JP2009059915A - 光起電力素子 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035272—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier
Abstract
【解決手段】光起電力素子は、光を吸収して電子および正孔を生成する光吸収層2と、光吸収層2の一方の面に隣接する電子移動層3と、光吸収層2の他方の面に隣接する正孔移動層4と、電子移動層3上に設けられた負電極5と、正孔移動層4上に設けられた正電極6とを備える。電子移動層3は、光吸収層2における伝導帯2cのエネルギー幅より狭いエネルギー幅を有しており所定のエネルギー準位Eeの電子を選択的に通過させる伝導帯3aを有する。正孔移動層4は、光吸収層2における価電子帯2dのエネルギー幅より狭いエネルギー幅を有しており所定のエネルギー準位Ehの正孔を選択的に通過させる価電子帯4aを有する。光吸収層2は、p型不純物またはn型不純物を含む。
【選択図】図6
Description
Robert T. Ross et al., "Efficiency of hot-carrier solar energyconverters", American Institute of Phisics, Journal of Applied Physics, May 1982,Vol.53, No.5, pp.3813-3818 Peter Wurfel, "Solar energy conversion with hot electrons fromimpact ionisation", Elsevier, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997,Vol.46, pp.43-52 G. J. Conibeer et al., "On achievable efficiencies of manufacturedHot Carrier solar cell absorbers", 21st European Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConference, 4-8 September 2006, pp.234-237 Peter Wurfel, "Particle Cnservation in the Hot-carrier Solar Cell", WileyInterScience, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 18 February2005, Vol.13, pp.277-285
本発明による光起電力素子の一実施形態について説明する。その前に、まずホットキャリア型の光起電力素子の発電機構について詳細に説明する。
(A)光吸収層20の特性にのみ注目し、正孔移動層21および電子移動層22については、そのバンド幅は無限小であり、コンダクタンスは無限大である。
(B)高エネルギーに励起されたキャリアは、エネルギー緩和が生じる前に光吸収層20の外部に取り出される。すなわち、キャリア−格子相互作用を無視する。
(C)インパクトイオン化及び非輻射再結合は生じない。
(D)光吸収層20において、そのバンドギャップよりも高いエネルギーをもつ光は全て吸収される。すなわち、光吸収層20はその光吸収係数の逆数よりも十分厚い。
(E)光励起により生じたキャリアは、キャリア間の弾性散乱により直ちに熱平衡状態(ただし、格子とは熱平衡ではない)となり、そのエネルギー分布をフェルミ分布関数を用いて表すことができる。すなわち、キャリア同士の衝突時間を無限小とみなす。
(F)光吸収層20内では電気的中性が保たれている。
(G)光吸収層20内でのキャリアの密度、温度、擬フェルミ準位は厚さ方向に一定である。すなわち、キャリアの拡散係数を無限大とみなす。
これらの仮定の下に、出力電力Pは次の(1)式のように導かれる。
この数式(1)において、Jは電流密度、Ve、Vhはそれぞれ取り出される電子、正孔のエネルギーであり、(Ve−Vh)が出力電圧となる。
上記数式(2)〜(4)において、εgは光吸収層20のバンドギャップエネルギー、μe、μhはそれぞれ電子、正孔の擬フェルミ準位、Te、Thはそれぞれ電子、正孔の温度である。hはプランク定数であり、cは光速度であり、kBはボルツマン定数であり、TSは太陽の表面温度(5760[K])である。また、ΩSは太陽光入射の立体角、ΩRは輻射再結合による輻射の立体角であり、それぞれΩS=6.8×10−5[rad](1[Sun]照射)、ΩR=π[rad]である。
上記数式(5)および(6)において、Eeは電子移動層22が選択的に通過させる電子のエネルギー準位、Ehは正孔移動層21が選択的に通過させる正孔のエネルギー準位である。また、ΔSe、ΔShは、光吸収層20において温度Teの電子、温度Thの正孔が、温度TRT(室温)の負電極24、正電極23に取り出される際のエントロピーの増大分である。
ただし、数式(7)においてはバンドギャップεgの中心をエネルギー軸の原点とした。なお、正孔の密度nhも、正孔の擬フェルミ準位μhおよび正孔温度Thを用いて数式(7)と同様に表される。
吸収光子数密度Nsは、入射光強度およびバンドギャップエネルギーεgを与えることにより決定される。例えば、入射光強度が1[kW/m2]、バンドギャップエネルギーεgが0である場合、吸収光子数密度Nsは6.3×1017[cm−2/s]となり、これはAM0スペクトルの入射光子数密度(6.46×1017[cm−2/s])とほぼ等しい値である。この吸収光子数密度Nsと光吸収層2の厚さdとを数式(7)、(8)に適用すれば、キャリア密度nc、平均滞在時間τr、電子の擬フェルミ準位μe、正孔の擬フェルミ準位μh、および電子温度Teの関係が与えられる。この関係より、平均滞在時間τrを決めればキャリア密度ncが定まり、電子の擬フェルミ準位μeと電子温度Teとの関係、および正孔の擬フェルミ準位μhと正孔温度Thとの関係が導出される。
となる。したがって、大きな(Ve−Vh)を得るためには、Te>Th、すなわち光吸収層2にp型不純物がドープされたときには、電子移動層3の伝導帯3aのエネルギー準位Eeをなるべく大きくすればよく、より好適には正孔移動層4の価電子帯4aのエネルギー準位Ehを光吸収層2の価電子帯2d上端に設定すればよいことがわかる。また、Te<Th、すなわち光吸収層2にn型不純物がドープされたときには、電子移動層3の伝導帯3aのエネルギー準位Eeをなるべく小さくすればよく、より好適にはこのエネルギー準位Eeを光吸収層2の伝導帯2c下端に設定すればよいことがわかる。
図9は、上記実施形態による光起電力素子1の実施例および比較例を示す表である。この表に示す実施例1〜4では、光吸収層2にp型不純物をドープし、そのドープ濃度、電子および正孔の有効質量meおよびmh、並びに集光倍率を様々な値に設定したときの、最適なバンドギャップエネルギーεg、電子移動層3の伝導帯3aのエネルギー準位Eeと正孔移動層4の価電子帯4aのエネルギー準位Ehとの差(Ee−Eh)、電子の擬フェルミ準位μeと正孔の擬フェルミ準位μhとの差(μe−μh)、電子エネルギーVeと正孔エネルギーVhとの差(Ve−Vh)、並びに変換効率を調べた。
Claims (8)
- 光を吸収して電子および正孔を生成する光吸収層と、
前記光吸収層の一方の面に隣接する電子移動層と、
前記光吸収層の他方の面に隣接する正孔移動層と、
前記電子移動層上に設けられた負電極と、
前記正孔移動層上に設けられた正電極と
を備え、
前記電子移動層が、前記光吸収層における伝導帯のエネルギー幅より狭いエネルギー幅を有しており所定の第1のエネルギー準位の電子を選択的に通過させる伝導帯を有しており、
前記正孔移動層が、前記光吸収層における価電子帯のエネルギー幅より狭いエネルギー幅を有しており所定の第2のエネルギー準位の正孔を選択的に通過させる価電子帯を有しており、
前記光吸収層がp型不純物またはn型不純物を含むことを特徴とする、光起電力素子。 - 前記光吸収層がp型不純物を含み、
前記正孔移動層における価電子帯が、前記光吸収層における価電子帯の上端のエネルギー準位を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の光起電力素子。 - 前記正孔移動層における価電子帯の上端のエネルギー準位が、前記光吸収層における価電子帯の上端のエネルギー準位より高く、前記光吸収層における正孔の擬フェルミ準位より低いことを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の光起電力素子。
- 前記光吸収層がn型不純物を含み、
前記電子移動層における伝導帯が、前記光吸収層における伝導帯の下端のエネルギー準位を含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の光起電力素子。 - 前記電子移動層における伝導帯の下端のエネルギー準位が、前記光吸収層における伝導帯の下端のエネルギー準位より低く、前記光吸収層における電子の擬フェルミ準位より高いことを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の光起電力素子。
- 前記光吸収層がp型不純物を含み、
前記第2のエネルギー準位が、前記光吸収層における価電子帯の上端のエネルギー準位と実質的に一致していることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の光起電力素子。 - 前記光吸収層がn型不純物を含み、
前記第1のエネルギー準位が、前記光吸収層における伝導帯の下端のエネルギー準位と実質的に一致していることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の光起電力素子。 - 前記光吸収層における前記p型不純物または前記n型不純物の濃度が、入射光強度をA[kW/m2]としてA×1013[cm−3]以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の光起電力素子。
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JP2007226277A JP4324214B2 (ja) | 2007-08-31 | 2007-08-31 | 光起電力素子 |
CN2008801048829A CN101790793B (zh) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-26 | 光伏电力元件 |
US12/675,695 US20100258164A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-26 | Photovoltaic force device |
PCT/JP2008/065180 WO2009028492A1 (ja) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-26 | 光起電力素子 |
EP08792726A EP2184786A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-26 | Photovoltaic force device |
TW097133357A TW200931671A (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-29 | Photovoltaic device |
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WO2012069926A2 (en) | 2010-11-26 | 2012-05-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Photoelectric conversion device |
JP2012124392A (ja) * | 2010-12-10 | 2012-06-28 | Hitachi Ltd | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
JP2012124288A (ja) * | 2010-12-07 | 2012-06-28 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | 光電変換素子 |
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- 2008-08-26 WO PCT/JP2008/065180 patent/WO2009028492A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2008-08-26 US US12/675,695 patent/US20100258164A1/en not_active Abandoned
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JP2012531727A (ja) * | 2009-07-03 | 2012-12-10 | ニューサウス イノヴェーションズ ピーティワイ リミテッド | ホットキャリアエネルギー変換構造、及びその製造方法 |
US9171970B2 (en) | 2010-07-09 | 2015-10-27 | Ostendo Technologies, Inc. | Alternating bias hot carrier solar cells |
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WO2012069926A2 (en) | 2010-11-26 | 2012-05-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Photoelectric conversion device |
JP2012124288A (ja) * | 2010-12-07 | 2012-06-28 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | 光電変換素子 |
US8790948B2 (en) | 2010-12-10 | 2014-07-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Method for manufacturing a solar cell |
JP2012124392A (ja) * | 2010-12-10 | 2012-06-28 | Hitachi Ltd | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
WO2013005103A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 | 2013-01-10 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Photoelectric conversion device |
US9795542B2 (en) | 2011-07-07 | 2017-10-24 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Photoelectric conversion device |
DE112012002855B4 (de) | 2011-07-07 | 2021-11-11 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | toelektrische Umwandlungsvorrichtung |
WO2019124012A1 (ja) * | 2017-12-18 | 2019-06-27 | 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 | 太陽電池 |
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EP2184786A1 (en) | 2010-05-12 |
WO2009028492A1 (ja) | 2009-03-05 |
CN101790793B (zh) | 2011-09-28 |
CN101790793A (zh) | 2010-07-28 |
JP4324214B2 (ja) | 2009-09-02 |
TW200931671A (en) | 2009-07-16 |
US20100258164A1 (en) | 2010-10-14 |
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