JP2009053043A - Ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus for detecting surface flaw - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To simply and precisely detect a flaw containing a shallower surface flaw. <P>SOLUTION: Time delays are mutually applied to the irradiation timing of an inspection target 8 with a plurality of laser beams 4 emitted from a plurality of lasers 1 by using a delay generator 7 or the like to excite the inspection target 8 by an ultrasonic wave and a surface wave of a tone burst waveform having the frequency characteristics of a narrow band capable of clearly obtaining fundamental frequency to make its higher harmonic component propagate through the inspection target 8, and to detect the transmitted wave through the surface flaw by a receiving probe using a two-light wave mixing type laser interferometer 12, so that the transmitted RF waveform of the tone burst wave received by the receiving probe is displayed on a display device 14 to judge the presence of the surface flaw on the basis of a change in the amplitude of the RF waveform. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus. More specifically, the present invention relates to an ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus suitable for detecting surface flaws, particularly minute surface flaws.

The TOFD method using a pulsed surface wave is generally used to estimate the depth of a surface flaw (Non-Patent Document 1). According to the TOFD method, a path length difference (T ₁ −T ₀ ) generated between a beam path length T ₀ of a pulsed surface wave when there is no flaw and a beam path length T ₁ of a pulsed surface wave when there is a flaw is used. Then, the flaw depth d is obtained by dividing the difference into two equal parts. Since the pulsed surface wave propagates along the flaw at the flaw portion, the beam path length becomes longer because the pulse surface wave is detoured by the depth of the surface flaw. Therefore, the beam path length T ₀ of the pulsed surface wave when there is no flaw is obtained in advance in a state where the distance between the incident position of the ultrasonic wave and the detection position is constant, and the beam path length T of the pulsed surface wave of the object to be inspected. The presence / absence of a surface flaw and its flaw depth are estimated from the difference from ₁ . Here, the beam path length refers to the distance that the beam passes between the transmitting probe and the receiving probe.

  In addition, other surface flaw detection techniques using contact-type probes include detection of reflected waves, such as a technique using a creeping probe and an oblique flaw detection method using an oblique probe. A wound height measurement may be performed.

  However, in general ultrasonic flaw detection in which ultrasonic transmission / reception is performed with the above-described piezoelectric element type probe, the probe and the inspection object need to be in proper contact, and in many cases, a liquid contact medium It is necessary to go through. For this reason, there is a problem that the inspection object is restricted, for example, when the inspection object has a complicated shape or at a high temperature, and is difficult to apply to an object to be inspected or a nuclear power generation facility.

  Therefore, development of a measurement method for non-contact type surface scratches is desired. Conventionally, there is a laser ultrasonic method as a non-contact type ultrasonic flaw detection method. This laser ultrasonic method is a technology that irradiates a test object with a laser to locally raise the surface of the test object and generate ultrasonic waves by thermoelasticity or ablation. Therefore, it is expected to be applied to a case where the inspection object has a complicated shape or a high temperature. In addition, ultrasonic waves transmitted and received by laser ultrasonic waves have a wide band and include a high frequency component (short wavelength component) that easily interacts with a minute crack. Focusing on this fact, a crack detection method using a laser ultrasonic method has been proposed that uses a laser-excited broadband surface wave to detect a microcrack and to measure its depth with high accuracy (non-patent document). References 2, 3). According to the micro-scratch sizing technique using this laser-excited broadband surface wave, the energy of the surface wave generated by laser irradiation is localized for about one wavelength on the surface layer. The high-frequency surface wave is reflected at the opening and detected by the receiving laser. Therefore, it is possible to know the presence or absence of a crack with or without a reflected wave from the crack (reflection method (pulse echo): reflection mode, see FIG. 20A). On the other hand, when there is a crack, the low frequency component of the surface wave signal passes through the crack. By detecting this surface wave transmission component and analyzing its frequency, the depth of the crack can be measured (transmission method: transmission mode, see FIG. 20B).

Issued by the Japan Nondestructive Inspection Association, “The Nondestructive Inspection Association Standard, TOFD Method for Measuring Scratch Height” issued on December 1, 2001 Makoto Ochiai et al., Development of Laser Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Technology and Application to Reactor Maintenance, Toshiba Review, Vol.61, No.1, pp.44-47, (2006). Ochiai, et al., Scratch sizing technique using laser-excited broadband surface wave, Journal of Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Vol.43, No.3, pp.91-97, (2001).

  However, in the TOFD method, the echo of the received surface wave is weak and it is impossible to perform estimation with high accuracy. In addition, even when detecting the lower end of a surface flaw using a reflected wave such as an oblique flaw detection method or creeping method, it is difficult to detect the echo of the diffracted wave from the lower end of the flaw, and the shallow surface flaw depth Is difficult to estimate. This is due to the fact that the energy of the diffracted wave obliquely upward is originally weak and the diffracted wave echo that can be detected cannot be obtained by the diffusion attenuation by the length of the beam path. It is greatly attenuated and cannot be detected. In other words, it is difficult to see on the oscilloscope. Furthermore, in the method of detecting surface flaws using reflected waves, there are problems that the defect detection capability changes depending on the direction of the defect, and the detected defect depth cannot be estimated.

  Further, according to the laser ultrasonic method using the broadband frequency characteristics of the ultrasonic wave excited by the laser described in Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3, the reflection mode for detecting the reflected wave from the crack and the surface wave transmitting through the crack It takes time and effort to use the transmission mode for detecting the image. In addition, it is necessary to perform frequency analysis by paying attention to the attenuation of the high frequency side component of the surface wave that has passed through the surface flaw, and to confirm the change in the frequency characteristics, and whether the depth of the surface flaw is a certain value or not. In the case of simply detecting the signal, there is a problem that the frequency analysis processing is troublesome and the detection ability is also inferior. In general, it is known that ultrasonic waves excited by a laser simultaneously generate longitudinal waves, transverse waves, surface waves, etc., and it is difficult to select a propagation mode and control directivity. May decrease.

  Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an ultrasonic flaw detection method and apparatus that can easily detect shallower surface flaws.

  In order to achieve such an object, the ultrasonic flaw detection method of the present invention excites ultrasonic waves to the inspection object by mutually giving a time delay to the timing of irradiation of the inspection object with a plurality of laser beams. A surface wave of a tone burst waveform with a narrow band frequency characteristic that clearly obtains the fundamental frequency and its harmonic components for the object to be inspected is propagated, and the transmitted wave that passes through the surface flaw is transmitted with the receiving probe. Detection is performed, and the presence or absence of a surface flaw is determined based on a change in the amplitude of the RF waveform output from the receiving probe.

  The invention according to claim 2 is the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to claim 1, wherein the frequency of the tone burst wave is changed and the depth of the surface flaw is estimated from the frequency when the transmitted wave disappears. .

  According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the first or second aspect, the interval between the tone burst wave generation position and the detection position is fixed, and the waveform is collected by scanning in a certain direction. When a transmitted wave disappears or appears, the presence or absence of a surface flaw is estimated.

  According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to any one of the first to third aspects, the number of tone burst waves is eight or more.

  Furthermore, an ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention includes a transmission probe including a plurality of lasers that form tone burst waves propagating along a surface of the inspection object with respect to the inspection object, and the plurality of lasers. A delay generator that gives a time delay in which the ultrasonic waves generated by shifting the irradiation intervals of the laser beams become a plurality of waves, a receiving probe using a two-wave mixing laser interferometer, and the receiving probe receiving And a display for displaying the transmitted RF waveform of the tone burst wave, and the presence / absence and depth of surface flaws can be determined from the change in amplitude of the RF waveform.

  According to the ultrasonic flaw detection method of the first aspect of the present invention, it is possible to detect the presence / absence of a flaw having a depth greater than or equal to the fundamental frequency of the tone burst surface wave only by observing only the amplitude of the displayed RF waveform. Is possible enough. Therefore, it is not necessary to use the reflection mode to detect the reflected wave from the crack and the transmission mode to detect the surface wave that passes through the crack, and it is necessary to perform frequency analysis to confirm the change of the frequency characteristics. It is easy to determine the presence or absence of scratches. Moreover, since the sound pressure distribution in the depth direction of the surface wave depends on the frequency, a tone burst surface wave having an arbitrary narrow band frequency characteristic can be generated by controlling the time delay given to multiple laser beams. , The ability to detect surface micro-scratches can be enhanced. For example, even a fatigue wound having a depth of 1 to 2 mm or less can be easily detected. When a tone burst surface wave with a fundamental frequency of 2.5 MHz was used, it was possible to detect minute scratches with a depth of 0.25 mm. In particular, when the depth of the flaw becomes an important factor, by using a tone burst wave having a frequency corresponding to the flaw depth, a predetermined depth can be obtained only by changing the amplitude of the RF waveform, that is, whether or not there is a transmitted wave. Therefore, it is possible to easily determine the presence or absence of scratches and the safety of the inspection object due to the depth of the scratches. Moreover, according to the knowledge of the present inventors, when ultrasonic waves excited by a laser are used, a strong surface wave reception signal exists compared to the case where ultrasonic waves are incident using a piezoelectric element. It is suitable when seeking a shallower surface flaw.

  According to the ultrasonic flaw detection method of the second aspect, the frequency of the tone burst wave can be changed, and the depth of the surface flaw can be estimated from the frequency when the transmitted wave disappears. That is, by selecting only the frequency of the tone burst wave to be excited and observing only the ultrasonic waveform without frequency analysis, it is possible to detect a flaw having a depth greater than a certain threshold.

  According to the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the third aspect of the present invention, when a change in the amplitude of the RF waveform appears during scanning even when the position of the flaw is not known in advance, the generation position of the tone burst wave It can be seen that there is a scratch between and the detection position.

  Further, according to the ultrasonic flaw detection method according to the fourth aspect of the present invention, since a narrow band frequency characteristic having a sharp peak can be obtained by using a tone burst wave of 8 waves or more, the presence or absence of a micro surface flaw is obtained. Clearly appears as a change in the amplitude of the RF waveform, so that shallow flaws can be easily detected and the accuracy in estimating the flaw depth is increased. In other words, the ability to detect scratches can be increased.

  Furthermore, according to the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, surface waves having different frequency characteristics can be easily obtained by electronically controlling the irradiation time of each laser beam. By freely changing the frequency of the burst wave, by observing only the ultrasonic waveform without frequency analysis, it is possible to detect the presence or absence of scratches of a certain depth or to size the scratches. In addition, the presence or absence of surface flaws can be determined by simply displaying the RF waveform of the tone burst surface wave that has passed through the surface flaws, eliminating the need for spectrum analyzers and arithmetic devices for frequency analysis, and reducing equipment costs. In addition to being inexpensive, the operation procedure is also simple. Furthermore, since there is no need to separately use a reflection mode for detecting a reflected wave from a crack and a transmission mode for detecting a surface wave that passes through the crack, there is no need to change the position of the receiving laser each time the mode is switched.

  Hereinafter, the configuration of the present invention will be described in detail based on an embodiment shown in the drawings.

  FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the ultrasonic flaw detector according to the present invention. This ultrasonic flaw detector has a transmission probe composed of a plurality of lasers 1 for forming tone burst waves propagating along the surface of the inspection object with respect to the inspection object, and an irradiation interval of the plurality of lasers 1. A delay generator 7 for giving a time delay in which ultrasonic waves generated by shifting each other become a plurality of waves, a receiving probe using a two-wave mixing laser interferometer 12, and a tone burst received by the receiving probe And a display 14 for displaying a transmitted RF waveform of the wave, and it is possible to determine the presence / absence and depth of a surface flaw from a change in the amplitude of the RF waveform.

As the laser 1 on the transmission side in this embodiment, a YAG laser having a Q switch, a CO ₂ laser, an excimer laser, or the like is used. A time delay generator (delay generator) 7 is connected to each excitation laser, and the delay generator 7 sets the delay time of the Q switch of each transmitting laser 1 with respect to the trigger signal of the detection laser 10. As a result, the laser pulse 4 is irradiated with a time delay.

  The excitation laser beam 4 is condensed linearly through the polarizing prism 2 and the cylindrical lens 3. Then, the surface of the inspection object 8 is irradiated through the mirror 5 and the condensing lens 6. The irradiation energy can be adjusted by the polarizing prism 2, and the intensity and generation method (thermoelastic type or ablation type) of ultrasonic waves can be controlled. Since only surface waves are used in the present invention, the output of each excitation laser is adjusted to a level that generates ultrasonic waves by thermoelasticity, for example, about 30 mW (about 1.5 mJ per pulse). In this case, since the irradiation energy is small, the test piece is hardly damaged.

  Here, by transmitting the excitation laser beam 4 from each laser 1 at different timings and generating ultrasonic waves, the propagation direction of the excited wave can be controlled. In addition, it is possible to generate narrowband ultrasonic waves with energy concentrated in the vicinity of the fundamental frequency by controlling the arrival order of the excited waves according to the delay times given to the plurality of laser beams 4 and combining the waves.

  For example, a two-wave mixing interferometer is used as the interferometer 12 constituting the transmission probe. A two-wave mixing type laser interferometer 12 (photoretractive type laser interferometer) crystallizes a laser beam 11 irradiating an inspection object 8 using a measuring laser light source 10 and a reflected light 11 ′ from the inspection object 8. And an interference signal of diffracted light and reflected light generated at this time is obtained. Michelson-type laser interferometers interfere with reflected light and irradiated light as they are, so there is a disadvantage that interference signals cannot be obtained if the phase distribution of reflected light changes greatly due to the roughness of the sample surface. The mixed laser interferometer 12 has an advantage that an interference signal can be obtained even if a large change occurs in the phase distribution of reflected light. The interferometer 12 is preferably a two-wave mixing interferometer, but is not limited to this, and other known or new interferometers such as a Fabry-Perot interferometer (CFPI) may be used. Also good. Further, an oscilloscope 14 is connected to the interferometer 12 via a band pass filter 13. Then, the signal detected by the interferometer 12 is displayed on the oscilloscope 14 through the band pass filter 13. The bandpass filter 13 is a low bandpass filter, for example, and is used for noise removal or the like. Further, in this apparatus, a long pulse laser capable of a pulse operation is used as the light source 10 for the measurement laser light of the two-wave mixing laser interferometer 12 in order to improve sensitivity. In the figure, reference numeral 9 is a probe, 5 is a mirror, and 6 is a condensing lens.

  When the tone burst wave propagating through the inspection object 8 passes through the surface flaw, the inspection object surface at the detection position vibrates with a minute displacement of nm or less. Therefore, a minute optical frequency transition (Doppler shift) occurs in the detection laser beam 11 and the reflected light 11 '. If the stability of the frequency and phase of the laser beam is sufficiently high, this minute optical frequency transition can be measured using the interference effect.

  According to the ultrasonic flaw detector configured in this way, when a tone burst surface wave that becomes a plurality of waves propagates along the surface of the inspection object 8 and is detected by the detection laser, a surface flaw exists. A change occurs in the amplitude of the transmitted wave. This change in the amplitude of the transmitted wave can be easily performed by monitoring the oscilloscope 14.

  In the present embodiment, the irradiation point of the excitation laser beam 4 and the irradiation point of the detection laser beam 11 are moved by the same amount in the same direction while maintaining a constant interval S. In this case, a signal can be obtained simply by scanning while moving the irradiation point of the excitation laser beam 4 and the irradiation point of the detection laser beam 11, so that the excitation laser beam irradiation point and the detection laser beam irradiation are performed. This can only be detected when there is a surface flaw between the points. This makes it possible to find even surface flaws that cannot be identified visually.

  The above-described embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but is not limited thereto, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the present invention. For example, in the present embodiment, beam selectivity and directivity are realized by giving a time delay to the timing of irradiation of each of the plurality of lasers 1. You may make it give a time delay to the timing which excites by changing the length of a waveguide by using a different optical fiber.

Experiments were conducted on the formation of tone burst surface waves and the detection of surface micro-scratches by a multi-beam laser ultrasonic measurement system.
The experiment was conducted using a multi-beam laser ultrasonic measurement system as outlined in FIG. This system consists of eight Nd: YAG lasers (No. 1 to No. 8) 1 that are ultrasonic excitation sources and a photorefractive interferometer that detects ultrasonic waves (a photorefractive laser interferometer: TWM manufactured by TECNAR). ) 12. Nd: YAG lasers (CFR200, manufactured by Big Sky Laser, wavelength 532 nm, maximum pulse energy 120 mJ, pulse width of about 10 ns, repetition rate 20 Hz) are used as the eight excitation lasers 1, and the pulse operation is possible as the detection laser 10. A long pulse laser (TECNAR PDL, wavelength 1064 nm, peak output 500 W, repetition rate 20 Hz) was used. In addition, the output signal of the two-wave mixing laser interferometer 3 is passed through a bandpass filter (NF Electronic Instruments FV-628S, transmission band set to 0.8 MHz to 5 MHz) to remove noise, and a digital oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS5054). , Bandwidth 500 MHz, sampling rate 5 GS / s).

  FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the surface of the test piece. The interval between the irradiation points of the respective excitation lasers 4 is 1 mm, and the interval between the excitation laser (# 8 laser) 4 closest to the detection laser 11 and the detection laser 11 is 50 mm. Further, a bandpass filter 13 having a transmission frequency band of 0.8 MHz to 5 MHz is applied to the detected waveform, averaged 100 times with an oscilloscope 14, and then collected. Since only surface waves are used in this experiment, the output of the excitation laser is adjusted to about 30 mW (about 1.5 mJ per pulse) to generate ultrasonic waves by thermoelasticity. Since the irradiation energy is small, the specimen is hardly damaged.

(Tone burst surface wave generation method)
A procedure for generating tone burst surface waves using a multi-beam laser ultrasonic measurement system is shown.
(1) The test piece is irradiated with only a reference laser beam (for example, # 1 laser), and an ultrasonic waveform is measured.
(2) Compare each ultrasonic waveform when individually irradiating lasers other than the reference (# 2 to # 8) with the ultrasonic waveform measured above so that the waveforms corresponding to the surface waves overlap. Determine the irradiation timing.
(3) The irradiation energy is adjusted by the polarizing prism so that the amplitude of the surface wave from other than the reference matches the amplitude of the reference waveform.
(4) When the fundamental frequency of the tone burst surface wave to be generated is f, the time delay of (N-1) / f is added to the timing determined in (2) for the #N laser.
The tone burst surface wave having the fundamental frequency f is generated by the above procedure, and the frequency characteristics of the tone burst wave can be controlled. The tone burst wave generated in the above procedure is 8 waves, but it is also possible to generate 4 ultrasonic waves by giving the same time delay to the two excitation lasers. Similarly, two ultrasonic waves can be generated. In addition, by setting the time delay to 0, one pulse ultrasonic wave in which all are superimposed can be generated. These ultrasonic waves can obtain large amplitude because energy from a plurality of lasers is applied to one wave. Note that the delay time of the laser may be obtained in advance for each material and irradiation position interval of the inspection object 6 by calculation.

(Frequency characteristics of tone burst surface wave)
The frequency characteristics of the pulsed surface wave generated by the multi-beam laser ultrasonic measurement system were measured. An aluminum block was used for the test piece. Fig. 3 shows the ultrasonic waveform of only one excitation laser and the ultrasonic waveform of eight excitation lasers without time delay, and Figs. 4 (A) and 4 (B) show frequency analysis by respective fast Fourier transforms. Results are shown. As is apparent from FIG. 3, the amplitude of the pulsed surface wave can be increased by using eight excitation lasers. Compared with the case of only one unit, it was confirmed that the trends were almost the same, and it was found that the pulsed surface wave had a broadband frequency characteristic below 3 MHz.

  Next, the waveform and frequency characteristics of the tone burst surface wave were confirmed. FIG. 5 shows 8 MHz, 4 and 2 1 MHz tone burst surface wave waveforms, and FIG. 6 shows the frequency characteristics of each. FIG. 6 (A) shows the frequency analysis result in the case of 8 waves. A sharp peak was observed in the 1 MHz frequency component, and harmonic components appeared at 2 MHz, 3 MHz, 4 MHz, and 5 MHz with this as the fundamental frequency. Figures (B) and (C) are for 4 and 2 waves, respectively, but both have a peak at 1 MHz, but the peak width is wider than in the case of 8 waves, and the number of waves decreases. It was found that the frequency characteristics tend to be wideband. The same tendency was found for the harmonic components.

  From these results, it was found that, from the viewpoint of improving the measurement sensitivity, a smaller number of waves is advantageous because a larger amplitude can be obtained, but the frequency characteristic becomes dull. The micro-scratch sizing method using laser-excited broadband surface waves in Non-Patent Documents 2 and 3 attempts to solve this problem by frequency analysis.

(Detection of minute scratches by tone burst surface waves)
The present inventors have found that, based on the frequency characteristics of the above-described tone burst surface wave, a tone burst surface wave having only a specific frequency component is generated, and by using this, a surface flaw can be detected efficiently. It came to do. FIG. 7 shows a conceptual diagram thereof. In the case of the pulse wave shown in FIG. 5A, since the excited ultrasonic wave has a broadband frequency characteristic, a low frequency component is transmitted and detected. On the other hand, in the case of a tone burst surface wave having a narrow band frequency characteristic, a transmitted wave can be detected at a low frequency as shown in FIG. The transmitted wave disappears by being blocked by the scratch. In addition, by making the frequency higher, it is possible to detect finer scratches.

(experimental method)
As shown in FIG. 8, there are three types of test pieces in which slits 15 having a depth of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm are introduced into an aluminum block having a length of 100 mm, a width of 50 mm, and a thickness of 20 mm, and a test piece without slits for reference. Was made. Further, the positional relationship between the excitation and detection laser and the slit 15 is as shown in FIG. A slit was arranged approximately in the middle between the excitation laser and the detection laser, and an ultrasonic wave transmitted through the slit 15 was detected. The experiment was performed in the arrangement shown in FIG. 9A. In the case where only the # 1 laser was used for reference, the cases of tone burst surface waves of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, and 2.5 MHz were performed. In addition, an experiment was conducted using a 1 MHz tone burst surface wave when the slit shown in FIG.

(result)
FIG. 10 shows a waveform of a slit surface wave of a pulsed surface wave by one excitation laser. This is a waveform when there is no slit from the top and slits are 0.25mm, 0.5mm, and 1mm deep. Moreover, each frequency analysis result is shown in FIG. The waveform without the slit shows a broadband frequency characteristic, but it was confirmed that the waveform gradually decreased from the high frequency side of the wide peak as the depth of the slit increased. In the case of a slit having a depth of 1 mm, it was difficult to confirm the peak. From the waveform of FIG. 10, it was found that the amplitude of the transmitted wave gradually decreased, and the transmitted wave disappeared at a depth of 1 mm. The waveform and amplitude of the transmitted wave are not so different between the case without a slit and the case with a slit having a depth of 0.25 mm, which is difficult to distinguish. It is clear that the presence of a transmitted wave can be confirmed even when there is a slit with a depth of 0.5 mm, and if there is no reference data without a slit, the presence or absence of a flaw cannot be easily determined. From these results, it can be seen that the frequency characteristics and waveform change according to the depth of the slit, and it is considered possible to detect scratches of 1 mm or more from the waveform alone, but for detecting finer scratches. It turns out that frequency analysis is necessary.

  Next, FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 summarize the case of the 2.5 MHz tone burst surface wave as an example of the result of the tone burst surface wave. In the frequency analysis without a slit, a clear peak was confirmed at a fundamental frequency of 2.5 MHz, and a peak was also confirmed at its harmonic component, 5 MHz. A tone burst surface wave was observed in the vicinity of 20 μs to 25 μs in the waveform. However, when the slit of 0.25 mm or more was measured, the 2.5 MHz peak disappeared and the transmitted wave disappeared even in the ultrasonic waveform. That is, there is a clear difference between changes in the amplitude of the transmitted wave, that is, presence or absence. From these results, it was found that 2.5 MHz tone burst surface wave cannot pass through slits of 0.25 mm or more. Therefore, it was found that by scanning a 2.5MHz tone burst surface wave, a minute scratch with a depth of 0.25mm or more can be detected only from the ultrasonic waveform. Similarly, it was found that the transmitted wave disappeared at a depth of 1 mm at 1 MHz and at a depth of 0.5 mm or more at 2 MHz.

  Further, FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 show the results of the 1 MHz tone burst surface wave when the 30-degree slit of FIG. 9B is inclined. In the case of no slit, harmonic components of 2MHz, 3MHz, and 4MHz were confirmed in addition to the fundamental frequency of 1MHz, but the component of 3MHz or higher was blocked by the 0.25mm slit, and 2MHz was blocked by the 0.5mm slit. Finally, it was confirmed that the basic frequency of 1MHz could not be transmitted with the 1mm slit. Since this result was the same as in the case of FIG. 9A, it was confirmed that the present method can be applied regardless of the inclination of the slit.

  Finally, FIG. 16 and FIG. 17 show the relationship between the amplitude of the transmitted wave of the tone burst surface wave, the peak value of the fundamental frequency, and the slit depth at 1 MHz, 2 MHz, and 2.5 MHz, respectively. The amplitude was normalized based on the results without slits. In the case of a slit with a depth of 1 mm, the amplitude of the transmitted wave was less than the noise level, so it was set to 0. From these results, when the frequency is 1 MHz, the transmission is almost completely blocked at a depth of 1 mm or more, but when the frequency is increased, it is 0.5 mm or more for 2 MHz and 0.25 mm or more for 2.5 MHz. It can be seen that the ultrasound is cut off.

  Therefore, by using the tone burst surface wave, there is a correlation between the fundamental frequency of the tone burst surface wave and the depth of surface flaws through which the surface wave can be transmitted. It has become clear that it is possible to detect a flaw of a depth of. That is, it was found that the flaw can be sufficiently detected by observing only the amplitude, and the depth of the detectable slit can be selected by the frequency of the tone burst surface wave. When a tone burst surface wave with a fundamental frequency of 2.5 MHz was used, it was possible to detect minute scratches with a depth of 0.25 mm. The advantage of this method is that detection can be performed by observing only the ultrasonic waveform without frequency analysis.

(Application to fatigue wounds)
Next, the micro-scratch detection method using the tone burst surface wave proposed by the present invention was applied to fatigue scratches, and the effectiveness was examined.

(experimental method)
It was confirmed whether or not it was effective in detecting fatigue scratches using a fatigue scratch test piece shown in FIG. 18 made of a stainless steel block having a length of 148 mm, a width of 15 mm, and a thickness of 34 mm. A fatigue wound 16 having a depth of about 1 to 2 mm is provided at the center of the block. Since the depth is 1 to 2 mm, a 1 MHz tone burst surface wave was used from the above experimental results. The positional relationship between the excitation laser and the detection laser is as shown in FIG. As shown in the figure, the interval between the excitation laser and the detection laser was fixed, and the waveform was collected by scanning 1 mm toward the wound. The scanning range was 5 mm on each side with respect to the slit.

(result)
FIG. 19 shows the flaw detection result by the tone burst surface wave. In the figure, x represents the scanning position, and when x = 0, it indicates that the detection laser is directly above the flaw opening. In other words, it can be seen that when x = −5 to −1, there is no flaw between the excitation laser and the detection laser, and a 1 MHz tone burst surface wave transmission wave is observed. On the other hand, when x = 0 or more, the transmitted wave disappears, which indicates that a scratch having a depth of 1 mm or more exists between the excitation laser and the detection laser. From these results, it was confirmed that fatigue flaws can be detected from changes in the amplitude of the RF waveform by surface flaw detection using tone burst surface waves.

It is explanatory drawing which shows one Embodiment of the ultrasonic flaw detection measuring system of this invention. 2 is an enlarged view showing the positional relationship between an excitation laser and a detection laser on the surface of an object to be inspected. It is a wave form diagram which shows the pulse surface wave by a single laser, and the waveform of the pulse surface wave by 8 lasers. It is a frequency spectrum figure of a pulse surface wave, (A) shows a thing of a pulse surface wave by a single laser, and (B) shows a thing of a pulse surface wave by eight lasers. It is a wave form diagram which shows the waveform of a 1MHz tone burst surface wave, and each shows the wave number 8, the wave number 4, and the wave number 2 waveform from the top. It is a frequency spectrum diagram of a 1 MHz tone burst surface wave, (A) shows a wave number 8, (B) shows a wave number 4, and (C) shows a frequency spectrum of a wave number 2. It is explanatory drawing which shows the detection principle of the surface micro flaw by a tone burst wave, (A) is a pulse surface wave, (B) is a low frequency tone burst wave, (C) is a high frequency tone burst wave. It is a perspective view of a test piece. It is explanatory drawing which shows the relationship between the irradiation position of the laser of a test piece, and a slit (surface flaw), (A) is a slit orthogonal to the propagation direction of a surface wave, (B) is with respect to the propagation direction of a surface wave. It is an oblique slit. It is a wave form diagram of the pulse surface wave which permeate | transmitted the slit, and shows the wave form with no slit, slit depth of 0.25mm, slit depth of 0.5mm and slit depth of 1mm from the top, respectively. This is a frequency spectrum of a pulsed surface wave transmitted through a slit, and shows changes in the spectrum of the surface wave when there is no slit from the top, the slit depth is 0.25 mm, the slit depth is 0.5 mm, and the slit depth is 1 mm. It is a waveform diagram of a 2.5 MHz tone burst surface wave that has passed through a slit, and shows waveforms from the top with no slit, a slit depth of 0.25 mm, a slit depth of 0.5 mm, and a slit depth of 1 mm. This is the frequency spectrum of 2.5MHz tone burst surface wave that has passed through the slit, and the change in the spectrum of the tone burst surface wave with no slit, slit depth of 0.25mm, slit depth of 0.5mm and slit depth of 1mm from the top. Show. It is a waveform diagram of a 1 MHz tone burst surface wave transmitted through an inclined slit, and shows waveforms from the top with no slit, slit depth of 0.25 mm, slit depth of 0.5 mm, and slit depth of 1 mm. This is the frequency spectrum of 1MHz tone burst surface wave transmitted through the inclined slit, and the change in spectrum of tone burst surface wave with no slit, slit depth of 0.25mm, slit depth of 0.5mm and slit depth of 1mm from the top, respectively. Show. This graph shows the relationship between the slit depth and the amplitude of the tone burst surface wave that has passed through the slit, with the amplitude on the vertical axis and the slit depth on the horizontal axis, and three tone burst surface waves of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, and 2.5 MHz. For each. It is a graph showing the relationship between the slit depth and the fundamental frequency component of the tone burst surface wave that has passed through the slit, with the peak value of the fundamental frequency on the vertical axis and the slit depth on the horizontal axis, 1MHz, 2MHz, 2.5MHz Three tone burst surface waves are shown respectively. It is a perspective view of a fatigue crack test piece. It is a wave form diagram which shows the monocotyl waveform of a fatigue crack. It is explanatory drawing which shows the micro flaw sizing method using the laser excitation broadband surface wave, (A) is a reflection mode, (B) is a transmission mode.

Explanation of symbols

1 Transmitter probe (excitation laser)
4 Excitation Laser Light 7 Delay Generator 8 Inspected Object 10 Detection Laser Source 12 Interferometer 13 Bandpass Filter 14 Oscilloscope (Display Device)
15 Slit 16 Fatigue wound

Claims (5)

By giving a time delay to the timing of irradiation of a plurality of laser beams to the inspection object and exciting the ultrasonic waves to the inspection object, the fundamental frequency and its harmonic components are clear for the inspection object. The surface wave of the tone burst waveform having the frequency characteristics of the narrow band obtained in the above is propagated, the transmitted wave that passes through the surface flaw is detected by the receiving probe, and the RF waveform output from the receiving probe is detected. An ultrasonic flaw detection method in which the presence or absence of a surface flaw is determined by a change in amplitude. 2. The ultrasonic flaw detection method according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the surface flaw is estimated from the frequency at the time of disappearance of the transmitted wave by changing the frequency of the tone burst wave. The interval between the tone burst wave generation position and the detection position is fixed, the waveform is collected by scanning in a fixed direction, and the presence or absence of surface flaws is estimated when the transmitted wave disappears or appears. Item 3. The ultrasonic flaw detection method according to Item 1 or 2. The ultrasonic flaw detection method according to claim 1, wherein the tone burst wave is 8 waves or more. An ultrasonic wave generated by shifting the irradiation intervals of the plurality of lasers, and a transmission probe comprising a plurality of lasers that form tone burst waves propagating along the surface of the inspection object with respect to the inspection object Displays a delay generator that gives a time delay that becomes a plurality of waves, a receiving probe that uses a two-wave mixing laser interferometer, and a transmission RF waveform of the tone burst wave received by the receiving probe And an ultrasonic flaw detector capable of determining the presence / absence and depth of a surface flaw from a change in amplitude of the RF waveform.