JP2008201671A - Lower-energy hydrogen method and structure - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for removing the energy resonant with the hydrogen energy released to induce an energy sink, i.e. a transition. <P>SOLUTION: An energy sink, an energy hole can be provided by the transfer of at least one electron between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and ionic and molecular compounds. In one embodiment, the energy hole comprises the transfer of t electrons from one or more donating species to one or more accepting species whereby the sum of the ionization energies and/or electron affinities of the electron donating species minus the sum of the ionization energies and/or electron affinities of the electron accepting species equals approximately m×27.21eV(m×48.6eV) in the transition to below "ground state" of atomic (molecular) hydrogen where m and t are integers. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

(Background of the Invention)
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for releasing energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules). The electrons are induced to relax to lower energy levels and radii smaller than the “ground state” (smaller semi-diameter and semi-minor diameter) by providing a transition catalyst. This transition catalyst functions as an energy sink or as a method of removing energy that resonates with the emitted electron energy and inducing these transitions according to a new atomic model. The transition catalyst is not consumed in the reaction. It accepts energy from hydrogen and releases it to the surrounding environment. Thus, the transition catalyst returns to its original state. The process that requires a collision is common. For example, the exothermic chemical reaction H + H that forms H ₂ requires a collision with the third object, M, to remove the binding energy −H + H + M → H ₂ + M. The third object distributes energy from the heat release reaction, resulting in H ₂ molecules and the system temperature rises. Similarly, a transition from the n = 1 state of hydrogen to the n = 1 / intger state of hydrogen is possible, for example, via a collision resonating from n = 1 to n = 1/2. In these cases, the electrons during the collision combine, for example, with another electron transition or electron transfer reaction. This reaction absorbs hydrogen atoms (molecules), the exact amount of energy to be removed from the resonant energy sink. As a result, hydrogen becomes a lower energy state and the system temperature rises. Each of these reactions is hereinafter referred to as a “shrinkage reaction”; each transition is hereinafter referred to as a “shrinkage transition”; each energy sink, ie, resonance with the hydrogen energy released to act on each transition. The method of removing the energy to be called is hereinafter referred to as “energy hole”. In addition, the electron energy removed by the energy holes to act on and induce the contraction transition is hereinafter referred to as resonance shrinkage energy. An energy hole consisting of reactant ions that are automatically regenerated after an endothermic electron ionization reaction with an energy equal to the “resonance contraction energy” is hereinafter referred to as an “electrocatalytic ion”. An energy hole consisting of two reactants that are automatically regenerated after an endothermic electron transfer reaction between two species whose ionization energy difference is equal to the resonance contraction energy is referred to as an electrocatalytic couple (electrocatalytic couple). called couple).

(Description of related technology)
There are observed physical phenomena that cannot be explained by existing atomic models and theories. For example, the wave function of E. Schrodinger's hydrogen atom cannot explain the extreme ultraviolet emission spectrum of an interstellar medium or the sun. At the same time, an unusual heat release phenomenon from hydrogen in an electrolytic cell containing potassium nitrate electrolyte, or in a gas energy cell containing a hydrogen spillover catalyst containing potassium nitrate, which produces lower energy hydrogen atoms and molecules. I cannot explain. This is part of the present invention. Thus, energy generation and material advances have been largely limited to laboratory discoveries aimed at limited, sub-optimal commercial applications.

  The invention comprises an electrolytic cell energy reactor, a pressurized gas energy reactor, and a gas discharge energy reactor, including: a hydrogen source; one of the sources of solid, molten, liquid, and gaseous energy holes; A container containing hydrogen and a source of energy pores, in which the source of hydrogen and energy pores contacts, causing a contraction reaction; and removing the lower energy hydrogen (of the molecule) and equilibrating the exothermic contraction reaction How to prevent that. The present invention further comprises a method and structure that rebounds the shrinkage reaction, and provides new properties such as high thermal stability to new materials by generating contracted atoms (molecules).

(Summary of Invention)
The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for inducing electrons to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the “ground state” to release thermal energy from hydrogen atoms (molecules). At this time, the reactant including the electrochemical reactant (ionization couple of electrocatalysis) causes an electron transfer reaction and removes energy from the hydrogen atom (molecule) in order to induce these transitions. It also comprises a method and apparatus for increasing the output by increasing the reaction rate, that is, the rate of formation of lower energy hydrogen. The invention further includes a hydrogen overflow catalyst, a multifunctional material having a functional group that dissociates molecular hydrogen and supplies free hydrogen atoms. Free hydrogen atoms overflow with functional groups that support mobile free hydrogen atoms and functional groups that can be sources of energy holes. The energy reactor includes one of an electrolytic cell, a pressurized hydrogen gas battery, and a hydrogen gas discharge cell. A preferred hydrogen gas pressurized energy reactor includes: a vessel; a hydrogen source; a method of regulating hydrogen pressure and flow to the vessel; a substance that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and a gas phase. A substance that can be a source of energy holes. Sources of gaseous energy holes include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at the commercial operating temperature of the gaseous energy reactor. Within this gas energy reactor, a contraction reaction takes place in the gas phase.

  The present invention further includes a method and apparatus for repeating the contractile reaction. Energy is released in accordance with this invention, providing new properties to the contracted atoms and molecules, such as high thermal stability and low reactivity. When electrons are excited to higher energy levels, atoms and molecules in lower energy states can have buoyant gases, engine media such as Sterling engines or turbines, general alternatives to helium, and thermal energy. Useful for heat transfer and cryogenic applications as a coolant by absorbing energy.

(Transition of hydrogen atom less than "ground state")
A new atomic theory has been published in the following literature and is referenced here:
Mills, R., `` The Grand Unified Thory of Classical Quantum Mechanics '', (1995), Technomic Pubilishing Company, Lancaster, PA providede by Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation, Great Valley Corporate Center, Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355; `` The Unificaiton of Spacetime, the Forces, Matter, and Energy, Mills, R., Techonomic Publishing company, Lancaster, PA, (1992); `` The Grand Unified Theory '', Mills, R. and Farrel, J., Science Press, Ephrata, PA, (1990); Mills, R., Kneizys, S., Fusion Techology, 210, (1991 ), pp. 65-81; Mills, R., Good, W., Shaubach, R., `` Dihydrino Molecule Identidicaiton '', Fusion Techonology, 25, 103 (1994); Mills, R., Good. ., "Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Hydrogen", Fushion Techology, Vol. 28, No. 4, November, (1995) pp.1697-1719, and my earlier US patent application :Thailand Toru "Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures", serial number 08 / 467,051, filed June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995 , Partly continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt.99437), filed June 11, 1993, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partially continued, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partially continued, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989.

(Energy level of fractional quantum hydrogen)
Numerous experimental observations in the “Experiment” section below conclude that atomic hydrogen can exist even in fractional quantum states at lower energies than the conventional “base” (n = 1) state. For example, the presence of a fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atom (hereinafter referred to as hydrino) provides an explanation for the following theory: Soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar media observed by Labov and Bowyer [S. Labov and S Bowyer, “Astronomy Physics Journal (Astrophysica1 Journa1)”, 371 (1991) 810], and soft X-ray emission of the sun [Thomas, RJ, Neupert, W., M., “Astrophysical Journal Special Issue (Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series), Vol.91, (1994), pp.461-482; Malinovsky, M., Heroux, L, `` Astrophysical Journal '', Vol.181, (1973), .pp No. 1009-1030; Noyes, R., `` The sun, Our Star '', Harvard Univesity Press, Cambridgy Ma, (1982), p. 172; Phillips, JH, `` Sun Handbook ( Guide to the sun) ", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, (1992), pp.118-119; 120-121; 144-145]

In 1885, JJ Balmer showed that the frequency of several lines observed in the atomic hydrogen emission spectrum can be expressed in a completely empirical relationship. Later this was developed by JR Rydberg. Ryudberg showed that the spectral lines of all atomic hydrogens are given by the following equation:
μ ＝ R (1 / n _f ² −1 / n _i ² ) (1)
At this time, R = 109,677 cm−1, n _f = 1, 2, 3..., N _i = 2, 3, 4..., And n _i > n _f . In 1913, Niels Bohr developed an atomic hydrogen theory that gave energy levels consistent with the Rydberg equation. In 1926, E. Schrodinger and W. Heisenberg separately developed identities based on completely different theories of hydrogen atoms.
En = -e ² / n ² 8πε ₀ α _H = 13.598 eV / n ² (2a)
n = 1,2,3 ... (2b)
At this time, α _H is the Bohr radius of hydrogen atoms (52.947 pm), e is the magnitude of the electronic charge, and E ₀ is the vacuum dielectric constant. Mills theory predicts that equation (2b) should be replaced by equation (2c).
n = 1,2,3, ... and n = 1 / 2,1 / 3,1 / 4 ... (2c)
The quantum number n = 1 is conventionally used to describe the “base” electronic state of a hydrogen atom. In recent advances in quantum mechanics, Mills [Mills, R., “The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics”, (1995), Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA] = 1 indicates that it is the “base” state of the “pure” photon transition. (The n = 1 state can absorb photons and become an excited state of electrons, but cannot emit photons and become a lower energy electronic state). However, an electronic transition from the ground state to a lower energy state is possible by a “resonant collision” mechanism. These lower energy states have a fractional quantum number, n = 1 / integer. Processes that occur without photons and processes that require collisions are common. For example, the exothermic chemical reaction H + H to form H ₂ does not occur with photon emission. Rather, the reaction requires a collision with the third object, M, to remove the binding energy H + H + M → H ₂ + M. The third object, the energy from the exothermic reaction and distribution, as a result the system temperature becomes with H ₂ molecules is increased. Similarly, the n = 1 state of hydrogen and the n = 1 / integer state of hydrogen are nonradiative, but the transition between the two nonradiative states is possible, for example, via a resonant collision from n = 1 to n = 1/2. It is. In these cases, the electrons during the collision combine with another electron transition or electron transfer reaction that can absorb the exact amount of energy to be removed from the hydrogen atom, and a resonant energy sink called an energy hole. As a result, hydrogen becomes a lower energy state and the system temperature rises.

(Solution of wave equation of hydrogen atom)
Recently, Mills [Mills, R., “The Grand Unificd Theory of Classical Quantum Mcchanics”, (1995), Technological Pub1ishing Company, Lancastcr, PA] is a new one based on the first principle. Drawing on atomic theory, he developed research commonly known as quantum mechanics. This new theory, hereinafter called Mills' theory, combines Maxwell's equations, Newton's law, and Einstein's general / special relativity. The main point of this theory is that all particles (atomic size and macroscopic particles) follow the same physical laws. Schrödinger, however, assumed a boundary state: r → ∞, Ψ → 0, and Mills' theoretical boundary state is derived from Maxwell's equations [Haus, HA, “On the radiation from point charges ], American Journal of Physics, 54, (1986), pp. 1126-1129.]:
In the non-radiative state, the current density function must not have a spatio-temporal Fourier component synchronized with the wave traveling at the speed of light.

This boundary state application leads to physical models such as particles, atoms, molecules, and cosmology in the final analysis. The closed-form mathematical solution includes only basic constants, and the calculated values of physical quantities are consistent with experimental observations. Furthermore, this theory predicts that equation (2b) should be replaced by equation (2c).
Bound electrons are represented by a charge density (mass density) function. This function is the product of a radius delta function (f (r) = δ (r−r _n )), two angular functions (spherical harmonic function), and a temporal harmonic function. Therefore, an electron is a surface of a spinning two-dimensional sphere, hereinafter referred to as an electron orbit sphere, and can exist in a bound state for a specified distance from the nucleus. More clearly, the orbiting sphere consists of a two-dimensional spherical shell of mobile charges. The corresponding orbital sphere current pattern includes an infinite series of correlatively orthogonal great current loops. The current pattern (Mills Figure 1.4 [Mills, R., “The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics” (1995), Technological Publishing Company-Lancaster PA]) Generated on the surface by two orthogonal infinite series of nested rotations of a circular current loop. Here, the coordinate axis rotates with two orthogonal great circles. An infinitely small series of infinitesimal rotations, respectively, for each of the two sets of nested rotations, the new X-axis and Y-axis resulting from such a previous rotation, of the rotating X-axis and Y-axis The total angle of rotation is √2π. The current pattern generates a phenomenon corresponding to the spin quantum number.

All functions representing the spin motion of an electron orbital sphere consist of two functions. One function, or spin function, is spatially constant on the orbiting sphere and spins at a quantized angular velocity to generate spin angular momentum. Another function or modulation function may be spatially constant. In that case, there is no orbital angular momentum, and the magnetic momentum of the electron orbital sphere is 1 Bohr magneton. Alternatively, the modulation function is not spatially constant, in which case there is orbital angular momentum. The modulation function is also calculated by Mills for the numerical value of the angular velocity rotating at the quantized angular velocity, the radius of the orbiting sphere, the energy, and the associated quantity.
The orbiting sphere radius is calculated by setting a centripetal force equal to the electrical and magnetic forces.

An orbiting sphere is a resonator cavity that captures discrete frequency photons. The radius of the orbiting sphere increases with the absorption of electromagnetic energy. The solution of the Maxwell equation of the mode excited in the orbital sphere resonator cavity yields four quantum numbers, and the energy of the mode is experimentally known as the hydrogen spectrum.
Since the charge density function of the electron plus photon has a doublet function component with a radius corresponding to the electric dipole, the excited state is unstable. The doublet has a spatio-temporal Fourier component that is synchronized with the wave traveling at the far end; therefore, it is radioactive. As with each mathematical n = 1 / integer state, the charge density function of the electron plus photon in the main quantum state of the hydrogen atom with n = 1 is purely a delta function of radius. The delta function does not have a spatio-temporal Fourier component synchronized with the wave traveling at the speed of light; therefore, it is non-radiative.

(Transition of lower energy hydrogen electrons in the catalyst)
Comparing transitions between energy states below the "base" (fractional quantum) with transitions between excited state (integer quantum) energy states, the former is not affected by photons, but the latter can be recognized as . Transitions are symmetric with time. Mills [Mills, R., "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics", (1995), Technological Pub1ishing Company, Lancater, PA] generates photons The resulting current density function is generated by photons in the reverse path. The excited (integer quantum) energy state is consistent with this case. Also, according to the non-radiative boundary state, a current density function that does not generate photons is not generated by photons in the reverse process. Energy states below the “base” (fractional quantum) are consistent with this case. However, the stable state transitions to the next stable state by atomic collision. The two stable non-radiative states during the transition, affected by collisions with the resonant energy sink, are similar to reactions in which two atoms form a diatomic molecule. This reaction requires a collision with a third object to remove binding energy (NVSidgwick, “The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds”, VoIume I Oxford, Clarendon Press, (1950 ), p. 17)

(Concept of energy hole)
Mills' non-radiative boundary state and the relationship between electrons and photons give a quantized “allowable” hydrogen energy state as a function of the parameter n. Each value of n corresponds to an acceptable transition that is acted upon by a resonant photon that excites an electronic transition. In addition to the traditional integer values of n (1,2,3 ...), fractional values corresponding to transitions are allowed, increasing in the central field (charge) and decreasing in the size of the hydrogen atom. This occurs, for example, when an electron combines with another electronic transition or electron transfer reaction that can absorb energy or an energy sink. This is the absorption of energy holes. Absorption of energy holes breaks the balance between centrifugal force and increased central electrical force. As a result, the electrons transition to a lower energy non-radiative state.
From the law of conservation of energy, the resonance energy hole α _H / m + 1 of the hydrogen atom that excites the radial dimensional resonator mode is m × 27.2 eV (3);
At this time, m = 1, 2, 3, 4,.

After resonance absorption of the energy hole, the radius of the orbital sphere, a _H , contracts to a _H / m + 1, and after the p cycle of resonance contraction, the radius is a _H / m + 1. In other words, the ground state field of radius is regarded as a superposition of Fourier components. When the negative Fourier component of energy mX27.2 eV (m is an integer) is removed, the central electric field in the spherical shell increases m times the proton load. The synthetic electric field is a time-harmonic solution of the Laplace equation of the sphere coordinates. In this case, the radius at which force balance and non-radiation are achieved is α _H / m + 1 (m is an integer). When decaying from the “ground” state to this radius, the total energy [(m + 1) ² −1 ² ] × 13.6 eV is released. The transition between two stable non-radiative states, affected by collisions with energy holes, is similar to a reaction in which two atoms form a diatomic molecule. This reaction requires a collision with a third object to remove the binding energy. [NVSidgwick, “The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds”, Volume I, Oxford, Clarendon Press, (1950), p. 17]. The total energy source of hydrogen atoms is shown in FIG. The exothermic reaction accompanying the transition from one potential energy level to a lower level is hereinafter referred to as hydrogen catalysis.

A hydrogen atom having an electron at an energy level lower than the “ground state” corresponding to the fractional quantum number is hereinafter referred to as a hydrino atom. The symbol of the hydrino atom of radius a ₀ / p (p is an integer) is H [a ₀ / p].
The size of the electron orbit sphere as a function of potential energy is shown in FIG.
An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to potassium. For example, the second ionization energy of potassium is 31.63 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, when K ⁺ is reduced to K, it releases 4.34 eV. Consequently, the K + to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ to K bonds have a net energy change of 27.28 eV.

原子の収縮に伴って発生するエネルギーが、エネルギー孔に失われるエネルギーよりもはるかに大きいという点に着目すべきである。また、放出されるエネルギーも、従来の化学反応と比較すると大きい。

It should be noted that the energy generated as the atoms contract is much greater than the energy lost in the energy holes. Also, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions.

(Disproportionate energy state)
The lower energy hydrogen atom, hydrino, can act as a source of energy holes that cause resonance contraction. This is because the excitation and / or ionization energy is m × 27.2 eV (equation (3)). For example, 27.21 eV of equation (3), equation representing the absorption of m = 1 in the energy hole of a hydrogen atom, _H [α H / 3] between the shrinkage cascade of the third cycle, the hydrogen nuclear H [alpha _H / 2] is ionized as a source of energy holes that cause resonance contraction, and the following equation is obtained.

  Transition to a non-continuous energy level is possible with absorption of energy holes of integer multiples of 27.21 eV. The lower energy hydrogen atom, hydrino, can function as a source of energy holes, causing resonance contraction with the absorption of energy holes of m × 27.2 eV (Equation (3)). Therefore,

  Hydrogen is a source of energy holes. The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. Disproportionation can occur between three hydrogen atoms. Here two atoms supply a 27.21 eV energy hole to the third hydrogen atom. Therefore, a hydrogen atom,

  Spectral lines from the dark interstellar medium and most of the solar output are described in “Spectral Data of Hydrinos from the Dark Interstellar Medium” and Mills “Sun” section. Can be attributed to the disproportionation reaction [Mills, R., "The grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics", (1995), Technological Publishing company, Lancaster, PA]. This assignment elucidates the mystery problem of dark matter mysteries, the cause of the large bowel sunspot and other solar activities, and why the sun emits X-rays. It also provides the reason for the sudden change in sound velocity and the transition from "radiation layer" to "convection layer" at radius 0.7, solar radius 0.7Rs. This is summarized in Example 4 below.

(Energy hole (atomic hydrogen))
In the preferred embodiment, the energy holes (approximately 27.21 eV each) are provided by electron transfer reactions of the reactants, including electrochemical reactants (electrocatalytic ions or couples). Electrochemical reactants release heat from hydrogen atoms when their electrons are induced to relax to quantized potential energy levels below the “ground state”. The energy removed by the electron transfer reaction, the energy hole, resonates with the released hydrogen energy and induces this transition. A source of hydrogen atoms is generated at the cathode surface during the electrolysis of water in the case of electrolyte energy reactors and during the electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydride in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. Is done.

(Transitions less than the “ground state” between hydrogen-type molecules and molecular ions)
Two hydrogen atoms react to form a diatomic molecule, a hydrogen molecule.

この時、２Cは核間距離である。また、２個のhydrino原子は反応して、二原 子分子(以下dihydrino分子と呼ぶ)を形成する。

At this time, 2C is the internuclear distance. In addition, two hydrino atoms react to form a diatomic molecule (hereinafter referred to as a dihydrino molecule).

この時、pは整数である。

At this time, p is an integer.

  The central force equation for hydrogen-type molecules is a circular, elliptical, parabolic, or hyperbolic orbital solution. The previous two types of solutions are associated with atomic and molecular orbitals. "The Unification of Spacetime, the Forces, Matter, and Energy", Mills, R., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, Pa, (1992) These solutions are nonradiative if the nonradiative boundary conditions given in Section are satisfied. The mathematical formulation of zero emission should not have a wave whose function describing the motion of an electron travels at the speed of light and a synchronized spatio-temporal Fourier component. When the angular frequency is lower, the orbital sphere boundary condition is satisfied.

 `` The Unification of Spacetime, the Force Matter, and Energy '', Mills, R., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA (1992) As demonstrated, this condition is satisfied for the Dirac delta function of the radius and the product function of the time harmonic function. At this time, the angular frequency w is a constant and is given by equation (21).

 At this time, L is the angular momentum, and A is the area of the closed geodesic orbit. Consider the solution of the central force equation, including a two-dimensional ellipsoid and a product of time harmonics. The space part of the product function is the convolution of a radial Dirac delta function with an ellipsoidal equation. The Fourier transform of the convolution of two functions is the product of the Fourier transform of the individual functions; therefore, when below, the ellipsoidal time harmonic boundary condition is satisfied.

この時、楕円の面積は
A=πab (24)

At this time, the area of the ellipse is
A = πab (24)

2b is the length of the semimajor axis, and 2a is the length of the semimajor axis. The geometric molecular hydrogen is an ellipse with the internuclear axis as the principal axis; thus, the electron orbit is a time-harmonic function of a two-dimensional ellipsoid. The mass continues in time with the geodesic time as determined by the central field of the proton at the focal point. Furthermore, the rotational symmetry of the internuclear axis determines that the trajectory is an oval. In general, the orbit of a molecular bond ellipsoid (hereinafter referred to as an ellipsoidal molecular orbital function (MO's)) is represented by the following general equation.
X ² / a ² + y ² / b ² + Z ² / c ² = 1 (25)
The semi-major axes of the ellipsoid are a, b and c.
Laplacian in ellipsoid coordinates is

The MO of an ellipsoid is equivalent to a charge conductor with a surface given by equation (25). It has a total charge q and its potential is ellipsoidal coordinates, the Laplacian solution of equation (26).
The excited state of the orbital sphere is described in `` The Unification of Sapcetime, The Forces, Matter and Energy, '' Mills, R., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, (1992). It is discussed in the excited states in the section “One-electron atom (quantization)”. In the case of ellipsoid MO's, an excited state of electrons is generated when photons of discrete frequencies are captured in the resonator cavity of the MO ellipsoid. Photons change the effective charge on the MO surface where the central field is an ellipsoid. Force balance is achieved with a series of ellipsoidal equipotential two-dimensional surfaces that are confocal with the ground state ellipsoid. The captured photons are ellipsoidal coordinates, the Laplacian solution of equation (26).
As in the orbiting sphere, the higher energy state and the lower energy state are equally effective. The expected light wave in both cases is a Laplacian solution of ellipsoid coordinates. For an ellipsoidal resonator cavity, the relationship between the permissible circumference, 4aE and photon standing wave 1 is

4 _a E = nλ (27)
At this time, n is an integer. Also,

は、方程式(27)の楕円積分Eで使用される。方程式(27)および(28)を応用すると、方程式(23)によって与えられる許容角周波数と光子の定常波角周波数、ωの関係は:

Is used in the elliptic integral E of equation (27). Applying equations (27) and (28), the relationship between the allowable angular frequency given by equation (23) and the standing wave angular frequency of photons, ω, is:

ω_１はｎ＝１の許容角周波数
a_１とｂ_１はｎ＝１の許容半長径と半短径
方程式(29)から、水素分子の「基底状態」未満の遷移に対応する楕円場のマグニチュードは整数である。水素型分子の位置エネルギー方程式は

ω ₁ is the allowable angular frequency of n = 1
For a ₁ and b ₁ , the magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to the transition below the “ground state” of the hydrogen molecule is an integer from the allowed half major axis and half minor axis equation (29) of n = 1. The potential energy equation for hydrogen-type molecules is

P is an integer. From the law of conservation of energy, the next transition

を引き起こす水素型分子の共鳴エネルギー孔は、
mp²×48.6eV (36)
この時、ｍとｐは整数である。遷移の間、楕円場はマグニチュードｐからマグニチュードｐ＋ｍに増大する。対応する位置エネルギー変化は、エネルギー孔によって吸収されるエネルギーに等しい。
エネルギー孔＝-Ve-Vp=mp²×48.6ev (37)
核間距離が「収縮する」につれて、更なるエネルギーが水素型分子によって放出される。遷移の間に放出される総エネルギー、Ｅ_Tは、

The resonance energy hole of the hydrogen-type molecule that causes
mp ² × 48.6eV (36)
At this time, m and p are integers. During the transition, the elliptic field increases from magnitude p to magnitude p + m. The corresponding potential energy change is equal to the energy absorbed by the energy holes.
Energy hole = -Ve-Vp = mp ² × 48.6ev (37)
As the internuclear distance “shrinks”, additional energy is released by the hydrogen-type molecules. The total energy released during the transition, E _T, is

A schematic of the total energy source for hydrogen-type molecules and molecular ions is shown in FIG. Further, an exothermic reaction accompanied by a transition from one potential energy level to a lower level lower than the “ground state” is hereinafter referred to as hydrogen catalysis.
A hydrogen-type molecule having electrons of lower energy level than the “ground state” corresponding to the fractional quantum number is hereinafter referred to as a dihydrino molecule. The symbol of the dihydrino molecule with an internuclear distance of 2C = √2α ₀ / p (p is an integer) is H ^* ₂ [2c = √2α ₀ / P]. A schematic diagram of the size of hydrogen-type molecules as a function of total energy is shown in FIG.

The magnitude of the elliptic field corresponding to hydrogen-type molecules below the first “ground state” is 2. From the law of conservation of energy, the resonance energy of a hydrogen molecule excited so that a hydrogen molecule having an internuclear distance of 2C = √2a transitions to less than the first “ground state” having an internuclear distance of 2c = 1/2 a ₀ The hole is given by equations (30) and (31). At this time, the elliptic field increases from magnitude 1 to magnitude 2:

In other words, the “ground state” field of an ellipsoid of hydrogen molecules is regarded as a superposition of Fourier components. Negative Fourier component of energy
m × 48.6eV (42)
Removing (m is an integer), the positive electric field in the ellipsoidal shell increases m times the proton charge at each focal point. The synthetic electric field is an elliptic coordinate Laplacian time-harmonic solution. Hydrogen molecules with internuclear distance 2c ′ = √2a ₀ transition to a level below the “ground state”, and the internuclear distance for achieving force balance and non-radiation is 2C ′ = √2a _0/1 + m. When decaying from the "ground state" to this internuclear distance, the total energy

が放出される。

Is released.

(Energy hole (molecular hydrogen))
In the preferred embodiment, energy holes, each approximately
m × 48.6 eV is supplied by the electron transfer reaction of the reactant, including the electrochemical reactant (electrocatalytic ion or couple). As the electrochemical reactant induces the electrons to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the “ground state”, heat is released from the hydrogen molecule. The energy removed by the electron transfer reaction, the energy hole, resonates with the hydrogen energy released to induce this transition. The source of molecular hydrogen is on the cathode surface during electrolysis of water in the case of an electrolysis energy reactor and during electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydride in the case of a pressurized gas energy reactor or gas discharge energy reactor. Is generated.

(Energy reactor)
The present invention comprises an electrolytic cell energy reactor, a pressurized gas energy reactor, a gas discharge energy reactor, etc., and combines the following: a hydrogen source; a source of energy holes for one solid, a melt, a liquid, and a gas A container containing a source of hydrogen and energy pores (in which the contraction reaction occurs due to contact with the source of hydrogen and energy pores); and lower (molecular) to prevent the exothermic shrinkage reaction from equilibrating How to remove energy hydrogen. By adapting the energy holes to balance the resonant contraction energy, the contraction kinetics and net power are increased. In general, the output can be optimized by adjusting the temperature, the pressure of hydrogen gas, and the source of energy holes that couple the electrocatalytic ions or couple. The source of energy holes provides energy holes, electrocatalytic ions or a couple of counter ions, and the surface area at which the contraction reaction takes place. The present invention further comprises a polyfunctional material having a functional group capable of dissociating molecular hydrogen, and supplies a hydrogen overflow catalyst and free hydrogen atoms. Free hydrogen atoms overflow with functional groups that support mobile free hydrogen atoms and functional groups that can be sources of energy holes.
A preferred hydrogen gas pressurized energy reactor includes: a vessel; a hydrogen source; a method of regulating the pressure of hydrogen and the flow of hydrogen to the vessel; a material that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and an energy hole in the gas phase. A substance that can be a source. Sources of energy pore gases include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at high operating temperatures of gaseous energy reaction dew. Within this reactor, a contraction reaction takes place in the gas phase.
Other objects, features, characteristics, and operation methods and functions of the related elements of the present invention will be apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings and descriptions thereof. All of these are relevant to this detail, and the reference numbers indicate the corresponding parts of these figures.

(Detailed description of presently preferred embodiment)
(Atom catalytic energy pore structure)
(Single electron excited state)
The energy holes are provided by transitions from certain electrons to excited state species, including continuums of excited states of atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole comprises an excited state transition of one species of electron. At this time, the transition energy of the acceptor species is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer).

(Single electron transfer)
Energy holes are provided by electron transfer between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of electron transfer from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species minus the electron affinity of the ion acceptor species is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer).

(Single electron transfer (2 types))
An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to potassium. For example, the second ionization energy of potassium is 31.63 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, K ⁺ releases 4.34 eV when reduced to K. The combination of K ⁺ to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ and K results in a net energy change of 27.28 eV; m = 1 in equation (3).

It should be noted that the energy released as the atoms contract is much greater than the energy lost to the energy holes. Also, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions.
When sodium is a sodium ion, an electrocatalytic reaction of approximately 27.21 eV is completely impossible. For example, 42.15 eV of energy is absorbed by the inverse of the reaction given by equation (45) (replace K ⁺ with Na ⁺ ).
Na ⁺ + Na ⁺ + 42.15eV → Na + Na ²⁺ (47)
Other less efficient catalyst systems rely on the coupling of three resonator cavities. For example, the third ionization energy of palladium is 32.93 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Li ⁺ releases 5.392 eV when reduced to Li. The combination of Pd ²⁺ to pd ³⁺ and Li ⁺ to Li has a net energy change of 27.54 eV.

(Single electron transfer (1 type))
Energy holes are provided by ionization of electrons from participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ionized molecules, to vacuum energy levels. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of ionization of electrons from one species to a vacuum energy level. At this time, the ionization energy of a kind of electron donor is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer).
Titanium is one catalyst (electrocatalytic ion) that can cause resonance contraction because the third ionization energy is 27.49 eV and m = 1 in equation (3). Therefore, the contraction cascade of the pth cycle is

ルビジウムはまた触媒（電気触媒作用イオン）である。第２イオン化エネルギーは27.28eVである。

Rubidium is also a catalyst (electrocatalytic ion). The second ionization energy is 27.28 eV.

Another single electron transfer reaction that provides an energy hole of approximately m × 27.2 leV (where m is an integer) is described in my earlier US patent application and is referred to here: the title “Energy / Matter Conversion Method and `` Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures '', serial number 08 / 467,051, filed on June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed on April 3, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt.99437), filed June 11, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, December 12, 1990 Submitted, partially continued, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partially continued, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989.

(Multi-electron transmission)
Energy holes are provided by multi-electron transfer between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m × 27.2 leV (m and t are integers). equal.

Energy holes are provided by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one species to another species. At this time, the value obtained by subtracting the ionization energy and / or the electron affinity of the continuous electron acceptor of t from the electron affinity and / or ionization energy of the continuous electron donor species of t is approximately m × 27.2 leV (n and t are integers). )be equivalent to.
In the preferred embodiment, the electron acceptor species is an oxide such as MnO _x , AIO _x , SiO _x . A desirable molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, O ₂ .

(2 electron transfer (1 type))
In one embodiment, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the ionization of two electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to the vacuum energy level. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies is approximately 27.2 leV. Zinc is one catalyst (electrocatalytic atom) that can cause resonance shrinkage because the sum of the first and second ionization energies is Equation (3), 27.358 eV, m = 1. Therefore, the contraction cascade of the pth cycle is

(2-electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system providing the energy hole relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two electron affinities of the atoms, ions and / or molecules involved is approximately 27.2 leV. A catalyst system that relies on the transfer of two electrons from atom to molecule is related to palladium and oxygen. For example, the first and second ionization energies of palladium are 8.34 eV and l9.43 eV, respectively. The first and second electron affinities of oxygen molecules are 0.45 eV and 0.11 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from the two-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Pd ²⁺ and O ₂ to O ₂ ²⁻ results in a net energy change of 27.21 eV.

O₂に置き替えることのができる付加的な原子、分子、または化合物は、それぞれおよそ0.45eVと0.11eVの、第１と第２の電子親和力を持つものである。例えば、O^2-を形成するOや、O₂ ^2-を形成するO₂を含む混合酸化物(MnO_x, AIO_x, SiO_x)である。

Additional atoms, molecules, or compounds that can be replaced with O ₂ have first and second electron affinities of approximately 0.45 eV and 0.11 eV, respectively. Eg, O and to form a O ^2-, a mixed oxide containing O ₂ to form a ^{_{O 2 2- (MnO x, AIO}} x, SiO x).

(2-electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of one ionization energy and one electron affinity of the atom, ion and / or molecule involved is approximately 27.2 leV. A catalyst system that relies on the transfer of two electrons from an atom to an ion is related to xenon and lithium. For example, the first and second ionization energies of xenon are l2.l3eV and 2l.2leV, respectively. The first ionization energy and the first electron affinity of lithium are 5.39 eV and 0.62 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from the two-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. From Xe ²⁺ and Li ⁺ Li from xe ^- compounds of, then, has a net energy change of 27.33EV.

(2-electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two ionization energies of the atoms and / or molecules involved is approximately 27.2 leV. A catalyst system that relies on the transfer of two electrons from the first ion to the second ion is related to silver (Ag ⁺ ) and silver (Ag ²⁺ ). For example, the second and third ionization energies of silver are 2l.49 eV and 34.83 eV, respectively. The second and third ionization energies of silver are 21.49 eV and 7.58 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from the two-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Ag ⁺ to Ag ³⁺ and Ag ²⁺ to Ag results in a net energy change of 27.25 eV.

(3 electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the transfer of three electrons from one ion to another. At this time, the sum of the electron affinity of the first ions and the two ionization energies minus the sum of the three ionization energies of the second ions is approximately 27.2 leV. A catalyst system that relies on the transfer of three electrons from one ion to a second ion is related to Li ^- and Cr ³⁺ . For example, the electron affinity, first ionization energy, and second ionization energy of lithium are 0.62 eV, 5.392 eV, and 75.638 eV, respectively. The third, second, and first ionization energies of Cr ³⁺ are 30.96 eV, 16.50 eV, and 6.766 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from the three-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Li ^- to Li ²⁺ and Cr ³⁺ to Cr has a net energy change of 27.42 eV.

(3 electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the transfer of three electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. At this time, the sum of the three consecutive ionization energies of the electron donor species minus the sum of the three consecutive ionization energies of the electron acceptor species is approximately 27.21 eV. A catalyst system that relies on the transfer of three electrons from an atom to an ion is related to Ag and Ce ^3+. For example, the first, second, and third ionization energies of silver are 7.58 eV, 2 l, respectively. .49 eV, and 34.83 eV. The third, second, and first ionization energies of Ce ³⁺ are 20.20 eV, 10.85 eV, and 5.47 eV, respectively. The energy hole resulting from the three-electron transfer is suitable for resonant absorption. The combination of Ag to Ag ³⁺ and Ce ³⁺ to Ce results in a net energy change of 27.38 eV.

(Additional catalytic energy pore structure)
(Single electron transfer)
In a further embodiment, energy holes of energy equal to the total energy released for electronic transitions below the “ground state” of a hydrogen atom include atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules, Supplied by the transfer of electrons between participating species. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of electrons from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species minus the ionization energy of the electron acceptor species or the electron affinity is approximately m / 2 × 27.21 eV (m is an integer).

For m = 3, which corresponds to a transition from n = 1 to n = 1/2, an efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to arsenic and calcium. For example, the third ionization energy of calcium is 50.908 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, As ⁺ releases 9.81 eV when reduced to As. The combination of Ca ²⁰ to Ca ³⁺ and As ⁺ to As results in a net energy change of 41.1 eV.

(Multi-electron transmission)
Energy holes are provided by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m / 2 × 27.21 eV (m and t are integers). )be equivalent to.

(Molecular catalytic energy pore structure)
(Single electron excited state)
Energy holes are provided by the transition of electrons from species to excited state species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole comprises an excited state transition of one species of electron. At this time, the transition energy of the acceptor species is mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers).
(Single electron transfer)
An energy hole is provided by the transfer of one electron between participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of electrons from one species to another. At this time, the sum of the ionization energies of the electron donor species minus the ionization energy of the electron acceptor species or the electron affinity is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers).

(Single electron transfer (2 types))
An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to iron and lithium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of iron is 54.8 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Li ⁺ releases 5.392 eV when reduced to Li. The combination of Fe ³⁺ to Fe ⁴⁺ and Li ⁺ to Li thus has a net energy change of 49.4 eV.

It should be noted that the energy released as the molecule contracts is much greater than the energy lost to the energy holes. Also, the energy released is large compared to conventional chemical reactions.
An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to scandium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of scandium is 73.47 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, when Sc ³⁺ is reduced to Sc ²⁺ , the combination of Sc ³⁺ to Sc ⁴⁺ and Sc ³⁺ to Sc ²⁺ release 24.76 eV, resulting in a net energy change of 48.7 eV. .

An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator cavities is related to yttrium. For example, the fourth ionization energy of gallium is 64.00 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Pb ²⁺ releases 15.03 eV when reduced to Pb ⁺ . The combination of Ga ³⁺ to Ba ⁴⁺ and Pb ²⁺ to Pb ⁺ results in a net energy change of 48.97 eV.

(Single electron transfer (1 type))
Energy holes are supplied by ionization of electrons from participating species, including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules, to vacuum energy levels. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of ionization of electrons from one species to a vacuum energy level. At this time, the ionization energy of the electron donor species is approximately equal to mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers).

(Multi-electron transmission)
Energy holes are supplied by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy of the electron donor species and / or the electron energizing force minus the sum of the ionization energy of the electron acceptor species and / or the electron affinity is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m, P , T is an integer).

Energy holes are supplied by the transfer of multiple electrons between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one species to another. At this time, the value obtained by subtracting the continuous ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor t from the continuous electron affinity and / or ionization energy of the electron donor species is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m, P, t is Equal to an integer).
In a preferred embodiment, the electron acceptor species is an oxide such as MnO _x , AlO _x , SiO _x . The preferred molecular electron acceptor is oxygen, O ₂

(2 electron transfer (1 type))
In one embodiment, the catalyst system providing the energy holes relies on the ionization of two electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule to a vacuum energy level. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and P are integers).

(2-electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom or molecule. At this time, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of the two electron affinities of the atoms, ions, and / or molecules involved is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p are integers). is there.

(2-electron transfer (2 types))
In other embodiments, the catalyst system that provides the energy holes relies on the transfer of two electrons from one atom, ion, or molecule to another atom, ion, or molecule. In this case, the sum of the two ionization energies minus the sum of one ionization energy and one electron affinity of the atom, ion and / or molecule involved is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and p Is an integer).
(Other energy holes)
In other embodiments, energy holes, each approximately m × 67.8 eV given by equation (30)

Is supplied by a reaction electron transfer reaction involving electrochemical reactants (electrocatalytic ions or couples). This electrochemical reactant causes heat to be released from the hydrogen molecules as they are induced to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the “ground state”. The energy removed by the electron transfer reaction, energy hole, resonates with the released hydrogen energy to induce this transition. A source of hydrogen molecules is generated at the cathode surface during electrolysis of water in the case of electrolysis energy reactors and during electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydride in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. Is done.

An energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately mp ² × 48.6 eV (m and t are integers). be equivalent to.
An efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of three resonator box cavities is related to magnesium and strontium. For example, the third ionization energy of magnesium is 80.143 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, Sr2 ⁺ releases 11.03eV when reduced to Sr ⁺ . The combination of Mg ²⁺ to Mg ³⁺ and Sr ²⁺ to Sr ⁺ results in a net energy change of 69.1 eV.

Another efficient catalyst system that relies on the coupling of the three resonator cavities is related to magnesium and calcium. In this case, when Ca ²⁰ is reduced to Ca ⁺ , it releases 11.871 eV. The combination of Mg ²⁺ to Mg ³⁺ and Ca ²⁺ to Ca ⁺ results in a net energy change of 68.2 eV.

In the other four embodiments theorized in my earlier US patent application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, referenced here, the energy holes are approximately as follows:
N × E _t eV with zero order vibration (E _t is given by equation (38));
N × E _t eV with zero order vibration (E _t is given by equation (43));
m × 31.94 eV (31.94 eV is given by equation (222) in US Patent Application No. 08 / 107,357 (n and m are integers))

および
95.7eV（米国特許出願、通し番号08／107，357の方程式（254）および（222）の-Et _{zero order}-E_vib/2の差で与えられるゼロ次数振動を持つ、方程式（43）のm＝1に対応する）

and
95.7 eV (US Patent Application, serial number 08 / 107,357 equations (254) and (222) -Et _{zero order} -E _vib / 2 with zero order vibration given by the difference m = Corresponding to 1)

は、電気化学反応体（電気触媒作用イオンかカップル）を含む反応体の、電子伝達反応によって供給される。この電気化学反応体は、その電子が、「基底状態」未満の量子化された位置エネルギー準位に緩和するよう誘導される際、水素分子から熱を放出させる。電子伝達反応、エネルギー孔によって取り除かれるエネルギーは、放出される水素エネルギーと共鳴し、この遷移を誘導する。電解エネルギー反応装置の場合は水の電解の間、および加圧気体エネルギー反応装置か気体放電エネルギー反応装置の場合は、水素ガスか水素化物の電解の間に、水素分子の源が陰極表面で生成される。

Is supplied by electron transfer reactions of reactants including electrochemical reactants (electrocatalytic ions or couples). This electrochemical reactant releases heat from the hydrogen molecule when its electrons are induced to relax to a quantized potential energy level below the “ground state”. The energy removed by the electron transfer reaction, the energy hole, resonates with the released hydrogen energy and induces this transition. A source of hydrogen molecules is generated at the cathode surface during electrolysis of water in the case of electrolysis energy reactors and during electrolysis of hydrogen gas or hydride in the case of pressurized gas energy reactors or gas discharge energy reactors. Is done.

  An energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m × 31.94 eV (equation (222)) (m And t are integers).

An energy hole is provided by the transfer of one or more electrons between participating species including atoms, ions, molecules, and compounds of ions and molecules. In one embodiment, the energy hole consists of the transfer of t electrons from one or more species to one or more species. At this time, the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron donor species minus the sum of the ionization energy and / or electron affinity of the electron acceptor species is approximately m × 95.7 eV (m and t are integers). equal.
(Energy reactor)
The energy reactor 50 (FIG. 5) according to the present invention comprises a container 52 having an energy reaction mixture 54, a heat exchanger 60, and a steam generator 62. The heat exchanger 60 absorbs the heat released by the shrinkage reaction, at which time the reaction mixture of shrinkable material shrinks. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with a steam generator 62 that absorbs heat from the exchanger 60 and generates steam. The energy reactor 50 further comprises a turbine 70 that receives steam from the steam generator 62 and supplies mechanical output to the output generator 80. The output generator 80 converts steam energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is received by the load 90 and generates or dissipates work.

  The energy reaction mixture 54 consists of an energy emitting material 56 that includes a source of hydrogen isotope atoms or a source of molecular hydrogen isotopes, and a source 58 of energy holes. Source of energy hole 58 is approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer) to cause atomic hydrogen “shrinkage” and approximately m × 48.6 eV (m is an integer) to cause molecular hydrogen “shrinkage”. ) Is removed by resonance. Here, a contraction reaction occurs due to contact between the source of energy holes and hydrogen. The contraction reaction releases heat and contracted atoms and / or molecules.

  The hydrogen source can be hydrogen gas, water dissociation including thermal dissociation, water electrolysis, hydrogen from a hydride, or hydrogen from a metal monohydrogen solution. In all embodiments, the source of energy holes can be one or more electrochemical, chemical, photochemical, thermal, free radical, acoustic, nuclear, etc. reactions, or photon or particle inelastic scattering reactions. In the latter two cases, the energy reactor of the present invention comprises a particle source 75b and / or a photon source 75a for supplying the energy holes described above. In these cases, energy holes correspond to stimulated emission by photons or particles. In the preferred embodiment of pressurized gas energy (FIG. 7) and gas discharge reactor (FIG. 8), photon source 75a dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms, respectively. At least one photon source that generates photons with an energy of approximately m × 27.21 eV, m / 2 × 27.21 eV, or 40.8 eV causes stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen atom undergoes a contraction reaction. In another preferred embodiment, the photon source 75a that generates at least one photon with an energy of approximately mx 48.6 eV, 95.7 eV, or mx 3l.94 eV is a stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen molecule undergoes a contraction reaction. cause. In all reaction mixtures, a selected external energy device 75, such as an electrode, is used to provide an electrostatic potential or current (magnetic field) to reduce the activation energy of resonant absorption of energy holes. In another embodiment, the mixture 54 further comprises a surface or material that dissociates and / or absorbs atoms and / or molecules of the energy emitting material 56. Surfaces or materials that dissociate and / or absorb hydrogen, deuterium, or double hydrogen include: hydrogen, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium , Vanadium, Nickel, Titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au , Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Gs carbon inserted between layers (graphite). In the preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes for contracting hydrogen atoms consists of a catalytic energy pore material 58, typically consisting of a couple of electrocatalytic ions that provide approximately m × 27.21 eV plus or minus 1 eV energy holes. In a preferred embodiment, the source of energy pores that contract hydrogen molecules consists of a catalytic energy pore material 58, typically from electrocatalytic ions and couples, including those that provide approximately mx 48.6 eV plus or minus 5 eV energy pores. Become. Electrocatalytic ions and couples include the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application and are referenced here: Title “Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures” Structures) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, filed June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, 1993 Filed August 16, 1980, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt. 99437), filed 11 June 1993, partially continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed 12 December 1990, partly Continuation application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, partial continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989.

  A further example is a container 52 with a source of energy holes that includes: molten, liquid, gas, or solid state electrocatalytic ions or couples (source of energy holes), and hydrides, gaseous hydrogen, etc. Source of hydrogen. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the examples further comprise a method of dissociating molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen comprising: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of arresting elements, internal migration elements, iron, Platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and between layers Electromagnetic radiation including inserted Cs carbon (graphite) or UV light supplied by photon source 75.

  The invention comprises an electrolytic cell energy reactor, a pressurized gas energy reactor, a gas discharge energy reactor, and the like, including: a hydrogen source; a source of one solid, melt, liquid, and gas energy holes; In which a shrinkage reaction takes place by contact of the source of hydrogen and energy pores; and a container containing the source of hydrogen and energy pores; and the removal of the lower energy hydrogen (of the molecule) to equilibrate the exothermic shrinkage reaction How to prevent. This energy invention is further described in my earlier US patent application, referenced here: Title “Energy Matter Conversion Methods and Structures, Serial No. 08 / 467,051, 1995”. Filed on 6th month, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed on 3 April 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed on 16 August 1993, partially continued application, serial number 08/075 , 102 (Dkt. 99437), filed on June 11, 1993, partially continued, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partially continued, serial number 07 / 345,628, April 28, 1989 Filed, partially continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989, and my publication, Mills, R., Kenizys, S., Fusion Technology, 210, (1991), pp. 65-81 Mills, R., Good, W., Shaubach, R., Dihydrino Molecular Identification ”, Fusion Technology, 25, 103 (1994); Mills, R., Good, W., “Fractional Quantum energy levels of Hydrogen”, Fusion Technology, Vol. 28, No. April, November, (1995), PP. 1697-1719.

(Electrolytic energy reactor)
Electrolytic energy reactors are described in my earlier US patent application, referenced here: Title “Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures”, Serial No. 08 / 467,051, 1995. Filed on June 6, 1980, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, April 3, 1995, Horiyama, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed on August 16, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt · 99437), filed on June 11, 1993, partially continued, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partially continued, serial number 07 / 345,628, April 28, 1989 Filed in Japan, partly continued, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989. A preferred embodiment of the energy reactor of the present invention comprises an electrolytic cell forming a reaction vessel 52 (FIG. 5) containing a molten electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell 100 is shown generally in FIG. An electric current flows through an electrolytic solution 102 having an electrocatalytic ion or couple that provides an energy hole equal to the resonance shrinkage energy (as described in my earlier US patent application, the electrocatalyst described herein. Including working ions and couples). Therefore, a voltage is applied to the anode 104 and the cathode 106 by the output control device 108 driven by the power source 110. The vibration device 112 also transmits ultrasonic energy or mechanical energy to the cathode 106 and the electrolytic solution 102. Heat can be supplied to the electrolytic solution 102 by the heater 114. The pressure regulator 116 can control the pressure of the electrolytic cell 100 and close the cell. The reactor is further configured with a method 101, such as a selective vent valve, that removes lower energy (molecular) hydrogen to prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

  In the preferred embodiment, the cell is operated with a zero voltage gap by applying hydrogen source 121 and hydrogen overpressure. Here, the overpressure can be controlled by the pressure control devices 122 and 116. The cathode 106 can decompose water into hydrogen and hydroxide, and the anode 104 can oxidize hydrogen to protons. The electrolyzer energy reactor embodiment encompasses an inverse fuel cell geometry that removes lower energy hydrogen under vacuum. The preferred cathode 106 in this embodiment has a modified gas diffusion layer and comprises a gas route method including a composite layer of a first Teflon membrane filter and a second carbon paper / Teflon membrane filter. Further embodiments include a reaction vessel that can be closed at the top of the vessel 100 except for connection to the condenser 140. The cell can be operated at the time of boiling, the vapor released from the boiling electrolyte 102 can be condensed by the condenser 140, and the condensed water can be returned to the container 100. Lower energy hydrogen flows through the top of the condenser 140. In one embodiment, the condensing device includes a hydrogen / oxygen recombiner 145 that contacts the discharged electrolytic gas. The hydrogen and oxygen are recombined and the resulting water returns to the container 100. Heat released from an exothermic reaction that induces the electrons of hydrogen atoms (molecules) generated electrolytically to a lower energy level from the “ground state”, and heat released by recombination of standard hydrogen and oxygen generated by electrolysis Is removed by a heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5) connected to the condenser 140.

In a vacuum with no external field, the energy hole that induces a hydrogen atom (molecule) to undergo a contraction transition is m × 27.21 eV (m × 48.6 eV) (m is an integer). When the atoms (molecules) are in a medium different from the vacuum, this resonance contraction energy can be changed. For example, there are hydrogen atoms (molecules) absorbed by the cathode 106 in the electrolytic aqueous solution 102 that have an intrinsic or applied magnetic field supplied by an applied electric field or an external magnetic field generator 75. The energy holes required under such conditions may be slightly different from m × 27.21 eV (m × 48.6 eV). Thus, when operating under these conditions, a source of energy holes including electrocatalytic ions and couple reactants can be selected that have redox (electron transfer) energy that resonates with the resonant contraction energy. When the cell operates in the voltage range of 1.4 volts to 5 volts and the nickel cathode 106 is used to electrolyze the aqueous solution 102, K ⁺ / K ⁺ and Rb ⁺ (Fe ³⁺ / Li ⁺ and Sc ³⁺ / Sc ^{3 +} ) Electrocatalytic ions and couples are a preferred embodiment for contracting hydrogen atoms (molecules).

  The cathode supplies hydrogen atoms (molecules) and a contraction reaction takes place at the cathode surface where the hydrogen atoms (molecules) and the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) are in contact. Therefore, the shrinkage reaction may depend on the surface area of the cathode. At a constant current density, when a constant concentration per unit area of hydrogen atoms (molecules) is given, the surface area increases and the number of reactants for causing a shrinkage reaction increases. Furthermore, the increase in the surface area of the cathode reduces the resistance of the electrolytic cell which improves the electrolysis efficiency. Desirable cathodes for electrolytic cells including nickel cathodes have properties such as high surface area, pressure hardened surfaces such as cold drawn / machined surfaces, and many particle boundaries.

  In a preferred embodiment of the electrolytic cell energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be mechanically incorporated into the cathode by a method that includes cold working of the source of energy holes into the cathode surface; Sources of energy holes thermally by methods such as melting the source or solvent deposition of a solution of the source of energy holes in contact with the cathode surface, and electrostatically by methods such as electrolytic deposition, ion bombardment, vacuum deposition, etc. Can be incorporated into the cathode.

The shrinkage reaction rate may depend on the configuration of the cathode 106. A hydrogen atom (molecule) is a reactant that generates energy through a contraction reaction. Therefore, the cathode must efficiently supply a high concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules). The cathode 106 is composed of elements, compounds, alloys, or a mixture of conductors or semiconductors. This includes transition elements and compounds, actinide and lanthanide elements and compounds, and IIIB and IVB group elements and compounds. The transition metal (element) dissociates hydrogen gas into atoms by the metal (element), although there are differences in degree. Nickel and titanium are desirable examples of hydrogen atom shrinkage because they readily dissociate hydrogen molecules. The cathode changes the energy of absorbed hydrogen atoms (molecules) and affects the contraction reaction energy. Depending on the energy hole and the resonance shrinkage energy, the cathode material that supplies the resonance can be selected. In the case of a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple with carbonate as a counter ion that catalyzes the contraction of hydrogen atoms, the relationship between the cathode material and the reaction rate is as follows:
Pt << pd << ti, fe <ni

This may be the opposite order of the energy released when these materials absorb hydrogen atoms. Therefore, for this electrocatalytic couple, the reaction rate can be increased by using a cathode that absorbs hydrogen atoms weakly with a slight perturbation of electron energy.
Further, when the medium is a nonlinear medium such as a magnetized ferromagnetic medium, the coupling of the resonator cavities and the enhancement of energy transfer between them can be enhanced. Accordingly, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic cathodes and non-linear magnetized media increase the reaction rate by increasing the coupling of energy holes containing the resonance contraction energy of hydrogen atoms and electrocatalytic ions or couples. Alternatively, the magnetic field generator 75 can apply a magnetic field. The cathode magnetic field changes the energy of the absorbed hydrogen and concomitantly changes the resonance contraction energy. The magnetic field changes the energy level of electrons accompanying the reaction and perturbs the energy of the electrocatalytic reaction (energy hole). The strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the cathode are selected and applied by the magnetic field generator 75 to optimize the contraction reaction rate output. A preferred ferromagnetic cathode is nickel.

The preferred method of cleaning the cathode of an electrolytic cell containing a nickel cathode is to anodize the cathode in a basic electrolyte solution containing approximately 0.57 MX ₂ CO ₃ (where X is the alkaline cation of the electrolyte containing K ⁺ ) Soak the cathode in a dilute solution H ₂ O ₂ such as about 3% H ₂ O ₂ . In a further embodiment of the cleaning method, a circulating voltmeter with a second electrode of the same material as the first cathode is activated. The cathode is then rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. The organic material on the cathode surface suppresses the catalytic reaction that induces the electrons of hydrogen atoms (molecules) generated electrolytically to transition to a lower energy level from the “ground state”. Cleaning by this method removes organic material from the cathode surface and adds oxygen atoms to the cathode surface. When a metal (element) surface such as a nickel surface is doped with oxygen atoms by anodizing the cathode or cleaning the cathode with H ₂ O ₂ , the output increases. As a result, recombination between hydrogen and molecular hydrogen is reduced, and the resonance contraction energy of absorbed hydrogen is reduced to the source of energy holes such as K ⁺ / K ⁺ (Sc ³⁺ / Sc ³⁺ ) electrocatalyst couples. The binding energy between hydrogen atoms (molecules) and metals (elements), which is adapted to the energy holes supplied in, is also reduced.

Different anode materials have different overpotentials that oxidize water and can cause ohmic losses. A low overpotential anode increases efficiency. The preferred anode is nickel, where platinum is the preferred anode in the case of K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couples, where carbonate is used as a counter ion that is a dimensionally stable anode such as nickel, platinum, and platinum titanium Is also a desirable anode, along with a nickel cathode, for use in basic solutions. Nickel is less expensive than platinum, and raw nickel can also be electroplated onto the cathode during electrolysis.

A desirable way to clean a dimensionally stable anode such as a platinum titanium anode is to place the anode in approximately 3M HCl for about 5 minutes and then rinse with distilled water.
In the case of hydrogen atom contraction, hydrogen atoms on the surface of the cathode 106 form hydrogen gas, and these hydrogen atoms form bubbles on the cathode surface. These bubbles act as a boundary layer between hydrogen atoms and electrocatalytic ions or couples. The boundary can be improved by vibrating the cathode and / or electrolyte solution 102 or applying ultrasonic waves with the vibration device 112; and adding a wetting agent to the electrolyte solution 102 to reduce the surface tension of the water There is also a method for preventing bubble formation. The use of a smooth surface cathode or wire cathode prevents gas deposition. The intermittent current supplied by the on / off circuit of the output control device 108 supplies periodic hydrogen atom replenishment. The hydrogen atoms are dissipated by hydrogen gas formation and diffused into the solution while preventing excessive hydrogen gas formation leading to the formation of a boundary layer.

The shrinkage reaction may be temperature dependent. For most chemical reactions, the rate doubles for each 10 ° C increase in temperature. Increasing the temperature increases the collision velocity between hydrogen atoms (molecules) and electrocatalytic ions or couples and increases the shrinkage reaction rate. With a large temperature excursion from room temperature, the kinetic energy distribution of the reactants can be completely altered so that the energy holes and the resonance contraction energy fit to different degrees. Velocity can be proportional to the conformation of these energies and the degree of resonance. The temperature can be adjusted to optimize the shrinkage reaction rate-energy generation rate. In the case of a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple, in a preferred embodiment, heat is applied at the heater 114 to react at a temperature above room temperature.

  The contraction response may depend on the current density. An increase in current density is equivalent to an increase in temperature in some respects. As the impact velocity increases, the reactant energy increases with current density. That is, by increasing the collision velocity of the reactants, the velocity can be increased; however, the velocity may increase or decrease due to the effect of the reactant energy increased by the conformation of energy holes and resonance contraction energy. The increased current also dissipates more energy by ohmic heating and may form hydrogen bubbles in the case of hydrogen atom contraction. However, the high gas flow removes bubbles that reduce any hydrogen gas boundary layer. In order to optimize the excess energy production, the current density can be adjusted by the power controller 108. In the preferred embodiment, the current density is in the range of 1 to 1000 milliamperes per square centimeter.

The pH of the water electrolyte solution 102 can affect the shrinkage reaction rate. When the electrocatalytic ion or couple is positively charged, increasing the pH decreases the concentration of hydronium at the cathode; therefore, the concentration of the electrocatalytic ion or couple of cations is increased. Increasing the concentration of reactants increases the reaction rate. In the case of Rb + or K ⁺ / K ⁺ (SC ³⁺ / SC ³⁺ ) ions or couples, the desired pH is basic (7.1-14).
Electrocatalytic ions or a couple of counter ions in the electrolyte solution 102 can change the energy of the transition state and affect the contraction kinetics. For example, a transition state compound of a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple with a hydrogen atom has a plus 2 charge and involves three object collisions that may be disadvantageous. A negatively charged oxyanion (0xanion) can bind two potassium ions; thus providing a lower energy neutral transition state compound. Its formation depends on the binary collision and is very advantageous. The rate may depend on the separation distance of the potassium ions as part of the composition with the oxyanion. The larger the separation distance, the more disadvantageous the transmission of electrons between them. Proximity juxtaposition of potassium ions will increase the speed. When K ⁺ / K ⁺ couple is used, the reaction rate of the counter ion is expressed by the following equation.
_{^{OH - <Po 3- 4, HPO}} 2- 3 <SO 2- 4 << Co 2- 3

Thus, the negatively charged oxyanion of the planar is more desirable as a counter ion for the K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple. The anion, supplies proximity juxtaposition of K ^tens ions include carbonate with at least two binding sites for K ^ten. Also, the counter ion of carbonate is a more desirable counter ion of the electrocatalytic ion.
A power controller 108 consisting of intermittent current, on / off, and electrolysis circuit will provide electric field optimization and increase excess heat as a function of time to provide maximum conformation of reactant energy. It also supplies the optimal concentration of hydrogen atoms (molecules) while minimizing ohmic and electrolysis output losses. Furthermore, in the case of contraction of hydrogen atoms, the formation of a hydrogen gas boundary layer is minimized. The frequency, duty cycle, peak voltage, step waveform, peak voltage, and offset voltage are adjusted to achieve optimal contraction response rate and contraction response output while minimizing ohmic and electrolysis output losses. When using a K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple with carbonate as counterion and platinum as the nickel anode, in the preferred embodiment, an intermittent square wave with the following can be used: about 1.4 volts to 2 .2 volts offset voltage; about 1.5 volts to 3.75 volts peak voltage; about 1 mA to 100 mA peak current per square centimeter of cathode surface area; about 5% to 90% duty cycle; about 1 Hz to 1500 Hz Range frequency.

  More energy is released by repeating the contraction reaction. The contracted atoms (molecules) diffuse into the cathode lattice. The use of the cathode 106 facilitates multiple contraction reactions of hydrogen atoms (molecules). In one embodiment, by using a cracked and porous cathode for electrocatalytic ions or couples, it can contact contracted atoms (molecules) that have diffused into a lattice containing a metal (element) lattice. In a further embodiment, an alternating layer cathode of materials supplying hydrogen atoms (molecules) during electrolysis is used. This material includes transition metals (elements) and electrocatalytic ions or couples. For example, there are contracted hydrogen atoms (molecules) that diffuse periodically or repeatedly to contact electrocatalytic ions or couples.

The shrinkage response may depend on the dielectric constant of the medium. The dielectric constant of the medium changes the electric field at the cathode and concomitantly changes the energy of the reactants. Solvents with different dielectric constants have different solvation energies. The dielectric constant of the solvent reduces the overpotential for electrolysis and improves the electrolysis efficiency. A solvent containing water can be selected for the electrolytic solution 102 that optimizes the conformation of energy holes and resonance shrinkage energy and maximizes electrolysis efficiency.
The solubility of hydrogen in the reaction solution may be directly proportional to the hydrogen pressure on the solution. Increasing the pressure increases the concentration of reactant hydrogen atoms (molecules) at the cathode 106, resulting in increased speed. However, in the case of hydrogen atom contraction, this also aids the development of the hydrogen gas boundary layer. The pressure regulator 116 can control the hydrogen pressure and optimize the contraction reaction rate.

In the preferred embodiment, the electrolytic cell cathode 106 comprises a catalytic agent including a hydrogen overflow catalyst. This is explained in the section "Pressurized gas energy reactor" below. In another embodiment, the cathode includes a multi-cavity vessel comprised of thin film conductive shells. In this case, the lower energy hydrogen diffuses through the thin film and collects in the respective container where it causes a disproportionation reaction.
Using a thermocouple present in at least the container 100 (FIG. 6), the condenser 140 (FIG. 6), and the heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5), the 0 thermistor that can monitor the heat output is monitored and the output change method is controlled. Output can be controlled by computerized monitoring and control system.

(Pressurized gas energy reactor)
The pressurized gas energy reactor is composed of a first container 200 (FIG. 7). This includes hydrogen sources including: metal (element) -hydrogen from hydrogen solutions, hydrogen from hydrides, hydrogen from water dissociation including thermal dissociation, hydrogen from water electrolysis, or hydrogen gas. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the reactor further comprises a method of dissociating molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, such as dissociating materials including: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition elements and internal transition elements. , Iron, Platinum, Palladium, Zirconium, Vanadium, Nickel, Titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W , Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), And electromagnetic activity including UV light supplied by Cs carbon (graphite) or photon source 205 inserted between layers. The dissociated hydrogen atoms (molecules) come into contact with the source of an energetic liquid, gas, or solid energy hole containing electrocatalytic ions and couples. This is described in my earlier US patent application and is referred to here: Title “Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures”, serial number 08 / 467,051, June 1995. Submitted 6 days, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 075,102 ( Dkt.99437), filed June 11, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partially continued application, serial number 07 / 345,628, filed April 28, 1989, one Department continuation application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989. The pressurized gas energy reactor further comprises a method 201, such as a selective vent valve, that removes lower energy (molecular) hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating. One example is a heat pipe as heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5) with a colder spot, lower energy hydrogen vent valve.

A preferred embodiment of the pressurized gas energy reactor of the present invention comprises a first reaction vessel 200 having an internal surface 240 made of a material that dissociates molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen. This material includes: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y , Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy , Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. In a further embodiment, the inner surface 240 is comprised of a proton conductor. The first reaction vessel 200 can be sealed in the second reaction vessel 220. It also receives hydrogen from source 221 under pressure controlled by pressure measurement / control methods 222 and 223. In the preferred embodiment, the hydrogen pressure is in the range of 10 ^-3 to 100 atmospheres. The wall 250 of the first container 200 may be hydrogen permeable. The outer surface 245 and / or outer container 220 has a source of energy holes equal to the resonant contraction energy. In one embodiment, the source of energy holes is a melt or liquid, or a mixture or solution containing solid energy holes.
In other embodiments, the current flows in a material having a source of energy holes. The reactor further includes a method for controlling the reaction rate, such as a current source 225, and a heating method 230 for heating the first reaction vessel 200 and the second reaction vessel 220. In the preferred embodiment, the outer reaction vessel 220 contains oxygen and the inner surface 240 comprises one or more coatings of nickel, platinum, or palladium. Outer surface 245, one or more copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum or palladium, and _{CuO x, PtO x, PdO x} , MnO x ,, AlO x, is coated with an oxide such as SiO _x. Electrocatalytic ions or couples are automatically regenerated by regeneration methods including heating method 230 and current source 225.

In other embodiments, the pressurized gas energy reactor is comprised of only a single reaction vessel 200 having a hydrogen impervious wall 250. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the inner surface 240 is coated with one or more hydrogen dissociating materials, including: transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium , Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. This inner surface 240 has one or more sources of energy holes including: copper, tellurium, arsenic, cesium, platinum, or palladium, and CuO _x , PtO _x , PdO _x , MnO _x , AlO _x , SiO Oxide like _x . In other embodiments, the source of energy holes can be an inelastic scattering reaction of a single photon or particle. In the preferred embodiment, the photon source 205 provides an energy hole, which corresponds to stimulated emission by photons. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the photon source 205 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. At least one photon source that generates photons with an energy of approximately m × 27.21 eV, m / 2 × 27.21 eV, or 40.8 eV causes stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen atom undergoes a contraction reaction. In another preferred embodiment, the photon source that generates at least one photon with an energy of approximately mx 48.6 eV, 95.7 eV, or mx 31.94 eV is stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen molecule undergoes a contraction reaction. cause.

  Desirable inner surface 240 and outer surface 245, including the nickel surface of the pressurized gas energy reactor, provide properties such as high surface area, pressure hardened surfaces such as cold drawn surfaces, and many particle boundaries. Have.

In one embodiment of the pressurized gas energy reactor, the method includes mechanically by a method that includes cold working the source material of the energy hole to the surface material (fusion) of the source of energy hole to the surface material (fusion). Thermally, a source of energy holes is incorporated into the inner surface 240 and the outer surface 245. Additional methods of uptake include dry impregnation, deposition of energy source solutions in contact with surface material (precipitation), ion bombardment, vacuum deposition, impregnation, leaching, and electrostatic uptake including electrolytic deposition and electroplating. is there. The preferred cleaning method for the inner surface 240 and the outer surface 245 containing nickel includes a basic electrolyte solution containing approximately 0.57 MK ₂ CO ₃ (where X is the alkaline cation of the electrolyte containing K ⁺ ) or a dilute H ₂ O ₂ There is a method of filling the inner and outer containers with a solution. Next, each of the inner container and the outer container is sufficiently rinsed with distilled water. In one embodiment, at least one of vessel 200 or vessel 220 can then be filled with an energy pore solution comprising approximately 0.57 MK ₂ CO ₃ solution.

In a further embodiment, constitutive and / or structural cocatalysts are thrown into the source of energy holes to increase the shrinkage reaction rate.
In one embodiment of the method of operating the pressurized gas energy reactor, hydrogen is introduced into the first vessel from the source 221 under the pressure adjusted by the pressure control method 222. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, molecular hydrogen is dissociated into atomic hydrogen by dissociating substances containing UV light supplied by the photon source 205 or by electromagnetic radiation. This dissociated hydrogen atom contacts a source of melt, liquid, gas, or solid energy holes. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy when its electrons are induced to transition to lower energy levels by energy holes. Instead, the hydrogen dissociates at the inner surface 240 and diffuses through the wall 250 of the first vessel 200 and contacts the source of energy holes on the outer surface 245 or melts as hydrogen atoms or recombined hydrogen molecules. Contact a source of energy pores, liquid, gas, or solid. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy when its electrons are induced to transition to lower energy levels by energy holes. Electrocatalytic ions or couples can be regenerated automatically or by regeneration methods including heating method 230 and current source 225. The (molecular) lower energy hydrogen can be removed from the vessel 200 and / or vessel 220 by a method that removes the (molecular) lower energy hydrogen. For example, there is a selective vent valve method 201 that prevents the exothermic contractile reaction from being balanced. The reaction rate (output) can be controlled by passing an electric current through a material having an energy hole source equal to the resonance contraction energy having the current source 225. And / or the first reaction vessel 200 and the second reaction vessel 220 are heated by the heating method 230. The output can be monitored with thermocouples present in at least the first vessel 200, the second vessel 220, and the heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5). The output can be controlled by a computerized monitoring and control system that monitors the thermistor and controls the output change method. Method 201 can remove lower energy (molecular) hydrogen and prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

The process for the preparation of a catalytic agent according to the invention for a catalyst system, which relies on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another, capable of generating energy holes for contracting hydrogen atoms:
● Mix cation oxide and hydrogen dissociation material.
Mix thoroughly by repeated sintering and grinding.

(Example of ceramic catalyst material: Ni powder strontium niobium oxide (SrNb ₂ O ₆ ) :)
Preparation of the ceramic catalytic material: Ni powder strontium niobium oxide (SrNb ₂ 0 _6), added SrNb ₂ 0 ₆ of 2.5kg to -300 mesh Ni powder 1.5 kg. The materials are mixed to form a homogeneous mixture. The powder is sintered or calcined in air at 1600 ° C. for 24 hours. The material is cooled and polished to remove lumps. Re-sinter the material with air at 160 ° C. for another 24 hours. The material is cooled to room temperature and pulverized.

Process for the preparation of the catalytic agent according to the invention with respect to a catalyst system, which relies on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another, capable of generating energy holes due to the contraction of hydrogen atoms:
● Dissolve cation salt in the solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved in deionized demineralized water to a concentration of 0.3 to 0.5 molar.
● Wet the dissociated material uniformly with the dissolved salt solution.
● Drain excess solution.
Dry the wet dissociated material open and preferably at a temperature of 220 ° C.
● Grind the dried catalyst material into powder.

(Example of ion catalyst material: Ni powder potassium carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ ))
Preparation method of ion catalytic agent: Pour 1 liter of 0.5 MK ₂ CO ₃ aqueous solution into potassium carbonate (K ₂ CO ₃ ) of Ni powder, 500 g of −300 mesh Ni powder. Stir the material to remove the air pockets around the Ni particles. Drain excess solution. Dry the powder at 200 ° C open. If necessary, the material is polished to remove lumps.

(Hydrogen overflow catalyst)
In a preferred embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms for the catalytic shrinkage reaction comprises a hydrogen overflow catalyst.
The hydrogen overflow catalyst according to the invention consists of:
● Hydrogen dissociation material or means to form free hydrogen atoms or protons;
A conduit material that supports mobile free hydrogen atoms and provides a path or conduit for hydrogen atoms or proton flow; it overflows with free hydrogen atoms;
● Sources of energy holes that catalyze the shrinkage reaction, and optionally ● support materials in which the previous material is embedded as a mixture, compound, or solution.
Such hydrogen dissociating materials include surfaces or materials that dissociate hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium. Hydrogen dissociation materials also include: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn , Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb , Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. The conduit materials that support mobile free hydrogen atoms and provide a hydrogen atom flow path or conduit to which free hydrogen atoms overflow include: nickel, platinum, carbon, tin, iron, aluminum, and copper And their compounds, mixtures, or alloys. In an embodiment, auxiliary substances in which the previous substance is embedded as a mixture, compound, or solution include:

  Carbon, silica, nickel, copper, titania, zinc oxide, Chromia, magnesia, zirconia, alumina, silica, alumina, and zeolite. In some embodiments, one or more of the other components is deposited on the auxiliary material by electroplating. The source of energy holes responsible for atomic hydrogen “shrinkage” is approximately m × 27.21 eV, and / or that of molecular hydrogen “shrinkage” is approximately m × 48.6 eV (m is an integer). is there. This includes the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application and is referred to here: Title “Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures”, Serial Number 08 / 467,051, filed June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, partly Continuation application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt. Filed on April 28, 2007, partially continued, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989. Counter ions in the energy hole of the overflow catalyst include: "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", Robert C. Weast, Editor, 58th Edition, CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, (1974) pp. Organic ions including those listed in B61-B178, including: benzoic acid, phthalates, salicylates, aryl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, and alkyl carboxylic acids, and acids including: Anions of acids that form anhydrides: sulfite, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrate, perchlorate, phosphite, hydrogen phosphite, dihydrogen phosphite, Phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen phosphate. In other embodiments, the anion can be in equilibrium with its acid and anhydride.

  The hydrogen overflow catalyst functional group is combined with another functional group as a separate species or as a compound, including a mixture, solution, compound, or alloy with one or more functional groups. For example, in one embodiment, the hydrogen dissociating material and the energy hole source each comprise a homogeneous crystal. Each crystal contains one component, and these functional groups are mixed with the conduit material without auxiliary substances. However, in other embodiments, the hydrogen dissociation material and the source of energy holes include foreign crystals. Each crystal contains both components, and the foreign crystal is mixed with the conduit material coating the auxiliary material. In a third exemplary embodiment, the source of energy holes is embedded in the conduit material and this bound species is mixed with the hydrogen dissociating material. This hydrogen dissociation material is embedded in the same or different conduit material without an auxiliary material.

Preparation Method of Hydrogen Overflow Catalytic Substance of this Invention ● The components of the overflow catalyst are mixed by the initial wet impregnation method.
● Mix the ingredients thoroughly by sintering.
Further methods for preparing the hydrogen spill catalytic agent of this invention:
● Dissolve / disperse the ingredients and dry the solution or mixture to mix with a suitable solvent such as water.
● Remove the solvent by drying it. Otherwise, the wet mixture, suspension or solution will freeze or the solvent will sublime.
● Mix the ingredients thoroughly by sintering.

A method for the initial wet preparation of a hydrogen spill catalytic agent of the present invention consisting of a source of energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms, which depends on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another cation:
● Dissolve an appropriate weight of the cation salt with an appropriate amount of solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved with deionized demineralized water.
Prepare the initial wet conduit hydrogen dissociation material by uniformly wetting the conduit hydrogen dissociation material with a dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are just filled. The total amount of solvent required can be an appropriate amount. The weight percentage of the final cation ionic salt is determined by the appropriate weight of the cation ionic salt dissolved in the appropriate amount of solvent.
● Mechanically mix wet substances to ensure a certain level of wetness.
● Dry the initial wet conduit hydrogen dissociation material as open as possible at 150 ℃. In an embodiment, the material is heated until the cation counterion is chemically decomposed into oxides.
● Crushing dry matter, consisting of a source of hydrogen dissociation, a conduit of energy pore material.
• Optionally mechanically mix additional hydrogen dissociating material, including dry powdered material and powder mixed with conduit material and aid material.
(Example of ionic hydrogen overflow catalyzing substance: 1% Pd-on-graphite carbon powder 40% by weight potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ))
Preparation method of 1 kg of ionic hydrogen overflow catalytic agent: 1% -Pd-On-graphite carbon powder 40% by weight potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ), 0.40 kg KNO ₃ dissolved in 1 liter H ₂ 0 It is. Initial wetting requires 1 ml of H ₂ 0 per gram of −300 mesh graphite powder, and 0.67 per gram of graphite carbon powder to achieve a KNO ₃ content of 40% by weight in the final material. Gram of KNO ₃ is required. As the suspension is mixed, slowly add the KNO ₃ solution of water to 0.6 kg of 1% 1 Pd-on 1 300-mesh graphite carbon powder. The suspension is then placed on a vaporizing dish and placed in an oven at 150 ° C. for 1 hour. Upon heating, water evaporates from the suspension. KNO ₃ coated 1% 1 Pd-on 1 graphite carbon can be ground until it is powdered.

Another initial wet preparation method of the hydrogen spill catalytic agent of the present invention consisting of a source of energy holes for contracting hydrogen atoms that relies on the transfer of electrons from one cation to another:
An appropriate weight of the ionic salt of the cation is dissolved in an appropriate amount of solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the ionic salt is dissolved with deionized demineralized water.
Prepare the initial wet conduit material by uniformly moistening the conduit material with a dissolved salt solution so that the pores of the material are just filled. The total amount of solvent required can be an appropriate amount. The weight percentage of the final cation ionic salt is determined by the appropriate weight of the cation ionic salt dissolved in the appropriate amount of solvent. In order to guarantee a constant wetness, the wet substance is mixed mechanically.
● Dry the initial wet conduit material in an oven at 150 ° C. In an embodiment, the material can be heated until the counter ion of the cation is chemically decomposed into oxides.

● Crush dry material consisting of conduit material and source of energy holes into powder.
● Mechanically mix dry powdery substance with hydrogen dissociating substance including powder mixed with conduit substance and auxiliary substance.
(Example of ionic hydrogen overflow catalytic agent: 1% -Pd-on-graphite carbon powder having a weight ratio of 5% and potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ) having a weight ratio of 40%)
Preparation method of 1 kg ionic hydrogen overflow catalytic agent: 5% by weight 1% Pd-On Graphite carbon powder with one graphite carbon powder 40% by weight potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ), 0.67 kg KNO ₃ is dissolved in 1 liter of H ₂ 0. The initial wetness requires 1 ml H ₂ 0 per gram of one 300 mesh graphite powder, and 0.40 grams per gram of graphite powder to achieve a KNO ₃ content of 40% by weight of the final material. KNO ₃ is required. When mixing the suspension, slowly add the KNO ₃ solution of water to 0.55 kg of graphite powder. The suspension is then placed on a vaporizing dish and placed in an oven at 150 ° C. for 1 hour. Heat evaporates water from the suspension. KNO ₃ mono-coated graphite is ground until it is powdered. The weight of the powder can be measured. About 50 grams (5% of the weight of KNO ₃ coated graphite) of 1% -Pd-On--300 one mesh graphite carbon powder can be mixed with KNO ₃ coated graphite carbon powder.

(Example of usage of exemplary catalytic agent)
The catalytic agent is placed in a pressurizable container 200. To remove air pollutants in the container, the container can be flushed with an inert gas such as He, Ar, or Ne. The vessel and its contents are heated at the operating temperature, typically 100 ° C. to 400 ° C., until the vessel is pressurized with typically 20 to 140 PSIG hydrogen.
In the embodiment, the source of energy holes is potassium ions (K ⁺ / K ⁺ ) or rubidium ions (Rb ⁺ ) inserted between carbon layers. In another embodiment, the source of energy holes is an electrocatalytic ion or couple and its reduced metal form amalgam. For example, there are rubidium ion (Rb ⁺ ) and rubidium metal or potassium ion (K ⁺ / K ⁺ ) and potassium metal.

  In an embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms is a hydrogen dissociation method that involves blowing a stream of hydrogen gas onto a hot filament or lattice. These filaments and lattices are hot refractory metals including filaments and lattices such as Ti, Ni, Fe, W, Au, Pt, Pd at high temperatures such as 1800 ° C. This separation method supplies hydrogen ions and hydrogen atoms, which come into contact with the source of energy holes by the momentum of the atoms. Alternatively, hydrogen atoms and ions overflow and sputter onto the catalyst. In one preferred embodiment of the pressurized gas reactor, a low pressure is maintained by pressure regulator 222 and pumping method 223 to minimize hydrogen atom recombination to molecular hydrogen and to remove lower energy (molecular) hydrogen. .

  In the examples, the source of hydrogen atoms is water that dissociates water dissociation materials into hydrogen atoms and oxygen, including: elements, compounds, alloys, or transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium. , Nickel, Titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg , Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), Cs carbon inserted between layers (graphite) Etc. mixture. In a further embodiment, the water dissociation material can be maintained at high temperatures by a heat source and temperature control method 230. In embodiments that include a hydrogen overflow catalyst, the hydrogen source can range from hydrocarbons, including natural gas that can be reconstituted on reforming materials such as nickel, cobalt, iron, or platinum group metals, to hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide. In a further embodiment, the reforming material can be maintained at an elevated temperature by a heat source and temperature control method 230. In other embodiments, the source of hydrogen atoms can arise from the decomposition of metal hydrides. This decomposition can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the metal hydride with a heat source and temperature control method 230. In other embodiments, the hydride can be coated, for example, by electroplating with other materials such as hydrogen dissociation materials.

  In a preferred embodiment, the energy of the contraction reaction, the (molecular), lower energy hydrogen can be removed to prevent product inhibition. Thus, the forward energy generation reaction rate is increased. One way to remove lower energy (molecular) hydrogen is to supply a lower energy hydrogen scavenger to the reaction mixture. The skivenja absorbs / reacts with the product and lower energy, hydrogen, and the resulting species are removed from the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, lower energy hydrogen absorbed on the catalyst is removed by replacement with inert molecules or atoms, such as helium, flowing through the vessel 200.

Other objectives, features, characteristics of catalysis technology, and the preparation, action and function of related elements as described by Satterfield have been applied to this invention and are referred to herein [Charles N. et al. Satterfield, “Heterogeneous Industrial Heterogeneous Catalysis
Catalysis in Industrial Practice) ”, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. , New York, (1991) Catalytic technology was applied to this invention relating to a pressurized gas energy reactor for releasing energy using a catalytic reaction in which electrons of hydrogen atoms transition to a lower energy state. This includes adiabatic curve reactors, fluidized bed reactors, transport line reactors, "multi-tube" reactors, reverse "multi-tubes" with heat exchange methods involving fluids in catalytic agents surrounding tubes and tubes It encompasses the use of reactors, “multi-tube” reactors, or “multi-tube” reactors comprising a fluidized bed of catalytic agents. Further, in embodiments that include suspended hydrogen dissociation materials such as solvated sources of energy holes, hydrogen overflow catalysts and hydrogen gas, the reactor is a trickle bed reactor, a bubble column reactor, a suspended column. It consists of a turbid liquid reactor.

For example, in a preferred embodiment, fluidized bed reactor 200 includes a hydrogen spill catalytic agent: 5% by weight of 1% -graphite carbon powder with Pd-On monographite carbon powder, 40% by weight. Potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ). Reactive hydrogen gas rises through a finely divided solid catalytic agent layer, preferably having a particle size in the range of about 20 to 100 mm. It is highly agitated and has many properties of a fluid. The low pressure separator 275 returns fines to the layer. The pressure and flow rate of hydrogen are controlled by the pressure and flow rate control method 222. At corresponding atmospheric pressures or slightly higher pressures, the corresponding maximum linear velocity may be less than 60 cm / s.

(Gas source of energy holes)
In a desirable hydrogen gas energy reactor for energy release by electrocatalysis and / or disproportionation reactions, the hydrogen atom electrons transition to a lower energy state in the gas phase. The reactor consists of: a vessel 200 capable of having a vacuum or greater than atmospheric pressure (FIG. 7); a hydrogen source 221; a method 222 for controlling the pressure and flow of hydrogen to the vessel; the gas phase A source of atomic hydrogen, and a source of energy holes in the gas phase.

The reaction vessel 200 is a vacuum or pressure vessel made of a temperature resistant material such as ceramic, stainless steel, tungsten, alumina, Incoloy or Inconel (heat resistant alloy).
In an embodiment, the source of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase is a hydrogen dissociation method. This is a flow of hydrogen gas to hot filaments or grids 280, such as hot refractory metals, including filaments or grids such as Ti, Ni, Fb, W, Au, Pt, Pd, etc. at high temperatures such as 1800 ° C. Including spraying method. The dissociation method supplies not only hydrogen ions but also hydrogen atoms, and the momentum of the atoms brings them into contact with a source of energy holes. In an embodiment of a gas reactor with one source of energy holes, a low pressure is maintained by pressure regulator 222, pressure measurement / pump method 223 to minimize the recombination of hydrogen atoms into molecular hydrogen. The pressure can be measured by measuring the power dissipated in the hot filament or grid driven by the servo loop 285 at a constant resistance. The servo loop 285 is composed of a voltage / current control device that is configured to dissipate filament or lattice output against hydrogen pressure with voltage / current measurement method, power supply, and operating resistance. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source includes one or more hydrogen dissociation materials that supply hydrogen atoms by molecular hydrogen dissociation. The hydrogen dissociating material includes a surface or material for dissociating hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium. This includes hydrogen spills such as: palladium and platinum on carbon and elements, compounds, alloys, mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc , Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd , Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers. In one embodiment, the hydrogen and hydride non-equilibrium state is maintained by controlling temperature and hydrogen pressure, supplying atomic hydrogen in the gas phase. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source is comprised of a tungsten capillary that is heated by electron impact from 1800 to 2000K at the outlet. For example, there is an atomic hydrogen source described by Bischler, which is referenced here [Bischler, U .; Bertel, B., J. Vac Sci. Technol. (1993), 11 (2) 458-60]. In a further embodiment, the tungsten capillaries can be heated by the energy released in the hydrogen contraction reaction. In another embodiment, the atomic hydrogen source consists of a recursively coupled plasma flow tube. For example, there is a description by Gardner, which is referenced here [Gardner, W. L. , J .; Vac. Sci. Technol., A. (1995), 13 (3, Pt. 1), 763-6]. Gardner sensors can measure hydrogen dissociation fragments.

The source of energy holes can be placed in a chemically resistant open vessel, such as a ceramic boat 290 in the reaction vessel. Alternatively, the energy source gas source can be placed in a connected vessel so that it can be transferred to the reaction vessel.
Sources of energy pore gases include those that sublime, boil, and / or volatilize at high operating temperatures of the gas energy reactor. In this reactor, the shrinkage reaction takes place in the gas phase. For example, RbNo ₃ a and KNO ₃ each volatilize at a temperature much lower than the decomposition temperature [C. J. Hardy, B. O. Field, J. Chem. Soc. , (1963), pp. 5130-5134]. One Example Ion Hydrogen Overflow Catalytic Agent: 5% by weight 1% Pd-on Graphite carbon powder 40% by weight potassium or rubidium nitrate with potassium or rubidium nitrate Is operated at a temperature that is volatile. Further product disproportionation reactions, lower energy hydrogen atoms, release additional thermal energy.

In the preferred embodiment, the source of energy holes is RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , Rb ₂ CO ₃ , Rb ₃ PO ₄ , or KF, KCl, KBr, KI, K Thermally stable rubidium or potassium salts such as ₂ S ₂ , KOH, K ₂ SO ₄ , K ₂ CO ₃ , K ₃ PO ₄ , K ₂ GeF ₄ . In addition, a desirable source of energy holes of approximately m × 7.21 eV (where m is an integer) that causes atomic hydrogen “shrinkage” and / or approximately m × 48.6 eV (where m is training) that causes molecular hydrogen “shrinkage” is Including electrocatalytic ions and couples. This includes the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application and is referred to here: Title “Energy / Matter Conversion Methods and Structures”, serial number 08 / 467,051, filed June 6, 1995, partially continued, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995, partially continued, serial number 08 / 107,357, filed August 16, 1993, partially Continuation application, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt. 99437), filed June 11, 1993, partially continued application, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partial continuation application, serial number 07 / 345,628 , Filed April 28, 1989, partly continued application, serial number 07 / 341,733, filed April 21, 1989. Counterions include those listed in the following book, referenced here ["Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", Robert C. Weast, Editor, 58th Edition, CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, (1974) pp. B61-B178]. Desirable anions are stable to hydrogen reduction and pyrolysis and can be volatile at the operating temperature of the energy reactor.

  The compounds described below are desirable gas sources for energy holes in gas energy reactors. A higher temperature results in a higher vapor pressure at the source of energy holes and increases the reaction rate; however, an increase in total pressure increases the recombination rate from hydrogen atoms to hydrogen molecules. In each exemplary case described below, the operating temperature of the energy reactor may be the temperature that provides the optimum reaction rate. In the example, the cell temperature is about 50 ° C. above the melting point of the (highest) energy hole source (in the case of energy holes, consisting of electron transfer between two cation-electrocatalytic couples). With hydrogen pressure maintained at about 200 millitorr, molecular hydrogen can be dissociated with hot filaments or lattice 280 (FIG. 7).

(Single ion catalyst (electrocatalytic ion) :)
Single ion catalysts (electrocatalytic ions) can generate energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms. The number (n) following the element symbol indicates the nth ionization energy of the atom. For example, Rb ^{+ +} 27.28eV = Rb ²⁺ ten e ^- (melting point = (MP); boiling point = (BP)).
Catalytic ion nnth ionization energy
Mo ²⁺ 3 27.16
Mol ₂
Ti ² + 3 27.49
TiCl ₂ (MP = subl H ₂ , BP = d475 ℃ vac)
(TiCl ₄ / Ti _metal )
Rb ^l + 2 27.28
RbNO ₃ (MP = 310 ℃, BP = subl))
Rb ₂ S ₂ (MP = 420 ℃, BP = volat> 850)
RbI (MP = 647 ° C, BP = 1300 ° C)

(2-ion catalyst (electrocatalytic couple) :)
A two-ion catalyst (electrocatalytic couple) can generate energy holes for the contraction of hydrogen atoms. The line number (n) following the ion indicates the nth energy of the atom. For example, K ⁺ +31.63 eV = K 2 ⁺ + e ⁻ and K ⁺ + e ⁻ = K + 4.34 eV (melting point = (MP); boiling point = (BP)).

  In embodiments where the anion can be reduced with hydrogen, the anion is chemically stable. For example, the product of the reduction is added to the gas cell to stabilize the anion. In further embodiments, the anion can be replaced continuously or intermittently. In the case of nitrate ions, the product ammonia can be removed from the vessel, the nitrate can be oxidized and returned to the cell. In one embodiment, product ammonia can be removed from the container by collecting in a condenser or oxidized to nitrate on a platinum or iridium screen at a high temperature such as 912 ° C. In a further embodiment, when optimizing the gas phase catalytic hydrogen shrinkage reaction, the hydrogen pressure can be reduced to minimize nitrate ions to the ammonia reaction. In an embodiment, hydrogen atoms generate a low pressure due to dissociation of molecular hydrogen on hot filaments and lattice 280 (FIG. 7). The low pressure of molecular hydrogen is maintained by the hydrogen supply 221, the hydrogen flow control method 222, and the hydrogen pressure measurement / vacuum method 223. The pressure measurement / pump method 223 allows the hydrogen pressure to be maintained at a low pressure by adjusting the feed through the inlet for the amount pumped at the outlet at the controller 222. The pressure can be adjusted to maximize output while minimizing nitrate decomposition. The optimal hydrogen pressure may be less than about 1 Torr. In an embodiment, the source of gas phase hydrogen atoms may be a hydrogen dissociation method involving a hydrogen gas stream. This hydrogen gas stream is sprayed at a high temperature such as 1800 ° C on a hot filament or lattice 280 such as a hot refractory metal containing a filament or lattice such as Ti, Ni, Fe, W, Au, n, Pd. It is done. A source of hydrogen molecules can be directed onto a filament or lattice, or to a source of gas in an energy hole. The pressure and flow of the hydrogen atoms prevents the collision of counterions from the source of the energy hole (such as nitrate ions) from contacting the hot filament or lattice. This prevents the thermal decomposition and reduction of the anions on the filament or lattice. In another embodiment, the negative potential is maintained by the grid electrode 287 surrounding the filament or grid. In lattice electrodes, hydrogen atoms can migrate from the filament or lattice, and anions cannot contact the hot filament or lattice. In this way, thermal / chemical destruction of the anion (counter ion) is prevented.

  In an embodiment, the source of the energy hole is an electrocatalytic ion or electrocatalytic couple comprising a pair of cations-anions in the gas phase. In the gas phase, the paired cation-anion is dissociated by the external source method 75 (FIG. 5). This external source method 75 includes, for example, a particle source 75b and / or a photon source 75a and / or a heat source, sound energy, electric field, or magnetic field. In the preferred embodiment, the paired cation-anion is thermally dissociated by heat source 230 or photodissociated by photon source 205 (FIG. 7).

In another embodiment of a gas energy reactor having a source of energy holes, the source of energy holes is subdivided by a fragmentation device 295 to provide a source of gas of energy holes. In a preferred embodiment of the fragmentation device, atoms such as a boat heating method 299 boil, sublimate and evaporate, and gas atoms ionize to form a source of energy holes. Sources of this energy hole include the electrocatalytic ions or electrocatalytic couple described in my earlier patent application referenced here. In one embodiment, the atoms are thermally ionized by a heating method 230, a hydrogen atom source 280 including a hot filament or lattice, or an inductively coupled plasma flow tube. For example, a gas energy cell (FIG. 7) contains rubidium or potassium metal in a boat 290. In the boat form 290, the vapor pressure is controlled by controlling the temperature of the boat form by the heating method 230 and / or 299. Hydrogen molecules are dissociated into atoms on a hot filament or lattice 280. The gas phase rubidium (potassium) metal is ionized to Rb ⁺ (K ⁺ ) by the same or different hot filament or lattice 280. Rb ⁺ (K ⁺ / K ⁺ ) electrocatalytic ions (couples) serve as a source of energy holes that contract hydrogen atoms. In other embodiments, the hot filament or grid 280 is made of metal. Alternatively, it can be electroplated with a metal that boils as cations that are the source of energy holes. For example, Mo ²⁺ ions (Mo ²⁺ electrocatalytic ions) enter the gas phase of the energy cell 200 from a hot molybdenum filament or lattice 280. Also, the hot molybdenum filament or lattice 280 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. As a further example, Ni ²⁺ and Cu ⁺ ions (Ni ²⁺ / Cu ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) enter the gas phase of energy cell 200 from hot nickel, hot copper, hot nickel-copper alloy filament, or lattice 280, etc. . In other embodiments, the photon source 75a and particle source 75b of FIG. 5 ionize species such as atoms in the gas phase, including the electron beam, to form a source of energy holes. Sources of energy holes include the electrocatalytic ions and electrocatalytic couples described in my earlier patent application referenced here. In other embodiments, atoms or ions are chemically ionized by the volatile reactant. For example, ionic species form a source of energy holes by oxidizing or reducing atoms or ions.

  By controlling the amount of source of gas phase energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) and / or the concentration of atomic or lower energy hydrogen, the output of the gas energy reactor can be controlled. By controlling the initial amount of volatile sources of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) present in the reactor, and / or the temperature of the reactor with temperature control method 230, the energy holes (electrocatalysts) You can control the concentration of the source of gas (working ions or couples). The temperature control method 230 determines the vapor pressure of the volatile source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples). Furthermore, the reactor temperature controls the output by changing the rate of the catalytic hydrogen shrinkage reaction. By controlling the amount of atomic hydrogen supplied by the atomic hydrogen source 280, the concentration of atomic hydrogen can be controlled. For example, to control the amount of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase, the following can be controlled: hot filaments or lattices, tungsten capillaries heated by electron bombardment, or inductively coupled plasma flow tubes Hydrogen flow through; power dissipated in an inductively coupled plasma flow tube; temperature of hot filament or lattice heated by electron bombardment, or tungsten capillary; maintained in non-equilibrium with hydrogen pressure The temperature of the hydride, and the rate at which the pump method 223 removes “re-bonded” hydrogen from the cell. Other methods for controlling the contraction reaction rate include controlling the pressure of the non-reactive gas with the non-reactive gas source 299, the non-reactive gas flow control method 232, and the pressure measurement and pump method 223. is there. Non-reactive gases such as inert gases compete with collisions between the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) and hydrogen atoms, and collisions that result in lower energy hydrogen invariant reactions. The inert gas includes He, Ne, and Ar. Such non-reactive “reaction quenching” gases further include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

By monitoring the pressure with pressure measurement methods 222 and 223 and by shutting out hydrogen into the cell with hydrogen value control method 222, the partial pressure of hydrogen can be further controlled. In the preferred embodiment, the hydrogen pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature in the heating method 230 of the gas energy reactor. The gas energy reactor further includes hydrogen storage methods such as metal hydrides and other hydrides such as: hydride of brine, titanium hydride, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum hydride, zirconium and hafnium hydrogen. Hydrides, rare earth hydrides, yttrium and scandium hydrides, transition element hydrides, intermetallic hydrides, and alloys thereof. This is described in a technical book by Mueller, Blackledge, Libowitz et al., Which is referred to here [W. M. Mueller, J. et al. P. Blackledge, and G. G-Libowitz, “Metal Hydrides”, Academic Press, New York, (1968), “Hydrogen in Inter-metalic Compounds I”, Edited by L. Schlapbach, Springer-Verlag , Berlin, and "Hydrogen in Intermetalic Compounds II", Edited by L. Schlapbach, Springer-Verlag, Berlin ". The temperature of the cell is controlled by temperature control and measurement method 230, and the vapor pressure of hydrogen in equilibrium with the hydrogen storage material can be the desired pressure. In one embodiment, the hydrogen and hydride non-equilibrium state is maintained by controlling temperature and hydrogen pressure to supply atomic hydrogen. In some embodiments, there is a hydrogen storage method as follows: an operating temperature of about 800 ° C. for rare earth hydrides; an operating temperature of about 700 ° C. for lanthanum hydrides; about 750 ° C. for gadolinium hydrides. Operating temperature; about 750 ° C for neodymium hydride; about 800 ° C for yttrium hydride; about 800 ° C for scandium hydride; about 800-900 ° C for ytterbium hydride Operating temperature; about 450 ° C for titanium hydride; about 950 ° C for cerium hydride; about 700 ° C for praseodymium hydride; titanium titanium (50% / 50%) hydride Operating temperature of about 600 ° C; for alkali metal / alkali metal hydride mixtures such as Rb / RbH and K / KH, operating temperature of about 450 ° C, and alkaline earth metal / alkaline earth such as Ba / BaH ₂ About 900-1000 ° C for hydride mixtures Operating temperature.

  At least in the container 200 and the heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5), the heat output can be monitored with a thermocouple. The shrinkage kinetics can be monitored in the following ways: UV and electron spectroscopy of electrons and photons emitted via lower energy hydrogen transitions, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of lower energy hydrogen, and mass spectroscopy. Raman or infrared spectroscopy, and molecular lower energy hydrogen (dihydrino) gas chromatography. From the XPS perspective, lower energy hydrogen atoms and molecules are identified as higher binding energy species than standard hydrogen. From the viewpoint of mass spectroscopy, dihydrino is identified as a species with a mass-to-charge ratio of 2 (m / e = 2). It has a higher ionization potential than standard hydrogen by recording ion current as a function of electron gun energy. Dihydrino is confirmed at low temperature by gas chromatography with the following columns: activated carbon (charcoal) column at liquid nitrogen temperature, column separating para from ortho hydrogen such as Rt-alumina column, or at liquid nitrogen temperature HayeSep column where standard hydrogen is kept to a higher degree than dihydrino. From the perspective of Raman or infrared spectroscopy, dihydrino is identified as a molecule with higher vibrational / rotational energy levels compared to standard hydrogen. Output can be controlled by computerized monitoring and control system. It monitors thermistors, spectrometers and gas chromatographs and controls how the output is changed. Method 201 can remove lower energy (molecular) hydrogen and prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

  In another embodiment of a gas energy reactor having a source of energy holes, hydrogen atoms are generated by a pyrolysis reaction, such as hydrocarbon combustion. At this time, the source of catalysis of the energy holes may be present in the gas phase along with hydrogen atoms. In the preferred method, the pyrolysis reaction occurs in the internal combustion engine. A hydrocarbon or hydrogen with fuel consists of a source of energy holes that evaporate (gasify) during combustion. In the preferred method, the source of energy pores (electrocatalytic ions or couples) is a thermally stable rubidium or potassium salt such as:

RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , and
Kf, KCl, KBr, KI, K ₂ S ₂ , KOH, K ₂ SO ₄ , K ₂ CO ₃ , K ₃ PO ₄ , K ₂ CeF ₄ . Additional counterions of electrocatalytic ions or couples include organic anions including wetting / emulsifying agents. In other embodiments, the fuel-bearing hydrocarbon or hydrogen further includes water as a source of a mixture or solvated energy pores containing emulsified electrocatalytic ions or couples. During the pyrolysis reaction, water serves as a source of additional hydrogen atoms. The source of hydrogen atoms undergoes a contraction reaction that is catalyzed by the source of energy holes. Within the energy holes, water is thermally / catalytically dissociated into hydrogen atoms on a surface such as a cylinder or piston head made of a material that dissociates water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water dissociating materials include: elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures or transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn , Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb , Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers.

(Power density of gas energy reactor (gas phase hydrogen shrinkage reaction))
The following equation numbers are shown by Mills [Mi11s, R. , “The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics” (1995), Technological Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA]. The rate of disproportionation reaction, r _m.m2.p , that causes the resonance contraction, equation (5.22-5.30), depends on the collision velocity between the reactants and the efficiency of the resonance energy transfer. This is the rate constant, K _m.m2.p , the product of (Equation (5.47)), the total number of hydrogen or hydrino atoms, N _H , and the donor hydrino atom to the energy hole, supplied by the acceptor hydrino atom The efficiency of the transfer of resonant contraction energy, given by E (Equation (6.33)).

Where r is the distance between the donor and the acceptor, J is the integral of the resonance shrinkage energy distribution of the donor hydrino atom and the overlap between the energy hole distributions supplied by the acceptor hydrino atom, η is the dielectric constant, and K ² is a function of the mutual orientation of donor and acceptor transition moments. The electronic transition of lower energy hydrogen atoms occurs only by non-emitted energy transfer; thus the quantum yield of donor fluorescence, ψ _D , equation (6.37) is equal to 1. The rate of the disproportionation reaction causing resonance contraction, r _m.m2.p is

Factor 1/2 in equation (6.38) modifies the double calculation of collisions [Levine, I., “Physical Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, (1978), PP . 420-421]. The output P _m.m2p is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.38), and the energy of the disproportionation reaction (equation (.27)).

At this time, V is a volume. For the gas phase disproportionation reaction, the energy transfer efficiency is unity. To the equation (6.39)
E = 1, P = 2, m = 1, m = 2, V = 1m ³ N = 3 × 10 ²¹ , T = 675K (6.40)
The output given by replacing
Pm, m ', P = 1GW (1kW / cm ³ ) (6.41)
When the reaction of hydrogen to a lower energy state occurs by reaction of the source of catalysis of an energy hole with hydrogen or hydrino atoms, the reaction rate depends on the collision rate between the reactants and the efficiency of resonance energy transfer . For gas containing n _H hydrogen or hydrino atoms per unit volume, collision velocity per unit volume of hydrogen or hydrino atoms / electrocatalytic ions, Z _{H [αH / p]} radius per unit volume of catalyst, α _H / p And V, V _H and n _C “electrocatalytic” ions with radii, r _catalyst and velocity, V _C , respectively, are given by Levine [Levine, I. "Physical Chemistry", McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, (1978), PP. 420-421].

平均速度、V_avg,を温度、T、から計算できる[Bueche，F・J.,「科学者と技術者のための物理入門（Introduction to Physics for Scientists and Engineers）」，McGraw−Hi11 Book Company，New York，（1986），pp．261-265]。

Average velocity, V _avg , can be calculated from temperature, T, [Bueche, FJ, “Introduction to Physics for Scientists and Engineers”, McGraw-Hi11 Book Company, New York, (1986), pp. 261-265].

At this time, K is a Boltzmann constant. By replacing equation (5.44) with equation (5.42), the impact velocity per unit volume with respect to temperature, T, is Z _{H [αH / p]} Catalyst.

共鳴収縮を引き起こす触媒反応の速度、r_m.pは、体積あたりの衝突速度の生成物、Z_H[αH/p] Catalyst、体積、V、および方程式（6．37）で与えられる共鳴エネルギー伝達の効率、Eによって与えられる。

The rate of catalytic reaction causing resonance shrinkage, r _mp is the product of collision velocity per volume, Z _{H [αH / p]} Catalyst, volume, V, and the efficiency of resonance energy transfer given by equation (6.37) , Given by E.

出力、P_m.pは、遷移速度の生成物、方程式（6.45）、および遷移エネルギー、方程式（5.8）によって与えられる。

The output, P _mp, is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.45), and the transition energy, equation (5.8).

気相触媒作用の収縮反応で、その中のエネルギー孔の源が、水素かhydrino原子と共に、27.21eVのイオン化エネルギーを有する単一の陽イオンである場合、エネルギー伝達効率は１である。ルビジウム(Rb⁺)は、27.28eVの第2イオン化エネルギーを有する電気触媒作用イオンである。方程式（6.46）への

In a gas phase catalyzed contraction reaction, the energy transfer efficiency is 1 when the source of energy holes in it is a single cation with an ionization energy of 27.21 eV together with hydrogen or hydrino atoms. Rubidium (Rb ⁺ ) is an electrocatalytic ion with a second ionization energy of 27.28 eV. To the equation (6.46)

の置換えによる方程式（5．9）、（5．10）、および（5．8）で与えられる反応のための出力は次式となる。

The output for the reaction given by equations (5.9), (5.10), and (5.8) with the replacement of is:

P _mp . = 55MW (55W / cm ³ ) (6.48)
When the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to a lower energy state occurs at the surface, the energy transfer efficiency is less than 1 due to the differential surface interaction between the absorbed hydrogen or hydrino atoms and the electrocatalytic ions. Next time
E = 0.001 (6.49)
The output given by equations (6.46) and (6.47) is
P _mp = 55MW (55W / cm ³ ) (6.50)
Less efficient catalyst systems rely on the coupling of three resonator cavities. For example, electron transfer occurs between two cations consisting of energy holes for hydrogen or hydrino atoms. The reaction rate depends on the collision rate between the catalytic cation and hydrogen or hydrino atoms, or the efficiency of resonance energy transfer with electron transfer associated with each contraction reaction. The rate of catalytic reaction that causes resonance shrinkage, r _mp, is the product of collision velocity per unit volume, Z _{H [αH / p]} Catalyst, volume, V, and the resonance energy transfer given by equation (6.37). Given by efficiency, E _e . At this time, r is given from the average distance between cations in the reaction vessel.

出力、P_m.pは、遷移速度の生成物、方程式（6.51）、および遷移エネルギー、方程式(5.8)で与えられる

The output, P _mp, is given by the product of the transition rate, equation (6.51), and the transition energy, equation (5.8)

3個の共鳴器空洞の連結器に依存する触媒系は、カリウムに関連がある。例えば、カリウムの第2イオン化エネルギーは、31.63eVである。このエネルギー孔は、明らかに共鳴吸収には高すぎる。しかし、K^＋はKに還元される時、4.34eVを放出する。K⁺からK²⁺とK⁺からKの化合は、その結果、純エネルギー変化、27．28eVを持つ。カリウムイオンによる、水素かhydrino原子の気相の触媒作用の収縮反応の場合を、27.28eVのエネルギー孔を持つ電気触媒作用カップルとして考えなさい。エネルギー伝達効率は、方程式（6．37）で与えられる。この時、rは反応容器内の陽イオン間の平均距離から与えられる。K^＋濃度が３×10²²(K⁺/m³)の時、rはおよそ５×10^-9mとなる。J＝1、ψ_D＝1、K²＝1、T_D＝10⁻¹³sec（KH⁺の振動周波数に基づく）、および方程式（5.8）でm＝1の時、エネルギー伝達効率、E_cは、およそ0.001である。方程式（6．52）への
E＝0.001, P=1, m=1, V=1m³, N_H=３×10²², Nc=３×10²¹,
m_c=6.5×10^-26Kg,_rC=1.38×10^-10m,T=675K (6.53)
の置換えによる方程式（5．13）、（5．14）、および（5．8）で与えられる反応のための出力は、次式となる。
P_m.p=300MW(300W/cm³) (6.54)

A catalyst system that relies on a coupling of three resonator cavities is related to potassium. For example, the second ionization energy of potassium is 31.63 eV. This energy hole is clearly too high for resonant absorption. However, K ⁺ releases 4.34 eV when reduced to K. The combination of K ⁺ to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ to K results in a net energy change of 27.28 eV. Consider the case of a gas phase catalytic contraction reaction of hydrogen or hydrino atoms by potassium ions, as an electrocatalytic couple with an energy hole of 27.28 eV. The energy transfer efficiency is given by equation (6.37). At this time, r is given from the average distance between cations in the reaction vessel. When the K ⁺ concentration is 3 × 10 ²² (K ⁺ / m ³ ), r is approximately 5 × 10 ⁻⁹ m. When J = 1, ψ _D = 1, K ² = 1, T _D = 10 ⁻¹³ sec (based on the vibration frequency of KH ⁺ ), and m = 1 in equation (5.8), energy transfer efficiency, E _c is , Approximately 0.001. To the equation (6.52)
E = 0.001, P = 1, m = 1, V = 1m ³ , N _H = 3 × 10 ²² , Nc = 3 × 10 ²¹ ,
m _c = 6.5 × 10 ^-26 Kg, _rC = 1.38 × 10 ^-10 m, T = 675K (6.53)
The output for the reaction given in equations (5.13), (5.14), and (5.8) with the replacement of is:
P _mp = 300MW (300W / cm ³ ) (6.54)

(Gas discharge energy reactor)
The gas discharge energy reactor consists of a glow emission vacuum chamber 300 (FIG. 8) filled with hydrogen isotope gas. This includes an ozone generator-type condenser, a hydrogen source 322 that presses the regulator valve 325 to supply hydrogen to the chamber 300, and a voltage and current source 330 that conducts current between the cathode 305 and the anode 320. In one embodiment including an ozone generator-type condenser gas discharge cell, one of the electrodes can be shielded with a dielectric barrier such as a glass or ceramic moiety. In a preferred embodiment, the cathode further includes a source of energy holes of approximately m × 21 eV (m is an integer) that causes “shrinkage” in atomic hydrogen, and / or approximately m × 48.6 eV (m Is an integer) source of energy holes (including the electrocatalytic ions and couples described in my earlier US patent application, referred to herein as the title “Energy Matter Conversion Methods and Structures”). and Structures) ”, serial number 08 / 467,051, filed June 6, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 416,040, filed April 3, 1995, partially continued application, serial number 08 / 107,357, 1993 Filed August 16, partially continued, serial number 08 / 075,102 (Dkt. 99437), filed June 11, 1993, partially continued, serial number 07 / 626,496, filed December 12, 1990, partially continued Application, serial number 07 / 345,628 Filed April 28, 1989, partially continued, No. 07 / 341,733, filed on April 21, 1989. A desirable cathode 305 for the contraction of hydrogen atoms is a palladium cathode, which is supplied with resonance energy holes by electron ionization from palladium to the emission current. A preferred second cathode 305 for contraction consists of: a source of energy holes by electron transfer to the emission current, including at least one beryllium, copper, platinum, zinc, and tellurium, and a photon source 350 Hydrogen dissociation methods such as sources of electromagnetic radiation including UV light, or hydrogen dissociation materials including: transition elements and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn , Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated carbon (carbon), and Cs carbon (graphite) inserted between layers The reactor further controls the energy dissipated in the emission current when electrons are transferred from the electron donor species, and supplies energy holes to hydrogen atoms (molecules). For example, there is a pressure controller 325 and a current (voltage) source 330. The gas discharge energy reactor further removes lower energy (molecular) hydrogen and prevents the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating. Method 301 is included. For example, there is a selective vent valve.

  In another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, the source of energy holes can be one of an inelastic photon or particle scattering reaction. In the preferred embodiment, the photon source 350 provides energy holes, where the energy holes correspond to stimulated emission of photons. In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, the photon source 350 dissociates hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms. At least one photon source that generates photons with an energy of approximately m × 27.21 eV, m / 2 × 27.21 eV, or 48 eV causes a stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen atom undergoes a contraction reaction. In another preferred embodiment, the photon source 350 that generates at least one photon with an energy of approximately m × 48.6 eV, 95.7 eV, or m × 31.94 eV is a stimulated emission of energy when the hydrogen molecule undergoes a contraction reaction. cause.

  In another embodiment, a magnetic field can be applied with a magnetic field generator 75 (FIG. 5) to generate a gas ion magnetized plasma, which can be a non-linear medium. Non-linear media enhances the coupling of the resonator cavities and the energy transfer between them. Thus, by supplying and adjusting the applied magnetic field strength, the reaction rate (transfer of resonance contraction energy of hydrogen atoms to energy holes, electrocatalytic ions or couples) can be increased or controlled.

  In one embodiment of gas discharge energy reactor operation, hydrogen from source 322 is directed into control chamber 325 and into chamber 300. A current flows from the current source 330 between the cathode 305 and the anode 320. This cathode has an energy hole source of approximately m × 27.21 eV (m is an integer) that causes atomic hydrogen “shrinkage” and an energy hole of approximately m × 48.6 eV (m is an integer) that causes molecular hydrogen “shrinkage”. Consisting of the source of This is in contact with hydrogen. In the preferred embodiment, electrons are transferred from the electron donor species at the cathode 305 to the emission current, providing energy holes for hydrogen atoms (molecules). In the case of a reactor that contracts hydrogen atoms, molecular hydrogen can be dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a dissociating material of the cathode 305 or a source of electromagnetic radiation including UV light supplied by a photon source 350. The dissociated hydrogen atoms contact the source of energy holes in the melt, liquid, gas, or solid state. Atomic (molecular) hydrogen releases energy when electrons are induced by energy holes to transition to lower energy levels. When electrons are transferred from the electron donor species, the energy dissipated in the emission current is controlled to provide an energy hole equal to the resonance contraction energy of the hydrogen atom (molecule). To this end, the gas pressure at source 322 is controlled by pressure controller 325 and the voltage is controlled by current (voltage) source 330. Heat output can be monitored with thermocouples present at least in the cathode 305, anode 320, and heat exchanger 60 (FIG. 5). Output power can be controlled by computerized monitoring and control system. This monitors the thermistor and controls how the output is changed. Method 301 can remove lower energy (molecular) hydrogen and prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

In another embodiment of the gas discharge energy reactor, the preferred cathode 305 is comprised of a catalytic agent that includes an overflow catalyst. This is explained in the section "Pressurized gas energy reactor".
In another embodiment, the gas discharge energy reactor comprises a gas source of energy holes. Here, the contraction reaction takes place in the gas phase and gaseous hydrogen atoms are supplied by the release of molecular hydrogen gas. In a further embodiment, the source of energy holes can be supplied by an emission current that generates a source of gases of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples). This release includes releases in potassium metal forming K ⁺ / K ⁺ , rubidium metal forming Rb ⁺ , or titanium metal forming Ti ²⁺ . Examples include a glow discharge chamber 3 filled with hydrogen isotope gas. The glow discharge cell can be operated at high temperatures such that the source of energy holes (electrocatalytic ions or couples) sublime, boil, or volatilize into the gas phase. In an embodiment, the source counterion of the energy pore (electrocatalytic ion or couple) is the rubidium hydride (Rb ⁺ electrocatalytic ion) and / or potassium hydride (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple). Such hydride anions (H ⁻ ).

  In an embodiment, the source of energy holes can be an electrocatalytic ion or an electrocatalytic couple consisting of a gas phase pair of cation-anions. The paired cation-anion is dissociated by an external source method 75 (FIG. 5) including, for example, particle source 75b and / or photon source 75a and / or heat source, acoustic energy T, electric field, or magnetic field. In the preferred embodiment, the paired cation-anion is thermally dissociated by heat source 75 (FIG.) 5 or photodissociated by photon source 350 (FIG. 8).

(Cooling method)
A further embodiment of the present invention is a cooling method comprising the electrolytic cell of the present invention (FIG. 6), a pressurized hydrogen gas battery (FIG. 7), a hydrogen gas discharge cell (FIG. 8), and the like. Here, a hydrogen source of lower energy atoms (molecules) is supplied instead of a standard hydrogen source. Lower energy hydrogen atoms react to higher energy states. At this time, absorption of thermal energy accompanies the inverse of the catalytic shrinkage reaction given by the following equation: (4-6); (7-9); (10-12); (13- (15); (16-18); (48-50); (51-53); (54-56); (57-59); (60-62); (63-65); (66-68) (69-71); (72-74) and (75-77). Lower energy hydrogen molecules react to higher energy states. This is accompanied by absorption of thermal energy according to the inverse of the catalytic shrinkage reaction given by the following equation: (78-80); (81-83); (84-86); (88- 90) and (91-93). In this example, methods 101 (FIG. 6), 201 (FIG. 7) and 301 (FIG. 8) serve to remove standard hydrogen, such as a selective vent valve, preventing the endothermic reaction from equilibrating.

(Synthesis of materials containing at least lower energy hydrogen atoms and / or lower energy hydrogen)
The invention further consists of molecules containing lower energy hydrogen atoms. Lower energy hydrogens can react with any atom in the periodic table or any known organic / inorganic molecule, compound, metal, nonmetal, or semiconductor to produce organic / organic containing lower energy hydrogen atoms or molecules. Inorganic molecules, compounds, metals, non-metals, or semiconductors can be formed. Reactants with lower energy hydrogen contain neutral atoms, negative / positively charged atoms and molecular ions, and free radicals. For example, lower energy hydrogen can be reacted with water or oxygen to form molecules containing lower energy hydrogen and oxygen, or reacted with ionized helium alone to form molecules containing helium and lower energy hydrogen. Also, lower energy hydrogen can be reacted with the metal. In one embodiment of the electrolyzer energy reactor, lower energy hydrogen produced during operation at the cathode can be incorporated into it by reacting with the cathode; thus producing a metal lower energy hydrogen material. Is done. In all such reactions, the reaction rate and product yield are increased by adapting heat and / or pressure.

  Lower energy hydrogen molecules (dihydrino) are purified from hydrogen gas by the combustion of standard hydrogen. Oxygen can be mixed with the sample to purify and ignite the sample. In a second embodiment of the dihydrino purification method, the sample flows over a hydrogen recombiner and reacts with standard hydrogen in a gas stream to form water. In a third embodiment, lower energy hydrogen molecules (dihydrino) are collected at the cathode of the electrolyte energy reactor of the present invention. For example, the cathode includes a metal cathode including a nickel cathode or a carbon cathode. By heating externally or by passing an electric current through the cathode, the cathode can be heated in the container to the initial temperature at which standard hydrogen preferentially releases gas. Standard hydrogen can be pumped and the cathode can then be heated to the second highest temperature at which dihydrino gas is released and collected. In the fourth embodiment, a gas sample is purified at a low temperature by cryofiltration including gas chromatography. Gas chromatography can be performed, for example, on activated carbon (charcoal) columns at liquid nitrogen temperature, columns that separate para from ortho hydrogen, such as Rt-Alumina columns, or HayeSep at liquid nitrogen temperature where standard hydrogen is kept higher than dihydrino. It has a column. In a fifth embodiment, the gas sample is purified by cryodistillation. Here standard hydrogen is liquefied and separated from gaseous lower energy hydrogen (dihydrino). Dihydrino can be concentrated by liquefaction in liquid helium.

(Experimental verification of this paper)
(Example 1)
Articles by Mills and Good [Mills, R. Good, W. , “Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Hydrogen”, Fusion Technology. Vol. 28, No. 4, November, (1995), PP. 1697-1719] describe the following: accurate and reliable calorimetry, measurement of excess heat released during electrolysis of water potassium carbonate by flow calorimetry; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ), Experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in the fractional quantum energy level-hydrinol; experimental identification of hydrogen atoms in the fractional quantum energy level hydrino-one by the emission of soft lines from dark matter; ionization Experimental identification and overview of molecular hydrogen in a fractional quantum energy level-dihydrino molecule with high precision magnetic sector mass spectroscopy with energy measurement capability.

(Overview:)
There are other complete theories that predict the fractional quantum energy level of hydrogen and the heat release reaction that produces lower energy hydrogen [Mills, R .; , “The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, (1995), Technological Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, provided by Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation, Great Valley Corporate Center, 41 Great Va11ey Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, R. Mills; “The Unification of Spacetime, the Forces, Matter, and Energy,” (Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, 1992).

Excess power and heat were observed during electrolysis of water potassium carbonate. Flow calorimetry of pulsed current electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water at a nickel cathode was performed with a single cell dewar. The average output from 24.6 watts exceeded the average human power (voltage x current) of 4.73 watts by a factor greater than 5. The total input energy (voltage x current integral) over the whole period of the experiment was 5.72 MJ; however, the total output energy was 29.8 MJ. No excessive heat was observed when the electrolyte was changed from potassium carbonate to sodium carbonate. The heat source is assigned to an electrocatalytic heat release reaction, which induces the hydrogen atom's electrons to transition to quantized energy levels below the conventional "ground state". These lower energy states correspond to fractional quantum numbers: n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, ... 27.2 eV of energy sinks, paired potassium ions (K ⁺ / K ⁺ when electrocatalytic couple) is present, a transition is induced to these lower energy states.

In the identification of n = 1/2 hydrogen atoms, H (n = 1/2) is reported. Samples of nickel cathodes in a water potassium carbonate cell and a water carbonate cell were analyzed by XPS. A broad peak with a center point of 54.6 eV was present only for potassium carbonate cells. The binding energy (in vacuum) of H (n = 1/2) is 54.6 eV. Therefore, it is in excellent agreement with the measured bond energy of the theoretical H (n = 1/2).
Further experimental identification of hydrino lowered to H (n = 1/8) can be found in another explanation by Mills et al. This is Labov and Bowyer [S. Labov and S. This is related to soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar media observed by Bowyer, Astrophysical Journal, 371 (1991) 810 of the Extreme UV Center of the University of California, Berkeley. The experimental spectrum and the predicted energy value of the proposed transition are in significant agreement.

The reaction product of two H (n = 1/2) atoms, the dihydrino molecule, was confirmed by mass spectroscopy (Shrader Analytical & Consulting Laboratories). According to the mass spectrum of the cryofiltered gas released during electrolysis of light water K ₂ CO ₃ electrolyte at the nickel cathode, the dihydrino molecule, H2 (n = 1/2) is the standard molecular hydrogen, H2 ( It is proved to have ionization energy higher than 15.46eV of n = 1), about 63eV. Post-combustion gas analysis with a high precision (0.001 AMU) magnetic sector mass spectrometer suggested the presence of two peaks at 70 eV with a nominal mass of 2 and one peak at 25 eV. The same analysis of molecular hydrogen suggests only one peak at 25eV and one peak at 70ev. In the case of the sample after combustion at 70 eV, one peak is assigned as the peak of the hydrogen molecular ion, H ⁺ ₂ (n = 1), and one peak as the dihydrino molecule with a slightly larger magnetic moment. , H ⁺ ₂ (n = 1/2) was assigned.

(Example 2)
“Fusion Technology” [Mills, R., Good, W. Shaubach, R .; In the January 1994 edition of "Dihydrino Molecular Identification", 25, 103 (1994)], Mills et al. Reviewed and presented three sets of heat generation and "ash" identification data. This includes Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation (Experiment # 1- # 3)
Thermacore, Inc. (Experiment # 4- # 14) studies included.

(Overview:)
Mills et al. Report experimental evidence in support of Mills theory. According to this theory, when an exothermic reaction occurs, the energy holes that induce this transition so that the electrons of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms relax to the quantized potential energy level below the "ground state". It is said to be induced by electrochemical reactants such as K ⁺ and K ⁺ , Pd ²⁺ and Li ⁺ , or Pd and O ₂ with redox energy resonating with. Pulse current calorimetry and continuous electrolysis of potassium carbonate in water (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) were performed at the nickel cathode. The excess output from 41 watts exceeded the total input power provided by the electrolysis voltage and current product by a factor greater than 8. The “ash” of the heat release reaction is an atom having energy electrons less than the “ground state”, and is predicted to form a molecule. The predicted molecules were confirmed by lack of reactivity with oxygen, separation from molecular weight hydrogen by cryofiltration, and analysis of mass spectrometers.

The combustion of the gas released during the electrolysis of the light water K ₂ CO ₃ electrolyte (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple) with the nickel cathode was incomplete. By mass spectrometry of non-combustible gases (Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.), species that give predominantly m / e = 2 peaks are different from hydrogen from m / e = 1 to m / e = 2 It was proved that it must have production efficiency. Further mass spectroscopic analysis at the m / e = 2 peak of the non-combustible gas demonstrated that the dihydrino molecule, H ₂ (n = 1/2), has a higher ionization energy than H ₂ .

According to analysis of raw data by Mills et al., The Miles of China Lake Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division has a mass-to-charge ratio of 4 and a higher ionization potential than standard molecular weight hydrogen. The dideutrino molecule was observed as a species with Miles uses mass spectroscopy, excessive output generating electrolyser (palladium cathode and LiOD / D ₂ 0 electrolytes; 27.54EV the electrocatalytic couple) with a gas released from, was cold filtration (Cryofiltered) The thing was analyzed [B. F. BUSH, J. et al. J. LAGOWSKI, M.M. H. MILES, and G. S. OSTROM, "helium generation of D ₂ O electrolysis at a low temperature fusion experiment (Helium Production During the Electrolysis of D 2 0 in Cold Fusion Experiments) ", J. Electroanal. Chem 304, 271 (1991); H. MILES, B. F. BUSH, G. S. OSTROM, and J. J. LAGOWSKI, “Heat and Helium Production in Cold Fusion Experiments”, Proc. Conf. The Science of Cold Fusion, Como, Italy, June 29-July 4, 1991, p. 363, T.M. BRESSANI, E.DELGIUDICE, and G. PREPARATA, Eds. SIF (1991); H. MILES, R. A. HOLLINS, B. F. BUSH, J. et al. J. LAGOWSKI, and R. E. J. MILES, "excess heat and correlation helium production of D ₂ O and H ₂ O electrolysis using palladium cathode (Correlation of Excess Power and Helium Production During D 2 0 and H 2 0 Electrolysis Using Pa11adium Cathodes) ", J. Electroanal. mem. , 346, 99 (1993); H. MILES and B. F. BUSH, "excess heat and exploration of abnormal effect of helium production of D ₂ O electrolysis using palladium cathode (Search for Anomalous Effects Involving Excess Power and Helium During D 2 O Electrolysis Using Palladium Cathodes) ", Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Nagoya, Japan, October 21-25, 1992, p. 189].

The palladium sheet with one side covered with hydrogen impervious gold dust and the other side coated with an oxide coat (MnOx, AlOx, SiOx) was either deuterium or hydrogen loaded in the NTT laboratory. Heat was observed from light / deuterium only when a mixed oxide coat (Pd / O ₂ electrocatalytic couple) was present. The gas released when a current was applied to a deuterium (99.9%) loaded MnOx coated palladium sheet was analyzed by a high precision (.001AMU) quadrapole mass spectrometer, and Mills et al. Reported the dideutrino molecule, D2. The presence of a large shoulder in the D2 peak assigned to (n = 1/2) is suggested [E. YAMAGUCHI and T. MSHIOKA “Direct Evidence for Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Palladium”, Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. CoId Fusion, Nagoya, Japan, October 21-25, 1992, p. 179; YAMAGUCHI and T. NISHIOKA, “Helium-4 Production from Deuterated Palladium at Low Energies”, NTT Basic Research Laboratories and IMRA Europe S. A. , Personal Communication (1992)].

(Example 3)
Excess heat release from flowing hydrogen in the presence of nickel oxide powder containing strontium niobium oxide (Nb ³⁺ / Sr ²⁺ electrocatalytic couple) at Pennsylvania State University measured by accurate and reliable thermal measurement method It was done. This method is a thermopile conversion of heat into an electrical output signal [Phillips, J. “Calorimetric Investigation of the Reaction of Hydrogen with Sample PSU # 1” "September 11, 1994, confidential report filed on the right and provided from right: Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation, Great Valley Corporate Center, 41 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA19355]. Excess power and heat were observed, with hydrogen increasing at higher flow rates flowing over the catalyst. However, no excess power was observed with helium flowing over the catalyst / nickel oxidation mixture or with hydrogen flowing over the single nickel oxidation. As shown in Figure 9, the nickel oxide powder containing strontium niobium oxide of about 10cc produced a steady state output power of 0.55W immediately 523 ^○ K. When the gas was switched from hydrogen to helium, the power decreased immediately. When switching back to hydrogen, the excess output power recovered and continued to increase until the hydrogen source cylinder was empty at about 40,000 seconds. When there was no hydrogen flow, the output power dropped to zero.

The heat source is assigned to electrocatalysis, an exothermic reaction, which induces hydrogen atom electrons to transition to quantized energy levels below the conventional “ground state”. These lower energy states correspond to fractional quantum numbers: n = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4. When there is a pair of niobium and strontium ions (Nb ³⁺ / Sr ²⁺ electrocatalytic couple) that provide an energy sink of 27.2 eV, a transition to these lower energy states is induced.

(Example 4)
"Spectral Data of Hydrinos from the Dark Interstellar Medium", and Mills's "The Mills, R.," The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics) (1995), Technological Pblishing Company, Lancaster, PA], an experimental study of hydrogen atoms by the emission of dark matter and soft X-rays from the sun at the fractional quantum energy level-hydrino. The identification has been described; and offers clarification to the following problems: solar neutral micron problem, solar corona temperature problem, hydrogen 911.8 line broadening problem, "release zone" to "convection zone" Transition temperature problems, low temperature carbon monoxide cloud problems, star age problems, solar rotation problems, solar flare problems, and hydrogen planet ionization energy source problems. It also describes the experimental identification of hydrogen atoms within the fractional quantum energy level -hydrino-. This is due to the spin / nuclear hyperfine transition energy obtained by COBE, and there is no other satisfactory assignment.

(Overview)
Mills Table 1 [Mills, R .; , "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics" (1995), Technological Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA], fractional quanta predicted from Mills theory Hydrogen transitions to electron energy levels below the “ground” state corresponding to the number are balanced with spectral lines in the extreme ultraviolet background of interstellar space. Hydrogen disproportionation reactions also generate ionized hydrogen, energetic electrons, and hydrogen ionizing radiation. This assignment elucidates the paradox of dark matter identity and explains many astronomical observations: Diffuse Hα emission is ubiquitous in the galaxy and requires a wide range of light sources shorter than 912Å [Labov, S .; Bowyer, S .; , “Spectral Observations of the Extreme Ultraviolet Background”, “Astrophysical Journal”, 371, (1991), PP. 810-819].

  A further experimental identification of hydrino-reduction to H (n = 1/8)-can be found in another explanation by Mills regarding the soft X-ray emission of dark interstellar media. This soft X-ray emission is the result of Labov and Bowyer [S. Labov and S. Observed by Bowyer, “Astrophysical Journal”, 371 (1991) 810]. The experimental spectrum and the predicted energy value at the proposed transition are in significant agreement.

The paradox of solar thermal neutral deficiency to account for solar thermal energy output by the pp chain is solved by allocating most of the solar heat output to the transition to lower energy hydrogen. The solar photosphere is 6000K; however, based on assigning emitted X-rays to highly ionized heavy elements, the temperature of the corona is above 10 ⁶ K. None of the known power transmission mechanisms can account for the corona excess temperature relative to the photosphere temperature. The paradox is solved by the presence of a power supply associated with the corona. The energy that maintains the corona at temperatures above 10 ⁶ K is that released by the lower energy hydrogen disproportionation given by equation (13-15). In Mills Table 2, from a hydrino atom with an initial lower energy state quantum number p and a radius α _H / p, an initial lower energy state quantum number m, an initial radius α _H / m, and a final radius , The energy released by the transition to the lower energy state quantum number, (p + m) and radius, α _H / (p + m), catalyzed by the hydrino atom with α _H is 1 → 1 / It is given in order of energy from 2H transition to 1/9 → 1 / 10H transition. The calculated values and the experimental ones agree significantly. In addition, many of the lines in Table 2 have no prior attribution or are not satisfactory [Thomas, R .; J. , Neupert, W .; , M.M. , “Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series”, Vol. 91, (1994), PP. 46-482; Malinovsky, M .; , Heroux, L .; , “Astrophysical Journal”, Vol. 181, (1973), PP. 1009-1030; Noyes, R.A. , “The Sun, Our Star,” Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1982), P.172; Phillips, J. et al. H. , "Guide to the Sun", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, (1992), pp. 118-119; 120-121; 144-145]. Calculated output, 4 × 10 ²⁶ W is observed output power, commensurate with 4 × 10 ²⁶ W.

The spread of the sun's HI911.8Å line (911.8Å to = 600Å) is based on the thermionic energy of the photosphere surface (T = 6,000K) generated by the HI911.8Å continuum, and the helium continuum, HeI504.3Å (HeI504.3Å to = 530Å) and 6 times that predicted based on the relative width of HeII227.9Å (HeII227.9Åto = 225Å) [Thomas, RJ, Neupert, W. , M.M. , “Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series”, Vol. 91, (1994), PP. 461-482; Stix, M., "The Sun", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1991), PP. 351-356; Malinovsky, M .; , Heroux, L .; , “Astrophysical Journal”, Vol. 181, (1973), PP. 1009-one 1030; , “The Sun, Our Star”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, (1982), p. 172; Phillips, J .; H. , "Guide to the Sun", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain, (1992), PP. 118-119; 120-121; 144-145]. The latter line is proportionally much narrower; however, since the transition has more energy, the corresponding origin temperature is higher. Furthermore, the continuum line of the red flame spectrum of H911.8 is about 1/2 the width of the same line of the quiet solar spectrum. However, the temperature is higher than 10,000K due to red flame. The characteristic problem of the anomalous spectrum, which is the excessive broadening of the hydrogen continuum line to higher energies, is solved by assigning the spreading mechanism to the disproportionation reaction with energy related to the hydrogen atom as the reactant. it can.

The reaction product, lower energy hydrogen, is “reionized” when diffused toward the center of the sun. The abrupt change in the velocity of sound at a temperature of 2 × 10 ⁶ K, a radius of 0.7 sun radius, and a transition velocity from the “emission layer” to the “convection layer” at 0.7 R _s is the ionization temperature of the lower energy hydrogen. balance.
Another spectroscopic mystery is related to the infrared absorption band of the chromosphere at a wavelength of 4.7 μm. This wavelength was previously assigned to carbon monoxide. However, its existence was difficult to believe in the observation region at a temperature higher than the temperature at which carbon monoxide splits into its constituent carbon and oxygen atoms. This problem can be solved by assigning a broad 4.7 μm feature to the temperature extended by the rotational transition of the lower energy hydrogen molecular ions. The assignment of the 4.7 μm absorption line to the rotational transition of J = 0 to J = 1 H ^x ₂ [2C −3α ₀ ] ⁺ provides a solution to the problem of low temperature carbon monoxide clouds.

When modeling how stars evolve, some stars are estimated to be older than the age of the universe. According to Mills' theory, it is predicted that there will be stars older than the current time to expansion, as stars evolved during systole.
General relativity provides a solution to the problem of loss of nuclear angular momentum, consistent with current solar models and helioseismology data (a study of obtaining information about the sun's interior from vibrations on the sun's surface). The transmission of photon momentum to the expanding spatiotemporal mechanism provides a solution to the solar rotation problem of the slowly rotating solar core.
Evidence for further star disproportionation is the emission of extreme ultraviolet radiation by a young star called A star. Even though astronomers believe that such stars lack the ability to heat these regions, they appear to have a higher atmosphere that is energetic and emits ultraviolet light, the corona. It is.

  Many late stars (especially dM stars) are known to sometimes flare at visible X-ray wavelengths. Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) Deep Survey Telescope has observed extremely striking flares on the star AU Microscopii with a total of 20 times larger than inactive [Bowyer, S., Science, Vol. 263, (1994), pp. 55-59]. An extreme ultraviolet emission line with no satisfactory attribution was observed. These spectral lines balance hydrogen transitions to electron energy levels below the “ground” state, corresponding to the fractional quantum numbers shown in Mills Table 3. Lines assigned to lower energy hydrogen transitions significantly increased the intensity of flare activity. This data is consistent with the lower energy hydrogen disproportionation as the active mechanism of solar flare.

Evidence for the disproportionation reaction of the planet is the release of more energy than is absorbed from the sun by Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Jupiter is a huge sphere of gaseous hydrogen. Saturn and Uranus also contain large amounts of hydrogen. H ⁺ ₃ is detected from all three planets by infrared emission spectroscopy [J. Tennyson, "Physics-World", July, (1995), PP.33-36]. The disproportionation reaction of hydrogen results in ionized electrons, energy, and ionized hydrogen atoms. Both ionized electrons and protons can react with molecular hydrogen to produce H ⁺ ₃ .
The spin / nuclear hyperfine transition energy of lower energy hydrogen closely balances certain spectral lines obtained by COBE [E, L. Wright, et. al., "Astrophysical Journal", 381, (1991), PP. 200-209; C. Mather, et. al. , “Astrophysical Journal”, 420, (1994), PP. 439-444]. There are no other satisfactory attributions to this.

(Example 5)
At Pennsylvania State University, excess heat release from flowing hydrogen in the presence of ionic hydrogen overflow catalysis was measured: 5% by weight 1% Pd-on-graphite with graphite carbon Thermopile conversion of heat to electrical output signal [Phillips, J., et al.] By accurate and reliable thermal measurement of 40% by weight potassium nitrate (KNO ₃ ) of carbon powder (K ⁺ / K ⁺ electrocatalytic couple). Shim, H .; , “Additional Calorimetric Examples of Anomalous Heat from Physical Mixtures of K / Carbon and Pd / Carbon”, January l, 1996, A confidential report is submitted to the right and provided from the right: Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation, Great Valley Corporate Center, 41 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA19355]. Excess power and heat were observed with hydrogen flowing over the catalyst. However, no excess power was observed with the helium flowing over the catalyst mixture. The heat production rate was observed reproducibly and higher than expected from the conversion of all hydrogen entering the cell to water. Also, the total energy observed was more than four times that predicted, assuming that all the catalytic agents in the cell were converted from the “known” chemical reaction to the lowest energy state. Thus, “abnormal” heat that cannot be explained by conventional chemistry, that is, heat having a magnitude and duration, was reproducibly observed.

(Example 6)
Excess heat from a pressurized gas energy cell with a source of energy pore gas was observed by Hydro Catalysis Power Corporation [manuscript in progress]. At that time, low-pressure hydrogen was present in molybdenum iodide (MoI ₂ ) (Mo ₂ ⁺ electrocatalytic ion) and volatilized at a cell operating temperature of 210 ° C. The calorimeter was placed in a large convection oven that maintained the ambient temperature of the cell at the operating temperature. The cell consists of a 40cc stainless steel pressure vessel surrounded by a 2 inch thick molded ceramic insulation. The cell was sealed with a vacuum tight flange with a two-hole Buffalo gland. This Buffalo gland is a 1 / 16-inch for hydrogen connected to a 1 / 4-inch stainless steel tube connected with tungsten wire to dissociate molecular hydrogen and to a Type K thermocouple borehole and hydrogen source. Supply the population. The flange is sealed with a copper gasket. At the bottom of the vessel is a 1/4 inch vacuum port connected to a stainless steel tube, which has a valve between the cell, vacuum pump, and vacuum gauge. Less than 1 gram of MoI ₂ catalyst was placed in a ceramic boat in the container. The vapor pressure of the catalyst was estimated to be about 50 millitorr at an operating temperature of 210 ° C. A hydrogen pressure of about 200 to 250 millitorr was controlled manually by adjusting the feed through the inlet relative to the amount pumped at the outlet. At the outlet, the pressure in the outlet pipe is monitored with a vacuum gauge. In each test, the total pressure (experimentally MoI ₂ pressure) was exactly 250 millitorr.

The output power is determined by measuring the difference between the cell temperature and the ambient temperature of the oven and comparing the result to a calibration curve generated by applying the output in the cell by a tungsten filament. When hydrogen was flowed over a hot tungsten wire (= 2000 ° C.), an excess output of 0.3 watts was observed from a 40 cc stainless steel reaction vessel containing less than 1 g of MoI ₂ . However, when there was no MoI ₂ in the cell, no excess power was observed when helium was flowed over the hot tungsten wire or hydrogen was flowed over the hot tungsten wire. The heat production rate was observed reproducibly, which was higher than expected from the conversion of all hydrogen in the cell to water. Also, the total energy observed was more than 30 times greater than expected from the “known” chemical reaction, assuming that all catalytic agents in the cell were converted to the lowest energy state. Thus, “abnormal” heat that cannot be explained by conventional chemistry, that is, heat having a magnitude and duration, was observed reproducibly.

The gas content of the reactor was monitored with a mass spectrometer. When hydrogen is flowed over the hot filament, two higher ionization masses can be observed when excess energy is generated; however, when no MoI ₂ is present in the cell, hydrogen is present on the hot tungsten wire. In the control run, two higher ionization masses were not observed. Two higher ionization masses were assigned to the dihydrino molecule;

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a total energy source of hydrogen atoms. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the size of the electron orbit sphere as a function of potential energy. FIG. 3 shows a hydrogen molecule, H ₂ [2C ′ = √2a ₀ ], a hydrogen molecular ion, H ₂ [2C ′ = √2a ₀ ] ⁺ , a dihydrino molecule, H ^* ₂ [2C ′ = a ₀ / √2] And is a schematic diagram of the total energy source of the dihydrino molecular ion, H ₂ [2C ′ = a ₀ ] ⁺ . FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the size as a function of the total energy of the hydrogen-type molecule, H ₂ [2C = 2a ₀ / p]. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an energy reactor according to the invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electrolytic cell energy reactor according to the present invention. FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a pressurized gas energy reactor according to the present invention. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a gas discharge energy reactor according to the invention. FIG. 9 is a line of excess heat release from a hydrogen stream when nickel oxide powder containing strontium niobium oxide (Nb ³⁺ / Sr ²⁺ electrocatalytic couple) is present. This is due to an accurate and reliable thermal measurement method, the thermopile conversion of heat into an electrical output signal.

Claims (51)

A first container capable of having a pressure greater than vacuum or atmospheric pressure;
To form a gaseous transition catalyst for catalyzing the transition of a hydrogen atom to a lower energy state, where n = 1 (where n is the energy state of the electrons in the free hydrogen atom). An effective amount of a substance;
A source of hydrogen atoms in the gas phase;
Means for forming the gaseous transition catalyst from the material; and under conditions where the hydrogen atoms transition to an energy state lower than n = 1 and release energy, the gaseous transition catalyst is placed in the vessel. Means for contacting with said hydrogen atom at;
A cell characterized by comprising: The cell of claim 1 wherein the gaseous transition catalyst is adapted to absorb multiples of about 27 eV from the hydrogen atom when the hydrogen atom transitions to a lower energy state. The gas transition catalyst is adapted to resonate with energy released by the hydrogen atom when the hydrogen atom transitions to a lower energy state. Cell. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of hydrogen atoms includes a hydrogen-containing gas and means for dissociating the hydrogen-containing gas. The source of hydrogen atoms includes hot filament and hydrogen-containing gas flow, hot lattice and hydrogen-containing gas flow, tungsten capillary and hydrogen-containing gas flow heated to 1800-2000K by electron bombardment, hydrogen maintained under non-equilibrium conditions 5. The cell of claim 4, comprising at least one of a chemical compound, and an inductively coupled plasma flow tube and a hydrogen-containing gas stream. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of hydrogen atoms includes a hydrogen-containing gas stream and a second catalyst for dissociating the hydrogen-containing gas stream into free hydrogen atoms. The cell of claim 6, wherein the hydrogen dissociation catalyst comprises at least one element selected from the group of transition elements, lanthanides, and activated carbon. 2. The cell of claim 1, further comprising means for absorbing energy from the hydrogen atoms making the transition. The cell of claim 1 further comprising means for removing molecular hydrogen having an energy state lower than n = 1. 2. A boat-shaped or second container for containing the substance, and means for connecting the boat-shaped or second container to the first container. Cell. 11. A cell according to claim 10, wherein the boat-shaped or second container further comprises means for heating the material contained therein. The cell of claim 1, wherein the gaseous transition catalyst is an ionic compound that resists hydrogen reduction. The cell of claim 1 wherein the material is adapted to sublimate, boil or volatilize when heated. The cell of claim 1, wherein the substance comprises a rubidium or potassium salt. The substance is
A rubidium salt selected from the group consisting of RbF, RbCl, RbBr, Rbl, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , Rb ₂ CO ₃ , and R b ₃ P0 _4. 1 cell. The substance is
KF, KCl, KBr. _{KI, K 2 S 2, KOH} , K 2 S0 4, K 2 CO 3, K cell of claim 1, characterized in that it comprises ₂ PO ₄ and potassium salts selected from the group consisting of K ₂ GeF ₄ . The material is adapted to provide a vapor pressure greater than 0 for a cation selected from the group consisting of (Rb ⁺ ), (M0 ²⁺ ), and (Ti ²⁺ ) when the material is heated. The cell of claim 1 wherein: The substance is adapted to provide a pair of cations having a vapor pressure greater than 0 when the substance is heated;
The paired cations are (Sn ⁴⁺ , Si ⁴⁺ ), (Pr ³⁺ , Ca ²⁺⁾ , (Sr ²⁺ , Cr ²⁺ ), (Cr ³⁺ , Tb ³⁺ ), (Sb ^{3 +} , Co ²⁺ ), (Bi ³⁺ , Ni ²⁺ ), (Pd ²⁺ , In ⁺ ), (La ^3+, Dy ³⁺ ), (La ³⁺ , Ho ³⁺ ), (K ⁺ , K ⁺ ), (V ³⁺ , Pd ²⁺ ), (Lu ³⁺ , Zn ²⁺ ), (As ³⁺ , Ho ³⁺ ), (Mo ⁵⁺ , Sn ⁴⁺ ), (Sb ³⁺ , Cd ²⁺ ), (Ag2 ⁺ , Ag +), (La3 ⁺ , Er3 ⁺ ), ( ^{V4 +, B3 +} ), (Fe3 ⁺ , Ti3 ⁺ ), (Co2 ⁺ , Ti ⁺ ) , (Bi ³⁺ , Zn ²⁺ ), (As ³⁺ , Dy ³⁺ ), (Ho ³⁺ , Mg ²⁺ ), (K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ ), (Cr ³⁺ , Pr ³⁺ ), ( (Sr ^2+, Fe ²⁺ ), (Ni ²⁺ , Cu ⁺ ), (Sr ^2+, Mo ²⁺ ), (Y ³⁺ , Zr ⁴⁺ ), (Cd ²⁺ , Ba ²⁺ ), (Ho ³⁺ , Pb ²⁺ ), (Pd ²⁺ , Li ⁺ ), (Eu ³⁺ , Mg ²⁺ ), (Er ^3+, Mg ²⁺ ), (Bi ⁴⁺ , Al ³⁺ ), (Ca ^{2 +} , Sm ³⁺ ), (V ³⁺ , La ³⁺ ), (Gd ³⁺ , Cr ²⁺ ), (Mn ²⁺ , Ti ⁺ ), (Yb ³⁺ , Fe ²⁺ ), (Ni ²⁺ , Ag ⁺ ), (Zn ²⁺ , Yb ²⁺ ), (Se ⁴⁺ , Sn ⁴⁺ ), (Sb ³⁺ , Bi ²⁺ ), and (Eu ³⁺ , Pb ²⁺ )
The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell is selected from the group consisting of: The cell of claim 1, wherein the material comprises a salt that can be evaporated or volatilized into ions. The salt includes at least one cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of halide, sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, hydroxide, and sulfide. The cell of claim 19. The cell of claim 1 wherein said means for forming said gaseous transition catalyst from said material comprises at least one of heat, electron beam energy, photon energy, sound energy, electric field, or magnetic field. . The material is adapted to provide gaseous atoms, and the means for forming the transition catalyst further comprises means for ionizing the gaseous atoms to form the gaseous transition catalyst. The cell of claim 1. And further comprising means for heating the substance, wherein the substance is adapted to provide gaseous atoms when the substance is heated, and the means for forming the transition catalyst comprises the gas A cell according to claim 1, characterized in that it has means for ionizing the atoms. The cell of claim 1 wherein the material comprises a filament that, when activated, forms the gaseous transition catalyst. The cell of claim 1 wherein the means for forming the gaseous transition catalyst comprises a filament and the material is coated on the filament. The material is adapted to provide gaseous atoms when heated, and the means for forming the transition catalyst comprises means for ionizing the gaseous atoms. 11 cells. 11. The cell of claim 10, wherein the substance comprises a salt that can be evaporated or volatilized into ions. The cell of claim 1, further comprising a non-reactive gas, wherein the output is controlled by controlling an amount of the non-reactive gas. The cell of claim 1 wherein the source of hydrogen atoms includes means for pyrolyzing hydrocarbons or water. 30. The cell of claim 29, wherein the cell comprises an internal combustion engine cylinder. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising means for controlling the output of the cell, wherein the output control means comprises means for controlling the amount of the gas transition catalyst or the amount of hydrogen atoms. cell. The means for controlling the amount of the gaseous transition catalyst comprises means for controlling the temperature of the cell, and the substance is adapted to have a vapor pressure dependent on the temperature of the cell. 32. The cell of claim 31, wherein: Further, there is a means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means has means for controlling the temperature in the boat shape or the second container, and the substance is the boat shape or the second shape. The cell of claim 10 adapted to have a vapor pressure dependent on the temperature of the two vessels. 32. The cell of claim 31, wherein the amount of hydrogen atoms is controlled by controlling the flow of hydrogen atoms from the source of hydrogen atoms. And a means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means comprising: the hot filament; the tungsten capillary heated by electron bombardment; or the inductively coupled plasma flow tube. Means for controlling the flow of the hydrogen-containing gas through at least one;
Means for controlling the power dissipated in the inductively coupled plasma flow tube;
Means for controlling the temperature of the hot filament or tungsten capillary heated by electron impact, or
Means for controlling the pressure of hydrogen and the temperature of the hydride maintained under non-equilibrium conditions;
6. The cell of claim 5 comprising: The cell of claim 1, further comprising means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means comprising means for monitoring the amount of energy released. And a means for controlling the output of the cell, the output control means comprising a computerized monitoring and control system for monitoring at least one of a thermistor, a spectrometer, or a gas chromatograph. The cell of claim 1. A method for extracting energy from hydrogen atoms,
Volatilizing the material to form a gaseous transition catalyst;
Providing a hydrogen atom; and contacting the gaseous transition catalyst with the hydrogen atom under conditions where the hydrogen atom transitions to an energy state lower than n = 1 and energy is released from the hydrogen atom. Wherein n is the energy state of electrons in a free hydrogen atom, and the gaseous transition catalyst is a catalyst for catalyzing the transition of hydrogen to an energy state lower than n = 1. is there;
An energy extraction method comprising the steps of: 39. The method of claim 38, wherein providing the hydrogen atom comprises dissociating a hydrogen-containing gas into hydrogen atoms. The step of providing the hydrogen atom is performed by flowing a hydrogen-containing gas through a hot filament, flowing a hydrogen-containing gas through a hot lattice, or heated to 1800-2000K by electron bombardment. To flow the hydrogen-containing gas through, or to maintain the hydride in a non-equilibrium state, or to flow and freeze the hydrogen-containing gas through an inductively coupled plasma flow tube. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein at least one is performed. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein providing the hydrogen atoms comprises contacting a hydrogen-containing gas with a second catalyst for dissociating the hydrogen-containing gas stream into free hydrogen atoms. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the gaseous transition catalyst absorbs multiples of about 27 eV from the hydrogen when the hydrogen atom transitions to a lower energy state. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the gaseous transition catalyst is adapted to provide resonant absorption with respect to energy released by the hydrogen atom when the hydrogen atom transitions to a lower energy state. . 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising the steps of performing the method in a cell comprising a vessel capable of having a vacuum or a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. 340. The method of claim 338, further comprising the step of controlling the output of the cell. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of controlling the output of the cell includes controlling the flow of hydrogen atoms to the cell. 39. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of absorbing the released energy. 40. The method of claim 38, further comprising the step of removing molecular hydrogen having an energy state lower than n = 1. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said step of volatilizing a material to form a gaseous transition catalyst comprises volatilizing said material and ionizing said gaseous atom to form a gaseous atom. . A method of producing fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atoms (hydrinos),
Volatilizing the material to form a gaseous transition catalyst;
Forming hydrogen atoms; and transitioning the gaseous transition catalyst to an energy state where the hydrogen atoms are lower than n = 1 and energy is released from the hydrogen atoms, thereby the fractional quantum energy level hydrogen. Contacting the hydrogen atom under conditions that form an atom, where n is an energy state of an electron in a free hydrogen atom, and the gaseous transition catalyst is in an energy state lower than n = 1. A catalyst for catalyzing the hydrogen transition of
A method for producing a fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atom, comprising the steps of: 51. The method of claim 50, further comprising collecting and purifying the fractional quantum energy level hydrogen atoms.

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