JP2009041395A - Rotating device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve the efficiency for converting the energy of a fluid into the rotating energy. <P>SOLUTION: This turbine (rotating device) 1 comprises a casing 11 having a suction port 16 and a discharge port 17 for the fluid, a rotatable rotor 12 eccentrically disposed in the casing 11, and vanes 13a-13f installed in the rotor 12 in a projecting/retracting manner. The turbine receives the pressure difference of the fluid between the suction port 16 side and the discharge port 17 side by the vanes 13a-13f, and converts it to the rotation of the rotor 12. The vanes 13a-13f have flexible and thin sheets 18a-18f, respectively, so disposed as to be bent in the direction of being brought into contact with the inner wall of the casing 11 at the tips of the vanes 13a-13f. The sheets 18a-18f are brought into contact with the inner wall of the casing 11 due to the pressure difference of the fluid, and separates the suction port 16 side from the discharge port 17 side. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a rotating device for converting energy of a fluid such as water or air into rotational energy.

  Conventionally, a vane motor is known as a rotating device (turbine) that converts fluid energy into rotational energy. The vane motor is a rotating device that has a simple configuration and directly converts a fluid pressure into a rotational force.

  For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a vane motor using a spring. Hereinafter, a conventional vane motor using a spring will be described with reference to FIG. Here, FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining a conventional vane motor. In FIG. 7, the upper diagram is an overhead view when the conventional vane motor is viewed from above, and the lower diagram is a cross-sectional view when the structure shown in the overhead view is cut along a straight line a.

  As shown in FIG. 7, a turbine 4 as a conventional vane motor has a configuration in which a rotor 42 is arranged eccentrically in a casing 41 (outer cylinder member) having a circular inner wall. The rotor 42 stores a plurality of vanes (in FIG. 7, six vanes 43a, 43b, 43c, 43d, 43e, and 43f), and each of the vanes 43a to 43f has a corresponding spring (in FIG. 7). Springs 44a, 44b, 44c, 44d, 44e, 44f) and are always in contact with the inner wall of the casing 41. For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the vane 43d is pushed by the spring 44d and is always in contact with the inner wall of the casing 41.

  When a pressure difference occurs between the fluid at the suction port 45 and the fluid at the discharge port 46, a force of “cross-sectional area × pressure” is applied to each of the vanes 43 a to 43 f, and this force becomes the rotational force of the rotor 42. . For example, when the pressure of the suction port 45 is increased, pressure is applied to the vanes 43a to 43f. However, since the center of the rotor 42 is in an eccentric position with respect to the casing 41, the vanes protruding from the rotor 42 are provided. The lengths of 43a to 43f are different from each other, and therefore, the cross-sectional areas receiving the forces in the vanes 43a to 43f are also different. Since the rotor 42 is rotated by the sum of the rotational direction components of the forces applied to the vanes 43a to 43f, the structure shown in FIG. 7 starts rotating counterclockwise as a result.

  That is, in a vane motor using a spring, the energy of the fluid is efficiently converted into rotational energy by expanding and contracting the spring and bringing the vane into contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member.

Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 7-46785

  By the way, the above-described conventional technique has a problem that the conversion efficiency of fluid energy into rotational energy deteriorates when the processing accuracy of the vane and the outer cylinder member is low. That is, if the machining accuracy of the vane and the outer cylinder member is low, a gap of several tens to several hundreds of μm is formed between the vane and the outer cylinder member, and fluid leaks from this gap, so the energy of the fluid There was a problem that the efficiency of conversion to the rotational energy of the deteriorated.

  Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems of the prior art, and improves the sealing performance between the vane and the outer cylinder member, and prevents fluid leakage, thereby rotating the fluid energy. An object of the present invention is to provide a rotating device that can improve the efficiency of conversion into energy.

  In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, the invention according to claim 1 is an outer cylinder member having a fluid inlet and outlet, and a rotation arranged eccentrically in the outer cylinder member. And a vane provided so as to be able to project and retract with respect to the rotor. The pressure difference of the fluid between the suction port side and the discharge port side is received by the vane and converted into rotation of the rotor. In the rotating device, the vane includes a plate-like member that is a thin plate-like member made of a flexible material and disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at a tip position of the vane. And the plate-like member is in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member and isolates the suction port side from the discharge port side due to a fluid pressure difference between the suction port side and the discharge port side. It is characterized by.

  The invention according to claim 2 is characterized in that, in the above-mentioned invention, the plate-like member is arranged so as to extend in both directions in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at the tip position of the vane.

  Further, the invention according to claim 3 is the plate-like member according to the above invention, wherein the vane is disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at a tip position of the vane. A second plate-like member, which is the plate-like member arranged so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member at the upper surface position of the vane, together with the one plate-like member, and the lower surface of the vane And a third plate member that is the plate member disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member at the position, the first plate member, the second plate member Each of the plate-like member and the third plate-like member includes an inner wall of the outer cylinder member, an inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member, and the outer cylinder due to a fluid pressure difference between the suction port side and the discharge port side. Internal bottom surface of member Characterized in that in contact with the respectively isolating and said discharge port side to the suction port side.

  According to invention of Claim 1, a vane has a plate-shaped member which is a thin plate-shaped member which consists of a flexible material arrange | positioned so that it may bend in the direction which touches the inner wall of an outer cylinder member, and is plate-shaped. The member contacts the inner wall of the outer cylinder member due to the difference in fluid pressure between the suction port side and the discharge port side to isolate the suction port side from the discharge port side. It is possible to secure close contact with the cylindrical member, reduce fluid leakage loss, and improve the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy. In other words, even when the vane and the outer cylinder member are not sufficiently adhered due to low processing accuracy, if a pressure difference occurs in the fluid, the flexible thin plate is pushed by the pressure difference and the inner wall of the outer cylinder member The high pressure side and the low pressure side can be reliably separated from each other to reduce fluid leakage loss, and the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy can be improved.

  In addition, since there is a flexible and thin plate at the tip of the vane, it is possible to achieve appropriate adhesion according to the magnitude of the pressure difference of the fluid between the vane and the outer cylinder member, for example, excessively high It is possible to prevent the friction between the vane and the outer cylinder member from increasing due to the adhesion, and the conversion efficiency into rotational energy from being deteriorated. That is, even when the pressure fluctuation of the fluid is large, the energy loss of the fluid can be kept small, and it is possible to prevent the conversion efficiency to rotational energy from being deteriorated.

  According to the invention of claim 2, since the plate-like member is arranged to extend in both directions in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at the tip end position of the vane, it is flexible and thin regardless of the rotation direction of the rotor. The plate is pushed and is in close contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member. The high-pressure side and the low-pressure side can be reliably isolated to reduce fluid leakage loss and improve the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy. Is possible.

  Moreover, according to invention of Claim 3, a vane is a plate-shaped member arrange | positioned so that it may be bent in the direction which touches the inner wall of an outer cylinder member in the front-end | tip position of the said vane, A second plate-like member which is a plate-like member disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member at the upper surface position of the vane; and an inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member at the lower surface position of the vane And a third plate member which is a plate member disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the first plate member, the second plate member and the third plate member, respectively. Due to the pressure difference of fluid between the suction port side and the discharge port side, the suction port side and the discharge port side are isolated by contacting the inner wall of the outer cylinder member, the inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member, and the inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member, respectively. So even if the machining accuracy is low, When there is a gap not only between the tip of the vane and the inner wall of the outer cylinder member, but also between the upper surface of the vane and the inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member, or between the lower surface of the vane and the inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member However, these flexible and thin plates are pressed to adhere to the inner wall, the inner upper surface and the inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member, and the high pressure side and the low pressure side can be reliably separated to reduce fluid leakage loss. It is possible to further improve the efficiency of converting the energy of the energy into rotational energy.

  Exemplary embodiments of a rotating device according to the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  A rotating device according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the rotating device in the first embodiment, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of vanes and plates in the first embodiment. Here, in FIG. 1, the upper diagram is an overhead view when the turbine 1 that is the rotating device in the first embodiment is viewed from above, and the lower diagram is the structure shown in the overhead view cut along a straight line A. It is sectional drawing in the case.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment has a configuration in which a rotor 12 is arranged eccentrically in a casing 11 (outer cylinder member) having a circular inner wall. The casing 11 has an inlet 16 and an outlet 17 for fluid, and the rotor 12 stores a plurality of vanes (in FIG. 1, six vanes 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13e, and 13f). Has been.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment is different from the turbine 4 as the conventional vane motor shown in FIG. 7 in a flexible and flexible manner at the tip positions of the vanes 13 a to 13 f. Each has a thin plate (in FIG. 1, plates 18a, 18b, 18c, 18d, 18e, and 18f). For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the vane 13d has a plate 18d at its tip.

  Each of the plates 18a to 18f is made of, for example, a soft material such as rubber, and is arranged by being bent and bent so as to be substantially in contact with the curved surface of the inner wall of the casing 11 at the tip position of each of the vanes 13a to 13f. . Therefore, the tips of the plates 18a to 18f are always in light contact with the curved surface of the inner wall of the casing 11. Here, as shown in FIG. 2, the plate 18d is bonded or integrally formed to the tip of the vane 13d. The thickness of the plate 18d is thin enough not to interfere with the rotation of the rotor 12.

  As shown in FIG. 1, the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment is further different from the turbine 4 as the conventional vane motor shown in FIG. 7, and each of the vanes 13 a to 13 f has protrusions. Have. For example, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1, the vane 13a has a protrusion 14a, and the vane 13d has a protrusion 14d. As shown in the sectional view of FIG. 1, the casing 11 has a guide groove 15 on the inner side of the inner wall, and the protrusions of all the vanes 13 a to 13 f are fitted in the guide groove 15. As a result, all the vanes 13a to 13f are protruded or stored from the rotor 12 according to the position of the guide groove 15 without exiting from the guide groove 15 when the rotor 12 rotates.

  In the turbine 1 having such a configuration, when a pressure difference occurs between the fluid at the suction port 16 and the fluid at the discharge port 17, the plates 18 a to 18 f are pressed against the inner wall of the casing 11 to be in close contact with each other. The gaps between the vanes 13a to 13f and the inner wall of the casing 11 are eliminated. This can prevent the fluid from passing through the gap.

  For this reason, the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment ensures the adhesion between each of the vanes 13a to 13f and the inner wall of the casing 11 even when the machining accuracy is low, and fluid leakage loss. And the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy can be improved. That is, even when the vane and the outer cylinder member are not sufficiently adhered due to low processing accuracy, if the pressure difference of the fluid occurs, the plates 18a to 18f are pressed by the pressure difference, and the outer cylinder member Adhering to the inner wall, the high-pressure side and the low-pressure side can be reliably separated to reduce the leakage loss of the fluid, and the efficiency of converting the fluid energy into rotational energy can be improved.

  Further, by having the plates 18a to 18f at the tip of the vane, it is possible to realize appropriate adhesion according to the magnitude of the pressure difference of the fluid between the vanes 13a to 13f and the casing 11, for example, It is possible to prevent the friction between the vane and the outer cylinder member from being increased due to excessively high adhesion, and the conversion efficiency into rotational energy from being deteriorated. That is, even when the pressure fluctuation of the fluid is large, the energy loss of the fluid can be kept small, and it is possible to prevent the conversion efficiency to rotational energy from being deteriorated.

  In addition, like the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment, the plates 18a to 18f are arranged at the tip of the vane by substituting the function of the spring in the turbine 4 shown in FIG. Thus, the improvement in energy conversion efficiency realized can be realized even when the flow rate of the fluid is small.

  That is, when the spring is used to press the vane against the outer cylinder member as in the turbine 4 shown in FIG. 7, if a sufficient pressing force is obtained even when the spring is extended, Since this causes a friction loss, the flow rate of the fluid is abundant, and it can be used only in situations where there is no concern about a decrease in torque due to some friction. In addition, the function of the spring can be replaced by pressing the vane against the outer cylinder member by the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the rotor, but the pressing force is insufficient when the rotor rotates at low speed, and the vane and the outer cylinder member Since the fluid leaks from the gap and the loss increases, the flow rate of the fluid is abundant and it can be used only in situations where some leakage loss is not a concern.

  Therefore, as in the turbine 1 as the rotating device in the first embodiment, the vane is brought into contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member by using the protrusion and the guide groove, or a marginal distance (for example, 0) from the inner wall of the outer cylinder member. .1 mm or less), and by rotating the rotor 12, the plates 18a to 18f are formed at the tips of the vanes without causing torque reduction due to friction or leakage loss due to insufficient pressing force. The improvement in energy conversion efficiency realized by having the above can be realized even when the flow rate of the fluid is small.

  In the first embodiment described above, the case where the flexible and thin plate is arranged to be bent in one direction in contact with the inner wall of the casing at the tip end position of the vane has been described, but in the second embodiment, the flexible and thin plate is arranged. A case where the vane is disposed so as to extend in both directions in contact with the inner wall of the casing at the tip end position of the vane will be described with reference to FIGS. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the rotating device in the second embodiment, and FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of vanes and plates in the second embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the turbine 2 as the rotating device in the second embodiment includes a casing 21, a rotor 22, vanes 23 a to 23 f, a suction port 26, and a discharge port 27, as in the first embodiment. Furthermore, as a component (not shown), all the vanes 23a to 23f have a protrusion and a guide groove inside the inner wall of the casing 21, respectively.

  Here, as shown in FIG. 2, when the plates 18a to 18f in the first embodiment are arranged to be bent in one direction, the rotation direction of the rotor 12 is one direction (counterclockwise direction in FIG. 1). When the rotor 12 rotates in the reverse direction (clockwise direction in FIG. 1), the plates 18a to 18f are not pressed by the fluid pressure difference and cannot function.

  Therefore, in the turbine 2 as the rotating device in the second embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, a flexible and thin plate (in FIG. 3, the plates 28 a, 28 b, 28 c, and 28 d) are provided at the tip positions of the vanes 23 a to 23 f. , 28e, and 28f) are arranged so as to extend in both directions in contact with the inner wall of the casing, unlike the plates 18a to 18f in the first embodiment. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, the vane 23d has a plate 28d that extends on both sides of the vane 23d.

  For this reason, the turbine 2 as the rotating device in the second embodiment has the plates 28a to 28f pressed and pressed against the inner wall of the outer cylinder member regardless of the rotation direction of the rotor 22, and the high pressure side. It is possible to reliably isolate the low-pressure side and reduce the fluid leakage loss, and to improve the efficiency of converting the fluid energy into rotational energy.

  In addition, since the direction of the front-end | tip of board 28a-28f is always the same as the rotation direction of the rotor 22, the inner wall of the casing 21 needs to be grind | polished so that the front-end | tip of board 28a-28f may not get caught. There is.

  In the first and second embodiments described above, the case where one flexible and thin plate is disposed on the vane has been described. In the third embodiment, a case where a plurality of flexible and thin plates are disposed on the vane is illustrated in FIG. This will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the configuration of the rotating device in the third embodiment, and FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of vanes and plates in the third embodiment.

  As shown in FIG. 5, the turbine 3 as the rotating device in the third embodiment is similar to the first and second embodiments, in the casing 31, the rotor 32, the vanes 33 a to 33 f, the suction port 360, and the discharge port 370. Further, as constituent elements (not shown), all the vanes 33a to 33f have a protrusion and a guide groove inside the inner wall of the casing 31, respectively.

  Here, in the turbine 3 as the rotating device in the third embodiment, as in the first embodiment, a flexible and thin plate (being bent in a direction in contact with the inner wall of the casing 31 at each tip position of each of the vanes 33a to 33f ( The plates 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e, 38f) shown in FIG. 5 are arranged.

  Further, in the turbine 3 as the rotating device in the third embodiment, unlike the first embodiment, a flexible and thin plate (being bent in a direction in contact with the inner upper surface of the casing 31 at the upper surface position of each of the vanes 33a to 33f ( The plates 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d, 36e, 36f) shown in FIG. 5 are arranged.

  Further, in the turbine 3 as the rotating device in the third embodiment, unlike the first embodiment, a flexible and thin plate (being bent in a direction in contact with the inner lower surface of the casing 31 at the lower surface position of each of the vanes 33a to 33f ( The plates 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37e, 37f) shown in FIG. 5 are arranged.

  For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the vane 33d has three flexible and thin plates: a plate 38d at the tip of the vane 33d, a plate 36d at the upper surface of the vane 33d, and a plate 37d at the lower surface of the vane 33d. Have

  As shown in FIG. 5, in the turbine 3 as the rotating device in the third embodiment, when the vanes 33 a to 33 f are stored, the plates 36 a to 36 f and the plates 37 a to 37 f are simultaneously stored. The rotors 32 are each provided with recesses 39a to 39f. For example, when the vane 33d is accommodated, the recess 39d provided corresponding to the vane 33d accommodates the plate 36d and the plate 37d.

  For this reason, the turbine 3 as the rotating device according to the third embodiment is not only between the tip of each of the vanes 33a to 33f and the inner wall of the casing 31 but also to each of the vanes 33a to 33f even when the processing accuracy is low. Even when there is a gap between the upper surface and the inner upper surface of the casing 31, or between the lower surfaces of the vanes 33 a to 33 f and the inner lower surface of the casing 31, these flexible and thin plates are pushed and the inner wall of the casing 31, Adhering closely to the inner upper surface and inner lower surface, the high pressure side and the low pressure side can be reliably isolated to reduce fluid leakage loss, and the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy can be further improved. .

  That is, when it is intended to reduce the manufacturing cost of the rotating device, or when the material of the rotating device is plastic, a gap of several tens to several hundreds of μm may be formed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the vane. Even in such a case, the leakage loss of the fluid can be reduced, the production cost can be reduced, and the efficiency of converting the fluid energy into rotational energy can be further improved.

  Even in a rotating device using a spring, the flexible and thin plate, which is a feature of the present invention, is arranged on the vane, so that the conversion efficiency of fluid energy into rotational energy can be improved even when the processing accuracy is low. Is possible.

  As described above, in the rotating device according to the present invention, the adhesion between the vane and the outer cylinder member is increased by the pressure difference of the fluid. As a result, when the pressure difference of the fluid is large, fluid leakage is surely prevented by high adhesion, and when the pressure difference of the fluid is small, the adhesion is ensured and the adhesion is moderately weakened, resulting in friction loss. Will decline. Further, when the fluid pressure difference is large, the friction also increases, but since there is sufficient torque due to the high pressure, the rate of loss in energy conversion due to friction is small. Further, when the pressure difference between the fluids is small, the adhesion is weakened. However, the pressure for pushing the fluid into the gap is small, and furthermore, the use of a flexible and thin plate reduces the leakage loss. That is, high conversion efficiency of fluid energy into rotational energy can be obtained regardless of the magnitude of the fluid pressure difference.

  For this reason, the rotating device according to the present invention can use various “forces” that could not be used because a stable pressure and flow rate cannot be obtained as an energy source. This is, for example, wind power, wave power, force due to human movement, and the like.

  In addition, the rotating device according to the present invention operates with high energy conversion efficiency even at a low flow rate and low pressure, and is therefore advantageous for downsizing and high output. That is, the rotating device according to the present invention can be used even in a narrow place (in a water pipe or a gas pipe) where a rotating device (turbine) could not be installed so far. In addition, the rotating device according to the present invention is reduced in size and weight and attached to a human body, pressure is applied to the tank by human movement to rotate the turbine, and the rotational force is used to generate electric power for portable equipment. It can also be used to supply power.

  As described above, the rotating device according to the present invention is useful when converting the energy of a fluid such as water or air into rotational energy, and in particular, improving the efficiency of converting fluid energy into rotational energy. Suitable.

It is a figure for demonstrating the structure of the rotating apparatus in Example 1. FIG. It is an enlarged view of the vane and board in Example 1. FIG. It is a figure for demonstrating the structure of the rotating apparatus in Example 2. FIG. It is an enlarged view of the vane and board in Example 2. FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a configuration of a rotating device according to a third embodiment. It is an enlarged view of the vane and board in Example 3. FIG. It is a figure for demonstrating the conventional vane motor.

Explanation of symbols

1, 2, 3, 4 Turbine 11, 21, 31, 41 Casing 12, 22, 32, 42 Rotor 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, 13e, 13f, 23a, 23b, 23c, 23d, 23e, 23f, 33a, 33b, 33c, 33d, 33e, 33f, 43a, 43b, 43c, 43d, 43e, 43f Vane 14a, 14d Protrusion 15 Guide groove 16, 26, 360, 45 Inlet 17, 27, 370, 46 Outlet 18a, 18b, 18c, 18d, 18e, 18f, 28a, 28b, 28c, 28d, 28e, 28f, 36a, 36b, 36c, 36d, 36e, 36f, 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, 37e, 37f, 38a, 38b, 38c, 38d, 38e, 38f Plate 39a, 39b, 39c, 39d, 39e, 3 f dent 44a, 44b, 44c, 44d, 44e, 44f spring

Claims (3)

An outer cylinder member having a fluid inlet and outlet;
A rotatable rotor arranged eccentrically inside the outer cylinder member;
A vane provided so as to be able to project and retract with respect to the rotor,
In the rotating device that receives the pressure difference of the fluid between the suction port side and the discharge port side to the vane and converts it into rotation of the rotor,
The vane has a plate-like member that is a thin plate-like member made of a flexible material, arranged to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at a tip position of the vane,
The plate-like member is in contact with an inner wall of the outer cylinder member due to a fluid pressure difference between the suction port side and the discharge port side to isolate the suction port side from the discharge port side. Rotating device.   2. The rotating device according to claim 1, wherein the plate-like member is disposed so as to extend in both directions in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at a tip position of the vane. The vane, together with a first plate member that is the plate member disposed so as to be bent in a direction in contact with the inner wall of the outer cylinder member at the tip position of the vane, at the upper surface position of the vane, The second plate-like member, which is the plate-like member disposed so as to be bent in the direction in contact with the inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member, and the lower surface of the vane is bent in the direction in contact with the inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member A third plate-like member that is the plate-like member arranged to be
The first plate-like member, the second plate-like member, and the third plate-like member each have an inner wall of the outer cylinder member due to a fluid pressure difference between the suction port side and the discharge port side, 2. The rotating device according to claim 1, wherein the suction port side and the discharge port side are separated from each other by contacting an inner upper surface of the outer cylinder member and an inner lower surface of the outer cylinder member.

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