JP2007048761A - Manufacturing method of secondary cell - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a manufacturing method of a secondary cell suppressing electrolyte solution degradation by repeating charge and discharge. <P>SOLUTION: The manufacturing method of a secondary cell is provided with an ion conductive structure between a positive electrode and a negative electrode set facing each other, and an ion channel oriented to make ion conductivity higher on a direction connecting to a positive electrode face and a negative electrode face of the ion conductive structure. A cross-linking agent is selected from a monomer of a vinyl compound, a divinyl compound having two or more unsaturated bounding and a trivinyl compound. An ion conductive structure body having a stratified or columnar structure is manufactured through a process to adjust a cross-linking molecule such as a mother material of the ion conductive structure body by adding a compound selected from a mesomorphism compound, a diacetylene compound, and an amphiphilic compound to be a mold to arrange the monomer and/or the cross-linking agent to the cross-linking agent and polymerizing cross-linking. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a secondary battery provided with an ion conductive structure. More specifically, the present invention relates to a secondary battery in which decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed by repeated charging and discharging.

  Recently, since the amount of carbon dioxide gas contained in the atmosphere is increasing, it is predicted that global warming will occur due to the greenhouse effect. For this reason, it is becoming difficult to construct a thermal power plant that discharges a large amount of carbon dioxide gas. On the other hand, as an effective use of power generated by generators such as thermal power plants, nighttime power is stored in secondary batteries installed in ordinary households and used during the daytime when power consumption is high. So-called load leveling that equalizes the load has been proposed. On the other hand, for electric vehicle applications that are characterized by not discharging air pollutants, development of high energy density secondary batteries is expected. Furthermore, for power supplies of portable devices such as book-type personal computers, word processors, video cameras, and mobile phones, the development of compact, lightweight, high-performance secondary batteries is an urgent task.

  As an example of applying the lithium-graphite intercalation compound to the negative electrode of the secondary battery as a small, lightweight, high-performance secondary battery, since a non-patent document 1 reported an example, for example, using a carbon material as a negative electrode active material, Development of rocking chair type secondary battery, so-called “lithium ion battery”, which uses lithium ion introduced into intercalation compound as positive electrode active material and stores lithium by intercalation between carbon materials through charging reaction, is partially practical It is becoming. In this lithium-ion battery, the carbon material of the host material that intercalates between the layers using lithium as a guest is used for the negative electrode, thereby suppressing the dendrite growth of lithium during charging and achieving a long life in the charge / discharge cycle. .

  However, in a secondary battery using a battery reaction (charge / discharge reaction) by lithium ions, such as the above lithium ion secondary battery, an organic solvent is used as the solvent of the electrolytic solution. In this case, carbon dioxide gas, hydrocarbons, etc. are generated and the recombination reaction does not return to the original solvent, which may cause deterioration of the electrolyte and increase in internal impedance of the secondary battery. Furthermore, if the battery is overcharged, an internal short circuit of the battery may occur, and a rapid decomposition reaction of the solvent may proceed with heat generation, resulting in damage to the secondary battery.

  In order to prevent such deterioration of the secondary battery, an overcharge prevention circuit, a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) element whose resistance value increases as the temperature rises, etc. are mounted, which is a factor that increases costs. .

  Moreover, in order to solve the problem regarding the decomposition and deterioration of the electrolytic solution in the secondary battery using the charge / discharge reaction by the lithium ion, Patent Document 1 discloses an acrylate containing a diacrylate type, a monoacrylate type, and a carbonate group. A solid polymer electrolyte obtained by copolymerizing three types of monomers in the presence of an organic solvent and a supporting electrolyte is used as the electrolyte, and a secondary battery is produced using coke as the negative electrode and lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode. Forming. However, since the solid polymer electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of ¼ or less compared to a liquid electrolyte in which a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in a solvent, the current density in the secondary battery is also limited and the energy density is also reduced. It was.

On the other hand, even in a high-performance alkaline storage battery (secondary battery) using a hydrogen storage alloy or the like as a negative electrode, there has been a demand for a technique for solidifying an electrolyte that prevents liquid leakage without reducing the performance as much as possible.
US Pat. No. 5,609,974 JOUNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 117, 222 (1970)

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is an electrolyte used for a secondary battery, in which deterioration and decomposition are prevented in a charge / discharge reaction of the secondary battery. And a secondary battery using the electrolyte.

  A first aspect of the present invention is a secondary battery configured by disposing an ion conductive structure between a positive electrode and a negative electrode provided opposite to each other, wherein the ion conductive structure includes the positive electrode surface and the negative electrode surface. The ion channels are oriented so that the ion conductivity is increased in the connecting direction, and the ion conductive structure has a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure, and is an ion conductive glass, or a supporting electrolyte. And an organic polymer gel that is swollen by absorbing an electrolyte solution comprising a solvent that dissolves the supporting electrolyte. This secondary battery is an organic polymer gel in which an ion conductive structure has a layered structure or a columnar structure, and absorbs and swells an electrolytic solution composed of a supporting electrolyte and a solvent that dissolves the supporting electrolyte. Including those reinforced with a reinforcing material selected from non-woven fabrics and inorganic oxides.

  In the second aspect of the present invention, an ion conductive structure is disposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode provided to face each other, and the ion conductivity of the ion conductive structure in the direction connecting the positive electrode surface and the negative electrode surface is high. A method for manufacturing a secondary battery in which ion channels are aligned, wherein a liquid crystal compound is used as a crosslinking agent selected from a monomer of a vinyl compound, a divinyl compound having two or more unsaturated bonds, and a trivinyl compound. The monomer selected from the diacetylene compound and the amphiphilic compound and / or a compound serving as a template for arranging the cross-linking agent is added, and a cross-linking molecule that is a base material of the ion conductive structure is obtained by polymerizing and cross-linking. A method for manufacturing a secondary battery, characterized in that an ion conductive structure having a layered or columnar (column) structure is manufactured through a step of preparing.

  The ion conductive structure constituting the secondary battery of the present invention has a layered or columnar (column) structure, and the ion movement distance is substantially in a direction along or perpendicular to the layered or columnar (column) structure. Since the shortest ion conduction path (ion channel) is formed, the ion conductivity in this path becomes the highest and exhibits anisotropic conductivity. In the secondary battery of the present invention, the internal resistance can be reduced by matching the direction of high ion conductivity of the ion conductive structure with the direction perpendicular to the plane of the negative electrode and the positive electrode facing each other. Compared to a secondary battery that does not employ a conductive structure, charge and discharge with high efficiency and high current are possible.

  The ionic conduction structural member having such a structure is a polymer gel electrolyte formed by absorbing an electrolytic solution (a solution in which a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in a solvent) into a polymer that is a base material of a layered or columnar (column) structure. Preferably there is.

  In the second method for producing a secondary battery of the present invention, the ion conductive structure sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode has a layered or columnar (column) structure. The ionic conduction structural member is prepared by preparing a cross-linked polymer material having a layered or columnar (column) structure and absorbing the electrolyte solution, or having a layered or columnar (column) structure in the presence of the electrolyte solution. Can be made by preparing a crosslinked polymeric material. The crosslinked polymer material having the above layered or columnar (column) structure is regularly aligned by one or more kinds of operations selected from light irradiation, magnetic field application, electric field application, and heating, and then crosslinked. Obtainable. The polymer having the above structure can be obtained by using a compound having a molecular structure as a template when preparing a crosslinked polymer.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the high performance secondary battery using an ion conduction structure with high ionic conductivity and excellent discharge characteristics is provided. Furthermore, by applying the present invention to a secondary battery using lithium or zinc as a negative electrode, it is possible to suppress the growth of lithium or zinc dendrites that cause performance deterioration, the cycle life is long, and the energy density is high. A secondary battery can be manufactured.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  First, an ion conductive structure having a layered structure or a columnar structure that can be used in the secondary battery of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.

  FIGS. 1A and 1B are perspective views showing a schematic cross-sectional structure of the sheet-like ion conductive structure 101 as an example. FIG. 1A shows a columnar structure or a layered structure developed in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the sheet-like ion conducting structure. FIG. 1B shows a layered structure developed parallel to the plane of the sheet-like ion conducting structure. In the ion conduction structure of FIG. 1, an ion conduction path (ion channel) in which the ion movement distance is substantially shortest is formed in a direction along or perpendicular to the layered or columnar (column) structure. The ionic conductivity in this path is the highest and exhibits anisotropic conductivity. The secondary battery of the present invention preferably has a layered structure or columnar structure as shown in FIG. 1, having a thickness of 500 μm or less, more preferably 100 μm or less, and high ion conductivity in a direction perpendicular to the negative electrode and positive electrode planes. It can be produced by sandwiching the ion conductive structure between the opposing negative electrode and positive electrode.

The ion conductive structure having the above layered structure or columnar (column) structure is prepared by preparing a cross-linked polymer having a layered structure or columnar (column) structure that absorbs an electrolytic solution (a solution obtained by dissolving a supporting electrolyte in a solvent). Can be produced. In addition, the cross-linked polymer layered structure or columnar (columnar) structure can be prepared by regularly arranging the molecules constituting the polymer by one or more operations selected from light irradiation, magnetic field application, electric field application, and heating. This can be achieved by arranging the molecules constituting the polymer using. As an example of such an ion conductive structure, there is a polymer material (polymer gel electrolyte) having the above structure in which an electrolyte obtained by dissolving a supporting electrolyte such as a lithium salt in an organic solvent is absorbed to be in a gel state. The ion conductivity in the direction of high ion conduction can be at least 3 × 10 ⁻³ Scm ⁻¹ or more than 5 × 10 ⁻³ Scm ⁻¹ .

  The ion conductive structure having the above layered structure or columnar (column) structure applies an electric field and / or a magnetic field, and deposits an inorganic oxide such as conductive glass by a cluster ion beam, an electron beam, or a sputtering method. Can also be formed.

  Next, with reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the characteristic of the anisotropic ion conduction structure 201 is demonstrated. In FIG. 2 (a), 201 is a diagram schematically showing the ion conduction structure, and in the base material 203 of the ion conduction structure, in the direction along the layered or columnar (column) structure or in the direction perpendicular to the layered structure. The shortest ion conduction paths (ion channels) 202 are formed side by side, that is, oriented. Here, in FIG. 2 (b), the direction of the shortest ion conduction path (ion channel) 202 of the ion conduction structure 201 coincides with the direction perpendicular to the electrode surface between the electrodes 204 and 205. A structure 201 is disposed, and the electrodes 204 and 205 are connected to a power supply 207.

  On the other hand, in the ion conduction structure 301 shown in FIG. 3A, ion conduction paths (ion channels) 302 are formed in disordered directions in the base material 303 of the ion conduction structure. In FIG. 3B, the ion conductive structure 301 is arranged between the electrodes 304 and 305, and the electrodes 304 and 305 are connected to the power supply 306.

  Comparing the structures of FIG. 2B and FIG. 3B, the channel length in the orientation direction of the ion channel 202 in the former ion conduction structure 201 is substantially shorter than that of the latter. Therefore, when the number of ions in the ion conduction structure (201, 301) and the ion mobility are the same, the ion conduction structure 201, so that the ions move in the direction in which the ion channels 202, 302 are oriented. When an electric field is applied to both ends of 301 (between electrodes 204 and 205 and between electrodes 304 and 305), the ion conduction structure 201 having a short ion channel corresponding to the present invention shown in FIG. (Voltage / channel length) increases, the ion movement speed ((ion mobility) × (electric field strength)) increases, and the ion conductivity increases in proportion to the ion concentration and ion movement speed. The degree becomes higher. Further, in the ion conduction structure 201 shown in FIG. 2, the shortest ion channel is arranged in the direction perpendicular to the opposing electrode surface, and the ion conductivity in this direction is selectively higher than other directions, and the ion conductivity is improved. There will be anisotropy.

  Referring to FIG. 4, another embodiment of the ion conduction structure of the present invention is shown. The ion conduction structure 401 in the figure is an aggregate composed of a large number of granular ion conductors 402 in which ion channels are aligned along a layered or columnar (column) structure 403. Since the shortest ion channel aligned in a certain direction is formed, the granular ion conductor 401 as a whole has a substantially high ion conductivity. Reference numeral 404 denotes a layer (material) for binding the ion conductor 402. As the granular ion conductor 402, an organic polymer gel, a granular inorganic oxide gel (eg, granular silica gel), or the like can be used. The granular ionic conductor 402 can be processed into a layer, a film, or a sheet by using a resin such as polyethylene oxide as a binder. Further, when the base material of the granular ion conductor 402 is a crosslinked organic polymer material, it can be processed into a film or a sheet by a processing method such as calendering.

  Next, the aspect of the secondary battery of this invention is typically demonstrated with reference to FIG.5 and FIG.6.

  FIG. 5 shows a general form of the secondary battery of the present invention. In the secondary battery 500 shown in the same figure, a negative electrode 504 and a positive electrode 505 that are opposed to each other in a base material 503 of an ion conductive structure as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2A. An ion conduction structure 501 having the shortest ion channel 502 aligned in a direction perpendicular to the electrode is sandwiched between a negative electrode 504 and a positive electrode 505 and is accommodated in a battery case (housing) 506. The secondary battery 500 is, for example, a rectangular battery having a rectangular cross section in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface. Terminals 507 and 508 for external connection are connected to the negative electrode 504 and the positive electrode 505, respectively, and are connected to an external load or a power source. The secondary battery 500 having such a structure uses an ion conductive structure 501 in which ion channels are oriented along a layered or columnar (column) structure 502 in a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the negative electrode 504 and the positive electrode 505 facing each other. Since the moving distance of ions between 504 and the positive electrode 505 is the shortest and the moving speed of the substantial ions is increased, the internal impedance is low. Therefore, a secondary battery that can be charged / discharged at a high current density and has high charge / discharge efficiency is realized.

  FIG. 6 shows a specific embodiment in which the secondary battery of the present invention is applied to a sheet type battery. In the secondary battery 600 shown in the figure, a positive electrode serving as a separator is interposed between a negative electrode 604 provided with an active material layer 605 over a current collector 606 and a positive electrode 607 provided with an active material layer 608 over a current collector 609. The base material of the ion conduction structure as shown in FIGS. 1 (a), 1 (b), and 2 (a), oriented in a direction perpendicular to the surface and the negative electrode surface, and filled with an electrolyte. An ion conductive structure 601 having the shortest ion channel formed along a layered or columnar (column) structure 602 is sandwiched between the negative electrode 604 and the positive electrode 607 facing each other. The negative electrode / ion conducting structure / positive electrode laminate is laminated with an exterior material 610 with input / output terminals drawn out from current collectors of each electrode (not shown).

  The secondary battery 600 is charged by connecting an external power source (not shown) to the input / output terminals, and an electrochemical reaction occurs through the ion conduction structure 601 (ion movement between the electrodes occurs) to store electricity. In addition, by connecting an external load (not shown) to the input / output terminal, an electrochemical reaction occurs through the ion conductive structure 601 inside the battery (ion movement between the electrodes occurs) and the battery is discharged.

  As in the case of the battery shown in FIG. 5, this sheet type battery has the shortest ion movement distance between the negative electrode 604 and the positive electrode 607 due to the characteristics of the ion conductive structure 601, and the substantial ion Since the moving speed is increased, the secondary battery has a low internal impedance, can be charged / discharged at a high current density, and has high charging / discharging efficiency.

  Further, the ionic conduction structural member 601 sandwiched between the electrodes is solid or solidified, and when the exterior material 610 is damaged as compared with a case where a liquid electrolyte is used between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. Since there is no liquid leakage and the decomposition of the solvent in the electrolyte during overcharge is suppressed, a safety mechanism such as a safety valve is not required, the thickness of the battery can be reduced, and the overcharge circuit can be It is possible to replace a complicated one with a simple one. In addition, the shape of the sheet-like battery can be arbitrarily designed, and when it is used as a power source for equipment, the installation space for the power source can be minimized.

  In the embodiment of the sheet-like battery in FIG. 6, the positive electrode 607 and the negative electrode 604 are one, but a plurality of electrodes are used, for example, negative electrode / ion conduction structure / positive electrode / ion conduction structure / negative electrode / ion conduction structure. It is also possible to form a secondary battery in which the cell units of the negative electrode / ion conduction structure / positive electrode are connected in parallel or in series in a stacked manner such as a body / positive electrode. It is also possible to incorporate a cell unit composed of a negative electrode / ion conductive structure / positive electrode into a battery housing in the shape of a coin-shaped battery, a cylindrical battery, or a rectangular battery as described later.

  Hereinafter, the member which comprises the secondary battery of this invention, and its manufacturing method are demonstrated in detail.

1. Ion conduction structure (101 shown in FIG. 1, 201 shown in FIG. 2, 501 shown in FIG. 5, 601 shown in FIG. 6, etc.)
The ion conductive structure used in the secondary battery of the present invention can have a layered structure or a columnar structure. In such a configuration, an ion conduction path (ion channel) in which the ion movement distance is substantially shortest is formed in a direction along the layered or columnar (column) structure or in a direction perpendicular to the layered structure. Therefore, the ionic conductivity in this path becomes the highest and exhibits anisotropic conductivity. In the secondary battery of the present invention, the ion conductive structure having the above layered structure or columnar (column) structure having high ion conductivity in a direction perpendicular to the opposing negative electrode and positive electrode planes is sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. be able to.

  As an ion conductive structure material having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure used in the present invention, for example, an organic or inorganic polymer gel material having a specific molecular orientation or ion conductive glass can be used. . The glass transition temperature of the ionic conduction structural member used in the secondary battery of the present invention is preferably −20 ° C. or lower, more preferably −30 ° C. or lower, and most preferably −50 ° C. or lower. preferable. The glass transition temperature can be determined by thermal analysis such as measurement using a compression load method using a thermomechanical analyzer or measurement using a differential scanning calorimeter.

  As a method for producing an ion conductive structure comprising a polymer gel, an ion conductive structure in which a polymer material having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure is filled with an electrolyte (electrolytic solution), that is, in the form of a polymer gel electrolyte. An example of a specific method for manufacturing the structure is shown below.

  (A) At least a monomer that forms a polymer by a polymerization reaction, a crosslinking agent that forms a polymer gel, and a compound having a molecular structure that serves as a template are mixed. Next, in the mixed solution, a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction are caused to prepare a crosslinked polymer having a layered or columnar structure. When preparing the crosslinked polymer, a solvent is mixed as necessary. Next, a polymer gel electrolyte is formed by absorbing and holding the electrolytic solution in which the supporting electrolyte is dissolved in the solvent in the obtained crosslinked polymer. As for the template compound, if possible depending on the material, it is desirable to remove it after the preparation of the crosslinked polymer. Alternatively, the electrolytic solution may be added before the polymerization reaction to prepare a polymer gel ion conductive structure filled with the electrolytic solution all at once.

  (B) At least a polymer material, a solvent for dissolving the polymer, a crosslinking agent, and a compound having a molecular structure as a template are mixed. Next, in the mixed solution, a crosslinking reaction is caused to prepare a crosslinked polymer having a layered or columnar structure. Next, the polymer gel electrolyte is formed by absorbing and holding the electrolytic solution in which the supporting electrolyte is dissolved in the solvent in the prepared crosslinked polymer. The template compound is desirably removed after preparation of the crosslinked polymer. In addition, the electrolytic solution may be added before the crosslinking reaction to prepare a polymer gel ion conductive structure filled with the electrolytic solution all at once.

  The ion conductive structure made of the polymer gel prepared in (a) or (b) is fixed to a support material such as a nonwoven fabric or directly made into a film shape or a sheet shape by a method such as casting. Can do. At this time, it is preferable that a columnar structure or a layered structure develops in a direction perpendicular to the film or sheet surface (film thickness direction), or a layered structure develops in a parallel direction. Accordingly, it is desirable that the ion conduction path (ion channel) is developed in a direction perpendicular to the film or sheet surface.

  (C) The crosslinked polymer in the method (a) or (b) is prepared by suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization to obtain a granular crosslinked polymer, or the crosslinked polymer obtained by bulk polymerization is pulverized. Thus, a powdery crosslinked polymer is obtained. Then, an ion-conducting structural layer of the polymer gel electrolyte is formed by adding an electrolytic solution to the obtained layered or columnar (column) structured granular or powdered cross-linked polymer to prepare and apply a paste. Can do. In addition, the granular or powdered crosslinked polymer is mixed with another polymer and a solvent that dissolves the polymer to prepare a paste and applied to form a composite layer with the crosslinked polymer. Even when the liquid is absorbed, the ion conductive structure layer of the polymer gel electrolyte can be formed. Typical examples of the above-mentioned composite polymer include fluororesins such as poly (vinylidene fluoride), polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, and polyacrylonitrile.

  In addition, in order to improve mechanical strength, the above-mentioned ionic conduction structural body can be reinforced by being put in a support material such as a nonwoven fabric, or can be combined with an inorganic oxide such as porous silica. It is.

  Hereinafter, the reaction and materials used in the above methods (a) to (c) will be described in more detail.

(Crosslinked polymer)
A method for preparing a cross-linked polymer having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure, which serves as a base material for a polymer gel electrolyte that is an ion conductive structure having an ion channel oriented, is a method in which monomers are polymerized and cross-linked (the above ( a) and a method of crosslinking a polymer (the method of (b) above).

As a polymerization reaction in a method for preparing a crosslinked polymer by polymerizing the above monomers, condensation polymerization, addition polymerization, and ring-opening polymerization can be used. Among them, addition polymerization can cause cross-linking reaction by adding polyfunctional compounds such as divinyl compounds and trivinyl compounds having two or more unsaturated bonds during polymerization, and the cross-linking ratio is also two or more unsaturated. Since it can be easily controlled by the concentration of the compound having a bond, it is a more preferable method for forming the polymer gel portion of the ion conductive structure structure of the present invention. Addition polymerization can be divided into radical polymerization, cation polymerization and anionic polymerization ionic polymerization depending on the reaction mechanism. In radical polymerization, an initiator that absorbs light such as ultraviolet rays or decomposes by heating to generate radicals and initiates a monomer polymerization reaction is used. Examples of the initiator include azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, light-absorbing and decomposing compounds such as ketone compounds and metallocene compounds. Examples of initiators for cationic polymerization include acids such as H ₂ SO ₄ , H ₃ PO ₄ , HClO ₄ , CCl ₃ CO ₂ H, Friedel-Crafts catalysts such as BF ₃ , AlCl ₃ , TiCl ₄ , SnCl ₄ , Examples include I ₂ , (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₃ CCl, and the like. Examples of the anionic polymerization initiator include water, alkali metal compounds, magnesium compounds, and the like.

  The amount of the initiator added to the monomer is preferably in the range of 1 to 10% by weight, and more preferably in the range of 2 to 5% by weight.

  Representative examples of the monomer to be subjected to addition polymerization include vinyl compounds. Examples include diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, diethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate, diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, diethylene glycol 2-ethylhexyl ether acrylate, diethyl ethoxymethylene malonate, 2-acetoxy-3-butenenitrile, allyl cyanoacetate, 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene, acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, ethylene, isoprene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride , Isobutylene, α-methylstyrene, tetradecanediol acrylate, silicone methacrylate, full B alkyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, such as N- isopropyl acrylamide. It is also preferable to appropriately select and mix these monomers for copolymerization. Further, it is desirable to select a monomer having a glass transition temperature of a polymer obtained by polymerization of preferably −20 ° C. or lower, more preferably −30 ° C. or lower.

  It is also preferable to use a liquid crystalline monomer that is regularly arranged by applying an electric field, a magnetic field, or light irradiation.

  On the other hand, specific examples of the polymer material used as a base for the method of preparing a crosslinked polymer by crosslinking the above-obtained polymer material include poly (N-iso-propylacrylamide), poly ( Methyl vinyl ether), poly (N-vinylid butyramide), vinyl ether polymer, poly (γ-benzyl L-glutamate), poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), polycarbonate, poly (methyl methacrylate), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, Examples thereof include poly (diisopropyl fumarate) and poly (vinylidene fluoride).

  Using the polymer material obtained by the polymerization reaction as described above, or a material already polymerized, a crosslinked polymer and a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by absorbing an electrolyte into the crosslinked polymer are prepared. .

  The method for preparing a crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) can be divided into a method using chemical bonding and a method using intermolecular bonding.

  The chemical bond method includes irradiating a polymer with energy rays such as electron beams and gamma rays to generate radicals to cause a crosslinking reaction, and reacting some active groups of the polymer chain with a crosslinking agent for crosslinking. A method for causing a reaction is mentioned.

  As a specific example, a method of cross-linking cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol having a hydroxyl group by a chemical reaction with an aldehyde, N-methylol compound, dicarboxylic acid, bisepoxide, etc., a polymer having an amino acid is gelled by an aldehyde or a glycidyl group, A method of crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol or polymethyl vinyl ether in water by irradiation with gamma rays, polyvinyl alcohol or N-vinyl pyrrolidone with a crosslinking agent such as diazo resin, bisazide or dichromate, polyvinyl alcohol, etc. And a method in which a polymer having a photosensitive group such as a stilbazolium salt is photodimerized and a method in which plasma generated by gas discharge is brought into contact with a polymer material to be crosslinked.

  In particular, a method of reacting an active group of a polymer side chain with a polyfunctional crosslinking agent as a method of causing a crosslinking reaction by reacting a part of the active groups of the polymer chain with a crosslinking agent is preferably employed. be able to. Specific examples include reaction of an ester bond in a side chain or a carboxyl group with a diamine compound, reaction of an amino group of a side chain with a dicarboxylic acid, reaction of a carboxyl group of a side chain with glycols, a hydroxyl group of a side chain with a dicarboxylic acid. The method of bridge | crosslinking by reaction etc. is mentioned. Specific examples of the amine include triethylenetetramine, tetramethylethylenediamine, diaminooligoethyleneamine, diaminooligoethylene glycol, and the like.

  When a crosslinking agent is used in the crosslinking reaction, the addition ratio is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 mol%, more preferably in the range of 2 to 10 mol%, relative to 1 mol of the polymer.

  On the other hand, as a method of crosslinking between polymer chains by bonding between molecules, crosslinking by hydrogen bonding, crosslinking by ionic bonding, and crosslinking by coordination bonding (chelate formation) can be mentioned. Specific examples include gelling by forming hydrogen bonds between polymers by freeze-drying, freeze-thawing, etc., polymethacrylic acid and polyethylene glycol, polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol, etc. A method of forming a gel by mixing a polymer, a method of forming a polyion complex gel by mixing a polycation such as polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium and a polyanion such as sodium polystyrenesulfonate, and a polycarboxylic acid such as polyacrylic acid. A strongly acidic polymer such as acid or polystyrene sulfonic acid may be combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal to form a gel.

  In addition, at the stage of the polymerization reaction for synthesizing the above-described polymer material, a gel can be formed by simultaneously proceeding with a crosslinking reaction by chemical bonding. In this case, the crosslinking method includes a crosslinking reaction by polycondensation using a divinyl compound or other polyfunctional compound, or polymerization and crosslinking by irradiation of energy rays such as heat, light, radiation, and plasma during polymer polymerization. A method of advancing the reaction is used. Specific examples include ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and methylene bisacrylamide as a cross-linking agent, polymerization with a radical initiator, radiation polymerization with irradiation of gamma rays and electron beams, and light matching the absorption wavelength of vinyl monomers in the presence of a crosslinking agent. Or photopolymerization in which a photosensitizer is added and light is irradiated.

  Examples of divinyl compounds that are examples of the body of difunctional monomers that function as crosslinking agents during addition polymerization include N, N'methylenebisacrylamide, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol di Examples include methacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, pentadecanediol diacrylate, allyl ether, allyl disulfide, 3-acryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and the like. The amount of the crosslinking agent added during the preparation of the crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 30 mol%, more preferably in the range of 1 to 20 mol%, and more preferably 2 to 2 mol per 1 mol of the monomer. The range of 10 mol% is more preferable.

  The cross-linked polymer (polymer gel) obtained through the polymerization reaction and the cross-linking reaction has a carbon-oxygen bond in order to promote high ionic conductivity by promoting ionic dissociation of the electrolyte when the electrolytic solution is held. It is desirable to have at least one or more types of bonds selected from carbon-nitrogen bonds and carbon-sulfur bonds, and one or more types of functional groups selected from ether groups, ester groups, carbonyl groups, and amide groups. It is preferable to have at least, and raw materials are selected and used so as to have such a chemical structure.

(Compound with molecular structure as template)
A compound having a molecular structure as a template used for preparing a cross-linked polymer (polymer gel) having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure is in contact with an electric field, a magnetic field, light, temperature, concentration, pressure, and the like. Depending on the surface shape or material of the material, and combinations thereof, the material is oriented in a certain direction or regularly arranged. In the present invention, a polymer having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure is obtained by polymerizing and crosslinking a monomer using a compound having a molecular structure as a template, or by crosslinking a polymer. (Polymer gel) can be prepared and an ion conduction structure using this as a base material can be formed.

  The compound having a molecular structure serving as the template is preferably one or more materials selected from liquid crystal compounds, diacetylene compounds, and amphiphilic compounds. Here, the molecular structure exhibiting liquid crystallinity is a geometrically asymmetrical rod-like or plate-like shape, -CH = N- or -OCCO having a large dipole moment or polarization effect in the molecule and intermolecular interaction. It is a molecular structure having a group of-.

(Liquid crystal compound)
Examples of the rod-like molecular structure exhibiting liquid crystallinity include those in which different end groups are bonded to one or more cyclic groups, those in which a cyclic group and a cyclic group are bonded at a central group (bonding group), and different terminal groups are bonded. Preferably, the molecular structure is selected from: Examples of such a cyclic group include a benzene ring (phenyl group), a trans-type cyclohexane ring (cyclohexyl group), a hetero 6-membered ring, other heterocyclic groups, and a polycyclic group. Examples of such a central group (linking group) include —CH═N—, —CO—O—, —N═NO—, trans type —N═N—, trans type —CH═CH—, —C≡C. _{-, - C 6 H 4 -} , trans _-C 6 _{H 10} - is selected. As the terminal group, for example, the _{formula, C n H 2n + 1 -} , C n H 2n + 1 O-, is preferably a group selected from CN @ -,.

  As the flat liquid crystalline compound, for example, a benzene cyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, or a polycyclic compound is used. Further, it is desirable that the molecules of the flat plate-like liquid crystal are arranged in a columnar shape.

  In addition, as the compound having a molecular structure as the template, a monomer that is a raw material of a crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) that is a base material of the ion conductive structure having the layered structure or the columnar (column) structure In addition, the cross-linking agent and the polymer may have a function of aligning like a liquid crystalline material.

  The liquid crystal material used for the compound having the molecular structure serving as the template includes the liquid crystalline compound having the above structure as a component (or a single material), and may be a low molecular liquid crystal or a high molecular liquid crystal, such as a nematic liquid crystal or a cholesteric liquid crystal. Any of smectic liquid crystal, ferroelectric liquid crystal and discotic liquid crystal can be used, and nematic liquid crystal is more preferable.

  Examples of the low-molecular nematic liquid crystal include N- (4-methoxybenzylidene-4′-n-butylaniline), N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-p′-4-butylaniline), p-azoxyanisole, 4 -N-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl, 4-n-octyloxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl, trans-4-heptyl (4-cyanophenyl) cyclohexane, and the like.

  Examples of low molecular weight cholesteric liquid crystals include cholesteryl-nonanate, hexaalkanoyloxybenzene, tetraalkanoyloxy-p-benzoquinone, hexaalkoxytriphenylene, hexaalkanoyloxytriphenylene, hexaalkanoyloxytruxene, hexaalkanoylrufigalol, 2,2 ', 6,6'-tetraaryl-4,4'-bipyranylidene, 2,2', 6,6'-tetraaryl-4,4'-bithiopyranylidene, substituted benzoates of hexahydrotriphenylene, etc. It is done.

  Examples of the low-molecular smectic liquid crystal include butyroxybenzylidene-octylaniline, p-cyanobenzylidene-p′-n-octyloxyaniline, and the like.

  Examples of the low molecular discotic liquid crystal include triphenylene-hexa-n-dodecanonate.

  Examples of the low-molecular ferroelectric liquid crystal include azomethine (Schiff), azoxy, ester, mixtures of chiral compounds, those obtained by adding a chiral compound to an achiral host liquid crystal, and the like.

  Examples of the polymer liquid crystal include poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, poly (4-cyanophenyl 4′-hexyloxy benzoate methyl siloxane), poly (4-methoxyphenyl 4′-propyloxy benzoate methyl siloxane), polystyrene- Polyethylene oxide block copolymer, hydroxypropyl cellulose, poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), poly [(ethylene terephthalate) -co-1,4-benzoate], poly (4,4′-dimethylazoxybenzene dodecanedi Oil), poly (oligoethyleneazoxybenzoate), poly (p-benzamide), and the like.

  These liquid crystal materials are processed (alignment) to apply an electric field, a magnetic field, or light irradiation in a predetermined direction, select a concentration to be dissolved in a temperature region or a solvent, and preferentially provide alignment in a predetermined axial direction. It is possible to orient in a predetermined direction by placing it on the surface of the treated substrate, and using such a method, it is oriented in the preparation stage of the crosslinked polymer (polymer gel), and has a layered structure or columnar shape. A crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) having a (column) structure is formed.

The electric field strength in the electric field application is preferably set to 10 ³ V / cm or more, for example, and more preferably set to 4 × 10 ³ V / cm or more. The magnetic field applied in the magnetic field application is preferably set to 0.1 Tesla [T] or more, and more preferably 1 Tesla [T] or more.

  When using the above-described method for disposing liquid crystal on the surface of the substrate subjected to the alignment treatment, specifically, the mixture (liquid) of the raw material to which the alignment agent is added is disposed on the substrate such as a glass substrate subjected to the surface alignment treatment. After that, a polymer gel is prepared. The substrate material surface treatment method is, for example, a treatment method in which an organic silane coupling agent such as lecithin, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chromium bramate complex, octadecylmalonic acid, stearyltrichlorosilane, or the like is adsorbed on the glass substrate surface, A method of providing uniform protrusions on the glass substrate, a method of depositing silicon oxide or the like on the glass substrate surface from an oblique direction, and a rubbing treatment are employed. By such a method, the property of aligning the liquid crystal in the vertical direction or the inclined direction is imparted to the glass substrate surface.

  In addition, the molecular structure which shows the liquid crystallinity of such an aligning agent may remain in the obtained crosslinked polymer material (polymer gel).

(Diacetylene compound)
The diacetylene compound used as the alignment agent is polymerized to function as an alignment agent. Examples of such polymerizing monomers include 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol, diacetylene carboxylic acid, 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol-bis-phenylurethane, ortho-position or meta-position substitution. Diphenyl diacetylene, 3,6,13,16-tetraoxaoctadeca-8,10-diyne-1,18-diol, and the like.

  These diacetylene compound monomers undergo a solid-phase polymerization reaction upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays or γ-ray energy rays or heating, and a polymer single crystal oriented in one direction is obtained. Utilizing this property, the mixture (liquid) of the raw material of the crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) containing the diacetylene compound monomer as a template is irradiated with energy rays or heated as described above during the crosslinking reaction to form a layered structure. A crosslinked polymer (polymer gel) having a structure or a columnar (column) structure can be prepared.

(Amphiphilic compounds)
A molecule of an amphiphilic compound has a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group (lipophilic group) in a molecule such as a surfactant, and a molecular assembly (aggregate) by an entropy effect involving a water molecule called a hydrophobic interaction. ) And behave as a lyotropic liquid crystal. The structure of this lyotropic liquid crystal composed of amphiphilic molecules consists of hexagonals in which cylindrical aggregates form a hexagonal system, lamellae in which bilayers of amphiphilic molecules and water are alternately arranged, and alkyl chains on the outside. Take the structure of reverse hexagonal and so on. Examples of the amphiphilic compound include aliphatic soap, arginine monoalkyl phosphate alkyl phosphate, long-chain alkyl glyceryl ether, octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, octaethylene glycol monodosyl ether, lecithin, and the like. By selecting the type and concentration of the amphiphilic compound, it is possible to select and form the above hexagonal structure, lamellar structure, or reverse hexagonal structure, and the cross-linked structure with a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure. There is an advantage that it is inexpensive as a template raw material for preparing a molecule (polymer gel).

(Ion conductive glass with aligned ion channels)
Next, the specific example of the manufacturing method of the ion conduction structure using ion conduction glass is demonstrated.

(D) For example, Li ₂ S—SiS ₂ -based glass added with Li ₃ PO ₄ as an example of lithium ion conductive glass 0.01 Li ₃ PO ₄ -0.99 (0.64 Li ₂ S-0.36 SiS ₂ ) when forming a thin film, a glass obtained by melting of _Li 3 PO ₄ and Li ₂ S and SiS ₂ targeting, or _Li 3 PO ₄ and Li ₂ S and SiS ₂ to the target, sputtering or electron beam evaporation In this method, while applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the substrate or applying a negative bias voltage to the substrate, it is deposited on a layered structure or a columnar structure, and the lithium ion channel is oriented perpendicularly to the substrate. Is possible. Thereby, a lithium ion conductive glass thin film having a conductivity exceeding 2.5 × 10 ⁻³ Scm ⁻¹ can be obtained.

2. Secondary battery and its member The secondary battery of the present invention is obtained by arranging an ion conductive structure having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure obtained between the negative electrode and the positive electrode in the direction of the negative electrode and the positive electrode. In addition, it is preferable that the ionic conductivity be provided in the vertical direction so as to be the highest. The secondary battery of the present invention has an ion conduction path (ion) in which the ion movement distance is substantially shortest in the direction along the layered or columnar (column) structure prepared as described above or in the direction perpendicular to the layered structure. It is possible to produce an ion conductive structure in which a channel) is formed in a state where it is in contact with the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and the output terminal is taken out and sealed with an exterior material.

  Specific methods for manufacturing a secondary battery include the following methods.

  (E) An ion conductive structure is formed on the negative electrode surface, the positive electrode surface, or both surfaces of the negative electrode and the positive electrode by the methods (a) to (d). Then, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are in close contact with the surface on which the ion conductive structure is provided as an opposing surface, or a similar ion conductive structure (film) is further sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode to attach a secondary battery (cell). Form.

  (F) The negative electrode and the positive electrode are opposed to each other through a gap (void) that prevents the negative electrode and the positive electrode from being in direct contact with each other. For example, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are placed through a spacer such as a nonwoven fabric or a film having fine pores or particles Then, an ion conductive structure is formed in the gap (gap) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode by the methods (a) to (c), for example, and a secondary battery is formed.

  (G) On the surface of the electrode (current collector), in the order of negative electrode, ion conductive structure, positive electrode, electrode, or in the order of positive electrode, ion conductive structure, negative electrode, electrode, by a deposition method such as sputtering or electron beam evaporation. A secondary battery is formed by stacking.

  Hereinafter, members used for manufacturing the secondary battery will be described in detail.

(Ion conductive structure / polymer gel)
When the polymer gel of the crosslinked polymer described above is used as the base material of the ionic conduction structural member, the polymer gel contains a polymer or solvent having a three-dimensional network structure insoluble in a solvent such as a crosslinked structure. Sucking and swollen. A polymer gel whose solvent is water is called a hydrogel, and a polymer gel whose solvent is an organic substance is called an organogel. When an ion conductive structure composed of a polymer gel is used for a lithium secondary battery using a redox reaction of lithium ions, an organogel is used as the polymer gel for other alkaline storage batteries or lead storage batteries For this, hydrogel is used.

(Negative electrode / 604 in the example shown in FIG. 6)
The negative electrode is composed of a current collector (606 in FIG. 6) and an active material layer (605 in FIG. 6) (in the present invention, “active material” means an electrochemical reaction of charging and discharging in a battery ( Substances involved in the repetition of the reaction) are generically named).

  In the case where the secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery using redox oxidation of lithium ions, the material used for the active material layer of the negative electrode is one that retains lithium during charging, and is lithium metal, lithium and electrochemical And a metal that forms an alloy, a carbon material that intercalates lithium, or a transition metal compound. Examples of the transition metal compound include transition metal oxides, transition metal nitrides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal carbides, and the like. As the transition metal element of the transition metal compound used for the negative electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery, for example, Sc, Y, lanthanoid, actinoid, Ti, which is an element partially having d shell or f shell. Examples include Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. In particular, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, which are first transition series metals, are preferably used.

  In the case of the nickel-hydride battery, the nickel-cadmium battery, the nickel-zinc battery, and the lead battery in which the secondary battery of the present invention uses an aqueous solution as an electrolyte, the materials used for the active material layer of the negative electrode are each hydrogen Occlusion alloys, cadmium, zinc, lead are used.

  As the shape of the negative electrode active material layer, it can be used as it is if it is a foil or a plate, and if it is a powder, a binder is mixed, and in some cases, a conductive auxiliary material is also added to the collector. A coating film is formed to create a negative electrode. Further, as a method of forming a thin film of the above material on the current collector, plating or vapor deposition can be used. Examples of the deposition method include CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), electron beam deposition, and sputtering. Any negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery must be sufficiently dried under reduced pressure.

  The negative electrode current collector in the present invention plays a role of efficiently supplying or generating the current consumed by the electrode reaction during charging and discharging. Therefore, as a material for forming the current collector of the negative electrode, a material having high conductivity and inert to battery reaction is desirable. Preferable materials include nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, platinum, palladium, gold, zinc, various alloys, and two or more composite metals of the above materials. As the shape of the current collector, for example, a plate shape, a foil shape, a mesh shape, a sponge shape, a fiber shape, a punching metal, an expanded metal, or the like can be adopted.

(Positive electrode / 607 in the example shown in FIG. 6)
The positive electrode is composed of a current collector (609 in the example shown in FIG. 6) and an active material layer (608).

  When the secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery using redox oxidation of lithium ions, the material used for the active material layer of the positive electrode is a transition metal that retains lithium during discharge and intercalates lithium Examples thereof include transition metal compounds such as oxides, transition metal nitrides, and transition metal sulfides. As the transition metal element of the transition metal compound used for the positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery, for example, Sc, Y, lanthanoid, actinoid, Ti, which is an element partially having d shell or f shell. Examples include Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. In particular, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, which are first transition series metals, are preferably used.

  In the nickel-hydride battery, the nickel-cadmium battery, and the nickel-zinc battery, the secondary battery of the present invention uses an aqueous solution as the electrolytic solution, and nickel hydroxide is used in all, and the lead battery uses lead oxide. It is done.

  The positive electrode in the present invention includes a current collector, a positive electrode active material, a conductive auxiliary material, a binder, and the like. This positive electrode is produced by molding a mixture of a positive electrode active material, a conductive auxiliary material, a binder and the like on the surface of the current collector.

  Examples of the conductive auxiliary agent used for the positive electrode include graphite, carbon black such as ketjen black and acetylene black, and metal fine powder such as nickel. As the binder used for the positive electrode, for example, when the electrolytic solution is a non-aqueous solvent, polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride or tetrafluoroethylene polymer, or the electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution. In the case of the system, mention may be made of polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, or polyamide.

  The current collector of the positive electrode plays a role of efficiently supplying current generated by the electrode reaction during charging / discharging or collecting current generated. Therefore, as a material for forming the positive electrode current collector, a material having high conductivity and inert to battery reaction is desirable. Preferred materials include nickel, titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, platinum, palladium, gold, zinc, various alloys, and two or more composite metals of the above materials. As the shape of the current collector, for example, a plate shape, a foil shape, a mesh shape, a sponge shape, a fiber shape, a punching metal, an expanded metal, or the like can be adopted.

(Electrolyte)
When the secondary battery of the present invention is applied to a lithium secondary battery using an oxidation-reduction reaction of lithium ions, the supporting electrolyte and its solvent used in the electrolytic solution retained by the ionic conduction structure are preferably shown below. Used.

Examples of the supporting electrolyte include acids such as H ₂ SO ₄ , HCl and HNO ₃ , lithium ions (Li ⁺ ) and Lewis acid ions (BF ₄ ⁻ , PF ₆ ⁻ , AsF ₆ ⁻ , ClO ₄ ⁻ , CF ₃ SO ₃ ^-, _BPh ^{4 -:} salt consisting of (Ph phenyl group)), and mixed salts thereof, and the like. Further, a salt composed of a cation such as sodium ion, potassium ion, tetraalkylammonium ion and Lewis acid ion can also be used. It is desirable that the salt be sufficiently dehydrated and deoxygenated by heating under reduced pressure.

  Examples of the solvent for the supporting electrolyte include acetonitrile, benzonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, nitrobenzene, dichloroethane, diethoxyethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, chlorobenzene, and γ. -Butyrolactone, dioxolane, sulfolane, nitromethane, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethoxyethane, methyl formate, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-propyl sydnone, sulfur dioxide, phosphoryl chloride, thionyl chloride, Sulfuryl chloride or a mixture thereof can be used.

  For example, the solvent may be dehydrated with activated alumina, molecular sieve, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium chloride or the like, or depending on the solvent, distillation may be performed in the presence of an alkali metal in an inert gas to remove impurities and dehydrate. Good.

  As the supporting electrolyte when the secondary battery of the present invention is applied to a secondary battery other than a lithium secondary battery, and the solvent used in the electrolytic solution retained in the ion conductive structure is water, the following electrolyte is used. Preferably used. In the case of nickel-hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, and air-zinc batteries, alkalis such as potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide are all used. In the case of a lead battery, an acid such as sulfuric acid is used.

(Battery shape and structure)
Specific examples of the secondary battery of the present invention include a flat shape, a cylindrical shape, a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and a sheet shape. Examples of the battery structure include a single layer type, a multilayer type, and a spiral type. Among them, the spiral cylindrical battery has a feature that the electrode area can be increased by winding a separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and a large current can be passed during charging and discharging. Moreover, a rectangular parallelepiped type or sheet type battery has a feature that a storage space of a device configured by storing a plurality of batteries can be used effectively.

  By using the ionic conduction structural member structure of the present invention, the electrolyte solution can be solidified between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, so there is no liquid leakage and the battery can be easily sealed. Can be made thin, and a battery having a free shape can be easily manufactured.

  Below, with reference to FIG. 7, the example of a shape and structure of a battery is demonstrated in detail. FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a single-layer flat (coin-type) battery. These secondary batteries basically have the same configuration as that shown in FIG. 6, and include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, an ion conductive structure, a battery housing, and an output terminal.

  In FIG. 7, 701 is a negative electrode, 703 is a positive electrode, 704 is a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode cap), 705 is a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode can), 702 is an ion conductive structure, and 706 is a gasket.

  In the flat type (coin type) secondary battery illustrated in FIG. 6, the positive electrode 702 including the positive electrode material layer (active material layer) and the negative electrode 701 including the negative electrode material layer (active material layer) include at least the ion conductive structure 702. The laminate is accommodated from the positive electrode side in a positive electrode can 705 as a positive electrode terminal, and the negative electrode side is covered with a negative electrode cap 704 as a negative electrode terminal. And the gasket 706 is arrange | positioned in the other part in a positive electrode can.

Below, an example of the assembly method of the battery shown in FIG. 7 is demonstrated.
(1) A laminate in which the ion conductive structure (702) is sandwiched between the negative electrode (701) and the positive electrode (703) is formed by the method as described above, and is incorporated into the positive electrode can (705).
(2) Assemble the negative electrode cap (704)) and the gasket (706).
(3) The battery is completed by caulking (2) above.

  It is desirable that the above-described lithium battery material preparation and battery assembly be performed in dry air from which moisture has been sufficiently removed or in a dry inert gas.

  Other members constituting the secondary battery as described above will be described.

(Insulating packing)
As a material of the gasket (706), for example, fluororesin, polyolefin resin, polyamide resin, polysulfone resin, and various rubbers can be used. As a battery sealing method, a glass sealing tube, an adhesive, welding, soldering, or the like is used in addition to “caulking” using insulating packing as shown in FIG. Moreover, various organic resin materials and ceramics are used as the material of the insulating plate in FIG.

(Battery housing)
In the example shown in FIG. 7, the battery housing that accommodates each member in the secondary battery includes a positive electrode can (705) and a negative electrode cap (704) of the battery. In the example shown in FIG. 7, since the positive electrode can (705) and the negative electrode cap (704) serve as a battery housing (case) and an input / output terminal, stainless steel is preferably used.

  In addition, when the positive electrode can (705) and the negative electrode cap (704) do not serve as a housing, as a battery exterior material, a laminated film obtained by laminating a plate-like and film-like plastic material, a metal foil or a vapor-deposited metal film with a plastic film. A composite material of plastic and metal such as is preferably used. When the secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium secondary battery, it is more preferable to use a material that does not transmit water vapor or gas as the exterior material, and it is important to be able to seal the water vapor intrusion route.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on examples. The present invention is not limited to these examples.

  In the text, parts and% are based on weight unless otherwise specified.

(Preparation of polymer gel electrolyte / ion conducting structure)
Experimental example 1
First, dry nitrogen gas was charged into a reaction vessel of a three-necked flask equipped with a reflux device, a dropping device, a stirring device, and a heating device. In this three-necked flask, 15.0 parts of nonoxysurfactant polyoxyethylene hexadecyl ether and 275 parts of ion-exchanged water were placed as a compound having a molecular structure as a template and stirred. Next, 8.76 parts of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and 0.24 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were well stirred and dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and stirred well until the system became uniform. Further, an aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 0.03 part of potassium peroxosulfate in 10 parts of ion-exchanged water as a polymerization initiator was dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and the temperature in the three-necked flask was stirred at 75 ° C. For 7 hours. Thereafter, the obtained granular polymer gel was washed with water and ethanol and dried to obtain a powdered crosslinked polymer.

  80 parts of a 1 mol / liter ethylene carbonate-propylene carbonate (1: 1) solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was added to 20 parts of the obtained powder cross-linked polymer to prepare a paste, and indium-tin oxide A glass substrate coated with (ITO) was applied to a thickness of 50 microns to prepare an ion conductive structure of a polymer gel electrolyte.

  The ion conductive structure is sandwiched between another ITO coated glass substrate and connected as shown in FIG. 8, and the resistance value of the polymer gel electrolyte ion conductive structure 801 between the pair of ITO electrodes 802 is measured from a milliohm meter. The impedance measurement device 803 is used to measure impedance with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz, determine the resistance value r, measure the thickness d and area A of the ion conductor, and the formula (ion conductivity σ) = d / (A The ion conductivity was calculated from xr).

  Further, when the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed under a crossed Nicols polarization using a polarizing microscope, a structure in which layered polymer skeletons were arranged was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 1
As in Experimental Example 1, first, dry nitrogen gas was charged into a reaction vessel of a three-necked flask equipped with a reflux device, a dropping device, a stirring device, and a heating device. In this three-necked flask, 290 parts of ion-exchanged water was added and stirred. Next, 8.76 parts of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and 0.24 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were well stirred and dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and stirred well until the system became uniform. Further, an aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 0.03 part of potassium peroxosulfate in 10 parts of ion-exchanged water as a polymerization initiator was dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and the temperature in the three-necked flask was stirred at 75 ° C. The resulting granular polymer gel was washed with water and ethanol and dried to obtain a powdered crosslinked polymer.

  80 parts of a 1 mol / liter ethylene carbonate-propylene carbonate (1: 1) solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was added to 20 parts of the obtained powder cross-linked polymer to prepare a paste, and indium-tin oxide The glass substrate coated with (ITO) was applied to a thickness of 50 microns to produce an ion conductive structure of polymer gel electrolyte, and sandwiched between another ITO coated glass substrate. Similarly, the resistance value of the polymer gel electrolyte between the ITO electrodes was measured by measuring the impedance of a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz using a milliohm meter. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about 1/3 that of Experimental Example 1.

  Further, when the gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed under a crossed Nicols polarization using a polarizing microscope, the oriented structure as in Experimental Example 1 was not observed in the dark field.

Experimental example 2
29.8 parts of methyl methacrylate as a monomer, 0.2 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent, N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) as a low molecular liquid crystal compound having a molecular structure as a template 50 parts, 1 part of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, and 20 parts of propylene carbonate were added. The mixed solution was inserted into a cell having a cell gap of 100 microns composed of two ITO-coated glass substrates, and an AC electric field of 100 V (400 Hz) was applied between the ITO electrodes. Next, the cell was heated at 75 ° C. showing a nematic state while an electric field was applied to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction to obtain a film polymer gel.

  After washing and removing the low-molecular liquid crystal in the obtained polymer gel with ethyl alcohol, a polymer gel electrolyte is prepared by impregnating and holding 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate. did.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an image observed at an acceleration voltage of 20.0 kV. In the figure, the part above the central part shows the surface part of the polymer gel electrolyte, and the lower part shows the inside (cross section). From the portion showing the inside, it was understood that the polymer gel was formed in a layer shape, and the stacking direction of this layer was perpendicular to the direction of the electric field (electric field line vector) applied during preparation.

Comparative Experiment Example 2
In Experimental Example 2, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 by adding propylene carbonate instead of the low-molecular liquid crystal N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) used. In the same manner as in Experimental Example 2, the resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/5 that of Experimental Example 2.

  Further, when the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, as shown in FIG. 10, a layered structure regularly oriented in the vertical direction with respect to the electric field (electric field line vector) applied during preparation. No structure was observed.

Experimental example 3
50 parts of methyl methacrylate as a monomer, 5 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent, 40 parts of N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) of a low molecular liquid crystal as a compound having a molecular structure as a template, an initiator 2,5'-azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and 200 parts of 0.5 mol / liter 1,4-dioxane solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was added. The above mixed solution was inserted into a cell having a cell gap of 50 microns consisting of two glass substrates whose surfaces were previously coated with lecithin, and the gap cell was inserted into a samarium-cobalt anisotropic magnet having a residual magnetic flux density of 1 Tesla. A magnetic field was applied between the N and S poles. Subsequently, the low molecular liquid crystal was heated at 75 ° C. in a nematic state to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction, thereby obtaining a film-like polymer gel.

  After washing and removing the low molecular liquid crystal in the obtained polymer gel with acetone, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared by impregnating and holding 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate. .

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. When the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a cross-sectional structure having a regular columnar (column) structure parallel to the applied magnetic field (magnetic field vector) was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 3
In Experimental Example 3, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 by adding propylene carbonate instead of the low molecular liquid crystal N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) used.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 3, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/4 of that of the example.

  Moreover, when the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a regular columnar (column) structure parallel to the applied magnetic field was not observed.

Experimental Example 4
45 parts of methyl methacrylate as a monomer, 5 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking agent, 40 parts of N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) as a compound having a molecular structure as a template, 1 mol 9 parts of a propylene carbonate solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate / liter and 1 part of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator were mixed. A pair of SUS (stainless steel) electrodes are inserted into the mixed solution, an AC electric field of 2 V (400 Hz) is applied between the electrodes, and the mixture is heated at 75 ° C. indicating a nematic state to carry out a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction. Wake up to obtain a polymer gel.

  Next, the low molecular liquid crystal in the obtained polymer gel is washed away with acetone, and then impregnated with 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate to obtain a polymer gel electrolyte. Prepared.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope. FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing an image observed at an acceleration voltage of 20.0 kV. Fig.11 (a) is a schematic diagram which shows the state of the surface of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte, and FIG.11 (b) is a schematic diagram which shows an inside (sectional drawing). The polymer gel electrolyte has various shapes on its surface as shown in FIG. 11 (a). As shown in the enlarged view (P), the individual regions are smaller domains in a mosaic pattern. (Area). Moreover, in the inside (cross-sectional view) shown in FIG. 11B, the polymer gel electrolyte was formed in a columnar shape. The growth direction of the columns shown in FIG. 11 (b) was parallel to the direction of the electric field applied during the preparation.

Comparative Experiment Example 4
In Experimental Example 4, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 by adding propylene carbonate instead of the low molecular liquid crystal N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) used.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Example 4, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/6 of the example.

  Moreover, when the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a columnar (column) structure grown parallel to the applied electric field (electric field line vector) as shown in FIG. 11 was not observed. It was.

Experimental Example 5
25 parts of sodium dodecylsulfonate as an anionic surfactant forming a layered structure and 100 parts of ion-exchanged water were added and stirred. Next, after 16.5 parts of acrylonitrile and 1.5 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were thoroughly stirred and bubbled with argon gas to replace oxygen, 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone was used as a photopolymerization initiator. 5 parts were mixed to prepare a mixed solution. Thereafter, the obtained mixed solution was cast on a glass substrate coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO) and irradiated with light with a 500 watt high-pressure mercury lamp to cause a polymerization crosslinking reaction, thereby obtaining a polymer film. Subsequently, the polymer film obtained on the glass substrate was repeatedly immersed in fresh methanol to remove the surfactant. Subsequently, a 1 mol / liter propylene carbonate solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was absorbed to prepare an ion conductive structure.

  This ionic conductive structure was sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate, connected as shown in FIG. 7, and the ionic conductivity was measured with a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Example 1. Moreover, the ion conductive structure of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte film was observed with an electron microscope, and a layered structure was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 5
In Experimental Example 5, after the monomer and the crosslinking agent were polymerized and cross-linked without mixing the surfactant, the polymer coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO) in the same manner as in Experimental Example 5. A film was obtained on a glass substrate. Subsequently, the polymer film obtained on the glass substrate was repeatedly immersed in fresh methanol and washed. Subsequently, a 1 mol / liter propylene carbonate solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was absorbed to prepare an ion conductive structure.

  Similarly to Experimental Example 5, the resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/4 of that of the example.

  Moreover, although the ion conductive structure of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte film was observed with an electron microscope, the layered structure as in Experimental Example 5 was not observed.

Experimental Example 6
90 parts methyl methacrylate as a monomer, 10 parts 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4'-cyanobiphenyl as a liquid crystalline monomer, 5 parts bisphenol A diacrylate similar to a liquid crystalline structure as a crosslinking agent, start As the agent, 5 parts of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile was added, and 100 parts of propylene carbonate was added. The mixed solution was inserted into a cell having a cell gap composed of two 50-micron ITO coated glass substrates, and an AC electric field of 100 V (400 Hz) was applied between the ITO electrodes. Next, the cell was heated at 70 ° C. with an electric field applied to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction, thereby obtaining a film polymer gel. After washing and removing the low-molecular liquid crystal in the obtained polymer gel with tetrahydrofuran, 1 mol / liter of electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate is absorbed to obtain an ionic structure of the polymer gel electrolyte. The body was prepared.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. When the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a cross-sectional structure in which the layered structure perpendicular to the applied electric field was oriented was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 6
In Experimental Example 6, instead of 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4′-cyanobiphenyl as a liquid crystalline monomer, methyl methacrylate instead of bisphenol A diacrylate showing liquid crystallinity as a crosslinking agent, ethylene glycol di A methacrylate was added and heated at 70 ° C. in the same manner as in Experimental Example 6 to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction to obtain a film polymer gel. The obtained polymer gel was washed and removed with tetrahydrofuran, and then impregnated with 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate to prepare an ionic structure of the polymer gel electrolyte.

  The resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/3 of the example.

  Moreover, when the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with the electron microscope, the layered structure perpendicular | vertical with respect to the applied electric field was not observed.

Experimental Example 7
20 parts of polymer poly (γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) showing liquid crystallinity and 80 parts of 1,4-dioxane were mixed with 1.7 parts of triethylenetetramine and 3.6 parts of lithium tetrafluoroborate. This mixed solution was inserted into a cell having a cell gap of 50 microns made of two tetrafluoroethylene polymer sheets, and the gap cell was inserted into an N pole and an S pole of a samarium-cobalt anisotropic magnet having a residual magnetic flux density of 1 Tesla. A magnetic field was applied between the pins. Subsequently, it was left at 70 ° C. for 7 days to obtain a polymer gel film. Furthermore, after the obtained film was washed with 1,4-dioxane, a film-like polymer intended to be impregnated and retained with an electrolyte solution of 0.5 mol / liter in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane. A gel electrolyte was obtained.

  When the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a cross-sectional structure in which regular columnar (column) structures were aligned parallel to the applied magnetic field (magnetic field vector) was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 7
In Experimental Example 7, a polymer gel film was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 7 using poly (methyl methacrylate) instead of the polymer poly (γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) exhibiting liquid crystallinity. . Further, in the same manner as in Experimental Example 7, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared. Next, the resistance value was measured by impedance measurement using a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 7, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity was about 1/4 of that of the example.

  Moreover, when the shape of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte was observed with an electron microscope, a cross-sectional structure in which regular columnar (column) structures parallel to the applied magnetic field were not observed.

Experimental Example 8
After nitrogen gas was bubbled into a mixed solution of 30 parts of potassium palmitate as a surfactant and 70 parts of ion-exchanged water for gas substitution, 8.76 parts of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and 0.24 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were obtained. As a polymerization initiator, 0.03 part of potassium peroxopersulfate was added as a polymerization initiator, and a mixed solution was prepared by stirring. Then, the obtained mixed solution was cast on a glass substrate coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO) and heated to 75 ° C. to perform a polymerization crosslinking reaction, thereby obtaining a polymer film. Subsequently, the polymer film obtained on the glass substrate was repeatedly immersed in fresh methanol to remove the surfactant. Subsequently, a 1 mol / liter propylene carbonate solution of lithium tetrafluoroborate was absorbed to prepare an ion conductive structure.

  This ionic conduction structural member was sandwiched between another ITO coated glass substrate, connected as shown in FIG. 7, and the ionic conductivity was measured with a milliohm meter in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1.

  Further, the ion conductive structure of the obtained polymer gel electrolyte film was observed with an electron microscope, and a columnar structure was observed.

Comparative Experimental Example 8
In Experimental Example 8, a polymer gel film was prepared on an ITO-coated glass substrate by causing electron beam irradiation to cause a crosslinking reaction in the same manner as in Example 8 without using a surfactant. The sample was sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate, impedance was measured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about half that of Example 8.

  Further, when the shape of the polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, the regular columnar (column) structure as in Experimental Example 8 was not observed.

Experimental Example 9
Tetrahydrofuran is added to propylene carbonate after tetrahydrofuran is added to and dissolved in 40 parts of polycarbonate as a polymer base material, 60 parts of N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) as a low molecular liquid crystal. After the dissolved 1 mol / liter electrolyte was mixed, a paste was prepared, applied to the ITO coated glass substrate, and a 2 Tesla magnetic field was applied vertically to the ITO coated glass substrate with an electromagnet and left standing. The polymer gel film was prepared by irradiating with an electron beam to prepare a polymer gel film, washed with acetonitrile, and impregnated with 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate. The polymer gel electrolyte was prepared by adding another polymer gel electrolyte film. The sheet was sandwiched between two ITO-coated glass substrates, impedance was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness.

  Further, when the shape of the polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, the layered structure perpendicular to the applied magnetic field (field line vector) was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 9
In Experimental Example 9, without adding low-molecular liquid crystal N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline), tetrahydrofuran was added and dissolved in polycarbonate, and then lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate. A 1 mol / liter electrolyte solution was mixed to prepare a paste, which was applied to an ITO coated glass substrate, irradiated with an electron beam to cause a crosslinking reaction, and a polymer gel film was prepared, followed by washing with acetonitrile. Thereafter, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared by impregnating and holding a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate.

  Impedance was measured in the same manner as in Experimental Example 9, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about ¼ that of Example 9. Further, when the shape of the polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope with an electron microscope, a regular layered structure perpendicular to the applied magnetic field as in Experimental Example 9 was not observed.

Experimental Example 10
8 parts acrylamide, 2 parts acrylic acid, 1 part methylenebisacrylamide, 20 parts anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfonate, 0.4 part 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator, ion-exchanged water When 92 parts were mixed and radical polymerization was performed while stirring at 70 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, a granular polymer gel was obtained. The surfactant was removed by washing with methanol and dried. 5 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose is mixed with 95 parts of the obtained granular polymer gel, a paste is prepared by adding a solution of 50% acetone-50% ion-exchanged water, applied to an ITO coated glass substrate, dried, and 2 weight A polymer gel electrolyte layer prepared by impregnating 30% by weight of potassium hydroxide containing 30% by weight of lithium hydroxide to a thickness of 50 microns was formed and sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate. Similarly, impedance measurement was performed, and ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness.

  Further, the granular polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, and a regular layered structure was observed in the granular polymer gel.

Comparative Experiment Example 10
Polymeric gel particles were obtained in the same manner as in Experimental Example 10 without adding the surfactant used in Experimental Example 10. 5 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose is mixed with 95 parts of the resulting polymer gel powder, a paste is prepared by adding a solution of 50% acetone-50% ion-exchanged water, applied to an ITO-coated glass substrate, dried, 2 A polymer gel layer prepared to have a thickness of 50 microns was formed in the same manner as in Experimental Example 10 by impregnating 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 1% by weight lithium hydroxide, and another sheet of ITO-coated glass. Ion conductivity was measured by sandwiching the substrate. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about 1/3 that of Example 10.

  Moreover, the granular polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the said method was observed with the electron microscope, and the regular layered structure like Experimental example 10 was not observed by the granular polymer gel.

Experimental Example 11
Mix nitrogen acetate 5 parts, methyl acrylate 5 parts, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile 0.4 part, potassium palmitate 40 parts as surfactant, ion exchange water 60 parts, nitrogen atmosphere Then, radical polymerization was performed with stirring at 70 ° C., and then saponified and crosslinked with a 20 mol% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 1 mol / liter at 40 ° C. to obtain polymer gel particles. The surfactant was removed by washing with methanol and dried. 5 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose is mixed with 95 parts of the resulting polymer gel powder, a paste is prepared by adding a solution of 50% acetone-50% ion-exchanged water, applied to an ITO-coated glass substrate, dried, 2 Example 1 A polymer gel layer having a thickness of 50 microns was formed by absorbing a 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 5% by weight lithium hydroxide and sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate. Impedance was measured in the same manner as described above, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness.

  Moreover, the granular polymer gel electrolyte prepared by making the polymer gel powder obtained by the said method absorb a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution with an electron microscope was observed, and the regular columnar (column) structure was observed.

Comparative Experiment Example 11
In Experimental Example 11, polymer gel particles were obtained in the same manner as in Experimental Example 11, except that the surfactant used in Experimental Example 11 was not added. 5 parts of carboxymethylcellulose is mixed with 95 parts of the resulting polymer gel powder, a paste is prepared by adding a solution of 50% acetone-50% ion-exchanged water, applied to an ITO-coated glass substrate, dried, and 2 weight A polymer gel layer prepared to have a thickness of 50 microns was formed in the same manner as in Example 11 by impregnating 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 1% lithium hydroxide, and another ITO-coated glass substrate. The ionic conductivity was measured in the same manner as in Example 11. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about 1/3 that of Example 11.

  Further, when the shape of the granular polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, a regular columnar (column) structure as observed in Experimental Example 11 was not observed.

Experimental Example 12
30 parts of ion-exchanged water is mixed with 70 parts of hydroxypropylcellulose, a polymer exhibiting liquid crystallinity, and a paste is prepared. Reaction was caused and a polymer gel film was prepared. Next, after drying, a polymer gel layer prepared to have a thickness of 50 microns is formed by impregnation with 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 2% by weight lithium hydroxide, and sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate. The impedance was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness.

  Further, when the shape of the polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, an ordered columnar (column) structure was observed.

Comparative Experimental Example 12
In Experimental Example 12, a polymer gel film was prepared by causing a crosslinking reaction by irradiating an electron beam in the same manner as in Example 12 using polyvinyl alcohol instead of hydroxypropylcellulose as a polymer exhibiting liquid crystallinity. Next, after drying, a polymer gel layer prepared to have a thickness of 50 microns is formed by impregnation with 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 2% by weight lithium hydroxide, and sandwiched between another ITO-coated glass substrate. The impedance was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the ionic conductivity was calculated from the thickness. The ionic conductivity calculated from the measurement of the resistance value was about half that of Example 12.

  Moreover, when the shape of the polymer gel electrolyte obtained by the above method was observed with an electron microscope, the regular columnar (column) structure as in Experimental Example 12 was not observed.

Evaluation of Ionic Conductivity Ionic Conductivity of Comparative Examples Corresponding to Ionic Conductivity Obtained by Impedance Measurement of Ionic Conductive Structures (Polymer Gel Electrolytes) Obtained in Experimental Examples 1-12 and Comparative Experimental Examples 1-12 Table 1 summarizes the ratio of the ionic conductivity of the examples to the above.

  As a result, all of the ion conductive structures (polymer gel electrolytes) obtained in the examples had higher ion conductivity than the comparative examples as described in Table 1. From this result, it is understood that high ionic conductivity can be obtained by producing an ionic structure by the method of the present invention.

[Confirmation of anisotropic conductivity]
Experimental Example 13
In order to measure the anisotropy of the ionic conductivity of the ionic conduction structural member of the present invention, a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared by the following method, and the ionic conductivity was measured.

  As shown in FIG. 9, the inner volume is 15 mm × 15 mm × depth 50 mm, and the rectangular inner glass container 901 has four inner wall surfaces connected to insulated leads (not shown) with a thickness of 1 mm and a width of 10 mm × Four nickel plates of an electrode 902 having a height of 20 mm were disposed so that the center line of the nickel plate and the middle line of the inner wall surface of the glass container coincided with each other so that the nickel plates do not contact each other. Next, 70 parts of acrylonitrile, 30 parts of 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4′-cyanobiphenyl as a liquid crystalline monomer, 6.5 parts of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent, and as an initiator 1 part of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone was mixed, and a mixed solvent of toluene-dimethyl sulfoxide 50:50 was added. The obtained mixed solution is inserted so that the nickel plate is covered in the glass container, and an electric field of alternating current 100 V (400 Hz) is applied between the electrodes using a pair of opposing nickel plates as electrodes to align the liquid crystal monomer. It was. No electric field was applied to another set of opposing nickel plates.

  Next, from the upper part of the liquid mixture filled in the glass container, ultraviolet rays were irradiated while applying an electric field to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction to obtain a polymer gel. The obtained polymer gel was washed and removed with tetrahydrofuran, and then a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate was absorbed to prepare a polymer gel electrolyte. The above series of operations was performed under a nitrogen gas atmosphere.

  Subsequently, the impedance of the polymer gel electrolyte sandwiched between the nickel plates of the opposing electrodes 902 prepared in the glass container 901 of FIG. Was calculated. As a result, the ionic conductivity in the direction in which the electric field was applied during the preparation of the polymer gel was about 9 times that in the direction in which no electric field was applied, and it was confirmed that the direction of ionic conduction is anisotropic.

Experimental Example 14
In Experimental Example 13, the difference in ionic conductivity was the same as in Experimental Example 13, except that the polymer gel raw material mixture was heated using the following different materials to decompose the initiator by heating to cause a polymerization crosslinking reaction. A polymer gel electrolyte for measuring the directionality was prepared. That is, instead of the mixed solution of Experimental Example 13, 50 parts of methyl methacrylate as a monomer, 5 parts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linking agent, and N- (4-ethoxybenzylidene-4′-butylaniline) as a low molecular liquid crystal as a template 40 parts, 5 parts of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator and 100 parts of propylene carbonate were used, and a glass container 901 was prepared in the same manner as in Experimental Example 13. A nickel plate electrode 902 was inserted to be covered, and an alternating electric field of 100 V (400 Hz) was applied between the electrodes using a pair of opposing nickel plates as electrodes to align the liquid crystal monomer. No electric field was applied to another set of opposing nickel plates.

  Subsequently, it heated to 75 degreeC with the state which applied the electric field from the upper part of the liquid mixture surface filled like the said glass, the polymerization reaction and the crosslinking reaction were raise | generated, and the polymer gel was obtained. The obtained polymer gel was washed and removed with tetrahydrofuran, and then a polymer gel electrolyte was prepared by impregnating and holding a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate.

  Subsequently, in the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, the impedance between the nickel plate electrodes to which an electric field was applied during the preparation of the polymer gel and the impedance between the nickel plate electrodes to which no electric field was applied were measured, and the ionic conductivity was measured. Calculated. As a result, the ionic conductivity in the direction in which an electric field was applied during the preparation of the polymer gel was about 12 times that in the direction in which no electric field was applied, and it was confirmed that there was anisotropy in the direction of ionic conduction.

[Production of secondary battery]
Using a polymer gel electrolyte produced in the same manner as in Experimental Examples 1 to 12, a sheet-type secondary battery having the shape shown in FIG. 6 and having a business card size (55 mm × 90 mm × thickness 0.5 mm) was produced. Moreover, in order to compare the performance with the secondary battery of the present invention, a polymer gel electrolyte produced by the same method as in Comparative Experimental Examples 1 to 12 was used, and the shape shown in FIG. A sheet-type secondary battery (× 90 mm × thickness 0.5 mm) was produced in the comparative example. In the production of the secondary battery, a battery in which the capacity of the battery was determined by a negative electrode capacity in which the capacity of the positive electrode was larger than the capacity of the negative electrode in both the examples and the comparative examples was produced.

  Hereinafter, a procedure for manufacturing each component of the battery and assembly of the battery will be described.

Example 1
First, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are prepared, a polymer gel electrolyte layer is formed on the surfaces to be opposed, the polymer gel electrolyte layer side is opposed, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are bonded together, and then sealed with a moisture-proof film. A sheet type battery was produced. The manufacturing procedure will be described below with reference to FIG.

(1) Preparation Procedure of Negative Electrode 204 [1] A copper foil current collector 606 having a thickness of 18 microns was washed with acetone and isopropyl alcohol and dried, and then the copper foil was used as a cathode and the SUS plate as an anode of a counter electrode. Using an electroplating solution of tin (an aqueous solution containing stannous sulfate 40 g / l, sulfuric acid 60 g / l, gelatin 2 g / l), an electric current of 28 mA / cm 2 was passed, and the copper foil (current collector 606) A tin layer (first layer) 605 having a particle size of 10 microns or less was formed on one side to a thickness of 30 microns.
[2] Next, it was cut into a predetermined size, and a nickel wire lead was connected to the electrode by spot welding to obtain a negative electrode 604.

(2) Preparation Procedure of Positive Electrode 607 [1] Lithium carbonate and cobalt carbonate were mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 2, and then heat-treated in an air stream at 800 ° C. to prepare a lithium-cobalt oxide.
[2] After 92 parts of the lithium-cobalt oxide prepared in [1] was mixed with 3 parts of carbon powder of acetylene black and 5 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride powder, N-methylpyrrolidone was added.

  The paste obtained in [2] above was applied and dried on a current collector 609 made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 microns, and then the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 608 was adjusted to 90 microns with a roll press. Further, aluminum leads were connected with an ultrasonic welder and dried under reduced pressure at 150 ° C. to obtain a positive electrode 607.

(3) Formation of polymer gel layer on negative electrode and positive electrode surface All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  80 parts of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate, 20 parts of 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4′-cyanobiphenyl as a liquid crystalline monomer, 6.5 parts of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent, initiator As described above, 1 part of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone is mixed, 400 parts of a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate is added, and the resulting mixed liquid is the above ( After coating on the active material layers of the negative electrode and the positive electrode prepared in 1) and (2), a magnetic field of 2 Tesla is applied perpendicularly to the electrode surface by an electromagnet to align the liquid crystal monomer, and then irradiated with ultraviolet rays. A negative electrode and a positive electrode, in which a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction were caused to form a polymer gel electrolyte layer, were obtained.

(4) Assembly of secondary battery All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  The polymer gel electrolyte layer of the negative electrode and the positive electrode obtained in (3) above is further impregnated and held with a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate, and then the negative electrode polymer. The gel electrolyte layer and the polymer gel electrolyte layer of the positive electrode were laminated so as to be combined. However, the lead parts overlapped so as not to be short-circuited.

  After sandwiching the laminated negative electrode and positive electrode with two sheets of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate laminate film, insert it into a decompression device connected to an exhaust device consisting of a vacuum pump to create a decompressed atmosphere, After degassing, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet-type battery shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 1
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the following points. In this comparative example, instead of 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4′-cyanobiphenyl as the liquid crystalline monomer in the formation of the polymer gel layer on the negative electrode and positive electrode surfaces in (3) of Example 1 Example 1 is different from Example 1 in that methyl acrylate was used. That is, in this example, the liquid crystal monomer was not used as a template in Example 1.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1]
About the secondary battery of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 produced by the above procedure, the same device (the device shown in FIG. 8) as in Experimental Example 1 was connected to the positive terminal and the negative terminal, and the measurement signal of 1 kHz was used. Resistance was measured.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 A charge / discharge test was conducted by setting the charge cut-off voltage to 4.5V and the discharge cut-off voltage to 2.8V. In addition, the charge / discharge test was started from charge and repeated 3 cycles of charge / discharge. With respect to the value of the internal resistance and the discharge amount at the third cycle, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 2 below. In the battery of Example 1, it was found that the internal resistance can be lowered and the discharge capacity can be drawn more than that of the battery of Comparative Example 1.

Example 2
First, a negative electrode and a positive electrode are prepared, a polymer gel layer is formed on the surfaces facing each other, the polymer gel layer side is opposed to each other, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are bonded together, and then sealed with a moisture-proof film. A sheet type battery having the structure as shown was produced. The manufacturing procedure was performed as follows with reference to FIG.

(1) Preparation of granular polymer gel Filled reaction vessel with dry argon gas, 15.0 parts of non-ionic surfactant polyoxyethylene hexadecyl ether and ion exchange as compound having molecular structure as template 275 parts of water was added and stirred. Next, 8.76 parts of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and 0.24 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were well stirred and dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and stirred well until the system became uniform. Further, an aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 0.03 part of potassium peroxosulfate in 10 parts of ion-exchanged water as a polymerization initiator was dropped into a three-necked flask using a dropping device, and the temperature in the three-necked flask was stirred at 75 ° C. For 7 hours. Thereafter, the obtained granular polymer gel was washed with water and ethanol and dried to obtain a powdered crosslinked polymer.

(2) Production of Negative Electrode 604 A negative electrode 604 was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1.

(3) Preparation of positive electrode 607 [1] Lithium nitrate and nickel carbonate were mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 1, and then heat-treated in an air stream at 750 ° C. to prepare a lithium-nickel oxide.
[2] To the lithium-nickel oxide prepared in [1] above, acetylene black carbon powder 3 wt (wt)%, polyvinylidene fluoride powder 4 wt%, and granular polymer gel 1 wt% obtained by the operation of (1) After mixing, N-methylpyrrolidone was added.

  The paste obtained in [2] above was applied and dried on a current collector 609 made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 microns, and then the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 608 was adjusted to 90 microns with a roll press. Further, aluminum leads were connected with an ultrasonic welder and dried under reduced pressure at 150 ° C. to produce a positive electrode 607.

(4) Formation of polymer gel layer of negative electrode and positive electrode All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.
[1] 90 parts of a fine granular polymer gel obtained by the operation of (1) was mixed with 10 parts of polyethylene oxide as a support for the granular polymer gel, and n-hexane was added to prepare a paste. .
[2] Apply the paste prepared in [1] on the negative electrode active material layer prepared in the above (2) and the positive electrode active material layer prepared in (3), and dry the negative electrode active material layer and the positive electrode active material layer. A polymer gel layer was obtained on the surface.

(5) Assembly of secondary battery All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  The polymer gel electrolyte layer obtained by (4) above is further absorbed with a 1 mol / liter electrolyte obtained by dissolving lithium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate to form a polymer gel electrolyte layer. Then, the negative electrode polymer gel electrolyte layer and the positive electrode polymer gel electrolyte layer were bonded together. However, the lead parts overlapped so as not to be short-circuited.

  After sandwiching the laminated negative electrode and positive electrode with two sheets of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate laminate film, insert it into a decompression device connected to an exhaust device consisting of a vacuum pump to create a decompressed atmosphere, After degassing, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet battery having a structure as shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 2
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the granular polymer gel of Example 2 (1) was prepared without using a surfactant.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 A charge / discharge test was performed with the cycle set to a cycle, the charge cut-off voltage set to 4.5V, and the discharge cut-off voltage set to 2.8V. In addition, the charge / discharge test was started from charge and repeated 3 cycles of charge / discharge.

  With respect to the value of the internal resistance and the discharge amount at the third cycle, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 3 below. In the battery of Example 2, it was found that the internal resistance can be lowered and the discharge capacity can be drawn more than that of the battery of Comparative Example 2.

Example 3
First, a negative electrode and a positive electrode are prepared, a polymer gel layer is formed on the surfaces facing each other, the polymer gel layer side is opposed to each other, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are bonded together, and then sealed with a moisture-proof film. A sheet type battery having the structure as shown was produced. A manufacturing procedure will be described with reference to FIG.

  (1) Preparation of monomer mixed solution for polymer gel electrolyte formation To 550 parts of 1 mol / liter electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving lithium tetrafluoroborate in a solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in a weight ratio of 50:50, 70 parts of acrylonitrile as a monomer, 30 parts of 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4'-cyanobiphenyl as a liquid crystalline monomer, 6.5 parts of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent, and excess as an initiator 5 parts of benzoyl oxide was mixed to prepare a mixed solution.

(2) Preparation Procedure of Negative Electrode 604 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was added to 95 parts of natural graphite fine powder and 5 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride powder that had been heat-treated at 2000 ° C. in an argon gas stream to adjust the paste thickness. After applying and drying the prepared paste on the 18-micron copper foil current collector 606, the thickness of the active material layer (graphite layer) 605 was adjusted to 90 microns with a roll press to obtain a negative electrode 604.

(3) Production Procedure of Positive Electrode 607 A positive electrode 607 was obtained in the same procedure as in Example 1.

(4) Formation of polymer gel electrolyte layer All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  After colloidal silica having a particle size of 5 microns is dispersed as a spacer on the negative electrode active material layer prepared in (2) above, the positive electrode active material layer faces the negative electrode active material layer in the positive electrode prepared in (3) above. The monomer mixture prepared in (1) above was injected between the negative electrode and the positive electrode having a 5 micron gap. Next, a magnetic field of 2 Tesla is applied with an electromagnet so that a magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the negative electrode and the positive electrode surface, the initiator is decomposed at 85 ° C., and a polymerization cross-linking reaction of the mixed solution is caused. A polymer gel electrolyte layer was formed.

(5) Assembly of secondary battery All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  After sandwiching the negative electrode and the positive electrode with the polymer gel electrolyte prepared in (4) above between two moisture-proof films that are laminate films of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate, an exhaust device comprising a vacuum pump is provided. After inserting into a connected decompression device to create a decompressed atmosphere and venting the gas, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet-type battery having a structure as shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 3-1
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except for the following points. In this comparative example, 4- (6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy) -4′- was used as a liquid crystalline monomer that also serves as an alignment agent in the preparation of the monomer mixture for forming the polymer gel electrolyte of Example 3 (1). 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate was used in place of cyanobiphenyl.

Comparative Example 3-2
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 3 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the preparation of the monomer mixture for forming the polymer gel electrolyte of Example 3 (1) and the formation of the polymer gel electrolyte layer of (4) were not performed, and (2) and ( A separator of a microporous polypropylene film having a thickness of 25 microns is sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode prepared in 3), and lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in the solvent of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate in a weight ratio of 50:50. After impregnating and holding 1 mol / liter of the electrolyte solution, sandwiching the anode / separator (electrolyte) / cathode with two moisture-proof films, which are laminate films of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate, moisture-proof The edge part of the film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet type battery.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 3 and Comparative Example 3]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 A charge / discharge test was conducted by setting the charge cut-off voltage to 4.5V and the discharge cut-off voltage to 2.8V. In addition, the charge / discharge test was started from charge and repeated 3 cycles of charge / discharge. Then, in the 4th cycle, 1C constant current and 6V constant voltage charging are combined and charging is performed for 3 hours, that is, charging is performed at a current value of 1C, and when the battery voltage reaches 6V, 6V constant voltage charging is performed. The discharge was performed at 0.5C. Further, in the fifth cycle, the charge cut-off voltage was set to 4.5 V, the discharge cut-off voltage was set to 2.8 V, and charge / discharge was performed at 0.5 C. With respect to the internal resistance value and the discharge amount at the third and fifth cycles, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 4 below.

  From the results shown in Table 4, it was found that in the battery of Example 3, the internal resistance can be lowered and the discharge capacity can be increased more than in the battery of Comparative Example 3-1. It was found that the internal resistance and discharge amount of the battery of Example 3 were comparable to the battery using the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 3-2. Furthermore, it was found that the battery of Example 3 was more resistant to overcharge than the battery using the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 3-2.

  Separately, the batteries of Example 3 and Comparative Example 3-2 were prepared, the charge cutoff voltage was set to 4.5V, the discharge cutoff voltage was set to 2.5V, and the charge / discharge cycle was 0.5C. A life test was conducted to evaluate the cycle life. The cycle life was defined as the number of cycles that was less than 60% of the battery capacity. The value obtained by standardizing the cycle life of the battery of Example 3 with the cycle life of the battery of Comparative Example 3-2 being 1.0 was 1.2. It was found that the charge / discharge cycle life of the battery of Example 3 was superior to the battery of Comparative Example 3-2.

Example 4
First, a negative electrode and a positive electrode are prepared, a polymer gel layer is formed on the surfaces facing each other, the polymer gel layer side is opposed to each other, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are bonded together, and then sealed with a moisture-proof film. A sheet type battery having the structure as shown was produced. The production procedure will be described below with reference to FIG.

(1) Preparation of polymer gel electrolyte All operations were performed under an argon gas atmosphere.
[1] After nitrogen gas was bubbled into a mixed solution of 30 parts of potassium palmitate as a surfactant and 70 parts of ion-exchanged water and replaced with gas, 8.76 parts of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate A mixed solution was prepared by adding 0.24 parts and 0.03 part of potassium peroxopersulfate as a polymerization initiator and stirring them.
[2] Polypropylene nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 50 microns is immersed in the monomer mixture prepared in [1] above, and heated at 75 ° C. to cause a polymerization reaction and a crosslinking reaction. Got. After washing and removing the obtained polymer gel with methyl alcohol, the thickness was made uniform with a heated roll press, and 1 mol / liter of electrolyte solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate was absorbed. A polymer gel electrolyte was obtained.

(2) Production of Negative Electrode 604 After cutting nickel expanded metal 606 with a thickness of 20 μm into a predetermined size, it is pressed against metal lithium foil 605 with a thickness of 25 μm and embedded in metal lithium. Then, the negative electrode 604 was manufactured by etching.

(3) Preparation of positive electrode 607 [1] Electrolytic manganese dioxide and lithium carbonate were mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 0.4, and then heat-treated at 800 ° C. to prepare a lithium-manganese oxide.
[2] The lithium-manganese oxide prepared in [1] above, 3% (by weight) of carbon powder of acetylene black, 4% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride powder, and the granular height obtained by the operation of (1) of Example 4 After mixing 1 wt% of molecular gel, N-methylpyrrolidone was added to prepare a paste.

  The paste obtained in [2] above was applied and dried on a current collector 609 made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 microns, and then the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 608 was adjusted to 90 microns with a roll press. Further, aluminum leads were connected with an ultrasonic welder and dried under reduced pressure at 150 ° C. to produce a positive electrode 607.

(4) Assembly of secondary battery All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  The positive electrode 607 obtained in (3) above is further impregnated with 1 mol / liter of an electrolytic solution in which lithium tetrafluoroborate is dissolved in propylene carbonate, and then the polymer gel electrolyte obtained in (1). A film 601 was placed, and the negative electrode 604 obtained in the above (2) was laminated and laminated thereon. However, the lead parts overlapped so as not to be short-circuited.

  After sandwiching the laminated negative electrode and positive electrode with two sheets of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate laminate film, insert it into a decompression device connected to an exhaust device consisting of a vacuum pump to create a decompressed atmosphere, After degassing, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet battery having a structure as shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 4-1
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except for the following points. In this comparative example, it was prepared in [1] of the preparation of the polymer gel electrolyte in (1) of Example 4 without using a surfactant.

Comparative Example 4-2
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 4 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the polymer gel electrolyte of Example 4 (1) was not prepared, and lithium tetrafluoroborate was placed between the produced negative electrode 604 and positive electrode 607 of Example 4 (2) and (3). A polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate sandwiched between 50 micron thick microporous polypropylene film impregnated with 1 mol / liter electrolyte dissolved in a 50:50 solvent by weight of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. After sandwiching the negative electrode / separator (electrolyte) / positive electrode with two moisture-proof films that are laminate films, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet-type battery.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 4]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 A charge / discharge test was conducted by setting the charge cut-off voltage to 4.5V and the discharge cut-off voltage to 2.8V. In addition, the charge / discharge test was started from charge and repeated 3 cycles of charge / discharge. Then, in the 4th cycle, 1C constant current and 6V constant voltage charging are combined and charging is performed for 3 hours, that is, charging is performed at a current value of 1C, and when the battery voltage reaches 6V, 6V constant voltage charging is performed. The discharge was performed at 0.5C. Further, in the fifth cycle, the charge cut-off voltage was set to 4.5 V, the discharge cut-off voltage was set to 2.8 V, and charge / discharge was performed at 0.5 C. With respect to the internal resistance value and the discharge amount at the third and fifth cycles, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 5 below.

  In the battery of Example 4, it was found that the internal resistance could be lowered and the discharge capacity could be drawn more than that of the battery of Comparative Example 4-1. Even if it compared with the battery using the electrolyte solution of Comparative Example 4-2, it turned out that the internal resistance and discharge amount of the battery of Example 4 are comparable. Furthermore, it was found that the battery of Example 4 was more resistant to overcharging than the battery using the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 4-2.

  Separately, the batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 4-2 were prepared, the charge cutoff voltage was set to 4.5 V, the discharge cutoff voltage was set to 2.5 V, and the charge / discharge cycle life was 0.5 C. Tests were conducted to evaluate cycle life. The cycle life was defined as the number of cycles that was less than 60% of the battery capacity. The value obtained by standardizing the cycle life of the battery of Example 4 with the cycle life of the battery of Comparative Example 4-2 being 1.0 was 97. In the battery of Comparative Example 4-2, lithium dendrite was generated due to repeated charge and discharge, and the cycle life was short. However, in the battery of Example 4, the generation of lithium dendrite was suppressed, and the cycle life was extended.

Example 5
First, a negative electrode and a positive electrode are prepared, a polymer gel layer is formed on the surfaces facing each other, the polymer gel layer side is opposed to each other, the negative electrode and the positive electrode are bonded together, and then sealed with a moisture-proof film. A sheet type battery having the structure as shown was produced.

(1) Formation of polymer gel electrolyte layer [1] In the same manner as in Experimental Example 1, in the reaction vessel, polyoxyethylene hexadecyl ether 15 which is a nonionic surfactant as a compound having a molecular structure serving as a template. 0 parts and 275 parts of ion exchange water were added and stirred, and argon gas was bubbled to perform gas replacement. Next, 8.76 parts of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether methacrylate and 0.24 part of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 0.03 part of potassium peroxopersulfate were added as a polymerization initiator, and polymerization was carried out at 75 ° C. for 7 hours while stirring. Thereafter, the obtained granular polymer gel was washed with water and ethanol and dried to obtain a powdered crosslinked polymer.
[2] The powder cross-linked polymer obtained by the above operation [1] was calendered to obtain a cross-linked polymer film.

(2) Production of negative electrode 604 The crosslinked polymer powder obtained in (1) above is further pulverized into 95 parts of natural graphite fine powder and 4 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride powder heat treated at 2000 ° C. in an argon gas stream. 1 part of the product is added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to prepare a paste, and the prepared paste is applied to and dried on a copper foil current collector 206 having a thickness of 18 microns. The negative electrode 604 was obtained by adjusting the thickness of the material layer (graphite layer) to 90 microns.

(3) Preparation procedure of positive electrode 607 [1] Lithium carbonate and cobalt carbonate were mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 2, and then heat-treated in an air stream at 800 ° C. to prepare a lithium-cobalt oxide.
[2] 92 parts of the lithium-cobalt oxide prepared in [1] above, 3 parts of carbon powder of acetylene black, 4 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride powder, and a fine powder of the crosslinked polymer powder obtained in (1) above 1 part of the pulverized product was added and mixed, and N-methylpyrrolidone was added.

  The paste obtained in [2] above was applied and dried on a current collector 609 made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 microns, and then the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 608 was adjusted to 90 microns with a roll press. Further, aluminum leads were connected with an ultrasonic welder and dried under reduced pressure at 150 ° C. to obtain a positive electrode 607.

(4) Preparation of Electrolytic Solution Lithium tetrafluoroborate was dissolved in propylene carbonate to prepare a 1 mol / liter electrolytic solution.

(5) Assembly of secondary battery All operations were performed in an argon gas atmosphere.

  The active material layer 605 of the negative electrode 604 obtained in the above (2), the active material layer 608 of the positive electrode 607 obtained in the above (3), and the crosslinked polymer film 601 obtained in the above (1) are added to the above (4). The electrolytic solution prepared in (1) was dropped, and both the active material layers were allowed to absorb the electrolytic solution. Next, the liquid-absorbed crosslinked polymer film 601 was laminated on the active material layer 605 of the negative electrode 604, and the positive electrode 607 was laminated to form a cell.

  Furthermore, after sandwiching the cells formed by stacking two moisture-proof films, which are laminate films of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate, they are inserted into a decompression device connected to an exhaust device consisting of a vacuum pump, and a reduced-pressure atmosphere. Then, after degassing, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to produce a sheet-type battery having a structure as shown in FIG.

Comparative Example 5
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except for the following points. In this comparative example, it was prepared without using a surfactant in [1] of the formation of the polymer gel electrolyte of (1) of Example 5. That is, in this example, the use of the template compound in Example 5 was not carried out.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 5 and Comparative Example 5]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 A charge / discharge test was conducted by setting the charge cut-off voltage to 4.5V and the discharge cut-off voltage to 2.8V. The charge / discharge test was started from charging and repeated three cycles of charging / discharging. With respect to the value of the internal resistance and the discharge amount at the third cycle, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 6 below. In the battery of Example 5, it was found that the internal resistance could be lowered and the discharge capacity could be drawn more than that of the battery of Comparative Example 5.

  In the lithium secondary batteries of Example 1 to Example 5, one type of supporting electrolyte and three types of positive electrode active materials were used. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and various supporting electrolytes described above, It is also possible to use various positive electrode active materials. In addition, although a sheet-type battery was produced as a battery shape, the present invention is not limited to this, and various types of batteries such as a coin shape, a cylindrical shape, and a square shape can be produced. By using it, it is possible to produce a battery that does not have any shape.

Example 6
A sheet-type nickel-hydrogen secondary battery as shown in FIG. 6 was produced by the following procedure.

(1) Production of Negative Electrode 604 After mixing Mg2Ni alloy powder and nickel powder obtained by high frequency melting at a molar ratio of 1: 1, magnesium-nickel alloy powder that was amorphized by mixing with a planetary ball mill was prepared. Next, a copper powder having a weight ratio of 3 is mixed with the amorphized magnesium-nickel alloy powder as a conductive additive, and this mixed powder is pressure-bonded to a nickel punching metal with a roller press to have a predetermined size. Then, a nickel wire lead was connected to the electrode by spot welding to obtain a negative electrode.

(2) Preparation of positive electrode 607 After mixing nickel hydroxide powder 92% and cobalt oxide powder 2%, a paste is obtained using an aqueous solution of 2% by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose so that carboxymethyl cellulose becomes 6% as a binder. This paste was filled and applied to a foamed nickel substrate 609 having a thickness of 1.5 mm, a pore diameter of 200 microns and a porosity of 95%, and dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. The obtained electrode was pressurized to adjust the thickness. Subsequently, it cut | disconnected to the predetermined magnitude | size, the lead of the nickel wire was connected to the said electrode by spot welding, and the positive electrode 607 was obtained.

(3) Formation of polymer gel electrolyte layer A polymer solution was prepared by mixing 60 parts of hydroxypropylcellulose, a polymer exhibiting liquid crystallinity, with 40 parts of ion-exchanged water.

  A polypropylene nonwoven fabric with a thickness of 130 microns treated with hydrophilic treatment is layered on the negative electrode prepared in (1) above, the polymer solution prepared in [1] above is applied, and after standing, an electron beam is irradiated to cause a crosslinking reaction. A polymer gel layer supported by a polypropylene nonwoven fabric was prepared. Next, after drying, a polymer gel electrolyte layer 601 was formed by impregnating a 30 wt% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution containing 2 wt% lithium hydroxide. Similarly, the positive electrode produced in (2) above was immersed in the polymer solution prepared in [1] above, and irradiated with an electron beam to cause a crosslinking reaction, thereby forming a polymer gel layer on the positive electrode. Next, the positive electrode on which the polymer gel layer is formed is dried and then impregnated with a 30 wt% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution containing 2 wt% lithium hydroxide to prepare a positive electrode 607 on which the polymer gel electrolyte layer 601 is formed. did.

(4) Assembling the secondary battery The positive electrode obtained in (3) was adhered to the polymer gel electrolyte layer supported by the polypropylene nonwoven fabric formed on the negative electrode obtained in (3), and at this time Each lead part is not short-circuited, and after the sandwiched negative and positive electrodes are sandwiched between two gas barrier films, which are laminate films of polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate, a vacuum is connected to an exhaust device consisting of a vacuum pump. After inserting into an apparatus and making it a pressure reduction atmosphere and venting gas, the edge part of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed, and the sheet type battery was produced.

Comparative Example 6
A sheet type battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 6 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the polymer gel electrolyte of Example 6 (1) was not formed, and 20% of (1) and (2) contained 2% by weight of lithium hydroxide between the produced negative electrode and positive electrode. A polypropylene / aluminum foil / polyethylene terephthalate laminate film is sandwiched between 200-micron-thick hydrophilic polypropylene film nonwoven fabric impregnated and held with 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. After sandwiching (electrolyte) / positive electrode, the edge portion of the moisture-proof film was welded and sealed to prepare a sheet-type battery. That is, in this example, the polymer gel electrolyte in Example 6 was not used.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 6 and Comparative Example 6]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 The charge / discharge test was performed with the cycle set to a cycle, the cut-off voltage for charging set to 1.5V, and the cut-off voltage for discharging set to 0.9V. In addition, the charge / discharge test was started from charge and repeated 10-cycle charge / discharge. With respect to the value of the internal resistance and the discharge amount at the third and tenth cycles, each value of the battery of the example was evaluated when the value of the battery of the comparative example was normalized to 1.0. The results are shown in Table 7 below.

  Although the discharge capacity of the battery of Comparative Example 6 decreased rapidly with the number of charge / discharge cycles, the discharge capacity of the battery of Example 6 did not decrease rapidly.

Example 7
In this example, a coin-shaped nickel-zinc secondary battery having a cross-sectional structure shown in FIG.

(1) Production of negative electrode 701 Zinc oxide powder and zinc powder are mixed in a mixture of 95 parts of zinc oxide powder and 5 parts of zinc powder so that the weight ratio of the mixture and tetrafluoroethylene polymer as a binder is 95: 5. A tetrafluoroethylene polymer-dispersed aqueous solution was added to the mixture and kneaded into a paste, applied to a copper punched metal plate, dried, and then pressed with a roll press to obtain a zinc negative electrode plate. The obtained zinc negative electrode plate was punched into a predetermined size with a punch to obtain a negative electrode 701.

(2) Preparation of positive electrode 703 After mixing 92% nickel hydroxide powder and 2% cobalt oxide powder, a paste is obtained using a 2% by weight aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose so that carboxymethyl cellulose becomes 6% as a binder. . This paste was filled and applied to a foamed nickel substrate having a thickness of 1.5 mm and a pore diameter of 200 microns and a porosity of 95%, and dried at 120 ° C. for 1 hour. The obtained electrode was pressurized to adjust the thickness. Next, the active material on the back surface was peeled off by ultrasonic waves to expose the nickel of the current collector, and then punched out to a predetermined size with a punch to obtain a positive electrode 703.

(3) Formation of polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 which is an ion conductive structure [1] A polymer solution was prepared by mixing 40 parts of ion-exchanged water with 60 parts of hydroxypropylcellulose, a polymer exhibiting liquid crystallinity.
[2] A polypropylene nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 130 microns treated with hydrophilic treatment is superimposed on the negative electrode prepared in (1) above, and the polymer solution prepared in [1] above is applied and allowed to stand, and then irradiated with an electron beam. A cross-linking reaction was caused to prepare a polymer gel layer supported by a polypropylene nonwoven fabric. Next, after drying, a polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 was formed by impregnating a 30 wt% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution containing 2 wt% lithium hydroxide. Similarly, the positive electrode produced in (2) above is immersed in the polymer solution prepared in [1] above, and irradiated with an electron beam to cause a crosslinking reaction. The polymer gel layer is opposite to the surface where nickel is exposed. Formed on the positive electrode surface. Next, the positive electrode on which the polymer gel layer was formed was dried and then impregnated with a 30 wt% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing wt% lithium hydroxide to prepare a positive electrode on which the polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 was formed.

(4) Assembling the secondary battery The positive electrode obtained in (3) is adhered to the polymer gel electrolyte layer supported by the polypropylene nonwoven fabric formed on the negative electrode obtained in (3), and current collection of the positive electrode is performed. After inserting the negative electrode 701 / polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 / positive electrode 703 into the battery can 705 so that the exposed nickel surface of the body is in contact with the bottom of the titanium clad stainless steel coin-shaped battery can 705, polypropylene A coin-type battery was manufactured by fitting a gasket 706 made of the metal and covering with a negative electrode cap 704.

Comparative Example 7
A coin-type battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 7 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the polymer gel electrolyte of Example 7 (3) was not formed, and 2% by weight of lithium hydroxide was included between the negative electrode 701 and the positive electrode 703 instead of the polymer gel electrolyte layer. A 200 micron thick polypropylene film nonwoven fabric separator impregnated and held with 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is sandwiched, and the nickel-exposed surface of the positive electrode current collector is placed on a titanium clad stainless steel coin-shaped battery can 705. After inserting the negative electrode / separator (electrolyte) / positive electrode into the battery can so as to be in contact with the bottom of the battery, a gasket 706 made of polypropylene was fitted, and the negative electrode cap 704 was covered, and the coin type battery was manufactured. That is, in this example, the polymer gel electrolyte in Example 7 was not used.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 7 and Comparative Example 7]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  In addition, as a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (current that is 0.2 times the capacity / time) and a break time of 30 minutes is 1 The cycle was set to 2.0 V, the charge cut-off voltage was set to 2.0 V, the discharge cut-off voltage was set to 0.9 V, a charge / discharge cycle life test was performed, and the cycle life was evaluated. The cycle life was defined as the number of cycles that was less than 60% of the battery capacity. The internal resistance and cycle life of the battery of Example 7 were normalized by setting the internal resistance and cycle life of the battery of Comparative Example 7 to 1.0, respectively. The results are shown in Table 8.

  In the nickel-zinc battery of the example, the zinc dendrite growth generated by repeated charge / discharge was suppressed as compared with the battery of the comparative example, and the cycle life was extended.

Example 8
In this example, a coin-shaped air-zinc secondary battery having a cross-sectional structure shown in FIG.

(1) Preparation of polymer gel In the same manner as in Experimental Example 10, 8 parts of acrylamide, 2 parts of acrylic acid, 1 part of methylenebisacrylamide, 20 parts of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfonate, 2,2 as an initiator When 0.4 parts of '-azobisisobutyronitrile and 92 parts of ion-exchanged water were mixed and radical polymerization was conducted at 70 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, a granular polymer gel was obtained. The surfactant was removed by washing with methanol and dried.

(2) Production of Negative Electrode 701 A mixture of 95 parts of zinc oxide powder and 5 parts of zinc powder was further combined with a tetrafluoroethylene polymer as a binder and the polymer gel powder obtained in (1) above in a weight ratio of 94. Was mixed to 5: 1, and was heated by pressure on a copper punching metal plate with a roll press to obtain a zinc negative electrode plate. The obtained zinc negative electrode plate was punched into a predetermined size with a punch to obtain a negative electrode 701.

(3) Production of Positive Electrode 703 In a mixture of acetylene black mixed with manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, and cobalt oxide, a tetrafluoroethylene polymer as a binder and the polymer gel powder obtained in (1) above in a weight ratio. The mixture was mixed at 94: 5: 1, applied to a nickel mesh, and formed by pressure heating with a roll press machine, and punched into a predetermined size with a punch to produce a positive electrode 703.

(4) Formation of polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 which is an ion conductive structure The polymer gel powder obtained in the above (1) and colloidal silica having a particle size of 10 microns are mixed at a weight ratio of 97: 3. A polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 was formed by dispersing in the negative electrode surface obtained in (2) and adding a 30 wt% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution containing 2 wt% lithium hydroxide.

  The positive electrode produced in the above (3) was impregnated with a 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 2% by weight lithium hydroxide.

(5) Assembly of secondary battery Insert a tetrafluoroethylene polymer film of water diffusion paper and water-repellent film into a battery can (positive electrode can) 705 made of titanium clad stainless steel with air intake holes. The obtained positive electrode 703 and the negative electrode 701 coated with the polymer gel electrolyte layer 702 obtained in the above (4) are inserted in close contact with each other so that the nickel of the positive electrode current collector is in contact with the battery can 705 and becomes conductive. did. Thereafter, a gasket 706 made of polypropylene was put on, and a negative electrode cap 704 was put thereon, followed by caulking to produce a coin-type battery.

Comparative Example 8
A coin-type battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 8 except for the following points. In this comparative example, the polymer gel electrolyte (4) of Example 8 was not formed. Further, a negative electrode and a positive electrode were prepared by using tetrafluoroethylene polymer powder instead of the polymer gel powder in the preparation of the negative electrode and the positive electrode prepared in (2) and (3) of Example 8. In assembling the battery, a 200-micron-thick polypropylene film nonwoven fabric separator impregnated and held with a 30% by weight potassium hydroxide aqueous solution containing 2% by weight lithium hydroxide was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

[Evaluation of batteries of Example 8 and Comparative Example 8]
For the secondary battery manufactured in the above procedure, an apparatus similar to Experimental Example 1 (apparatus shown in FIG. 8) was connected to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal, and the internal resistance was measured with a measurement signal of 1 kilohertz.

  As a capacity of the secondary battery having a capacity calculated from the weight of the negative electrode, a cycle consisting of charge / discharge of 0.2 C (0.2 times the capacity / hour) and a rest time of 30 minutes is defined as one cycle. The charge cut-off voltage was set to 2.0 V, the discharge cut-off voltage was set to 0.9 V, a charge / discharge cycle life test was performed, and the cycle life was evaluated. The cycle life was defined as the number of cycles that was less than 60% of the battery capacity. Separately, the batteries of Example 8 and Comparative Example 8 were prepared and stored in the air with the air intake hole opened for one month, and the charge cutoff voltage was 2.0 V and the discharge cutoff voltage was 0. .9V, a charge / discharge test was performed, and the discharge amount at the third cycle was measured. The internal resistance, cycle life, and storage amount of the battery of the example were standardized and evaluated by setting the internal resistance, cycle life, and storage amount of the battery of the comparative example to 1.0, respectively. The results are shown in Table 9 below.

  From the results shown in Table 9, in the air-zinc battery of Example 22, the dendrite growth of zinc generated by repeated charge / discharge was suppressed as compared with the battery of Comparative Example 8, and the cycle life was extended. In addition, the storage characteristics were excellent.

  From the performance evaluation of Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 8, by adopting the configuration of the secondary battery of the present invention, it is excellent in discharge characteristics as well as prevention of leakage of the electrolyte, cycle life It can be seen that it is possible to obtain a good secondary battery. Moreover, it can be seen from the evaluation of the batteries of Examples 3 and 4 when the battery is overcharged that the secondary battery of the present invention is resistant to overcharge, can simplify the overcharge prevention circuit, and is safe.

(A), (b): The figure which shows typically an example of the ion conduction structure employ | adopted as this invention. (A), (b): The figure which illustrates typically the structure of the ion conduction structure employ | adopted by this invention, and its effect | action. (A), (b): The figure which illustrates typically the structure of the conventional ion conduction structure, and its effect | action. The figure which shows typically the other example of the ion conduction structure employ | adopted as this invention. The figure which shows the structure of the secondary battery of this invention typically. Sectional drawing which shows the one aspect | mode of the secondary battery of this invention. Sectional drawing which shows the other aspect of the secondary battery of this invention. The figure which shows typically the system for measuring the impedance of an ion conduction structure in an Example. The figure which shows typically the system for preparation of the polymer gel electrolyte for confirming the anisotropy of the ionic conduction of an ion conduction structure in an Example. The schematic diagram which shows the image obtained when the ion conduction structure (polymer gel electrolyte) of Experimental example 2 is observed with an electron microscope. The schematic diagram which shows the image obtained when the ion conduction structure (polymer gel electrolyte) of Experimental example 4 is observed with an electron microscope.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101 Ion conduction structure 201,401,501,601 Ion conduction structure in which ion channel is oriented along a layered or columnar (column) structure 202 Oriented ion channel 403,502,602 Layered or columnar (column) structure 504 604,701 Negative electrode 505,607,703 Positive electrode 507 Negative electrode terminal 508 Positive electrode terminal 506 Battery case (housing)
605 Negative electrode active material layer 606 Negative electrode current collector 608 Positive electrode active material layer 609 Positive electrode current collector 610 Exterior material (housing)
204, 205, 304, 305, 802, 902 Electrode 206, 306 Power supply 301 Ion conduction structure 302 Non-oriented ion channel 203, 303 Base material part 402 Granular ion conductor 503, 603 layered or columnar (column) structure Or base material of columnar (column) structure ion conduction structure 803 Impedance measuring device 901 Container 704 Negative electrode cap (negative electrode terminal)
705 Positive electrode can (positive electrode terminal)
706 Gasket

Claims (16)

An ion conduction structure is arranged between a positive electrode and a negative electrode provided to face each other, and an ion channel is formed so that ion conductivity in the direction connecting the positive electrode surface and the negative electrode surface of the ion conduction structure is increased. A method of manufacturing a secondary battery to be oriented,
A monomer of vinyl compound, a divinyl compound having two or more unsaturated bonds, a crosslinking agent selected from trivinyl compounds, the monomer selected from liquid crystal compounds, diacetylene compounds, and amphiphilic compounds and / or crosslinking. An ion conductive structure having a layered or columnar (column) structure through a step of preparing a cross-linked polymer that is a base material of the ion conductive structure by adding a compound serving as a template for aligning the agent and polymerizing and crosslinking A method for manufacturing a secondary battery, characterized by comprising:   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a reinforcing material selected from a nonwoven fabric and an inorganic oxide is added before the polymerization crosslinking.   2. The production of a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the ion conductive structure having a layered or columnar structure is produced through one or more kinds of processes selected from light irradiation, magnetic field application, electric field application, and heating. Method.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the compound having a liquid crystal structure is an amphiphilic compound.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer is made to absorb an electrolyte solution (solution obtained by dissolving a supporting electrolyte in a solvent) and solidify to produce the ion conductive structure.   2. The secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an electrolyte solution (a solution obtained by dissolving a supporting electrolyte in a solvent) is added to prepare the ion conductive structure during preparation of the crosslinked polymer (before the crosslinking reaction). Production method.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer has a sheet shape or a film shape.   The method for manufacturing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer has a granular or powder shape.   The manufacturing method of the secondary battery of Claim 1 including the process of laminating | stacking the negative electrode, the ion conduction structure which has a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure, and a positive electrode in this order.   A step of laminating a negative electrode, a cross-linked polymer having a layered structure or a columnar (column) structure, and a positive electrode in this order to form a laminate, and an electrolytic solution (a supporting electrolyte is dissolved in a solvent) in the polymer The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, comprising a step of absorbing and solidifying the solution.   An ion conductive structure having a layered structure or a columnar structure between the negative electrode and the positive electrode after a spacer is sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, avoiding contact between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and maintaining a certain distance between the negative electrode and the positive electrode The manufacturing method of the secondary battery of Claim 1 which forms.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein an ion conductive structure having a layered structure or a columnar structure is formed on at least one surface of the negative electrode and the positive electrode.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein a polymer layer having a layered structure or a columnar structure is formed on at least one surface of the negative electrode and the positive electrode.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 11, wherein beads or nonwoven fabric selected from resin beads, glass beads, and ceramic beads are used as the spacer.   The method for producing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein after the polymerization crosslinking, the compound serving as the template is removed to produce an ion conductive structure.   2. The method of manufacturing a secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein the crosslinked polymer is prepared after being disposed on a substrate subjected to surface alignment treatment.

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