JP2007121102A - Method and apparatus for detecting breakage of electric wire and cable - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and an apparatus for detecting the breakage of electric wires and cables and capable of detecting the breakage of wires at an early stage over whole areas including the vicinity of terminals of electric wires and cables in a live-line state. <P>SOLUTION: A negative impedance part 30 of which the impedance is set in such a way as to satisfy Z(f<SB>0</SB>)>10×Z<SB>0</SB>and Z(f<SB>p</SB>)<1/10×Z<SB>0</SB>(wherein a frequency f<SB>0</SB>is a frequency band used by a traveling cable 2; and a frequency f<SB>p</SB>is the frequency band of high-frequency pulses) is connected to a terminal part of the traveling cable 2 connecting an apparatus 1 to an electric power supply 3. Then a high-frequency pulse generator 11 injects high-frequency pulses to the traveling cable 2 via high frequency waves CT13A and 13B and capacitors 12A and 12B for high-frequency pulse injection. Reflected pulses at the time are detected by the high frequency waves CT13A and 13B and recorded in a waveform recording and measuring device 14. The waveform recording and measuring device 14 determines the breakage of element wires on the basis of changes with the passage of time. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a wire / cable break detection method and a break detection device for detecting a break in a conductor of a wire or a cable in an applied state.

  For example, a cable is generally configured by twisting a plurality of strands. When such cables are used for so-called mobile cables that are used for power supply and control of production equipment such as welding robots and assembly robots, for example, bending operations are frequently applied. Is likely to occur. When a partial disconnection occurs in an element wire, the impedance rises due to a reduction in the cross-sectional area of the moving cable, causing a malfunction of the production equipment, or the production equipment does not operate if a complete disconnection occurs. Therefore, in the maintenance management of production equipment, it is important to detect the disconnection state of the strands at an early stage.

  As a disconnection detection method, for example, a pulse voltage is applied between a cable conductor in a non-live line state and a shielding layer, information of reflected pulses returning from a plurality of deterioration points of the cable is processed, and each reflected pulse is processed. A diagnostic method is known in which the transmission time and amplitude are obtained and the degradation position and the degree of degradation are diagnosed (see Patent Document 1).

Further, as a different principle, a pair of annular electrodes are attached to the surface of the insulation-coated electric wire at a predetermined interval by electrostatic coupling, and a high-frequency AC voltage is applied between the electrodes, There is known a flaw detection apparatus that measures impedance and detects disconnection of a strand of a metal stranded wire based on a change in the impedance (see Patent Document 2).
Japanese Patent No. 3247049 JP 2000-28669 A

  However, the method disclosed in Patent Document 1 is not applicable to applications in which maintenance management of production equipment or the like is desired in a live line state because it is necessary to stop applying power to the production equipment and perform diagnosis in a non-live line state. Moreover, since the structure of patent document 2 performs a flaw detection in the narrow range in the middle of a cable etc., moving a pair of electrodes, it cannot detect a disconnection at an early stage.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an electric wire / cable break detection method and a break detection device capable of early detection of disconnection detection in the entire region including the vicinity of the end of the wire or cable in a live line state.

In the first aspect of the present invention, in order to achieve the above object, a high frequency pulse is injected into a conductor of an electric wire or cable, and a waveform in which the high frequency pulse resulting from the injection is reflected from the electric wire or cable as a reflected pulse is measured. In the wire / cable break detection method for detecting a break in the conductor of the wire or cable based on this waveform,
The detection of the disconnection is performed by connecting a load impedance to a terminal end of the conductor of the electric wire or cable.

In order to achieve the above object, the second aspect of the present invention is a high-frequency pulse generator that injects a high-frequency pulse into the electric wire or cable from a pulse incident end of one end of the electric wire or cable;
A load impedance unit connected to the terminal end of the other end of the wire or cable;
A current sensor for detecting a waveform including a reflected pulse reflected from the electric wire or cable by the high frequency pulse injected from the high frequency pulse generator at the pulse incident end;
The present invention provides a wire / cable disconnection detecting device comprising a waveform recording measuring device for recording a waveform detected by the current sensor.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the disconnection detection method and disconnection detection apparatus of an electric wire and cable which can detect a disconnection at an early stage in the whole area | region including the electric wire in the live state and the end vicinity of a cable can be obtained.

[First Embodiment]
FIG. 1 shows a disconnection detection apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The disconnection detection device 10 detects a disconnection of the moving cable 2 connected to the equipment 1 such as a welding robot using a reflected pulse accompanying the injection of a high frequency pulse. The moving cable 2 has three conductors, one end of which is connected to the power supply device 3 through three cables 4A, 4B, and 4C, and the other end through three cables 5A, 5B, and 5C. Connected to device 1. Cables 4C and 5C are grounded.

  Of the cables 4A, 4B, and 4C, the two pulse injection units 4a and 4b to which the disconnection detection device 10 is connected (here, two cables 4A and 4B) are connected to the disconnection detection device 10 from the disconnection detection device 10. In order to prevent high frequency pulses from flowing into the power source, high frequency blocking inductors 6A and 6B are interposed. Similarly, high frequency blocking inductors 7A and 7B are interposed in the cables 5A and 5B corresponding to the cables 4A and 4B so that the high frequency pulse does not flow into the device 1 on the device 1 side. The high-frequency blocking inductors 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B may not be provided when the power supply device 3 and the device 1 have a function of blocking the inflow of high-frequency pulses.

  The disconnection detecting device 10 includes a high-frequency pulse generator 11 that generates a single high-frequency pulse (hereinafter referred to as a high-frequency pulse), and two devices for applying the high-frequency pulse to the pulse injection units 4a and 4b of the cables 4A and 4B. High-frequency pulse injection capacitors 12A and 12B, two non-contact current sensors (hereinafter referred to as high-frequency CT) 13A and 13B for detecting a pulse current reflected from the moving cable 2 by the high-frequency pulse, and high-frequency CT 13A and 13B The waveform recording measuring instrument 14 that records the waveform of the pulse current detected in step 1 and the load impedance unit 30 connected to the end of the other end of the moving cable 2 (end on the device 1 side) are provided.

  The high frequency pulse generator 11 generates a high frequency single pulse equivalent to the noise that can be cut by the noise cut function of the input unit of the device 1.

  The high-frequency pulse injection capacitors 12A and 12B have a low impedance in the high-frequency region so that the high-frequency pulse generator 11 can easily inject high-frequency pulses.

  The high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B use a high-frequency type so that a commercial frequency current is cut and only a high-frequency pulse signal can be detected without contact.

  The waveform recording / measuring instrument 14 captures the pulse current from the moving cable 2 generated when the high-frequency pulse is injected into the moving cable 2 by the high-frequency pulse generator 11 through the high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B, and records the waveform. It has the structure which investigates the temporal change and detects the partial disconnection or the complete disconnection of the strand of the moving cable 2 in operation.

  The load impedance unit 30 is configured by using, for example, a capacitor, and the impedance is sufficiently large for the frequency band of the commercial frequency used by the mobile cable 2 that is the measurement cable, and the frequency band of the high frequency pulse. Is set to be sufficiently small. In addition, since the load impedance part 30 is connected to the terminal of the moving cable 2, you may make it the single-piece | unit structure isolate | separated from the disconnection detection apparatus 10 in consideration of usability.

Here, if the transmission impedance of the mobile cable 2 is Z ₀ , the impedance of the load impedance unit 30 (hereinafter referred to as load impedance) Z (f) is desirably an impedance value that satisfies the following two conditions.
(1) Z (f ₀ )> 10 × Z ₀
(However, the frequency band frequency f ₀ to be used by the mobile cable 2)
(2) Z (f _p ) <1/10 × Z ₀
(However, the frequency _{f p} is of a high-frequency pulse frequency band)

If the load impedance Z (f) is set to the value shown in the above condition (1), the device 1 used at the frequency f ₀ is not affected by the high frequency pulse. Further, if the load impedance Z (f) is set to the value shown in the above condition (2), the load impedance unit 30 plays a role of terminal short circuit in the frequency band of the high frequency pulse.

(Schematic operation of disconnection detector)
In FIG. 1, when a high-frequency pulse is output from the high-frequency pulse generator 11 in a live line state in which power supply or signal transmission is performed from the power supply device 3 to the device 1 through the moving cable 2, The signals are applied to the cables 4A and 4B through the high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B and the pulse injection units 4a and 4b. Further, the high-frequency pulse propagates from the cables 4A and 4B through the moving cable 2 and propagates to the cables 5A and 5B.

  The high frequency pulse propagated through the cables 5A and 5B is reflected by the impedance changing portions of the high frequency blocking inductors 7A and 7B. The pulse current due to the reflection propagates sequentially through the cables 5A and 5B, the moving cable 2, and the cables 4A and 4B, and further reaches the high-frequency pulse injection capacitors 12A and 12B, and then propagates to the high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B.

  The waveform recording / measuring instrument 14 is the time from the start of high frequency pulse injection by the high frequency pulse generator 11 until the pulse current reflected from the high frequency blocking inductors 7A, 7B is detected by the high frequency CT 13A, 13B, at the high frequency CT 13A, 13B. Record the detected signal. Such measurement is performed at regular time intervals by the waveform recording / measuring instrument 14, and by comparing the change between the initial waveform recorded by the waveform recording / measuring instrument 14 for the first time and the recording waveform after a predetermined time has elapsed, The presence or absence of disconnection of the moving cable 2 is determined. Further, the disconnection position is estimated based on the time until the position where the waveform difference occurs between the measurement waveform and the initial waveform.

Next, details of disconnection detection will be described with reference to a transmission path model.
FIG. 2 shows a transmission path model when the transmission path is healthy and disconnected. In the figure, (a) is a transmission line model when the transmission line is healthy, and (b) is a transmission line model when the transmission line is disconnected. In FIG. 2, the transmission line 23 corresponds to the moving cable 2.

  FIG. 3 shows measured waveforms when the transmission line shown in FIG. 2 is healthy and disconnected. In FIG. 3, a measurement waveform 21 is a waveform of a healthy transmission line, and a measurement waveform 22 is a waveform when a disconnection occurs in the transmission line. In FIG. 3, the origin is the time when the high-frequency pulse passes through the high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B.

  As shown in FIG. 2A, if the transmission line 23 is healthy, the load impedance unit 30 is connected to the terminal 23b, so the terminal 23b is in a short-circuited state. At this time, the measurement waveform 21 shown in FIG. 3 is obtained.

  The measurement waveform 21 will be described. When a high-frequency pulse is output from the high-frequency pulse generator 11, this is detected by the high-frequency CTs 13 </ b> A and 13 </ b> B and recorded as an incident waveform 28 in the waveform recording / measuring instrument 14. After that, the waveform 29a is generated so that a peak occurs in a negative direction slightly before and after 150 ns. This waveform 29a is detected when the pulse current reflected by the high-frequency blocking inductors 7A and 7B passes through the attachment locations of the high-frequency CTs 13A and 13B. That is, in this measured waveform 21, the time between the peaks of the incident waveform 28 and the waveform 29a is the time Ta when the high frequency pulse makes one round trip between the high frequency CT 13A, 13B and the high frequency blocking inductors 7A, 7B.

  Next, when the disconnection 25 is generated in the transmission line 23 due to disconnection, the terminal 23b side viewed from the high-frequency pulse injection side is opened even when the load impedance unit 30 is connected. At this time, as shown in the measurement waveform 22 of FIG. 3, the waveform 29b of the pulse current reflected from the terminal portion is in the positive direction. Thus, when the transmission line 23 is healthy and disconnected, the waveforms 29a and 29b are out of phase with each other. From this difference, it is possible to clearly determine whether the transmission line 23 is sound or disconnected.

(Effects of the first embodiment)
According to the first embodiment, the following effects are obtained.
(A) Since the load impedance unit 30 is connected to the terminal end 23b of the moving cable 2 that is the cable to be measured and the disconnection is detected, the disconnection can be clearly detected even if the disconnection position is near the terminal end. .
(B) The load impedance Z (f) of the load impedance unit 30 is in the range of Zo / 10 to Z ₀ × 10 with respect to the transmission impedance Z ₀ of the moving cable 2 according to the use frequency region and the frequency region of the high frequency pulse. By setting to, the operation of the device 1 via the moving cable 2 is not affected, and disconnection detection using a high frequency pulse can be performed without any trouble.
(C) Since the high-frequency pulse propagating through the moving cable 2 is greatly affected by the impedance of the LC of the moving cable 2, it is possible to detect a change in the impedance of the LCR at the time of disconnection. As a result, the detection sensitivity can be improved as compared with the conventional detection of only the change in R due to the direct current or the commercial frequency signal. In addition, the disconnection due to the bending of the moving cable 2 occurs from the outermost peripheral portion of the cable conductor, and the high-frequency signal flows on the outer surface of the cable conductor due to the skin effect. The detection sensitivity can be improved compared to the case of detection.

  In the above embodiment, the moving cable of a production device such as a welding robot or an assembly robot is targeted. However, various electric wires and cables used for applications other than the production device such as a robot may be used.

[Second Embodiment]
FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram at the time of disconnection and short circuit of the transmission line according to the second embodiment. In the figure, measured waveform 22 waveforms during disconnection, measured waveform 26 end reflection of the waveform of the transmission path 23 in the Z (f) = Z _0, measured waveform 27 is a waveform at the time of short circuit. The transmission path model of the second embodiment is as shown in FIG.

This embodiment, the load impedance Z of the load impedance portion 30 (f), is obtained by substantially equal to the transmission impedance Z ₀ of the transmission line 23 used in the frequency band of the high frequency pulse. In this case, the following relationship is established.
_{(Z 0/2) <Z} (f) <2Z 0
(However, frequency f is the frequency band of the high frequency pulse)

When Z (f) = Z ₀ , as shown in the measurement waveform 26 of FIG. 4, the end reflection of the transmission line 23 does not occur with respect to the high-frequency pulse, and the waveform becomes flat. On the other hand, when disconnection occurs, as shown in the measurement waveform 22, a waveform 29a due to the pulse current from the terminal portion is generated in the negative direction in the vicinity of 150 ns. When a short circuit occurs at the terminal end, as shown in the measurement waveform 27, the pulse current waveform 29b from the terminal end is generated in the positive direction in the vicinity of 150 ns. The disconnection and short circuit of the transmission line 23 can be determined from the difference in the generation direction of the waveforms 29a and 29b.

According to the second embodiment, the load impedance Z (f) of the load impedance unit 30 is (1/2) Z with respect to the transmission impedance Z ₀ of the moving cable 2 used in the frequency band of the high-frequency pulse. by the _{0 ~2Z 0,} it can be detected separately disconnection and short-circuit. Other effects are the same as those of the first embodiment.

[Comparative example]
Next, a comparative example of the first embodiment will be described.
FIG. 5 shows a transmission line model of a comparative example. In the figure, (a) is a transmission path model when the transmission path is healthy, and (b) is a transmission path model when a disconnection occurs in the transmission path. The transmission line here corresponds to the moving cable 2 as in the above embodiment.

  FIG. 6 shows measurement waveforms when the cable is healthy and when the cable is disconnected in the comparative example. In FIG. 6, a high-frequency pulse in which a peak at 0 ns on the time axis is injected and a peak at 150 ns are a high-frequency pulse reflected from the far end of the cable.

  As is apparent from FIG. 5, the comparative example does not have the load impedance unit 30. Therefore, the end 23b of the transmission line 23 is in an open state. In addition, the structure of the disconnection detection apparatus in a comparative example becomes a structure which removed the load impedance part 30 from the disconnection detection apparatus 10 of FIG.

For example, the transmission line 23 has a characteristic of a length of 15 m and a pulse propagation speed of 2 × 10 ⁸ m / s.

  If the transmission line 23 is in the healthy state shown in FIG. 5A, the measurement waveform 21 shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. Further, as shown in FIG. 5B, when the disconnection portion 25 due to disconnection occurs in the vicinity of the terminal end 23b of the transmission line 23, the measurement waveform 22 shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. In this measurement waveform 22, the generation time region (near 150 ns) of the pulse current waveform 29b reflected from the disconnection 25 is the same as the generation time region of the pulse current waveform 29a reflected from the terminal end 23b when sound. In addition, the waveform peak generation direction is the same.

  In this way, in the comparative example, the generation time region of the pulse current waveform 29b reflected from the disconnection portion 25 and the generation time region of the pulse current waveform 29a reflected from the terminal end 23b in the normal state overlap, It becomes difficult to distinguish. This is because when the high frequency blocking inductors 7A and 7B have high impedance, the load side (device 1 side) is already open, and the line opening by the disconnection portion 25 occurs near the termination 23b. This is because the waveform is almost the same as before the disconnection.

  In contrast, in the present invention, as shown in FIG. 2, since the load impedance unit 30 is connected to the terminal 23b of the transmission line 23, the terminal 23b is always in a short-circuited state for a high-frequency pulse. At the time of disconnection, as a result of the end 23b side being opened, a waveform as shown in FIG. 3 can be obtained.

  In the comparative example, as shown in FIG. 6, the two waveforms of the pulse current waveforms 29 a and 29 b reflected from the vicinity of the terminal end at the time of the healthy state and the disconnection overlap, so that the two cannot be distinguished. Therefore, the determination is made by paying attention to the waveform change portion D generated when a partial disconnection occurs in the transmission line 23. That is, since an impedance change occurs at the broken wire portion, a part of the high-frequency pulse is reflected from that portion. This reflected pulse returns to the high frequency CT 13A, 13B earlier than the high frequency pulse reflected by the high frequency blocking inductors 7A, 7B.

  In FIG. 6, at about 110 ns, the reflected pulse from the disconnection point has arrived at the high frequency CT 13A, 13B. Most of the high-frequency pulses that are not reflected at the disconnection location propagate in the same manner as in the case of healthy metal, so the measurement waveform 22 at the time of disconnection is almost the same as the measurement waveform 21 at the time of sound except the waveform change portion D. Be the same. Therefore, if the difference between the measured waveforms 21 and 22 is taken, only the waveform change portion D remains, and if this waveform change portion D has a significant size, it can be determined that there is a break.

Next, examples of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the present invention. Here, a sheet metal welder 40 is used as the device 1. The sheet metal welder 40 includes a current-voltage conversion transformer (hereinafter referred to as a transformer) 41 and a spot welding gun 42 connected to the transformer 41. The sheet metal welder 40 operates at AC 400 V and a commercial frequency of 50 Hz. In addition, a moving cable 2 having a transmission impedance Z ₀ of 50Ω is used.

  The transformer 41 includes a primary side wire 41a and a secondary side wire 41b. Here, the primary side wire 41a has an inductance of 100 μH.

  The load impedance unit 30 is a 0.1 μF capacitor and is connected in parallel to the primary side wire 41a.

In FIG. 7, when the band of the high frequency pulse incident on the moving cable 2 from the disconnection detection device 10 is 1 MHz to 100 MHz, the impedance (jωL) of the primary side wire 41a is as follows.
| JωL |> 2π × 1 MHz × 100 μH≈600Ω
Since this value is 10 times or more of the transmission impedance Z ₀ = 50Ω, the terminal reflection waveform of the high-frequency pulse is the same as when it is open. For this reason, when the load impedance part 30 is not provided, even if the mobile cable 2 is disconnected, the disconnection detection becomes difficult as in the conventional case.

However, when the load impedance unit 30 is provided, the impedance (1 / jωC) of the load impedance unit 30 connected in parallel to the primary side wire 41a of the transformer 41 is as follows.
1 / | jωC | <1 / (2π × 1 MHz × 0.1 μF) ≈1Ω
Since this value is 1/10 or less of Z ₀ = 50Ω, the reflected pulse from the end of the high-frequency pulse looks the same as when short-circuited. Therefore, the open waveform when the cable is disconnected can be clearly detected. Further, the impedance of the load impedance unit 30 at the commercial frequency (50 Hz) is as follows.
1 / | jωC | = 1 / (2π · 50 Hz · 0.1 μF) ≈30 kΩ
Since this value is a sufficiently large value, the operation of the sheet metal welding machine 40 is not hindered.

[Other embodiments]
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications can be made without departing from or changing the technical idea of the present invention. For example, in the above-described embodiment, the complete disconnection is taken as an example. However, the present invention is not limited to this, and the present invention can be applied to detection when a strand is partially disconnected.

It is a connection diagram which shows the disconnection detection apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. A transmission path model when the transmission path is healthy and a disconnection is shown. (A) is a transmission path model when the transmission path is healthy, and (b) is a transmission path model when the transmission path is disconnected. FIG. 3 is a waveform diagram showing measurement waveforms when the transmission line shown in FIG. 2 is healthy and disconnected. It is a wave form diagram which shows the waveform at the time of the disconnection which concerns on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention, and a short circuit. The transmission line model of a comparative example is shown, (a) is a transmission line model when the transmission line is healthy, and (b) is a transmission line model when a disconnection occurs in the transmission line. It is a wave form diagram which shows the measurement waveform at the time of the cable sound in a comparative example, and disconnection. It is a connection diagram which shows the Example of this invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Apparatus 2 Mobile cable 3 Power supply device 4A-4C Cable 4a, 4b Pulse injection part 5A-5C Cable 6A, 6B, 7A, 7B High frequency blocking inductor 10 Disconnection detection device 11 High frequency pulse generator 12A, 12B High frequency pulse injection capacitor 13A, 13B High frequency CT
14 Waveform recording measuring instrument 23 Transmission path 23a Pulse incident end 23b Termination 25 Disconnection part 30 Load impedance part 40 Sheet metal welding machine 41 Transformer 41a Primary side wire 41b Secondary side wire 42 Spot welding gun

Claims (10)

A high-frequency pulse is injected into a conductor of an electric wire or cable, and a waveform in which the high-frequency pulse resulting from this injection is reflected as a reflected pulse from the electric wire or cable is measured. Based on this waveform, the conductor of the electric wire or cable is disconnected. In the detection method for wire / cable breakage to be detected,
The detection of the disconnection is performed by connecting a load impedance to an end of the conductor of the electric wire or cable.   The load impedance is a value sufficiently larger than the transmission impedance of the electric wire or cable in a frequency band of a commercial frequency used in the electric wire or cable, and a value sufficiently smaller than the transmission impedance of the electric wire or cable in the frequency band of the high-frequency pulse. The wire / cable disconnection detection method according to claim 1, wherein   The wire load / cable break detection method according to claim 2, wherein the load impedance has a value in a frequency band of the high frequency pulse that is 1/10 or less of a transmission impedance of the wire or cable.   The wire load / cable break detection method according to claim 2, wherein the load impedance has a value in a frequency band used by the wire or cable that is 10 times or more of a transmission impedance of the wire or cable.   2. The wire / cable break detection method according to claim 1, wherein the load impedance has a value in a frequency band of the high-frequency pulse that is 1/2 to 2 times a transmission impedance of the wire or cable. A high-frequency pulse generator for injecting a high-frequency pulse into the electric wire or cable from a pulse incident end of one end of the electric wire or cable;
A load impedance unit connected to the terminal end of the other end of the wire or cable;
A current sensor for detecting a waveform including a reflected pulse reflected from the electric wire or cable by the high frequency pulse injected from the high frequency pulse generator at the pulse incident end;
An electric wire / cable disconnection detecting device, comprising: a waveform recording / measuring device that records a waveform detected by the current sensor.   The load impedance portion is sufficiently larger than the transmission impedance of the electric wire or cable in the frequency band of the commercial frequency used in the electric wire or cable, and sufficiently smaller than the transmission impedance of the electric wire or cable in the frequency band of the high-frequency pulse. The wire / cable disconnection detecting device according to claim 6, wherein the wire / cable disconnection detecting device is set to the impedance of   8. The wire / cable break detection device according to claim 7, wherein the load impedance unit has an impedance in a frequency band of the high-frequency pulse of 1/10 or less of a transmission impedance of the wire or cable.   8. The wire / cable break detection device according to claim 7, wherein the load impedance unit has an impedance in a frequency band used by the wire or cable that is 10 times or more of a transmission impedance of the wire or cable. .   7. The wire / cable disconnection detection device according to claim 6, wherein the load impedance unit has an impedance in a frequency band of the high-frequency pulse that is 1/2 to 2 times a transmission impedance of the wire or cable. .

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