JP2008506024A - 免疫系刺激のための材料および方法 - Google Patents
免疫系刺激のための材料および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、いかなる図、表、核酸配列、アミノ酸配列、および図面も含み、全体として参照により本願明細書に組み入れられる、2004年7月9日出願の米国仮特許出願第60/586,548号の恩典を主張する。
バイオテロ、重症急性呼吸器症候群(SARS)および鳥インフルエンザウイルスの大発生、HIV/AIDSの持続的拡大、ならびに現行治療薬剤に耐性である病原株の出現により、これら脅威に対するバイオ防御戦略を含めた新たな防衛的手段の探索が研究者に切実に求められている。免疫活性化は、新興感染症に対するバイオ防御戦略のための、有効的かつ予防的取り組みである(Hackett, C.J. J. Allergy and Clin. Immunol., 2003, 112:686-694)。ヒト免疫系は幅広い微生物検出および宿主防御メカニズムを有しているが、免疫監視および破壊システムの病原体回避が一般的である。この状況は、ほとんどの腫瘍細胞が検出されないまま免疫監視を免れている癌の場合と異なりはしない(Wajchman, H.J. et al. Cancer Res., 2004, 64:1171-1180)。
本発明は、新規の免疫系刺激多糖に関する。本明細書に例示する、一つのこの様な化合物は、薬用植物のティノスポラ・コルディフォリアから単離され、特徴付けされている。一つの局面では、本発明は、図3に示す構造を有する化合物(本明細書ではRR1とも呼ぶ)を提供し、この化合物は、(1→4)結合主鎖および(1→6)結合分枝から構成され、550kDaより大きな分子量を持ち、固有の免疫刺激特性を示すα-D-グルカン多糖である。
本発明は、固有の免疫ブースト特性を示す新規多糖である単離化合物(RR1)を提供する。RR1は、図3に示す構造を有し、(1→4)結合主鎖および(1→6)結合分枝から構成され、550kDaより大きな分子量を持つα-D-グルカン多糖である。RR1は、薬草のティノスポラ・コルディフォリア(ツツラフジ(Minispermaceae)科)から単離されており、その薬効特性が研究の主題となってきた(Singh, S.S. et al. Ind. J. Pharm., 2003, 35:83-91; Chintalwar, G. et al. Phytochemistry, 1999, 52:1089-1094; Manjerakar, P.N. et al. Fitotherapia, 2000, 71:254-257; Desai, V.R. et al. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci, 2002, 114:713-719; Subramanyan, M. et al., Redox. Rep., 2002, 7:137-143)。
RR1の単離および特徴付け
ティノスポラ・コルディフォリア粉末(GARRY and SUN, Inc., Reno, Nevadaから市販されている)の抽出物の予備的研究により、免疫刺激の原則は、水性画分中に限定されることが明らかとなった。図1に、単離に適用された手順をフローチャートにて示す。図3に示す最終的なRR1化合物は、抽出に使用した全乾燥材料の約0.1%収率で、水に溶解した膨れた固体として単離された。最終生成物の最初の分析、および13C NMRスペクトルは、それが多糖であることを明らかにした。したがって、Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athensにおいて、グリコシル成分、結合、分子量、およびアノマー中心におけるグルコース単位のコンホメーションなどの、多糖の詳細な分析を行った。グリコシル成分の分析は、Yorkら(York, W.S. et al. Methods Enzymol., 1985, 118:3-40)の方法に従った酸性メタノリシスによりRR1から得られた単糖メチルグリコシドのパー-O-トリメチルシリル誘導体のガスクロマトグラフィー/質量分析の組み合わせ(GC/MS)により行った。この分析では、イノシトールを内部基準として使用した。単糖誘導体は、それらの特徴的な保持時間により同定され、さらにそれらの質量スペクトルにより確認された。グリコシル結合分析を行うには、試料をCikanuおよびKereck(Ciucanu, I. and F. Kereck Carbohydr. Res., 1984, 131:209-217)の方法により3回パーメチル化し、2Mトリフルオロ酢酸で加水分解し、NaBD4で還元し、無水酢酸/ピリジンでアセチル化して、得られた一部メチル化アルジトールアセテート(PMAA)をGC/MSにより分析した。糖残基は、それらの特徴的な保持時間と、質量スペクトルデータにより同定した。グリコピラノシル単位のアノマー中心におけるコンホメーションは、D2O中で記録した500MHzプロトンNMRスペクトルに基づき、かつ基準試料のアノマープロトンシグナルとの比較により得た。分子量は、50mMギ酸アンモニウム緩衝液により速度0.5ml/分で溶出するSUPELCOシリカカラム(1.0×30cm)を使用したサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーから得て、屈折率により検出した。デキストラン試料を基準として使用して、溶出したピークの保持時間と基準との比較により分子量を得た。
RR1の免疫刺激特性を測定するために、リンパ球の異なるサブセットの活性化、例えばインターロイキン(IL)-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12、p70およびp40、IL-18、インターフェロン(IFN)-αおよびγ、腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)-αおよびβ、単球遊走因子(MCP)-1などのサイトカインの合成、一酸化窒素(NO)の合成、ならびにヒトリンパ球内で誘発される酸化ストレスの程度を分析した。健康な志願者から採取した新鮮血から、histopaque密度勾配法により正常なリンパ球を単離して、様々なアッセイに使用した。ヒト白血病(CEM)および多剤耐性(CEM/VLB)細胞株を、10%ウシ胎児血清および抗生物質を補充したRPMI培地中、5%CO2インキュベーター内にて37℃で増殖させた。
正常なリンパ球(106/ml)を、RR1 0〜100μgで、37℃に保持したCO2インキュベーター内にて、RPMI培地中で24時間処理した。次いで、細胞を特定の蛍光色素結合モノクローナル抗体で30分間、室温にて染色し、Coulter Elite Flow Cytometer内で、AlamoおよびMelnick(Alamo, A.L. and S.J. Melnick Cytometry, 2000, 42:363-370)の4色または5色イムノタイピング(immunotyping)アッセイプロトコルにより分析し、例えばNK、TおよびB細胞等のリンパ球のサブセットの活性化は百分率を計算した。
活性化したリンパ球の高められた細胞傷害性を評価するために、RR1活性化リンパ球をエフェクター細胞とし、ヒト白血病細胞(CEM)を標的として使用する機能的アッセイを採用した(Liu, L. et al. Nat. Med., 2002, 8:185-189; Jerome, K.R. et al. Nat. Med., 2003, 9:4-5)。簡単に言えば、正常なリンパ球(106/ml)を、RPMI培地中の異なる濃度のRR1で、CO2インキュベーター内にて37℃で24時間処理した。翌日、標的細胞(CEM 1×106/ml)を、1ml PBS中の4.6μM膜標識色素PKH26(SIGMA)により室温で3分間標識した。等容積のウシ胎児血清(GIBCO, Life Sciences, MD)を1分間加えて、標識を停止した。次いで、標識した腫瘍細胞を、エフェクターと標的との比を1:1としてRR1処理リンパ球と共に4時間インキュベートし、未処理リンパ球を対照として使用した。活性化NK細胞により殺傷された細胞の百分率を、氷上にて2%パラホルムアルデヒド溶液1mlで混合物を30分間固定し、続いてPBS中0.5%ツイーン20中に懸濁させることにより測定した。細胞混合物を抗活性カスパーゼ3-FITC抗体(BD Biosciences, CA)7.5μlで、室温にて30分間染色し、PBSで洗浄し、Coulter Elite Flow Cytometer内で分析した。
IL-1β、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12p40、IL-12p70、IL-18、IFN-γおよびTNF-α、βなどのサイトカイン、ならびにケモカイン、MCP-1を、ELISA法により、BD Biosciencesのキットを使用して、製造業者のプロトコルにしたがって定量した。IFN-αは、RESEARCH DIAGNOSTICS Inc.(New Jersey)のELISAキットを使用してアッセイした。簡単に言えば、ELISA希釈液50μlをピペットで、96ウェルプレートの抗体コートウェル内に入れ、続いて各標準試料および試験試料100μlを入れて、5秒間振とうしてウェル内の内容物を混合し、プレートシーラーで覆い、室温で2時間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、ウェルの内容物を吸引し、洗浄溶液で5回洗浄した。最終的な洗浄の洗浄溶液を完全に除去した後、検出溶液100μlを加え、プレートシーラーで覆い、1時間インキュベートした。ウェルを洗浄溶液で7回洗浄し、一段階基質試薬100μlを加えて、暗闇で30分間インキュベートした。停止溶液50μlを加えて着色を停止し、BIORAD Benchmarkプレートリーダー内で、参照波長570nmと共に450nmにて吸収を記録した。
ヒト補体C3a des ArgおよびC4a des Arg関連のEIAキット(ASSAY DESIGN Inc., Ann Arbor, MI)を使用して、製造業者のプロトコルにしたがって、切断された補体成分(C3a des ArgおよびC4a des Arg)を測定した。簡単に言えば、健康な志願者から採取した正常血液1mlを、CO2インキュベーター内で37℃にて24時間、RR1 0〜100μg/mlと共にインキュベートした。処理した血液試料を4℃にて2000×gで遠心分離にかけ、補体試薬「A」225μlを等容積の試料上澄み液に加え、徹底的にボルテックスで撹拌した。この混合物に10N HCl 50μlを加えて、再度ボルテックスで撹拌し、室温で1時間インキュベートした。試料を室温で5分間、ミクロ遠心分離機内で10,000rpmにて遠心分離し、上澄み液180μlを15ml管に移し、9N NaOH 20μlを加えて、徹底的にボルテックスで撹拌した。この混合物に、補体試薬「B」600μlを加えた後、アッセイ緩衝液10.7mlを加え、ボルテックスで撹拌して、分析に使用した。アッセイ試料(100μl)を96ウェルのマイクロプレート内のウェル内にピペットで入れ、次いで青色コンジュゲート50μlおよび黄色抗体50μlを入れた。プレートをプラットホームシェーカー上で、500rpmにて2時間振とうした。ウェルを吸引して非結合材料を除去し、洗浄溶液200μlで3回洗浄し、p-Npp基質溶液200μlを加えた。プレートを37℃で1時間、振とうせずにインキュベートし、停止溶液50μlを加え、BIO-RAD Bench topプレートリーダー内で、参照波長570nmと共に405nmの吸収を測定した。
NOの増大した、および持続的な放出は、アルギニン刺激による、酵素iNOSの刺激を原因とする。RR1刺激によるiNOS誘導を、サンドイッチ酵素イムノアッセイ法を用いるQUANTIKINE iNOSイムノアッセイキット(R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN)によりアッセイした。異なる濃度のRR1で処理した細胞の細胞質抽出物から、iNOSをアッセイした。試料および標準を96ウェルプレートのウェル内にピペットで入れ、存在する任意のiNOSは固定化した抗体に結合した。未結合物質を洗浄除去した後、iNOSに特異的な酵素結合モノクローナル抗体を加えた。未結合抗体酵素試薬を洗浄除去した後、着色物質溶液を加え、停止溶液で着色を停止して、Bio-Radプレートリーダー内で、参照波長570nmと共に450nmの吸収を読み取った。
グルタチオンの還元(GSH)およびグルタチオンの酸化(GSSG)レベルの測定値、ならびにそれらの比は、酸化ストレスの有用な指標である。Biotech GSH/GSSG-412キット(Oxis Research, Portland, OR)を使用して、製造業者のプロトコルにしたがって、比色法によりGSHおよびGSSGのレベルをアッセイした。簡単に言えば、健康なドナーからの正常血液試料を、異なる濃度のRR1と共に、5% CO2インキュベーター内で37℃にて24時間インキュベートした。GSSGに関しては、各処理試料100μlを-70℃で4時間冷凍し、解凍して、5%メタリン酸(MPA)290μlを加えた。試料を15〜20秒間ボルテックスで撹拌し、1000×gで10分間遠心分離した。MPA抽出物(50μl)を比色アッセイで使用したGSSG緩衝液700μlに加えた。GSH測定に関しては、全血50μlを-70℃で冷凍し、解凍して、5% MPA 350μlを加え、15〜20秒間ボルテックスで撹拌し、10,000×gで10分間遠心分離した。MPA抽出物(50μl)をアッセイ緩衝液3mlに加え、更なる分析にて使用した。各標準および試料のMPA緩衝液混合物(200μl)を分光光度計のキュベットに移して、色素原200μlを加えた後、酵素200μlを順に加え、室温で5分間インキュベートした。その後、キュベット内にNADPH 200μlを加え、BECKMAN分光光度計内で412nmの吸収における変化を記録した。吸収値を使用して反応速度をプロットし、GSHおよびGSSGレベルを決定した。
データ分析に一要因分散分析(ANOVA)を使用した。
マウス単球(RAW 264.7)、およびヒト胎児腎臓(HEK293)細胞株を、研究のためにAmerican Type Culture collection, Manassas, VAから得た。TLR2、TLR2/6およびTLR4/CD14/MD2遺伝子をトランスフェクトしたHEK293細胞を、INVIVOGEN Corporation, San Diego, CAより購入した。細胞は、5%CO2インキュベーター内の組織培養フラスコ内で、10%ウシ胎児血清、L-グルタミン(2mM)、および抗生物質(100単位/mlペニシリンおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシン)を補充したDMEM培地中で増殖させた。Nair, P.K.ら(Nair, P.K. et al. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2004, 4:1645-1659)に記載されている抽出手順にしたがって、GARRY and SUNS(Reno, Nevada, USA)から購入したティノスポラ・コルディフォリア粉末からRR1を単離した。試料の内毒素含有量をLymulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay(Cambrex, MA)により試験し、有意なレベル(0.0008ng/ml)が示された。研究全体を通して、内毒素を含まない緩衝液、試薬、および無菌水を使用することにより、必要な予防策をとって内毒素汚染を回避した。
ザイモサンA、およびFITC標識ザイモサンA生体粒子を、Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, ORより購入した。ラミナリンおよびカフェ酸フェネチルエステル(CAPE)を、SIGMA Chemical Co., St. Louis, MOより購入した。抗マウスCD11bモノクローナル抗体(mAb)を、BD BIOSCIENCES, San Jose, CAより購入した。FITC標識TLR2およびPE標識TLR4抗体を、eBiosciences, San Diego, CAより購入した。
ザイモサンA生体粒子の非オプソニン化結合に対するRR1の阻害効果を測定するために、マウス単球/マクロファージ細胞(0.5×106)を、0、100、500および1000μg/mlのRR1と共に4℃でインキュベートして、補体を含むオプソニンの局所放出を防止した(Ezekowitz, R. A. et al. J. Clin. Invest., 1985, 76:2368-2376; Brown, G.D. et al. J. Expt. Med., 2002, 196:407-412)。氷上で1時間インキュベーション後、細胞を予備冷却した培養液で3回洗浄し、FITCコンジュゲートザイモサンA粒子を25粒子/細胞の比で加えて、氷上でさらに1時間保持した。細胞をPBSで2回洗浄し、CO2インキュベーター内にてDMEM中で37℃にて30分間インキュベートした。未結合ザイモサン粒子を大量の培地で洗浄して除去し、ザイモサン-FITCの細胞内蛍光をCoulter Eliteフローサイトメーターで分析した。
RR1およびラミナリンの、ザイモサンA粒子のオプソニン化結合および食作用に対する効果を測定するために、RAW264.7細胞を、DMEM中で37℃にて1時間、RR1またはラミナリン(0および500μg/ml)で処理した。このことは、オプソニンの放出とオプソニン結合の促進とを確実にするであろう。細胞をPBSで2回洗浄し、25粒子/細胞の比でザイモサンA-FITC生体粒子と共に、37℃で1時間インキュベートした。大量の培地での洗浄により未結合ザイモサン粒子を除去した後、細胞をPBS中に懸濁させ、細胞内蛍光をCoulter Eliteフローサイトメーターで分析した。蛍光強度を対照の百分率で表した。
0.5% FBS(飢餓)を含有するDMEM培地を有する6ウェルプレート上に、RAW264.7細胞(0.5×106/ml)をプレーティングした。ひとたび細胞が付着したら、培地を交換し、0、100、500および1000μg/ml用量のRR1を加え、37℃で24時間インキュベートした。ELISAキット(BD BIOSCIENCES kit, San Jose, CA)を使用して、製造業者のプロトコルにしたがって、分泌されたTNF-αに関して培地を分析した。
RAW264.7細胞を、0、100、500および1000μg/mlのRR1と共に8時間インキュベートし、Active Motif, CAのNF-κB活性キットを使用して、製造業者のELISA説明書にしたがって、核タンパク質を抽出した。NF-κB活性化をさらに視覚化するために、核タンパク質を用いて電気泳動移動度シフトアッセイ(EMSA)を行った(Ghosh, S, and Karin, M., Cell, 2002, 109:S81-96, Young, S.H. et al. J. Biol Chem., 2001, 276:20781-20787; Lebron, F. et al. J Biol Chem., 2003, 278:25001-25008)。NF-κBに結合する二本鎖プローブ
を32P-ATPで放射標識し、核抽出物5μgを用いてEMSAを実施した。EMSA反応混合物を室温で30分間インキュベートし、DNA-タンパク質複合体を6%ポリアクリルアミドゲル上で分離して、オートラジオグラフィーで視覚化した。NF-κBの時間依存的活性化を測定するために、異なる期間にて(刺激0、4、8、14、20時間後)RR1(100μg/ml)処理細胞から核抽出物を調製した。ACTIVE MOTIF, Carlsbad, CAのELISAキットを使用して、核抽出物のタンパク質含有量と、NF-κB活性を分析した。
IκB-αの分解は、NF-κB活性化の必須条件である。細胞のI-κBαレベルおよびその分解に対するRR1の効果を測定するために、異なる期間にて(0、15分、30分、1時間)、RR1処理RAW264.7マクロファージ由来の細胞質ゾル溶解物を用いてイムノブロット分析を実施した。溶解物を12%ゲル上でSDS-PAGEにより分離して、TransBlot装置(BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA)を使用してニトロセルロース膜に転写した。ウエスタンブロットハイブリダイゼーションプロトコル(Lebron, F.et al. J Biol Chem., 2003, 278:25001-25008)により、抗マウスIκB-α抗体(CELL SIGNALING TECHNOLOGY, Inc, Beverly, MA)を用いて、色検出システム(BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA)を使用して、膜をIκB-α特異的モノクローナル抗体(1:1000)でハイブリダイズした。
RR1のマクロファージに対するオプソニン化認識/結合にグルカン特異的受容体CR3が関与しているか否かを試験するために、CR3に特異的なモノクローナル抗体(mAbs)(BD BIOSCIENCES, San Jose, CAのラット抗マウスCD11b)を使用して、CR3を遮断した。RR1(0〜100μg/ml)と共に3時間インキュベートするのに先だって、RAW264.7細胞(0.5×106)をCO2インキュベーター内で5μg/mlのモノクローナル抗体により37℃で1時間処理した。培地中にマクロファージにより放出されたTNF-αを、ELISAキット(BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)を用いて分析した(Brown, G.D. et al. J. Expt. Med., 2002, 196:407-412; Brown, G.D. et al. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 197:1119-1124)。
TLRシグナル伝達の関与を測定するために、親のHEK293、ならびにヒトTLR2、TLR6、TLR2/6またはTLR4/CD14/MD2遺伝子をトランスフェクトした(pDUOプラスミド内にクローン化した)HEK293細胞を使用した。これらの細胞(0.5×106/ml)を、RR1 0〜100μg/mlと共に24時間インキュベートした。これらの細胞は、活性化により非常に低いレベルのTNF-αおよび検出レベルのIL-8を産生するため、培地中に分泌されたIL-8はELISA法により分析した。偶然にも、IL-8合成も転写因子NF-κBの制御下にある。
RR1処理細胞から抽出した全RNAを使用して、RT-PCRによりTLR2、4、および6 mRNAレベルを分析した。全RNAをRR1処理および未処理RAW264.7細胞から抽出し、0.5μg/ml RNAを逆転写して、マウスTLR2、4、および6に特異的なPCRプライマー(R&D SYSTEMS, Minneapolis, MN)を使用して増幅した。対照としてマウスGAPDH遺伝子も増幅した。PCR生成物をアガロースゲル上で分離した。
グリコシル組成および結合分析の結果は、最初の発見、およびRR1の炭水化物組成に関する13C NMRスペクトルデータを裏付けるものであった。グリコシル組成の分析は、グルコースがRR1の唯一の成分であることを示したが、一方、結合分析は、結合の3つのタイプに対応するグルコピラノシル残基の3つのタイプを明らかにした:4-結合グルコピラノシル残基(80%)、4,6-結合グルコピラノシル残基(12%)および末端グルコピラノシル残基(8%)。13C NMRスペクトル(図2A)は、グルコピラノシル部分内の炭素原子の良好に分離したシグナルを示した-C1(δ99.97ppm)、C2(δ73.68ppm)、C3(δ71.89ppm)、C4(δ77.09ppm)、C5(δ69.67ppm)、およびC6(δ60.83ppm)。C1およびC4シグナルの低磁場シフトは(1→4)結合を裏付けるが、一方、δ71.53ppmのシグナルは、(1→6)結合のC6に起因し得る。500MHzプロトンNMRスペクトル(図2B)におけるδ5.44ppmのシグナル(良好に分離せず)およびδ5.00ppmのシグナルは、グリコピラノシル単位のアノマー炭素に関連したαプロトンに起因する。他方、δ4.66ppmの非常に弱いシグナルは、βアノマーに起因する可能性がある。しかしながら、α-D-グルコースとβ-D-グルコースのシグナルの比は約99.9:1であり、それ故殆ど全てのグルコース単位がα立体配置を有すると想定される。したがって、RR1は、主鎖内の(1→4)結合したグルコピラノシル単位、(1→6)結合したグルコピラノシル単位の分岐、および0.15の分岐度を有するα-D-グルカンである(図3)。サイズ排除クロマトグラフィーでは、RR1は12.32分において単一ピークとして溶出し、これは511kDaデキストラン試料(保持時間:12.72分)のピークに非常に近かった。したがって、RR1は>550kDaの分子量が割り当てられた。
図4Aおよび図4Bに示すMTTアッセイの結果は、RR1が1000μg/mlの高濃度においても、正常リンパ球または腫瘍細胞株(CEMおよびCEM/VLB)のいずれに対しても、直接的な細胞傷害性または細胞増殖効果を有さないことを示す。
リンパ球は、哺乳動物免疫系の重要なエフェクター細胞であり、これらの試験は、異なるリンパ球亜集団が、RR1により多様なレベルで活性化されることを示す。RR1 100μg/mlにより、B細胞は39%、T細胞は102%およびNK細胞は331%活性化される(図5)。NK細胞は、適応免疫系による抗体産生および認識前に、抗原/マイトジェンと接触する自然免疫系の主なエフェクターであるため、NK細胞の>3倍の活性化は非常に意義がある。RR1によるNK細胞の増大された活性化は、図6に示す機能的細胞傷害性アッセイの結果から全く明らかである。RR1処理された正常リンパ球は、未処理細胞と比較して高い割合の腫瘍細胞を殺すことができ、かつ活性化リンパ球の細胞傷害性の用量依存的増強が明らかであった。
図7に示すように、RR1濃度の上昇に伴う、代替的経路のC3a des Argレベルの段階的増大が注目された。この観察結果は、他の多糖による補体活性化に関するいくつかの報告と類似する。C3aおよびC4aは、代替的および古典的経路における補体活性化カスケード中に、血漿成分C3およびC4から放出される生理活性切断生成物であり(Ember, J.A. et al. The Human complement system in Health and Disease, Ed. Volnakis, J.E. and M.M. Frank, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1998, pp. 241-248)、これらはより活性が低いC3a-des ArgおよびC4a-des Arg形態に急速に転換されて、細胞免疫応答の仲介に関与する。代替的経路は自己増幅性であり、抗体不在下での病原の排除および認識に重要である(Stahl, G.M. et al. Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 162:449-455)。β-グルカンは代替的経路を活性化することが報告されており、これらのポリマーが示す宿主仲介性抗腫瘍活性は、補体系の活性化と相関していた(Hamuro, J. et al. Am. J. Pathol., 1978, 93:526-617)。リポ多糖は、代替的および古典的経路を経由して補体系を活性化し;即ち、脂質部分が古典的経路を活性化し、一方、多糖部分が代替的経路を活性化する(Morrison, D. C. and R. J. Ulevitch Am. J. Pathol., 1978, 93:526-617)。
図8A〜図8Hに示すように、RR1は、IL-1β(1080pg)、IL-6(21833pg)、IL-12p40(918.23pg)、IL-12p70(50.19pg)、IL-18(27.47pg)、IFN-γ(90.16pg)、MCP-1(2307pg)およびTNF-α(2225pg)の合成を誘導したが、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-βおよびIFN-αの産生を誘導しなかった。一般に、図8Cに示すように、最大値が10μg/mlにて記録されかつRR1の増加により低下傾向が示されたIL-12(p40)を除いて、RR1によりサイトカイン産生の用量依存的増大が観察された。図8Hに示すように、RR1 10μg/mlまでのMCP-1産生は非常に有意であり、より高いRR1濃度では増大は僅かであった。一般に、プロ炎症性サイトカインIL-1β、IL-6、およびTNF-α、ならびに調節サイトカインIL-12p(40)は、他のサイトカインと比較してより高いレベルで産生された。
図10に、非オプソニン化認識およびFITC標識ザイモサンA生体粒子のマクロファージへの結合に対する、RR1の阻害効果を示す。RR1の濃度の増加に伴い蛍光強度の用量依存的阻害が観察され、1000μg/mlのRR1濃度において約65%の阻害を示す。実験中、細胞を4℃でインキュベートするとオプソニンの放出が防止され、それにより非オプソニン化結合が促進されるであろう。
ザイモサンA生体粒子の食作用に対するRR1およびラミナリンの37℃での阻害効果を、図11に示す。構造的に定義されたβ-グルカンであるラミナリンは、食作用に対して完全な阻害作用を有するが、RR1は有意な効果を全く示さなかった。食作用は、マクロファージによる粒子の結合および内在化を含む。
CR3は、マクロファージ活性化および炎症応答に繋がる多糖の単球に対するオプソニン化結合に関与する、β-グルカン特異的受容体である。単球を5μg/mlのCR3(CD11b)特異的モノクローナル抗体と共にインキュベートした後、RR1でインキュベートした結果、RAW264.7細胞のTNF-α合成は阻害または低下されなかった。しかしながら、RAW264.7マクロファージをCD11b抗体で処理した後、可溶性ザイモサンで処理した場合、TNF-α合成の有意な低下(41.31%)が観察された(表2)。
細胞をCR3(5μg/ml)と共に2時間インキュベートした後、37℃で1時間グルカン処理した。
**p<0.05
図12に、NF-κB阻害剤、カフェ酸フェネチルエステル(CAPE)を伴うおよび伴わないRR1誘導によるTNF-α合成を示す。RR1用量の漸増に伴うTNF-α合成の用量依存的増大が明らかであった。単球のRR1処理に先立って、CAPEを10μg/mlで1時間インキュベートした場合、RR1の全濃度にてTNF-α合成は完全に阻害された。
IκB-αのリン酸化および分解は、NF-κB活性化の必須条件であり、これがNF-κBの細胞質から核への移行を促進する。IκB-αウエスタンブロットは、RR1処理後の刺激の様々な間隔におけるIκB-αレベルを示す。IκB-αの着実な減少がRR1インキュベーションの30分にて明らかであり、その発現は100μg/mlのRR1処理の60分後に完全に除去された(図16)。
TLR2、4、および6(図17)遺伝子のmRNAレベルは、RR1濃度0〜1000μg/mlにおいて同様のままであった。したがって、TLRの転写は、RR1処理により変化しないものと思われた。
RR1シグナル伝達に対する異なるTLRがなす役割を試験するために、親HEK293細胞を、受容体トランスフェクタント(TLR2、TLR4/CD14/MD2、TLR6/またはTLR2/TLR6)およびRR1と共にインキュベートし、24時間後にIL-8が産生した。RR1は、親HEK、およびTLR2またはTLR4/CD14/MD2遺伝子をトランスフェクトしたHEK細胞内でIL-8産生を誘導しなかった。しかしながら、TLR6およびTLR2/6遺伝子をトランスフェクトしたHEK細胞は、大量のIL-8を誘導し、その合成において用量依存的誘導が明らかであった(図18および図19)。TLR2をトランスフェクトした細胞は、RR1処理(0〜100μM)によりIL-8を全く生産しなかったことも興味深い。
Claims (20)
- 免疫調節促進剤をさらに含む、請求項2記載の薬学的組成物。
- 抗原をさらに含む、請求項2または3記載の薬学的組成物。
- アジュバントをさらに含む、請求項2または3記載の薬学的組成物。
- 抗原およびアジュバントをさらに含む、請求項2または3記載の薬学的組成物。
- 抗癌剤をさらに含む、請求項2〜6のいずれか一項記載の薬学的組成物。
- 細胞傷害性薬剤をさらに含む、請求項2〜7のいずれか一項記載の薬学的組成物。
- 化学療法薬剤をさらに含む、請求項2〜8のいずれか一項記載の薬学的組成物。
- 腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)、インターフェロン、神経成長因子(NGF)、血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)、および組織プラスミノーゲン活性化因子からなる群より選択される免疫調節物をさらに含む、請求項2〜9のいずれか一項記載の薬学的組成物。
- リンフォカイン、インターロイキン、および成長因子からなる群より選択される生物学的応答調整物質をさらに含む、請求項2〜10のいずれか一項記載の薬学的組成物。
- 請求項1記載の単離化合物の有効量を細胞にインビトロまたはインビボ投与する工程を含む、免疫応答を刺激するための方法。
- 化合物が被験体に投与され、かつ被験体の免疫系が該投与によって刺激される、請求項12記載の方法。
- 被験体の免疫系がマクロファージの活性化によって刺激される、請求項13記載の方法。
- 被験体の免疫系が下記の様式の一つまたは複数で刺激される、請求項13または14記載の方法:
(a)ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞の活性化の増大;
(b)マクロファージの腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)-α合成の増大;
(c)マクロファージ走化性タンパク質(MCP)-1合成の増大;
(d)NF-κBの活性化;
(e)Th1サイトカイン産生の増大;および
(f)第2補体活性化経路のC3a des Argレベルの増大。 - 被験体が細胞増殖性障害を患っている、請求項13〜15のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 細胞増殖性障害が癌である、請求項16記載の方法。
- 被験体が感染症を患っている、請求項13〜17のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 下記の工程を含む、ティノスポラ・コルディフォリア(Tinospora cordifolia)植物材料からRR1を得るためのプロセス:
(a)ティノスポラ・コルディフォリア植物材料を提供する工程;および
(b)請求項1記載の化合物を抽出する工程。 - 抽出した化合物を薬学的に許容される担体と混合して薬学的組成物を形成する工程をさらに含む、請求項19記載のプロセス。
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