JP2008008957A - Elastic member for electrophotographic apparatus and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus which allows suppression of contamination in a mixing chamber in a manufacturing process and improvement of productivity by shortening the curing/demolding time, and to provide a method for manufacturing the same. <P>SOLUTION: The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus comprises polyurethane obtained using an alkali metal salt of a saturated fatty acid and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, a manufacturing method thereof, a developing blade for an electrophotographic apparatus, a cleaning blade, and a developing roller.

In electrophotographic apparatuses such as printers, copiers, and facsimiles, a developing roller that contacts the photoconductor, a cleaning blade for removing toner remaining on the photoconductor and transfer belt after transfer, and a thin toner on the developing roller. Various sliding parts such as a developing blade for forming a layer are used. For these parts, polyurethane which is flexible and elastic and has excellent wear resistance is generally used.

Polyurethane electrophotographic device parts, for example, a urethane prepolymer and a curing agent containing a curing catalyst are mixed and stirred in a mixing chamber attached to the casting machine, and then injected into a molding die and cured. A polyurethane semi-finished product is obtained through demolding of the cured product, and further processed into a predetermined shape by post-processing (cutting, polishing, etc.).

As described above, in the production of polyurethane electrophotographic device parts, a curing catalyst is usually used for the purpose of improving productivity, and a tertiary amine compound or the like has been conventionally used. In order to shorten the curing demolding time and improve the productivity in the production method described above, it is effective to increase the amount of catalyst used.

However, the curing reaction is promoted with an increase in the catalyst amount. For this reason, for example, when the amount of the tertiary amine compound used is increased in the manufacturing method described above, the curing reaction proceeds during mixing and stirring in the mixing chamber, and as a result, the chamber is contaminated with a cured product. There was. Furthermore, due to the fact that the cured product generated in the chamber is injected into the molding die, a foreign matter defect may occur in the obtained polyurethane product. Particularly in parts for electrophotographic apparatuses, such foreign matter has a fatal adverse effect on images.

The above-mentioned problems can be suppressed, for example, by frequently washing the inside of the mixing chamber with a solvent. However, since a large amount of solvent is used, environmental problems occur and production There is also the problem of inhibiting sex. Therefore, it has been desired to provide other means capable of improving the above-described problems.

Patent Document 1 uses an isocyanate composition comprising a prepolymer obtained by partially polymerizing a polyisocyanate and a high molecular weight polyol, a curing agent mainly containing a polyol, and saturated fatty acid potassium as a curing catalyst. A cleaning blade obtained in this manner is disclosed.

Patent Document 2 is obtained by mixing and curing a prepolymer obtained from butylene adipate polyester polyol, hexylene adipate polyester polyol and polyisocyanate, a low molecular weight polyol and a curing agent containing potassium acetate and triethylenediamine as a curing catalyst. A cleaning blade is disclosed.

However, these documents do not describe the use of a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst. Further, it is still insufficient to improve the productivity by shortening the curing demolding time and to suppress the contamination in the mixing chamber.
JP 2002-80552 A JP 2002-296993 A

In view of the above situation, the present invention provides an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus that can suppress contamination in the mixing chamber during the manufacturing process, and can improve the productivity by shortening the curing demolding time. And it aims at providing the manufacturing method.

The present invention is an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising a polyurethane obtained using a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst.
The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is preferably a saturated fatty acid sodium salt, potassium salt or lithium salt.

The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is a salt represented by RCOOM (R is an alkyl group represented by C _n H _{2n + 1.} N is an integer of 0 to 9. M is an alkali metal). It is preferable.

In the present invention, a composition comprising a polyurethane component, a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt as a curing catalyst and an organotin compound is mixed and stirred in a mixing chamber (1), and mixed in the above-described process (1). A step (2) of injecting the stirred composition into a molding die that has been adjusted to a curing temperature in advance, a step (3) of curing the composition injected in the step (2), and the above It is also a method for producing an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising a step (4) of demolding the cured product obtained in the step (3).

The present invention is also a developing blade for an electrophotographic apparatus obtained by using the above-described elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus.
The present invention is also a cleaning blade for an electrophotographic apparatus obtained by using the above-described elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus.
The present invention is also a developing roller for an electrophotographic apparatus obtained by using the above-described elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

In the present invention, both components of a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound are used in combination as a curing catalyst. When both of the above components are used together as a curing catalyst in the production of polyurethane, the progress of the curing reaction in the chamber is suppressed during the stirring of the raw material in the mixing chamber. For this reason, even if the operation | work of injection | pouring in a chamber, stirring, and discharge is continued for a long time, it can fully prevent that the inside of a chamber is contaminated with hardened | cured material.

Moreover, since the production | generation of hardened | cured material is suppressed, the foreign material defect by a hardened | cured material being inject | poured into the metal mold | die for shaping | molding can also be prevented. For this reason, it is possible to prevent such foreign matter from adversely affecting the image obtained by the electrophotographic apparatus. Furthermore, since it is not necessary to frequently clean the inside of the chamber with a solvent or the like, it is desirable from an environmental point of view.

Furthermore, when both the above components are used together as a curing catalyst, it is possible to rapidly advance the curing reaction after being injected into the molding die. For this reason, hardening and demolding time can be shortened, and a polyurethane product can be manufactured with high efficiency. Accordingly, the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention can be manufactured with high productivity.

Both effects of suppressing contamination in the mixing chamber during the manufacturing process and improving the productivity by shortening the curing demolding time are both components of saturated fatty acid alkali metal salts and organotin compounds as curing catalysts. Can be obtained specifically when used in combination. That is, when only one of them is used, the above effects cannot be achieved. The reason why both of the above effects can be achieved in the present invention is not clear, but it is presumed that a synergistic effect is exhibited by using both the saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and the organotin compound in combination.

The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention is made of polyurethane obtained using a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst.
The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is not particularly limited as long as it has a function of proceeding the curing reaction of polyurethane production. For example, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, capryl List salts of saturated fatty acids such as acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, and alkali metals of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium be able to. The saturated fatty acid constituting the saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt may be either linear or branched. The said saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt may be used independently and may use 2 or more types together.

Among the saturated fatty acid alkali metal salts, a salt represented by RCOOM (R is an alkyl group represented by C _n H _{2n + 1.} N is an integer of 0 to 9. M is an alkali metal). Is preferred. Thereby, it is possible to satisfactorily balance the above-described effects.

The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is preferably a saturated fatty acid sodium salt, potassium salt or lithium salt from the viewpoint of availability. The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt includes formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid or capric acid from the viewpoint of compatibility with the curing agent for polyurethane production. Alkali metal salts are preferred. Furthermore, when these saturated fatty acid alkali metal salts are used, the above-described effects can be satisfactorily achieved.

In the production of the polyurethane, the amount of the saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is preferably 0.005 to 0.1 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the raw material (composition) constituting the polyurethane. If it is less than 0.005 parts by mass, the mechanical properties of the resulting polyurethane may be lowered, or the curing time may take a long time. If it exceeds 0.1 parts by mass, the curing reaction proceeds in the mixing chamber, and the chamber may be contaminated with a cured product. More preferably, it is 0.008 to 0.06 parts by mass.

The organotin compound is not particularly limited as long as it has a function of proceeding the curing reaction of polyurethane production. For example, stannous octoate, dimethyltin diacetate, dibutyltin diacetate, dioctyltin diacetate, dimethyltin dilaurate, Dibutyltin dilaurate, dioctyltin dilaurate, dimethyltin dineodecanoate, dibutyltin dineodecanoate, dioctyltin dineodecanoate, dimethyltin dimercaptaide, dibutyltin dimercaptaide, dioctyltin dimercaptaide, dimethyltin malein And acid salts, dibutyltin maleate, dioctyltin maleate and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

In the production of the polyurethane, the amount of the organotin compound is preferably 0.0003 to 0.01 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the raw material (composition) constituting the polyurethane. If it is less than 0.0003 parts by mass, the mechanical properties of the resulting polyurethane may be lowered, or the curing time may take a long time. If it exceeds 0.01 parts by mass, the curing reaction may proceed in the mixing chamber and the chamber may be contaminated with a cured product. More preferably, it is 0.0005 to 0.006 parts by mass.

The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention is made of polyurethane. As a result, excellent properties such as flexibility, elasticity, and abrasion resistance can be obtained, and therefore, it can be suitably used for a developing blade for an electrophotographic apparatus, a cleaning blade, a developing roller, and the like.

Examples of the polyurethane forming the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus include those obtained by reacting polyol, polyisocyanate and, if necessary, a crosslinking agent.

It does not specifically limit as said polyol, For example, a polyester polyol, polyether polyol, etc. can be mentioned. Of these, polyester polyols are preferred from the viewpoint of obtaining excellent wear resistance. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The polyol preferably has a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, more preferably 1,000 to 3,000. By using a polyol within the above range, excellent properties such as flexibility, elasticity, and abrasion resistance can be obtained.

As said polyester polyol, what can be obtained by making dicarboxylic acid and glycol react according to a conventional method can be mentioned, for example.
Examples of the dicarboxylic acid include aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid; and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid. An acid etc. can be mentioned. Examples of the glycol include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, and 1,9-nonanediol. , Aliphatic glycols such as triethylene glycol, alicyclic glycols such as 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, aromatic diols such as p-xylene diol, polyoxyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polytetramethylene glycol Etc. Polyester polyols based on these have a linear structure, but may be branched polyesters using a trivalent or higher valent ester-forming component. Especially, as said dicarboxylic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is preferable and adipic acid is still more preferable. As the glycol, aliphatic glycol is preferable, and ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol are more preferable.

Furthermore, examples of the polyester polyol include those obtained by ring-opening addition of a lactone monomer using a low molecular weight polyhydric alcohol as an initiator in the presence of a catalyst (polylactone polyol). Examples of the low molecular weight polyhydric alcohol include divalent alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, and neopentyl glycol, and trivalent alcohols such as trimethylolpropane and glycerin. Is preferably used. Examples of the lactone monomer include γ-undecalactone, ε-caprolactone, α-methyl-ε-caprolactone, β-methyl-ε-caprolactone, γ-decalactone, δ-dodecalactone, γ-nonanolactone, γ-valerolactone, δ-valerolactone, β-butyrolactone, γ-butyrolactone, β-propiolactone, γ-hexanolactone and the like can be mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

Examples of the polyether polyol include polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polytetramethylene glycol, and copolymers thereof; alkylene oxide adducts such as bisphenol A, glycerin ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide. Can do.

It does not specifically limit as said polyisocyanate, A conventionally well-known thing can be used, For example, aliphatic isocyanate, alicyclic isocyanate, aromatic isocyanate etc. can be mentioned. Of these, aromatic isocyanate is preferable.

Examples of the aliphatic isocyanate include 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, and lysine diisocyanate. Moreover, the isocyanurate body of hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate, the biuret body, the modified body of an adduct body, etc. can be mentioned. Examples of the alicyclic isocyanate include alicyclic diisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, norbornane diisocyanate (NBDI), and the like. Examples of the aromatic isocyanate include tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), carbodiimide-modified MDI, and urethane. Examples include modified MDI. From the viewpoint of wear resistance, MDI is preferred. The said polyisocyanate may be used independently and may use 2 or more types together.

Examples of the crosslinking agent used as necessary in the polyurethane include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediol, hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, glycerin, hydrazine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane. 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, N, N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) aniline, and the like. Of these, ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and trimethylolpropane are preferable.

The polyurethane can be produced by a known method using the raw materials. For example, the curing catalyst is used, and the equivalent ratio of each raw material is OH / NCO = 0.8 to 1.05 (preferably 0.00. 85 to 1.00) and melt reaction. Moreover, it can manufacture by the method (one-shot method) which makes all the raw materials react simultaneously, a prepolymer method, a pseudo prepolymer method, etc.

More specifically, the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention can be obtained by the manufacturing method described below.
The above-mentioned elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus comprises a step (1) of mixing and stirring a composition comprising a polyurethane component and a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst in a mixing chamber, The step (2) of injecting the composition mixed and stirred in the step (1) into a molding die that has been temperature-controlled in advance to the curing temperature, and the step of curing the composition injected in the step (2) ( 3) and a method including a step (4) of demolding the cured product obtained in the step (3).

In the said manufacturing method, since it can suppress that a hardening reaction advances during mixing and stirring of the composition in the mixing chamber of the said process (1), the contamination by the hardened | cured material in a chamber is prevented. For this reason, the foreign material defect of the manufactured polyurethane product can also be prevented, and the adverse effect of the foreign material on the image can be suppressed. The above manufacturing method is also one aspect of the present invention.

Examples of the constituent component (raw material) and the curing catalyst (saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and organotin compound) of the polyurethane used in the step (1) are the same as those described above. For example, when manufacturing by a prepolymer method, the raw material which consists of components, such as a polyurethane prepolymer and a crosslinking agent, and additives, such as a curing catalyst (saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and organotin compound), can be used. . Moreover, when manufacturing by a one-shot method, the raw material which consists of components, such as a polyol, polyisocyanate, and a crosslinking agent as needed, and additives, such as the said curing catalyst, can be used. In the said process (1), the compounding quantity of the said saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound is the same quantity as the quantity mentioned above. Mixing and stirring in the chamber in the step (1) can be performed by a conventionally known method.

The molding method in the step (2) is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include normal pressure casting, reduced pressure casting, centrifugal molding, rotational molding, extrusion molding, injection molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), spin coating, and the like. Can be mentioned. Injection of the composition into the molding die in the step (2) can be performed by a conventionally known method.

The said process (3) can be performed by heat-hardening the said composition for predetermined time. The curing temperature is preferably 90 to 180 ° C, and more preferably 100 to 160 ° C. The curing time can be 2 minutes or less, preferably 20 seconds or longer. Thus, in this invention, since it can harden | cure rapidly at a process (3), it can demold in a short time. Therefore, it can be manufactured with high productivity. Demolding of the cured product in the step (4) can be performed by a conventionally known method. By processing (cutting, polishing, etc.) the cured product demolded in the above step (4) as necessary, the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention can be obtained.

The electrophotographic apparatus elastic member can be suitably used as an electrophotographic apparatus developing blade, a cleaning blade, and a developing roller. The electrophotographic apparatus developing blade and the cleaning blade obtained by using the electrophotographic apparatus elastic member. The developing roller is also one aspect of the present invention.

Examples of the developing blade and cleaning blade for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention include those having the above-described elastic member for electrophotographic apparatus, a support member, and an adhesive layer.
The support member has a function of supporting the elastic member. The support member is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known member can be used, and examples thereof include a rigid metal, an elastic metal, a plastic, a ceramic, and the like. Among these, a rigid metal is preferable.

The adhesive layer is a layer having a function of bonding the support member and the elastic member. The adhesive layer can be formed by, for example, an EVA-based, polyamide-based, polyurethane-based hot melt adhesive, a curable adhesive, a bonding method using a double-sided tape, or sandwiching with a sheet metal. The cleaning blade can be manufactured by a conventionally known method.

Hereinafter, the cleaning blade for an electrophotographic apparatus will be specifically described with reference to FIG. The cleaning blade for an electrophotographic apparatus shown in FIG. 1 has an electrophotographic apparatus elastic member 1, a support member 2, and an adhesive layer 3.

Since the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention is made of polyurethane obtained using a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst, it suppresses contamination in the mixing chamber during the manufacturing process. Both effects of shortening the curing demolding time and improving the productivity can be obtained satisfactorily.

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example is hung up and demonstrated in more detail, this invention is not limited only to these Examples. In the examples, “parts” and “%” mean “parts by mass” and “% by mass” unless otherwise specified.

Example 1
(Prepolymer synthesis)
A prepolymer was synthesized by the following method with the formulation shown in Table 1.
Polyol [polybutylene adipate (PBA)] was dehydrated under reduced pressure at 70 ° C. × 3 mmHg for 3 hours. Isocyanate [4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)] was added to this polyol and synthesized at 70 ° C. for 3.5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a prepolymer. The obtained prepolymer was charged into a prepolymer tank equipped with a casting machine and degassed under reduced pressure at 60 ° C. × 3 mmHg for 2 hours.

(Preparation of curing agent)
A curing agent was prepared by the following method with the composition shown in Table 1.
In addition to a polyol (PBA) having a liquid temperature of 70 ° C. and lithium acetate and dimethyltin dilaurate as curing catalysts, 1,4-butanediol (BD) and 1,1,1-trimethylol at 70 ° C. Propane (TMP) was added and stirred well to obtain a curing agent. The obtained curing agent was charged into a curing agent tank attached to a casting machine and degassed under reduced pressure at 60 ° C. × 3 mmHg for 2 hours.

(Polyurethane sheet molding)
Next, after mixing and stirring the obtained prepolymer and curing agent in a mixing chamber provided with a casting machine, the obtained composition is poured into a member molding die heated to 140 ° C., A curing reaction was performed. Next, the cured product was demolded and cut into strips having a width of 12 mm, a length of 318 mm, and a thickness of 2 mm to obtain 100 blade members.

Examples 2-11 and Comparative Examples 1-3
A blade member was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the composition shown in Table 1 was changed.

The commercial products used in the above are as follows.
PBA: “Nipporan 4010” (manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd., number average molecular weight 2000)
MDI: “Millionate MT” (manufactured by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.)
BD: Mitsubishi Chemical TMP; Mitsubishi Gas Chemical

[Evaluation]
In the manufacture of the blade member described above, the following characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
(Measurement of demoldable time)
After pouring the composition into a member molding die heated to 140 ° C., the curing reaction was performed, and the time (minutes) until the cured product could be removed was measured.

(Contamination in the mixing chamber)
The resulting prepolymer and curing agent were continuously mixed, stirred, and discharged in a mixing chamber equipped with a casting machine for 12 hours, and the state of contamination by the cured product in the mixing chamber was observed. The evaluation criteria are as follows.
◎: No contamination ○: Slightly contaminated but no problem in practical use △: Contaminated ×: Severe contamination

From Table 1, the production of the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the example had excellent productivity because it could be removed in a short curing time. In addition, contamination during mixing and stirring in the mixing chamber was successfully suppressed. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1 (using only a tertiary amine compound), the inside of the chamber was significantly contaminated. In Comparative Example 2 (using only the organic tin compound), contamination occurred and a long demoldable time was required. Furthermore, in Comparative Example 3 (using only a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt), a long demoldable time was required.

In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, both required a long time for demolding, but by using these curing catalysts together, demolding was possible in a short curing time, and contamination in the chamber was prevented. It has been clarified in the examples that both can be sufficiently suppressed. From this result, in the present invention, it was speculated that the above-mentioned effects can be achieved by a synergistic effect by the combined use of a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst.

The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention can be used for an electrophotographic apparatus developing blade, a cleaning blade, and a developing roller.

It is a schematic diagram of a cleaning blade for an electrophotographic apparatus.

Explanation of symbols

1 Elastic member for electrophotographic apparatus 2 Support member 3 Adhesive layer

Claims (7)

An elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus comprising a polyurethane obtained using a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and an organotin compound as a curing catalyst. 2. The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is a sodium salt, potassium salt or lithium salt of a saturated fatty acid. The saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt is a salt represented by RCOOM (R is an alkyl group represented by C _n H _{2n + 1.} N is an integer of 0 to 9. M is an alkali metal). Item 2. The elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus according to Item 1. A step (1) of mixing and stirring a composition comprising a polyurethane component and a saturated fatty acid alkali metal salt and organotin compound as a curing catalyst in a mixing chamber;
A step (2) of injecting the composition mixed and stirred in the step (1) into a molding die that has been previously adjusted to a curing temperature;
A step (3) of curing the composition injected in the step (2), and
Step (4) of demolding the cured product obtained in the step (3)
A method for producing an elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising: A developing blade for an electrophotographic apparatus obtained by using the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3. An electrophotographic apparatus cleaning blade obtained by using the electrophotographic apparatus elastic member according to claim 1, 2 or 3. A developing roller for an electrophotographic apparatus, obtained using the elastic member for an electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3.

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