JP2009082818A - Treatment agent and treatment method for polluted water containing heavy metals - Google Patents
Treatment agent and treatment method for polluted water containing heavy metals Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、セレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロム（特に六価クロム）の重金属類に汚染された地下水や河川水、湖沼水、各種排水などから重金属類を効率よく除去する方法と、これに用いる処理剤に関するものである。尚、本発明において「重金属類」とは、水に溶解した状態の金属イオンおよび化合物イオン（特に酸化物イオン）を意味する。 The present invention relates to a method for efficiently removing heavy metals from ground water, river water, lake water, various effluents, etc. contaminated with heavy metals such as selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium (especially hexavalent chromium), and a treatment used therefor It relates to the agent. In the present invention, “heavy metals” means metal ions and compound ions (particularly oxide ions) dissolved in water.
現在、重金属類による環境汚染が問題となっている。これらの重金属類で汚染された水の浄化処理としては、一般に、鉄塩やアルミニウム塩等の凝集剤を用いた沈殿処理が行われている。しかし沈殿処理によって汚染水中の重金属類濃度を充分に低くするためには、多量の凝集剤を必要とする。さらに沈殿処理で生成する重金属類含有スラッジを沈降させるためには、大掛かりな設備、多大な時間およびコストを必要とする。 Currently, environmental pollution due to heavy metals is a problem. As a purification process for water contaminated with these heavy metals, a precipitation process using a coagulant such as an iron salt or an aluminum salt is generally performed. However, a large amount of flocculant is required to sufficiently reduce the concentration of heavy metals in the contaminated water by precipitation treatment. Furthermore, in order to settle the heavy metal containing sludge produced | generated by a precipitation process, a large-scale installation, much time, and cost are required.
そこで凝集剤ではなく、吸着剤を用いて重金属類を吸着除去する方法が提案されている。そのような吸着剤として、キレート剤や鉄粉などが知られている。キレート剤などの特殊な吸着剤は、優れた除去効率を達成できるが、高価であるため処理コストが高くなるという欠点がある。一方、鉄粉は安価な吸着剤であるが、重金属類の除去性能が充分に高いとは言えない。そこで鉄粉を用いて重金属類を効率よく除去する技術が、これまで研究・開発されている。 Therefore, a method of adsorbing and removing heavy metals using an adsorbent instead of a flocculant has been proposed. As such adsorbents, chelating agents and iron powders are known. Special adsorbents such as chelating agents can achieve excellent removal efficiency, but they are expensive and have the disadvantage of high processing costs. On the other hand, although iron powder is an inexpensive adsorbent, it cannot be said that the removal performance of heavy metals is sufficiently high. Thus, techniques for efficiently removing heavy metals using iron powder have been researched and developed so far.
鉄粉で金属ヒ素およびその化合物を吸着除去する技術は、これまで多数提案されている（例えば特許文献１等）。しかしヒ素以外の重金属類（例えばセレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類）を鉄粉で除去する技術は、ほとんど知られていない。 Many techniques for adsorbing and removing metal arsenic and its compounds with iron powder have been proposed (eg, Patent Document 1). However, few techniques are known for removing heavy metals other than arsenic (for example, heavy metals of selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium) with iron powder.
ヒ素以外の重金属類を鉄粉で除去する技術としては、例えば六価クロムを除去する方法が特許文献２および３に、セレンを除去する方法が特許文献４および５に開示されている。しかしこれら特許文献では、いずれも、手段に特徴を有する汚染水の処理方法が開示されているに過ぎず、それに用いられる鉄粉には特段の工夫は施されていない。 As techniques for removing heavy metals other than arsenic with iron powder, for example, methods for removing hexavalent chromium are disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3, and methods for removing selenium are disclosed in Patent Documents 4 and 5. However, all of these patent documents only disclose a method for treating contaminated water characterized by the means, and no special device is applied to the iron powder used therefor.
詳しくは、特許文献２の技術は、鉄粉と砂の混合層とを水面下に保持して鉄粉の酸化を抑制することに特徴があり、特許文献３および５の技術は汚染水中の溶存酸素を除去することに特徴があり、特許文献４の技術は、水のｐＨおよび酸化還元電位をモニターすることに特徴がある。しかしこれらの特許文献は、一般的な鉄粉（例えば工業用鉄粉または試薬鉄粉）を用いることしか開示していない。
本発明は前記のような事情に着目してなされたものであって、その目的は、汚染水からセレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類を除去する性能が高い鉄粉処理剤、およびこうした処理剤を用いた有用な処理方法を提供することにある。 The present invention has been made paying attention to the circumstances as described above, and the purpose thereof is an iron powder treatment agent having a high performance for removing heavy metals such as selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium from contaminated water, and such treatment. It is to provide a useful treatment method using an agent.
上記目的を達成し得た本発明の処理剤とは、セレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類の少なくとも１種を含有する汚染水から前記重金属類を除去するための処理剤であって、硫黄を０．６〜５質量％の量で含有する鉄粉である点に要旨を有するものである。本発明の処理剤としては、水アトマイズ法によって製造された鉄粉が好ましい。 The treating agent of the present invention capable of achieving the above object is a treating agent for removing heavy metals from contaminated water containing at least one of heavy metals of selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium, Is an iron powder containing 0.6 to 5% by mass. As a processing agent of this invention, the iron powder manufactured by the water atomization method is preferable.
上記のような処理剤を用い、セレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類の少なくとも１種を含む汚染水と、前記処理剤とを接触させることによって汚染水中の重金属類が効果的に除去できる。 By using the treatment agent as described above and bringing the treatment agent into contact with contaminated water containing at least one kind of selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium heavy metals, the heavy metals in the contaminated water can be effectively removed.
本発明によれば、硫黄（Ｓ）を所定量で含有する鉄粉を用いることにより、汚染水中のセレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類を効率よく除去することができることになる。 According to the present invention, by using iron powder containing sulfur (S) in a predetermined amount, heavy metals such as selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium in contaminated water can be efficiently removed.
本発明は、鉄粉に０．６〜５質量％の硫黄（Ｓ）を含有させるところに要旨がある。本発明者らが検討した結果、鉄粉に所定量でＳを含有させることによって、汚染水からセレン等の重金属類を除去する性能が向上することを見出した。Ｓによって鉄粉の重金属類の除去性能が向上するメカニズムとしては、鉄のアノード反応（Ｆｅ→Ｆｅ2+＋２ｅ-）が不純物のＳで促進され、その結果、重金属類の還元反応または不溶化反応が促進されることなどが考えられる。 The gist of the present invention is that iron powder contains 0.6 to 5% by mass of sulfur (S). As a result of investigations by the present inventors, it was found that the performance of removing heavy metals such as selenium from contaminated water is improved by containing iron in a predetermined amount in iron powder. As a mechanism for improving the removal performance of heavy metals in iron powder by S, the iron anode reaction (Fe → Fe 2+ + 2e − ) is promoted by impurities S, and as a result, the reduction reaction or insolubilization reaction of heavy metals is performed. It can be promoted.
以下では不溶化の推定メカニズムについて、具体例を挙げて、より詳しく説明する。まずセレンは、水中ではセレン酸イオン（ＳｅＯ4 2-）の形態で溶解している。このセレン酸イオンを除去するためには、セレン酸イオンと鉄イオンとの不溶性化合物を形成させれば良い。そして本発明の処理剤では、鉄粉中にＳが存在するので、鉄イオンを水中に効率よく放出することができる。その結果、不溶性のセレン酸鉄（セレン酸と鉄との化合物）を鉄粉表面に析出させて、水中からセレン酸イオンを効率よく除去することができる。 Hereinafter, the insolubilization estimation mechanism will be described in more detail with specific examples. First, selenium is dissolved in the form of selenate ion (SeO 4 2− ) in water. In order to remove this selenate ion, an insoluble compound of selenate ion and iron ion may be formed. And in the processing agent of this invention, since S exists in iron powder, an iron ion can be discharge | released efficiently in water. As a result, insoluble iron selenate (compound of selenate and iron) is precipitated on the surface of the iron powder, and selenate ions can be efficiently removed from the water.
鉛およびカドミウムは、それぞれ鉛イオン（Ｐｂ2+）およびカドミウムイオン（Ｃｄ2+）の形態で水中に溶解している。本発明の処理剤では、Ｓによって鉄のアノード反応が促進されているため、鉛イオンおよびカドミウムイオンが、それぞれ金属鉛および金属カドミウムに効率よく還元され、鉄粉表面に析出する。その結果、鉛イオンおよびカドミウムイオンを、水中から効率よく除去することができる。 Lead and cadmium are dissolved in water in the form of lead ions (Pb 2+ ) and cadmium ions (Cd 2+ ), respectively. In the treatment agent of the present invention, since the anodic reaction of iron is promoted by S, lead ions and cadmium ions are efficiently reduced to metal lead and metal cadmium, respectively, and are deposited on the iron powder surface. As a result, lead ions and cadmium ions can be efficiently removed from the water.
クロムは、クロムイオン（Ｃｒ3+、Ｃｒ6+）の形態で水中に溶解している。本発明の処理剤は、鉄のアノード反応によって水に電子を供給し、水酸化物イオンを効率よく生成させる。これらクロムイオンと水酸化物イオンとが反応して、不溶性の水酸化クロムが鉄粉表面に析出する。その結果、クロムイオンを水中から効率よく除去することができる。 Chromium is dissolved in water in the form of chromium ions (Cr 3+ , Cr 6+ ). The treatment agent of the present invention supplies electrons to water by an anodic reaction of iron and efficiently generates hydroxide ions. These chromium ions and hydroxide ions react to deposit insoluble chromium hydroxide on the surface of the iron powder. As a result, chromium ions can be efficiently removed from the water.
鉄粉中のＳ量が多いほど、鉄粉の重金属類の除去性能が向上する。しかしＳ量が過度に多くなると、アトマイズ法などによって鉄粉を製造する際に多量のタール状物質が生成して、溶鉄流出ノズルが閉塞され、鉄粉の生産性が著しく害される。また過剰のＳを含有する鉄粉は、硫黄臭がするため好ましくない。従って鉄粉中のＳ量を、０．６質量％以上（好ましくは０．８質量％以上）、５質量％以下（好ましくは３質量％以下）と定めた。 As the amount of S in the iron powder increases, the removal performance of heavy metals from the iron powder improves. However, if the amount of S is excessively large, a large amount of tar-like substance is generated when iron powder is produced by the atomizing method, etc., the molten iron outflow nozzle is blocked, and the productivity of the iron powder is significantly impaired. Moreover, since the iron powder containing excess S has a sulfur smell, it is not preferable. Therefore, the amount of S in the iron powder is determined to be 0.6% by mass or more (preferably 0.8% by mass or more) and 5% by mass or less (preferably 3% by mass or less).
本発明の鉄粉は、所定量のＳを含有するものであれば、その種類に特に限定は無く、工業的に入手可能なあらゆる鉄粉を用いることができる。鉄粉の種類としては、例えばアトマイズ鉄粉、鋳鉄粉およびスポンジ鉄粉、並びにこれらの鉄基完全合金粉および部分合金化粉などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、大量生産が可能であり、成分や粒径を揃えることができる水アトマイズ法によって製造されたアトマイズ鉄粉が好ましい。 The iron powder of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it contains a predetermined amount of S, and any industrially available iron powder can be used. Examples of the iron powder include atomized iron powder, cast iron powder and sponge iron powder, and these iron-based complete alloy powder and partially alloyed powder. Among these, the atomized iron powder manufactured by the water atomizing method which can be mass-produced and can arrange components and particle sizes is preferable.
鉄粉は、小さいほど表面積が増大し、重金属類の除去性能（特に低下速度）が増大する。しかし鉄粉が小さすぎると、汚染水と一緒に鉄粉が流出する、汚染水が鉄粉の間隙を通らない、および貯蔵および輸送中に発熱する等の問題が生ずる。一方、鉄粉は大きいほど取扱い性は向上するが、重金属類の除去速度が低下する。そこで鉄粉の平均粒径は、好ましくは１μｍ以上（より好ましくは５μｍ以上）、好ましくは１ｍｍ以下（より好ましくは０．５ｍｍ以下）である。 The smaller the iron powder, the larger the surface area, and the heavy metal removal performance (especially the rate of decrease) increases. However, if the iron powder is too small, there are problems such as the iron powder flowing out together with the contaminated water, the contaminated water not passing through the gaps of the iron powder, and generating heat during storage and transportation. On the other hand, the larger the iron powder, the better the handleability but the lower the removal rate of heavy metals. Therefore, the average particle size of the iron powder is preferably 1 μm or more (more preferably 5 μm or more), preferably 1 mm or less (more preferably 0.5 mm or less).
本発明は、セレン等の重金属類を含有する汚染水と、本発明の処理剤（所定量のＳを含有する鉄粉）とを接触させることによって、汚染水から重金属類を除去する方法も提供する。本発明において、汚染水と本発明の処理剤（鉄粉）とを接触させる方法には特に限定は無く、例えば（１）処理剤を適当な容器に充填し、これに汚染水を通過させて接触させる方法、（２）処理剤を汚染水に添加した後、撹拌・分散させて重金属類を捕捉する方法などが挙げられる。 The present invention also provides a method for removing heavy metals from contaminated water by bringing the contaminated water containing heavy metals such as selenium into contact with the treatment agent of the present invention (iron powder containing a predetermined amount of S). To do. In the present invention, the method for bringing the contaminated water into contact with the treatment agent (iron powder) of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, (1) the treatment agent is filled in a suitable container and the contaminated water is allowed to pass through it. Examples thereof include a method of contacting, (2) a method of adding a treating agent to contaminated water, and then stirring and dispersing to capture heavy metals.
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明をより具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例によって制限を受けるものではなく、上記・下記の趣旨に適合し得る範囲で適当に変更を加えて実施することも勿論可能であり、それらはいずれも本発明の技術的範囲に包含される。 EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited by the following examples, and appropriate modifications are made within a range that can meet the above and the following purposes. Of course, it is possible to implement them, and they are all included in the technical scope of the present invention.
〈処理剤〉
鉄粉として、水アトマイズ法で製造した種々のＳ量の鉄粉（平均粒径：６５μｍ）を使用した。尚、各鉄粉のＳ量は表１に記載する。
<Processing agent>
As the iron powder, various amounts of iron powder (average particle diameter: 65 μm) produced by the water atomization method were used. In addition, S amount of each iron powder is described in Table 1.
〈汚染水の調製に使用した化合物等〉
セレン、鉛、カドミウムおよびクロムの重金属類を含有する汚染水を調製するために、関東化学製のＳｅＯ2、原子吸光分析用Ｃｄ標準液（Ｃｄ2+を含む水溶液）、および原子吸光分析用Ｃｒ標準液（Ｃｒ6+を含む水溶液）、並びに和光純薬製のＰｂＯを用いた。
<Compounds used to prepare contaminated water>
To prepare contaminated water containing heavy metals such as selenium, lead, cadmium and chromium, SeO 2 manufactured by Kanto Chemical, Cd standard solution for atomic absorption analysis (aqueous solution containing Cd 2+ ), and Cr for atomic absorption analysis A standard solution (aqueous solution containing Cr 6+ ) and PbO manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries were used.
〈試験方法〉
表１に示す重金属元素の濃度となるように、蒸留水に前記化合物等を溶解させ、各種汚染水を調整した。これら汚染水１００ｍＬを、１ｇの鉄粉を入れた容量１２５ｍＬのバイアル瓶に注ぎ、バイアル瓶を密閉した。そして鉄粉が適度に流動するように、２５℃で撹拌を続けた。２４時間経過後に、ろ紙（Ｎｏ．５Ｃ）を用いるろ過によって汚染水から鉄粉を除去し、濾液中の重金属元素の濃度を定量分析した。結果を表１に併記する。
<Test method>
The compounds and the like were dissolved in distilled water so as to obtain heavy metal element concentrations shown in Table 1, and various contaminated waters were prepared. 100 mL of these contaminated waters were poured into a 125 mL vial containing 1 g of iron powder, and the vial was sealed. And stirring was continued at 25 degreeC so that iron powder might flow moderately. After 24 hours, iron powder was removed from the contaminated water by filtration using filter paper (No. 5C), and the concentration of heavy metal elements in the filtrate was quantitatively analyzed. The results are also shown in Table 1.
表１の結果から明らかなように、Ｓ量が０．６質量％以上である鉄粉では、処理後のセレン元素の濃度が充分に低くなっており、重金属類の除去性能が向上していることが分かる。同様に鉛、カドミウムまたはクロムの重金属類を含有する汚染水の処理でも、Ｓ量の高い鉄粉（Ｓ：１質量％）の方が、Ｓ量の低いもの（Ｓ：０．０５質量％）と比べて、処理後の重金属元素の濃度が低くなっており、Ｓ量を所定量で含有させることによって鉄粉の除去性能が向上することが分かる。 As is apparent from the results in Table 1, in the iron powder having an S amount of 0.6% by mass or more, the concentration of the selenium element after the treatment is sufficiently low, and the removal performance of heavy metals is improved. I understand that. Similarly, in the treatment of contaminated water containing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium or chromium, iron powder with a higher S content (S: 1% by mass) has a lower S content (S: 0.05% by mass). Compared with, the concentration of heavy metal elements after treatment is low, and it can be seen that the iron powder removal performance is improved by containing a predetermined amount of S.
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