JP2008537049A - 一体型エンジン空気粒子フィルタアッセンブリ - Google Patents
一体型エンジン空気粒子フィルタアッセンブリ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2008537049A JP2008537049A JP2008506713A JP2008506713A JP2008537049A JP 2008537049 A JP2008537049 A JP 2008537049A JP 2008506713 A JP2008506713 A JP 2008506713A JP 2008506713 A JP2008506713 A JP 2008506713A JP 2008537049 A JP2008537049 A JP 2008537049A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- support structure
- trays
- particle filter
- engine air
- filter system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0002—Casings; Housings; Frame constructions
- B01D46/0013—Modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/10—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filter plates, sheets or pads having plane surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/56—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
- B01D46/58—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition connected in parallel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/88—Replacing filter elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/02—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2265/00—Casings, housings or mounting for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D2265/06—Details of supporting structures for filtering material, e.g. cores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
- B01D2279/60—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for the intake of internal combustion engines or turbines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
- B64D33/00—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for
- B64D33/02—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes
- B64D2033/0246—Arrangements in aircraft of power plant parts or auxiliaries not otherwise provided for of combustion air intakes comprising particle separators
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Separating Particles In Gases By Inertia (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (12)
- 複数のリブを有し、ヘリコプタに固定される支持構造体と、
前記複数のリブおよび前記支持構造体によって形成された複数の開口と、
その各々がフィルタ媒体を収容し、前記複数の開口の各々の内部に気密に適合した複数のトレイと、
前記複数のトレイの各々が前記複数の開口の各々に対して選択的に挿入され、かつ選択的に取り外され得るように、前記複数のトレイを前記支持構造体に離脱可能に固定する複数のコネクタと、
を備えるヘリコプタのエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。 - 前記フィルタ媒体が、渦流式チューブからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記フィルタ媒体が、バリアフィルタからなることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記支持構造体が、円筒形の形状であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記支持構造体が、半円形の形状であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記複数のトレイの各々が、平坦な上面を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記複数のトレイの各々が、湾曲した上面を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 前記複数のトレイの数が、前記複数の開口の数と同じであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステム。
- 各々が第1の空気濾過媒体を収容する第1の複数のトレイを前記エンジン空気粒子フィルタシステムの支持構造体に離脱可能に固定する複数のコネクタを取り外すステップと、
前記第1の複数のトレイを支持構造体から取り外す取り外しステップと、
各々が第2の空気濾過媒体を収容する第2の複数のトレイを前記支持構造体内に挿入する挿入ステップと、
前記複数のコネクタが前記第2の複数のトレイを前記支持構造体に離脱可能に固定するように、前記複数のコネクタを再接続する再接続ステップと、
を含むエンジン空気粒子フィルタシステムの第1の空気濾過媒体を第2の空気濾過媒体に置き換える方法。 - 前記挿入ステップが、前記第2の複数のトレイの各々を前記支持構造体の開口内に滑らせて挿入することをさらに含む請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記挿入ステップが、前記第2の複数のトレイの各々を前記支持構造体の開口内に配置することをさらに含む請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記取り外しステップが、前記第1の複数のトレイの各々を前記支持構造体の開口から滑らせて取り外すことをさらに含む請求項9に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US67075905P | 2005-04-13 | 2005-04-13 | |
US60/670,759 | 2005-04-13 | ||
PCT/US2006/013976 WO2006113388A2 (en) | 2005-04-13 | 2006-04-13 | Integrated engine air particle filter assembly |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2008537049A true JP2008537049A (ja) | 2008-09-11 |
JP4861407B2 JP4861407B2 (ja) | 2012-01-25 |
Family
ID=37115708
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008506713A Expired - Fee Related JP4861407B2 (ja) | 2005-04-13 | 2006-04-13 | 一体型エンジン空気粒子フィルタアッセンブリ |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7866600B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1874626B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4861407B2 (ja) |
IL (1) | IL186605A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006113388A2 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101047517B1 (ko) | 2009-10-27 | 2011-07-07 | 대기산업 주식회사 | 차량용 에어 필터 어셈블리 |
WO2016070480A1 (zh) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-12 | 江西洪都航空工业集团有限责任公司 | 一种引气口盖 |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITBO20060857A1 (it) * | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-19 | Bmc Srl | Dispositivo filtrante per l'aria aspirata da un propulsore di un veicolo |
US8512450B2 (en) | 2008-12-30 | 2013-08-20 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | Engine air particle separator |
US8052083B1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2011-11-08 | John Patrick Moran | Bird deflector and air replacement system technical field |
KR101030458B1 (ko) * | 2010-10-06 | 2011-04-25 | 김동호 | 지하 축열장치를 구비한 신재생 에너지총합시스템 |
US8801825B2 (en) * | 2010-11-22 | 2014-08-12 | Florida Power & Light Company | Systems and methods for air intake filter assemblies |
US8770512B2 (en) | 2011-01-14 | 2014-07-08 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | Passive control of ice shedding |
US8679210B2 (en) * | 2012-01-17 | 2014-03-25 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Shrouded particle separator |
SE536415C2 (sv) | 2012-03-01 | 2013-10-15 | Scania Cv Ab | Filterhus och filterenhet |
EP2743178B1 (en) * | 2012-12-11 | 2016-08-17 | AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND GmbH | An air inlet combining a filter and a bypass device for use with a turbine engine |
EP2745909A1 (de) * | 2012-12-20 | 2014-06-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Dampfsieb |
DE102013001617A1 (de) * | 2013-01-28 | 2014-07-31 | Hans-Jürgen Luckow | Triebwerk mit Schutzeinrichtung |
US9028578B2 (en) | 2013-02-28 | 2015-05-12 | Bha Altair, Llc | Gas turbine inlet filter with replaceable media cartridges |
US9067163B2 (en) | 2013-04-26 | 2015-06-30 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Particle separator |
US9272293B2 (en) | 2013-04-29 | 2016-03-01 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | Particle separator |
US9689310B2 (en) | 2014-05-06 | 2017-06-27 | William BOATENG | Airplane engine bird strike protection guard |
US9869250B2 (en) | 2014-05-20 | 2018-01-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Particle tolerant turboshaft engine |
US9551306B2 (en) * | 2014-07-09 | 2017-01-24 | Caterpillar Inc. | Air filtration element |
US10267234B2 (en) | 2015-07-06 | 2019-04-23 | Dresser-Rand Company | Motive air conditioning system for gas turbines |
US9403601B1 (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2016-08-02 | William Bekoe Boateng | Airplane engine bird strike protection guard |
US10208628B2 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2019-02-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbine engine designs for improved fine particle separation efficiency |
US20180135516A1 (en) | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Scavenge methodologies for turbine engine particle separation concepts |
US10816014B2 (en) | 2018-07-25 | 2020-10-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Systems and methods for turbine engine particle separation |
US10927758B1 (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2021-02-23 | Janie M. Howell | Safety shield for aircraft nacelle |
US11525398B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 | 2022-12-13 | The Boeing Company | Engine inlet with deployable particle separator |
FR3095640B1 (fr) * | 2019-04-30 | 2021-04-02 | Airbus Helicopters | Giravion équipé d’un dispositif aérodynamique comportant un carénage présentant une entrée d’air |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3421296A (en) * | 1966-11-15 | 1969-01-14 | United Aircraft Corp | Engine inlet air particle separator |
US3483676A (en) * | 1967-09-29 | 1969-12-16 | Gen Electric | Helicopter engine air inlets |
JPS577292B2 (ja) * | 1979-03-16 | 1982-02-09 | ||
US20020182062A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-12-05 | Westar Corporation | Aircraft engine air filter and method |
US6598384B1 (en) * | 1998-07-06 | 2003-07-29 | Richard Adkins | Intake shield for gas turbine engines |
US6824582B2 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-11-30 | Westar Corporation | Filter system for turbine engine |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1201096A (en) * | 1966-11-15 | 1970-08-05 | United Aircraft Corp | Air particle separator |
US3830042A (en) * | 1972-09-13 | 1974-08-20 | Allied Filter Eng Inc | Rectangular filter bag |
GB1553561A (en) * | 1975-07-24 | 1979-09-26 | Chem Y | Alkylether sulphate detergent compositions containing them |
US4158449A (en) * | 1976-12-07 | 1979-06-19 | Pall Corporation | Inlet air cleaner assembly for turbine engines |
US4537608A (en) * | 1983-11-16 | 1985-08-27 | Pall Corporation | System for removing contaminant particles from a gas |
US5472463A (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1995-12-05 | Cummins Engine Company, Inc. | Pressure side integrated air filter and filtering networks for engines |
US7491253B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2009-02-17 | Aerospace Filtrations Systems, Inc. | Engine intake system with accessible, interchangeable air filters |
-
2006
- 2006-04-13 EP EP06750112A patent/EP1874626B1/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-04-13 JP JP2008506713A patent/JP4861407B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-04-13 WO PCT/US2006/013976 patent/WO2006113388A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-04-13 US US11/911,365 patent/US7866600B2/en active Active
-
2007
- 2007-10-11 IL IL186605A patent/IL186605A/en active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3421296A (en) * | 1966-11-15 | 1969-01-14 | United Aircraft Corp | Engine inlet air particle separator |
US3483676A (en) * | 1967-09-29 | 1969-12-16 | Gen Electric | Helicopter engine air inlets |
JPS577292B2 (ja) * | 1979-03-16 | 1982-02-09 | ||
US6598384B1 (en) * | 1998-07-06 | 2003-07-29 | Richard Adkins | Intake shield for gas turbine engines |
US20020182062A1 (en) * | 2000-10-02 | 2002-12-05 | Westar Corporation | Aircraft engine air filter and method |
US6824582B2 (en) * | 2002-12-13 | 2004-11-30 | Westar Corporation | Filter system for turbine engine |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101047517B1 (ko) | 2009-10-27 | 2011-07-07 | 대기산업 주식회사 | 차량용 에어 필터 어셈블리 |
WO2016070480A1 (zh) * | 2014-11-06 | 2016-05-12 | 江西洪都航空工业集团有限责任公司 | 一种引气口盖 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL186605A0 (en) | 2008-01-20 |
JP4861407B2 (ja) | 2012-01-25 |
WO2006113388A3 (en) | 2007-06-21 |
EP1874626A2 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
EP1874626A4 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
WO2006113388A2 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
IL186605A (en) | 2013-03-24 |
EP1874626B1 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
US20080173276A1 (en) | 2008-07-24 |
US7866600B2 (en) | 2011-01-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4861407B2 (ja) | 一体型エンジン空気粒子フィルタアッセンブリ | |
US7004986B2 (en) | Filter in a filter housing | |
US10799823B2 (en) | Housing main part of a filter housing, filter system, and pre-separator module of a filter system | |
US6185934B1 (en) | Device and method for filtering internal combustion engine exhaust gases and vehicle equipped with such a device | |
EP3309077B1 (en) | Auxiliary power unit inlet assembly with particle separator | |
US7056368B2 (en) | Powered air cleaning system and air cleaning method | |
US8529324B2 (en) | Powered air cleaning system and method of making same | |
US20130025564A1 (en) | Oil separator for crankcase ventilation | |
EP1622697B1 (en) | Powered air cleaning system and method of making same | |
EP3309076B1 (en) | Auxiliary power unit inlet assembly with filter | |
US10279920B1 (en) | Foreign object debris barrier filter apparatus for an aircraft intake system | |
US20050172587A1 (en) | Powered air cleaning system and air cleaning method | |
US20030154861A1 (en) | Air filter and method of using same | |
CN209083442U (zh) | 一种自旋式空气滤清器装置 | |
CN212296664U (zh) | 新型空气滤清器、总成及工程机械 | |
CA2978800A1 (en) | Auxiliary power unit assembly with removable inlet filter | |
EP3976945B1 (en) | Blow-by gas filtration assembly with support and control shaft | |
CN114522487A (zh) | 便于更换滤芯的汽车滤清器 | |
CN215761978U (zh) | 一种新型空气滤清器总成 | |
CN220379899U (zh) | 一种双轴电机空气净化器 | |
CN107062417A (zh) | 一种多级雾霾净化器 | |
CN115875165A (zh) | 一种自洁式新能源汽车空气滤清器 | |
JP2006168488A (ja) | 車両用空調装置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20100413 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20100713 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20110111 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20110406 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20110802 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20110914 |
|
RD02 | Notification of acceptance of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7422 Effective date: 20110914 |
|
RD04 | Notification of resignation of power of attorney |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A7424 Effective date: 20110914 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20111011 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20111104 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 4861407 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20141111 Year of fee payment: 3 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |