on the transfer belt 11 in the state shown in FIG. At this time, if the secondary transfer bias is reduced due to the deterioration level of the yellow toner on the upstream side in the A1 direction, a phenomenon in which only cyan toner having a low deterioration level is transferred to the transfer sheet S occurs. This is because the yellow toner transferred to the transfer belt 11 is charged up when it passes through the image stations 60M and 60C, but also acts to be pressed against the transfer belt 11 and has an adhesion stress with the transfer belt 11. It is thought to increase.

  Therefore, also from this, as in this embodiment, the comparison with the threshold value T is performed in order from the image station downstream in the A1 direction, using the threshold value T corresponding to each image station, and the secondary transfer bias. It can be seen that it is preferable to perform the adjustment. Further, as shown in FIG. 13, such control is effective in reducing the blur even when a light color and low density image such as a halftone is formed.

  The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above. However, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments, and the present invention described in the claims is not specifically limited by the above description. Various modifications and changes are possible within the scope of the above.

  For example, detection of the degree of deterioration and determination of whether the degree of deterioration has reached the required level of the secondary transfer bias are always performed for all image forming units provided in the image forming apparatus 100 from the viewpoint of easy control. Instead, it may be performed only for the image forming means used for image formation at that time.

The secondary transfer bias may be controlled not by controlling the current value but by controlling the voltage value.
The developer may be a two-component developer including a carrier as well as the toner.
The environment detection sensor may be provided in each image forming unit.

  The image forming apparatus is not a so-called tandem type image forming apparatus, but a so-called one-drum type image forming apparatus in which each color toner image is sequentially formed on one photosensitive drum and the respective color toner images are sequentially superimposed to obtain a color image. The same applies to the device.

  The image forming apparatus may not be a copier, a printer, and a facsimile machine, but may be a single unit thereof, or may be a multi-function machine of another combination such as a copier and printer. .

  Any type of image forming apparatus may employ a direct transfer method in which a toner image of each color is directly transferred to a transfer material without using an intermediate transfer member. In this case, the toner images on the plurality of image carriers are directly transferred to the sheet.

  The effects described in the embodiments of the present invention are only the most preferable effects resulting from the present invention, and the effects of the present invention are limited to those described in the embodiments of the present invention. is not.

1 is a schematic front view of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention is applied. FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a control unit provided in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 and a part of a configuration controlled thereby. FIG. 2 is a schematic front view showing an intermediate transfer member and transfer means provided in the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a correlation diagram illustrating a relationship between a secondary transfer current and image quality at an initial stage and time of an image forming unit provided in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a correlation diagram comparing the effects on image quality that occur when the transfer bias is controlled and not controlled in the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a correlation diagram illustrating an example in which a degree of deterioration of the image forming unit is obtained by dividing a drive amount of the image forming unit provided in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 by a toner consumption amount. FIG. 3 is a correlation diagram illustrating an example in which the degree of deterioration of the image forming unit is obtained by adding an environmental coefficient to the drive amount of the image forming unit provided in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a correlation diagram illustrating an example in which the degree of deterioration of the image forming unit is obtained by dividing the drive amount of the image forming unit provided in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 by the toner consumption and integrating the environmental coefficient. . 3 is a flowchart illustrating a control flow when adjusting a transfer bias in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a correlation diagram illustrating that image quality is improved by adjusting a transfer bias in the image forming apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a correlation diagram showing that image quality is improved by adjusting the transfer bias in another mode in the image forming apparatus shown in FIG. 1. It is a conceptual diagram explaining the malfunction which may arise when transferring the superimposed toner image to a transfer material. It is a conceptual diagram explaining the malfunction which may arise when transferring a toner image of one layer to a transfer material.

Explanation of symbols

11 Intermediate transfer body 47 Transfer means 60BK, 60Y, 60M, 60C Plural image forming means 60BK, 60Y, 60M Image forming means 60C positioned on the upstream side of the image forming means positioned on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer body Image forming means positioned on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member 90 First deterioration detection means, second deterioration detection means, first deterioration determination means, second deterioration determination means 100 Image forming apparatus A1 Intermediate transfer Body rotation direction S Transfer material

Claims (6)

A plurality of image forming means for forming toner images,
A rotating intermediate transfer body to which the toner images formed in the plurality of image forming means are transferred;
Transfer means for transferring a toner image on the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material by application of a bias;
A first deterioration degree detecting means for detecting a deterioration degree of an image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming means;
First deterioration degree determination means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the first deterioration degree detection means has reached a first level;
When the first deterioration degree determining means determines that the deterioration degree has reached the first level, the transfer means performs more than when the deterioration degree has not been determined to have reached the first level. An image forming apparatus that reduces the magnitude of a bias to be applied. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1.
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first deterioration degree detecting means detects the deterioration degree based on a driving amount of the image forming means located on the most downstream side. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2.
The first deterioration degree detection means detects the deterioration degree based on a value obtained by dividing the drive amount of the image forming means located at the most downstream side by the amount of toner consumed in the image forming means. An image forming apparatus. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2 or 3,
The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first deterioration degree detecting means detects the deterioration degree based on a use environment of the image forming means located on the most downstream side. The image forming apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4,
When the degree of deterioration detected by the first deterioration degree detecting means does not reach the first level, the image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer body among the plurality of image forming means. A second deterioration degree detecting means for detecting the deterioration degree of the image forming means located on the upstream side;
And a second deterioration degree determining means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the second deterioration degree detecting means has reached a second level that is higher than the first level. And
The second deterioration degree judging means is the second level in order of the degree of deterioration in order from the deterioration degree of the downstream image forming means in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer body among the image forming means located on the upstream side. The determination is made using a higher level,
When the second deterioration degree determining means determines that the deterioration degree has reached the second level, the first deterioration degree determining means has not determined that the deterioration degree has reached the first level. An image forming apparatus characterized in that the magnitude of the bias applied by the transfer means is made smaller than when the deterioration degree is not determined to have reached the second level by the second deterioration degree determining means. . A plurality of image forming means for forming toner images,
A rotating intermediate transfer body to which the toner images formed in the plurality of image forming means are transferred;
Transfer means for transferring a toner image on the intermediate transfer member to a transfer material by application of a bias;
A first deterioration degree detecting means for detecting a deterioration degree of an image forming means located on the most downstream side in the rotation direction of the intermediate transfer member among the plurality of image forming means;
Using the first deterioration degree determination means for determining whether or not the deterioration degree detected by the first deterioration degree detection means has reached the first level;
When the first deterioration degree determining means determines that the deterioration degree has reached the first level, the transfer means performs more than when the deterioration degree has not been determined to have reached the first level. An image forming method for reducing the magnitude of a bias to be applied.

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