JP2008306931A - Livestock feed - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide livestock feed promoting growth of the rumen of a calf in lactation period or at weaning stage, attempting early weaning, and preventing infectious disease and diarrhea. <P>SOLUTION: The livestock feed is mixed with pre-processed corn flake-like processed product. The form of the pre-processed corn flake-like processed product is, preferably, such that an average diameter is 0.5 cm or larger and smaller than 3 cm, the thickness is 0.3 mm or larger and smaller than 3 mm, and a hardness measured with a tablet hardness meter is 5 kg/cm<SP>2</SP>or larger and 20 kg/cm<SP>2</SP>smaller. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to livestock feed, and more particularly, promotes the growth of rumen (ruminal) of calves, effectively absorbs fat-soluble vitamins, and reduces peculiar intestinal infection such as coccidium infection. The present invention provides a livestock feed containing natural raw materials characterized by preventing colonization of harmful fungi such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract.

  Conventional feeds for adult cattle include crude fibers such as dry grass and rice straw, and plant meals as well as nutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, and antibiotics as needed. The thing which added ingredients, such as a hormone agent and a steroid agent, can be mentioned. However, calves before the weaning period cannot be fed with a feed centered on such coarse fibers, and as a feed for calves before and during the weaning period, protein, fat, carbohydrate Concentrated feed for weaning (for example, Patent Document 1) called starter with a high ratio of nutrients (digestible nutrients) having high feed efficiency such as feed is given in the first half, and in the second half for raising calves containing crude fiber Give feed.

  In order for cattle to grow normally from calves to adult cattle and to grow to cattle for meat or dairy cattle, the above starter, calf breeding feed and normal feed should be given efficiently and absorbed without waste. At the same time, it is important to prevent peculiar infections such as coccidiosis and prevent diarrhea due to colonization of harmful fungi such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli and abnormal fermentation.

  Ruminants such as cattle have a rumen (ruminal) that ferments coarse fiber as an important digestive organ, and the food taken from the mouth enters the rumen, which is caused by various bacteria present in the rumen. It is decomposed and fermented and converted into volatile fatty acids (for example, Patent Document 2). However, rumen is undeveloped in calves in the suckling and weaning periods, and therefore, calves in this period cannot be fed with feed mainly composed of normal coarse fibers. That is, it is not possible to increase the ratio of inexpensive crude fiber to calves with undeveloped lumens, and relatively expensive starters, calf breeding feeds, etc. must be given for a certain period of time.

  The function of the lumen is greatly influenced by the development of cilia (papilloid processes) in the lumen, and when it develops sufficiently, the lumen has a normal function. As the cilia grow, the surface area of the lumen increases and efficient nutrient absorption from the lumen wall becomes possible. In other words, if the development of this rumen is promoted, the period during which expensive starters and calf breeding feeds must be ingested will be shortened, and the transition to inexpensive solid feeds mainly composed of coarse fibers will be facilitated. This will lead to cost reduction for farmers.

  Furthermore, calves in the suckling and weaning periods are sensitive to other gastrointestinal functions other than rumen and cause stress due to changes in the environment. For example, as shown in Patent Document 3, some parasitic protozoa Serious economic blows to pastoral farmers due to growth of dysfunction or death due to infection caused by infection, or health problems caused by harmful bacteria such as Salmonella or Escherichia coli. I often give it.

  Early development within the lumen of calves, prevention of coccium infection, and resolution of calf development delays due to harmful bacteria, etc. are issues that have been sought for many years in the pastoral industry. It was a long-standing challenge to use feed instead of feed. In other words, by adding ingredients that promote the early development of rumen and ingredients that prevent coccium infection, prevent colonization of harmful bacteria into the intestinal tract, and discharge them outside the body, Cattle growth can be promoted and the cost of pastoral farmers can be significantly reduced.

In addition, other nutritional components, such as fat-soluble vitamins or minerals, are relatively susceptible to destruction in the lumen and other digestive organs, and a significant portion of them are destroyed before reaching the intestinal tract where they are absorbed. There are many losses. Adding these ingredients to the starter or calf feed in a form that is not destroyed in the lumen or other digestive organs is also an important issue for improving the normal growth and fattening efficiency of calves. It is.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-320284 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-209529 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-238400

As a result of intensive studies in view of the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have found that the development of cilia in the rumen is promoted by volatile fatty acids generated mainly during the fermentation process, mainly butyric acid and propionic acid. It was. Therefore, it was found that rumen can be rapidly grown by giving a feed containing a large amount of components that easily produce butyric acid or propionic acid as a starter or as a feed for raising calves. That is, it is possible to promote early weaning and growth of calves by providing a feed mainly consisting of cereals processed to promote the generation of volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract as a starter or a feed for raising calves. it can. Furthermore, by adding vitamin A, D ₃ , E and minerals contained in the protective microspheres, steroid sapogenin, mannose and lactose as additives, the nutritional efficiency is improved, and intestinal infection of coccidiosis in calves The present invention has been completed by discovering that it is possible to alleviate the disease, prevent colonization of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract, and significantly reduce calf mortality.

The above objective is accomplished with a feed formulated with pregelatinized corn flakes. The shape of the above-mentioned pregelatinized corn flakes has an average diameter of 0.5 cm or more and less than 3 cm, a thickness of 0.3 mm or more and less than 3 mm, and a hardness measured with a tablet hardness tester of 5 kg. / Cm ² or more and less than 20 kg / cm ² is preferable. Moreover, it is preferable that the mixture ratio is 20% or more and less than 70% by weight ratio with respect to the whole feed.

  The pregelatinized corn flakes used in the present invention are treated with corn at a temperature of 80 ° C. or more for 30 minutes or longer, and the starch is alpha-converted, rolled flat with a roller, and further crushed into flakes. It is a thing. When such specially processed and pregelatinized corn is blended in livestock feed and ingested by cattle, it is decomposed and fermented by bacteria in the rumen to promote the production of volatile fatty acids, especially butyric acid or propionic acid. To do. The volatile fatty acids produced here, especially butyric acid or propionic acid, greatly contribute to the development of cilia in the rumen, so it is produced especially when given to weaning calves as starter or feed for calf breeding. Volatile fatty acids act on the rumen of undeveloped calves to promote growth and enable early rumen formation.

The above-mentioned pregelatinized corn flaky processed product has an average diameter of each piece of 0.5 cm or more and less than 3 cm, a thickness of 0.3 mm or more and less than 3 mm, and a hardness meter for tablets (Monsanto type) The hardness measured by a hardness meter is preferably 5 kg / cm ² or more and less than 20 kg / cm ² . Corn pieces with such a shape and hardness are given as feed, and when entering the lumen, each piece scratches the lumen wall, promotes the detachment of the old epidermis, promotes cilia regeneration, Prevents thickening of the lumen wall and aggregation of cilia. In other words, early growth of calf lumens can be nurtured. This shape and hardness can be appropriately adjusted depending on the rolling conditions and crushing conditions using the rollers described above, and the shapes may be made uniform by a process such as classification. If the shape and hardness are out of the range, the effect is not sufficient. The blending ratio of the pregelatinized corn flakes processed product in the livestock feed of the present invention is 20% or more and less than 70% by weight, preferably 40% or more and less than 55%. If it is less than this, the effect is not sufficient, and if it exceeds that, it becomes excessive, and the effect does not improve any more.

The livestock feed according to the present invention preferably further contains at least one of protected microspheres containing fat-soluble vitamins, steroid sapogenin, betaine, mannose, and lactose. Above protective microspheres, vitamin A is fat-soluble vitamin, D ₃ and E is formulated as a component, it is possible to incorporate further minerals as needed. The above fat-soluble vitamins and minerals are essential for the normal growth of cattle, and these are components that are released in the intestine and absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells, but are relatively easily destroyed in the lumen. Therefore, even if it mix | blends and ingests in the feed for cattle, it has the problem that it is hard to be absorbed efficiently. In the present invention, the fat-soluble vitamins and minerals are blended in a form included in the protective microspheres.

  The protective microsphere as used in the present invention is a kind of so-called rumen bypass agent, and its production method, type, shape and the like are not particularly limited, but, for example, a plant that is a fat-soluble vitamin or the like as a protective agent Starch extracted from plants and contained in hardened oil or the like as a pasting agent is used as a dispersion, gelatinized by heating, and granulated into microspheres. The size of the microsphere has an average diameter of approximately 0.1 mm to 5 mm. In such protective microspheres, the gelatinizer stabilizes and protects the substrate in the lumen, and the gelatinizer dissolves and the substrate dissolves in the rumen. In the small intestine portion, the lipid portion is emulsified and absorbed. That is, most of the fat-soluble vitamins and minerals encapsulated in the protective microspheres are absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells without being destroyed by the rumen or other digestive organs. The preferable blending ratio is 0.001% to 0.005% by weight ratio of the fat-soluble vitamin and mineral to the whole.

  The livestock feed according to the present invention preferably contains steroid sapogenin as a component. Poultry such as chickens, livestock such as cattle and pigs, and pets such as dogs and cats have coccium infection which is a contagious disease caused by infection with Eimeria parasites. This coccidial infection is a highly contagious infectious disease. Infected animals not only suffer from diarrhea and enteritis, but weakness and a decrease in the rate of weight gain, resulting in a decrease in feed conversion efficiency. If symptoms are severe, drowning may occur. The present invention is characterized by the fact that steroid sapogenin has an effect of suppressing intestinal infection of bovine coccidiosis, and is characterized by being formulated. By blending this component, the infection of coccisium infection is greatly suppressed, and even if it is infected, an effect that the onset of the symptom is reduced can be produced. Steroid sapogenins are usually present in yams and lilies and are used separately. The preferable blending ratio is 0.003% to 0.005% by weight with respect to the whole.

  The livestock feed according to the present invention preferably contains betaine as a component. Betaine is a compound that exists widely in the animal and plant kingdoms, and is a component that is contained in large amounts in the molasses of sugar radish. This betaine has the effect of increasing the strength of the intestinal epithelial cells, so when taken with feed, the intestine becomes stronger and resistance to coccium infection is increased. This can produce an effect that the expression of is light. The preferable blending ratio is 0.003% to 0.005% by weight with respect to the whole.

  Furthermore, the feed for livestock according to the present invention preferably contains mannose, which is a monosaccharide, as a component. This mannose has the effect of suppressing the colonization of harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli in the intestine, and discharging these bacteria that have settled in the intestine. Therefore, by ingesting feed containing mannose, it is possible to reduce adverse effects such as calf growth failure and delay caused by harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Mannose can be obtained, for example, from mannan, which is a polysaccharide obtained by enzymatic treatment of coconut oil extract. The coconut oil extracted cocoon is, for example, a cocoon obtained by squeezing the oil-containing portion in the seeds of coconut and squeezing the coconut oil, and an enzyme-treated product contains a large amount of mannan polysaccharide. For example, mannose which is a monosaccharide can be obtained by hydrolyzing this. The preferred blending ratio is 0.01% to 0.03% by weight with respect to the whole.

  Furthermore, the livestock feed according to the present invention preferably contains lactose as a component. Lactose is ingested by cattle with feed and enters rumen to be decomposed and fermented by bacteria to produce a large amount of butyric acid, a kind of volatile fatty acid. As described above, butyric acid has an action of promoting the development of cilia in rumen. Therefore, when a feed containing lactose is given to a calf in the weaning period as a starter or a feed for raising a calf, it is possible to realize growth promotion and early weaning of the calf. The preferred blending ratio is 0.02% to 0.04% by weight with respect to the whole.

  The livestock feed according to the present invention may further comprise, as necessary, cereals, plant meals, starches, sugars, salt, bone meal, salts made of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc., antibiotics, hormones, sweetness Ingredients used in general cattle feed, such as materials for enhancing the taste and palatability, can be blended as optional ingredients.

  The livestock feed according to the present invention can be used as a starter as it is without being mixed with other components. Moreover, it can be used as a feed for raising a calf in the weaning period by adding coarse fibers such as dry grass and rice straw, and plant straw.

  The feed for livestock according to the present invention is given to a calf in the lactation or weaning period as a starter or a calf breeding feed, thereby facilitating the formation of the rumen of the calf, from an expensive breeding feed to an inexpensive solid feed The calf mortality due to infection and diarrhea can be reduced, and problems such as calf growth failure and growth delay can be solved. That is, it has a great economic effect for pastoral farmers.

  The livestock feed according to the present invention will be described in detail below. As described above, the feed of the present invention is a feed used as a starter for calves in the weaning period or as a feed for raising calves. The essentials are as follows. In other words, pre-gelatinized corn flakes processed products are blended as essential ingredients, and protective microspheres containing fat-soluble vitamins and minerals, steroid sapogenin, betaine, mannose and lactose are blended as additives. .

  In the present invention, steroid sapogenin extracted from yam is used as a feed from the viewpoint of using a natural product or a product derived from it as a feed. In addition, since betaine is a component that is particularly contained in a large amount in molasses of sugar radish, betaine extracted from sugar radish and purified is used in the present invention. Furthermore, as mannose, the thing which processed the mannan type | system | group polysaccharide obtained by carrying out the enzyme process of the palm oil extraction straw was used for the monosaccharide. Coconut oil extracted cocoon is a cocoon after squeezing coconut oil by squeezing the oil-containing portion in the seeds of coconut, and the enzyme-treated product contains a large amount of mannan polysaccharide.

  Each of these ingredients promotes the development of rumen in weaning calves, efficiently absorbs fat-soluble vitamins, prevents infection with and reduces symptoms of coccidiosis, or suppresses colonization of harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract. It has excellent actions such as promoting extracorporeal discharge. The specific contents will be clarified by the following examples.

The feed for livestock of this invention was prepared using the component shown below.
[Alphaized corn flakes]
Corn used as normal feed was treated with steam at about 90 ° C. for 60 minutes to make the starch alpha, rolled flat with a roller, and further crushed into flakes. A flaky processed product having an average diameter of 1.5 cm, an average thickness of 1.2 mm, and a hardness measured by a Monsanto tablet hardness tester of 12 kg / cm ² was obtained.
[Protective microspheres]
Vitamin A, D ₃ , E, and mineral were contained in hydrogenated vegetable oil, dissolved in a dispersion of corn starch, heat gelatinized above the gelatinization temperature, and granulated into microspheres.
[Steroid sapogenin]
What was extracted and separated from yam was used.
[Betaine]
Extracted from molasses of sugar radish and separated.
[Mannose]
Mannan polysaccharide obtained by enzymatic treatment of coconut oil extract was used.
[lactose]
Ordinary commercial products were used.

A feed was prepared with the following blending ratio.
Pregelatinized corn flakes: 50wt%
Protective microsphere vitamin: 0.003 wt%
Steroid sapogenin: 0.004wt%
Betaine: 0.004 wt%
Mannose: 0.02 wt%
Lactose: 0.03wt%
Others (wheat, buckwheat, soybean meal, sugar, calcium carbonate, etc.): remainder

  The feed having the composition described above was used as a livestock feed (starter) for the examples. In addition, raw whole corn is blended in place of pregelatinized corn flakes, and the same ingredients are added except that protective microsphere vitamins, steroid sapogenin, betaine, mannose, and lactose are not added. Was prepared as a livestock feed (starter) for a comparative example.

[Examples and Comparative Examples]
The starter for the above examples and comparative examples was given to groups of 10 Holstein calves, and a lumen cannula was inserted as appropriate, and the rumen solution was collected to check the concentration of volatile fatty acids. The effect of liquid feed (milk substitute) was great for a while after giving birth, and there was no difference between the two groups, but as the age increased, the difference in the volatile fatty acids of the group given the starter of the present invention appeared. A trend was observed to increase volatile fatty acid concentrations, particularly propionic acid concentrations, compared to the group given the example starter. There was also a clear disparity between the two groups in the development of intraluminal cilia.

  Moreover, although the health condition of the calves of both groups during the observation period was continuously observed, no abnormality was observed in the group given the starter of the embodiment of the present invention, but the starter of the comparative example was given. In the group, 2 of them developed diarrhea or loose stool, but did not die.

  As described above, according to the livestock feed of the present invention, volatile fatty acids in rumen, especially butyric acid and propionic acid, which are necessary for the early growth of rumen, are given to calves in the suckling and weaning periods. Can be promoted, and can contribute to the early growth of rumen of calves, that is, the early growth of cattle. In addition, coccium infection and infection caused by harmful bacteria can be effectively prevented, greatly contributing to the reduction of cattle mortality, and for pastoral farmers targeting the breeding of beef cattle or dairy cattle, It is extremely important to contribute.

Claims (7)

  A feed for livestock characterized by blending pre-processed corn flakes. The shape of the pre-gelatinized corn flakes has an average diameter of 0.5 cm or more and less than 3 cm, a thickness of 0.3 mm or more and less than 3 mm, and a hardness measured by a tablet hardness meter of 5 kg / cm. ^The feed for livestock according to claim 1, wherein the feed is ² or more and less than 20 kg / cm ² .   The feed for livestock according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a blending ratio of the pre-gelatinized corn flakes is 20% or more and less than 70% by weight with respect to the whole feed.   Any one or more of protective microspheres containing fat-soluble vitamins, steroid sapogenin, betaine, mannose, and lactose are contained as additives. The feed for livestock described in 1.   The livestock feed according to claim 4, wherein the protective microspheres are obtained by heat-gelatinizing lipids, starches and fat-soluble vitamins and granulating them into microspheres. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D ₃ and feed for livestock according to claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that either one or more of the E.   The livestock feed according to claim 5, wherein the protective microsphere further contains a mineral.