JP2006526680A - Emulsified water / hydrocarbon fuel, its preparation and its use - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention is an emulsified fuel containing a majority of water and liquid hydrocarbon emulsions in a water / hydrocarbon weight ratio of 5/95 to 35/65, comprising at least 15% by weight of fatty acid esters and polyoxyalkyls. Condensation of glycerolated ester with fatty acid and sorbitan ester and succinic acid or succinic anhydride with amine, polyamine, fatty acid, polyoxyalkylated fatty acid, alcohol, polyoxyalkylated alcohol and mixtures of the above The present invention relates to an emulsified fuel comprising an emulsifying system having at least one component of a group formed by a product. The present invention further provides a method for producing such an emulsified fuel, a composition of an emulsified additive for such an emulsified fuel, and a method for improving the thermal stability of the emulsified fuel by using such an additive composition. In addition to the law, it relates to the use of such emulsified fuels as engine fuels.

Description

  The present invention relates to fuels containing water and liquid hydrocarbon emulsions for use in heat engines and equipment. More precisely, the present invention relates to an emulsified water / hydrocarbon fuel having improved high temperature stability.

  Over the years, most oil companies have been working on the development of fuels (especially motor fuels) that contain alternatives to petroleum-derived hydrocarbons to save hydrocarbons and limit pollution. In this way, water has quickly emerged as a particularly interesting partial alternative if maintained in a stable emulsion with hydrocarbons.

  Thus, maintained as an emulsion by using a special composition of surfactant additive (or emulsifying system), generally at least 5 wt. Fuels containing mixtures containing% water and hydrocarbons are on the market. In contrast to conventional motor fuels consisting exclusively of hydrocarbons, during combustion in diesel engines these fuels emit pollutants such as, in particular, nitric oxide, oxygen monoxide, particles and non-burning hydrocarbons. Makes it possible to reduce.

  Thus, the EP 630,398 patent describes an emulsified fuel based on a hydrocarbon fuel and water, where the emulsifying system comprises three additives: sorbitan oleate (preferably sorbitan sesquioleate), polyalkylene glycol ( Preferably, it includes a combination of polyethylene glycol) and an alkylphenol ethoxylate (preferably nonylphenol ethoxylate).

  The EP888,421 patent is based on an emulsion of water in at least one hydrocarbon, and at least one ester of sorbitan (preferably selected from sorbitan oleate), preferably polyethylene glycol oleate and / or Or an emulsifying system comprising at least one fatty acid ester selected from stearate and / or ricinoleate and at least one polyalkoxylated alkylphenol, preferably selected from polyethoxylated nonylphenol and / or octylphenol List the fuel.

  The WO 01/48123 application presents an improvement in the thermal stability of the emulsified fuel so that it can be stored and used over a wide temperature range from -10 ° C to 70 ° C. This improvement comprises at least one ester of sorbitan (preferably sorbitan sesquioleate), at least one polyalkoxylated fatty acid ester (preferably selected from oleate, stearate and ricinoleate of polyethylene glycol), and An emulsifying system comprising at least one polyalkoxylated branched hydrocarbon compound selected from iso-, di- and trialkylated alcohols, preferably isotridecyl alcohol containing 3 to 10 ethoxylated groups It is obtained by using.

  The US 6,371,998 patent describes a liquid hydrocarbon fuel incorporating a water-containing liquid vehicle. These liquid vehicles are, for example, 4 wt. % Polyoxyethylene-10-stearic alcohol, 7.2 wt. % Glycerol distearate, 5 wt. % Soybean methyl ester, 5 wt. % Sorbitan sesquioleate and 78.8 wt. % Water.

  Finally, patent application WO 01/51593 describes functionalized polyolefin oligomers and polyoxy to improve the thermal stability over a wide temperature range (−20 to + 50 ° C.) of fuels based on water and liquid hydrocarbon emulsions. The use of polymeric emulsifiers that can be obtained by reaction of alkylenes is recommended. That application is 87 wt. % Sorbitan monooleate, 3 wt. % Sorbitan trioleate, and 10 wt. An emulsification system comprising% castor oil ethoxylated with 10 moles of ethylene oxide is also described.

  However, the emulsified fuel described in the prior art has proven to have insufficient high temperature stability. In fact, the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases tend to separate rapidly when the fuel is held at high temperature, about 60 ° C. for several hours. In particular, this makes the use of these emulsified fuels incompatible with new engine technologies, such as diesel engines with pump-based direct injection systems. In these injection systems, the fuel is typically exposed to temperatures above 70 ° C., and when the engine is stopped, the emulsion remaining in the supply system tends to undergo phase separation, particularly in the injector pump. This phenomenon causes a number of problems, including the difficulty of restarting the vehicle.

  To solve this problem, the present invention provides an emulsified fuel based on hydrocarbons and water that has improved high temperature stability compared to emulsified fuels known in the prior art without compromising other properties. Present.

  In fact, Applicants have discovered that the high temperature stability of the emulsion can be significantly improved by using a special emulsification system that includes at least two surfactant additives.

  For this purpose, the present invention provides a majority (typically at least 80% by weight, preferably at least 80% by weight) of water and liquid hydrocarbon emulsions having a water / hydrocarbon weight ratio ranging from 5/95 to 35/65. 90% by weight, in particular at least 95% by weight). The fuel is at least 15 wt. % Fatty acid esters and (poly) oxyalkylated polyols, and esters of fatty acids and sorbitan, and succinic acid or succinic anhydride and at least one amine, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, Characterized in that it comprises an emulsifying system containing at least one of the group comprising a condensation product of a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol and a mixture of said compounds.

  Compared to known emulsified fuels, the fuel according to the invention has an excellent thermal stability, which allows its storage and use both at low or ambient temperatures and at high temperatures on the order of 75 ° C. In particular, it perfectly adapts its use to new engine technologies, such as direct injection.

  To keep the emulsified fuel according to the present invention stable over time, including high temperatures (ie, keep the water droplets finely and uniformly dispersed in the hydrocarbon phase and ultimately lead to separation of the aqueous and organic phases) To avoid their coalescence) it is at least two types of esters, namely esters of fatty acids and (poly) oxyalkylated polyols, and succinic or succinic anhydrides and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkyls An emulsified system containing at least two compounds of any of the condensation products with one of a fatty acid, an alcohol, and a (poly) oxyalkylated alcohol.

  The ester of fatty acid and sorbitan (referred to herein as sorbitan ester) is composed of an ester of fatty acid and sorbitan or a mixture of the esters. The term sorbitan, which is familiar to those skilled in the art, is an anhydrous sorbitol and refers to a cyclic tetraol that can be obtained by the latter dehydration. Tetraol refers to a polyol containing four hydroxyl groups. Sorbitan generally exists in a state of chemical equilibrium with sorbitol.

  The sorbitan ester can comprise one or more monoesters, one or more polyesters, or a mixture of monoesters and polyesters. It can be obtained, for example, by esterification of one or more fatty acids and sorbitan. The fatty acid contained in the composition of the sorbitan ester, which may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, advantageously contains 6 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. For example, but not limited to, the fatty acid can be selected from lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and mixtures thereof.

  Preferably, the sorbitan ester comprises at least one sorbitan oleate. Examples of suitable sorbitan oleates are sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tetraoleate, sorbitan sesquioleate. Particularly preferably, the sorbitan ester comprises at least one ester selected from sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan sesquioleate.

  The esters of fatty acids and (poly) oxyalkylated polyols (hereinafter referred to as polyol esters) can comprise monoesters, polyesters or mixtures of monoesters and polyesters. In the case of polyester, the fatty acid contained in each composition of the ester molecule may be the same or different. Furthermore, they may be different from one ester molecule to another, which is the case for a mixture of polyesters.

  By polyol is meant an alcohol containing 2 to 5 hydroxyl groups, preferably alkylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, their alkylated derivatives and mixtures thereof.

  The fatty acid contained in the composition of the polyol ester may be linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated, advantageously 6 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably Contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Preferably, they are free or esterified forms of naturally occurring fatty acids in vegetable and / or animal oils such as, but not limited to, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid , And mixtures thereof.

  The polyoxyalkyl groups present in the polyol ester are chains of identical or different oxyalkyl units, each oxyalkyl unit advantageously having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 Of carbon atoms. Preferably, these polyoxyalkyl groups contain ethoxy units. Preferably, these polyoxyalkyl groups contain at least one polyethoxy group.

  The average number of moles of oxyalkyl units per mole of ester (ie oxyalkylation number) is advantageously from 3 to 50, preferably from 10 to 35, especially when the polyol is glycerol.

  Preferably, the polyol ester is wholly or partly composed of a fatty acid (one or more) and a polyoxyalkylated glycerol triester or a mixture of said triesters. More preferably, it is composed completely or partially of a fatty acid (one or more) and a polyethoxylated glycerol triester or a mixture of said triesters.

  The polyol ester is obtained, for example, by polyoxyalkylation of fatty acids and polyol esters or mixtures of esters, or alternatively by esterification of polyoxyalkylated derivatives of one or more fatty acids and one or more polyols. be able to.

  The polyol ester is advantageously obtained by oxyalkylation of vegetable and / or animal oils. Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, the polyol ester is composed entirely or partially of oxyalkylated vegetable oil and / or animal oil. Such products are generally triglycerides of fatty acids and polyoxyalkylated polyols (preferably glycerol) mixed with monoesters and / or diesters of fatty acids and (poly) oxyalkylated polyols (preferably glycerol). Contains esters. The oil may be subjected to a refining treatment, if necessary, before and / or after its oxyalkylation. As suitable vegetable oils, mention may be made in particular of: rapeseed oil, soybean oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, oils extracted from resin-containing trees and mixtures of said oils. As suitable animal oils, mention may be made of yellow grease, tallow and poultry fat.

  According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the polyol ester is composed entirely or partly of an ethoxylated vegetable oil.

  According to another preferred embodiment, the polyol ester is a diester of polyalkoxylated alkylene glycol, in particular a diethoxylate of polyethoxylated ethylene glycol, notably having a molecular weight of 200 to 1000.

  The polyol ester is advantageously 0.5 to 5 wt. %, Preferably 0.5 to 2 wt. % Present in a content range.

  In the first aspect of the invention, the emulsifying system is 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester, and sorbitan esters and succinic acid or succinic anhydride and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures thereof Containing at least one of the group comprising the condensation product with at least one.

  In particular, the emulsification system according to the invention is 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one sorbitan ester combined with at least one polyol ester, inclusively, from 20/80 to 80/20, preferably from 40/60 to 60/40 inclusive. Contains according to the weight ratio of ester to polyol ester. Even more preferably, the amount by weight of each of the two types of esters is approximately equal (45/55 to 55/45).

  Sorbitan esters are advantageously 0.5 to 5 wt. %, Preferably 0.5 to 2 wt. % Present in a content range.

  According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the emulsifying system comprised in the composition of the emulsified fuel according to the invention comprises 3 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 12 carbon atoms, in addition to the two types of esters. It also contains at least one alcohol. The alcohol is advantageously a monohydric alcohol but may be linear or branched and may be saturated or unsaturated. In particular, it contains at least one saturated branched chain alcohol. Examples of particularly suitable alcohols include ethyl hexanol (eg, 2-ethyl hexanol), isopropanol, tert. -Butanol, isopentanol, isotridecanol, fatty alcohols (ie containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms).

  Therefore, the emulsified fuel according to the present invention is advantageously 0.1 to 5 wt. % Of the alcohol, preferably 0.3 to 2%, even more preferably 0.5 to 1 wt. %including.

  The presence of the alcohol in the fuel emulsification system according to the invention offers various advantages. On the other hand, the alcohol serves as a co-surfactant for the first and second esters, i.e., promotes and enhances the latter emulsifying power. Furthermore, it allows an improvement in the uniformity of the water droplet size: the latter is of a more uniform size (more monodisperse distribution) and smaller. In this way the presence of large droplets is avoided, which has the immediate effect of improving the resistance of the fuel to sedimentation (a phenomenon in which water droplets accumulate at the bottom of the fuel and occurs more rapidly as the proportion of large droplets increases). Have.

  According to another embodiment, which is also particularly advantageous, the emulsification system comprised in the composition of the emulsified fuel according to the invention is from 0 to 85 wt. % Condensation product of succinic acid or succinic anhydride with at least one of amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures of said compounds (hereinafter Also called at least one compound). Preferably, a condensation product of at least one succinic anhydride and at least one polyamine is used.

  The succinic acid or succinic anhydride is advantageously substituted by a hydrocarbon radical, which is preferably a polymer radical, for example a polyisobutyl radical.

  The presence of such compounds in the fuel emulsification system according to the invention offers various advantages. On the other hand, it allows for improved uniformity of water droplet size. On the other hand, it facilitates the compatibility of the emulsified fuel according to the invention with conventional fuels composed entirely of hydrocarbons, and therefore these two types of fuels are interchangeable. Thus, in vehicles that normally operate with conventional hydrocarbon fuels, it is possible to fill the fuel tanks with the emulsified fuel according to the present invention without cleaning the fuel delivery system, and vice versa.

  In another preferred form of the invention, the emulsifying system is 15 to 85 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester and 85 to 15% of at least one condensation product. This combination results in an excellent increase in thermal stability of the emulsion containing the ester, both at low and ambient temperatures and ultimately during its storage and use at high temperatures on the order of 75 ° C. Preferred emulsifying systems in this form of the invention are 20 to 50 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester and 50 to 80% of at least one condensation product.

  The emulsifying system contains at least one type of alcohol as described above, i.e. linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, 3 to 22 carbon atoms, Preferably, further additions of monohydric alcohols containing 6 to 12 carbon atoms are still within the scope of the present invention.

  In addition to the aforementioned emulsifiers, the emulsified fuel according to the invention can contain many other emulsifiers. Those skilled in the art are familiar with other known emulsifiers of ionic or nonionic, synthetic or natural origin, such as but not limited to fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, fatty alcohols, ethoxylated fatty amines, polyols By adding a compound selected from the following esters, functionalized polymers and mixtures thereof, it is completely possible to finish the formulation of the emulsion system according to the invention.

  The hydrocarbon phase of the emulsified fuel according to the invention may consist of any mixture of hydrocarbons. For this purpose, it is possible to use a mixture of hydrocarbon fractions and fractions having very diverse origins and properties. The choice is essentially determined by the intended use of the fuel, the availability of different hydrocarbon fractions, and economic considerations (the cost of the fuel).

  If the fuel is intended for use as a fuel for a heat engine, the hydrocarbon phase is advantageously present in the composition of a normal motor fuel, in particular a gasoline fraction (generally in the range of 25 to 200 ° C). Distillate range), middle distillates such as kerosene fraction (distillation range generally in the range of 160 to 240 ° C.) and light oil fraction (distillation range generally in the range of 160 to 400 ° C.), biofuels As well as one or more hydrocarbon fractions that can be selected from a mixture of the fractions. These fractions can be obtained with essential oils from crops (in the case of biofuels) or synthetic hydrocarbons (obtained for example by oligomerization of light olefins or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from light hydrocarbons). May be.

  Biofuel refers to light alcohols (eg ethanol), oils of vegetable and / or animal origin and esters of the oils. The hydrocarbon phase of the fuel according to the invention is therefore advantageously between 0.1 and 60 wt. %, Preferably 0.5 to 50 wt. % Biofuel. Preferred biofuels are esters of alcohols containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms and fatty acids or mixtures of fatty acids containing 16 to 22 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred biofuels are vegetable oils, such as but not limited to methyl esters of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, and coconut oil.

  If the fuel is intended for other uses, the hydrocarbon phase may contain one or more of the above fuel fractions and / or intermediate vacuum distillates, if necessary (distillation generally in the range of 350 to 450 ° C). Range), heavy vacuum distillate (distillation range generally in the range of 400 to 550 ° C.), or even distillation residue, generally all fractions commonly used in fuels, eg household fuel oil , Fuel oils, petroleum residues, heating oils and other fractions selected from mixtures of these fractions.

  In this description, all distillation ranges are quoted with reference to standard ASTM D 86 (petroleum product distillation).

  The fuel according to the invention is in the form of an emulsion of water droplets that are uniformly dispersed in the hydrocarbon phase. Advantageously, the mean diameter of the aqueous phase droplets is 5 μm or less, preferably 3 μm or less, and even more preferably 1 μm or less. Preferably, the particle size profile of the droplet size is of a monodisperse type around a value of about 0.5 μm. The aforementioned average droplet size values correspond to measurements made by laser particle measurement.

  The emulsified fuel according to the invention can advantageously comprise one or more biocides, preferably in its aqueous phase. The biocide is preferably a fungicide and / or a fungicide. As non-limiting examples of biocides, mention may be made of isothiazolones and their chlorinated derivatives, benzalkonium chloride, organic peroxides, isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, ammonium salts, salts of amines, and oxolidine.

  The emulsified fuel can also contain at least one anti-gelling agent. For example, the following can be used as anti-gelling agents: alcohols, glycols, glycols or derivatives of alcohols, salt solutions.

  It can also contain at least one anti-wrinkle agent. By way of example of such agents, mention may be made of additives composed of one or more metals or alkaline earth catalysts that promote the soot afterburning reaction. Preferred catalysts are based on magnesium, calcium, barium, cerium, copper, iron or mixtures thereof. These wrinkle-breaking catalytic accelerators are generally easier to introduce into emulsions than those whose salts are soluble in water and therefore in the aqueous phase of emulsions according to the invention.

  When the fuel is intended for use as a fuel for heat engines, its sulfur content, determined according to the standard NF M 07-100, is preferably 350 ppm or less, preferably 50 ppm or less, even more preferably 10 ppm or less. .

  When the fuel is intended for use as a fuel for thermal equipment, its sulfur content, determined according to the standard NF M 07-100, is preferably 1 wt. %, Preferably 0.2 wt. % Or less, even more preferably 0.1 wt. % Or less.

  Regardless of its intended use, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the fuel according to the invention determined according to standard IP 391 is preferably 11 wt. % Or less, more preferably 6 wt. % Or less.

Furthermore, for use as a motor fuel, the emulsified fuel according to the invention preferably contains one or more other additives, which may be any additive commonly used in motor fuels, for example This includes, but is not limited to:
-One or more cetane number improvers, such as inorganic or organic nitrates, such as ammonium nitrate, alkyl nitrates (wherein alkyl radicals, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated (preferably branched and saturated) Contains 3 to 20, preferably 5 to 15 carbon atoms (especially 2-ethylhexyl nitrate), organic peroxides, especially aryl peroxides, where the aryl group is a benzyl group or substituted benzyl A group (eg benzoyl peroxide) or alkyl peroxide (wherein alkyl radical, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated (preferably branched and saturated) is from 2 to 20, preferably from 2 Containing 15 carbon atoms (eg tert.-butyl peroxide);
-One or more filterable additives such as copolymers ethylene / vinyl acetate (EVA), ethylene / vinyl propionate (EVP), ethylene / vinyl ethanoate (EVE), ethylene / methyl methacrylate (EMMA), Ethylene / alkyl fumarate;
-One or more antifoaming agents such as polysiloxanes, oxyalkylated polysiloxanes, fatty acid amides;
-One or more detergents and / or anticorrosive additives such as amines, succinimides, alkenyl succinimides, polyalkylamines, polyalkylpolyamines and polyetheramines;
One or more lubricants or anti-friction additives, such as fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives, monocyclic and polycyclic carboxylic acids and their ester or amide derivatives;
-One or more cloud point additives such as long chain olefin / (meth) acrylic acid ester / maleimide terpolymer, fumaric acid or maleic acid ester derivatives;
-One or more suspending additives such as alkyl (meth) acrylates, polyamine alkylene succinimides, phthalamic acid derivatives and double chain aliphatic amines amidated with copolymer (meth) acrylic acid / polyamine;
One or more multifunctional additives for cold work, for example polymers based on olefins and alkenyl nitrates.

  The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of the aforementioned emulsified fuel by preparing an emulsion of hydrocarbons and water in the presence of some or all of the emulsification system and other possible additives. All conventional methods of preparing emulsions can be used for this purpose.

  It is advantageous to proceed by mixing some or all of the additives with one and / or the other of the phases before forming the emulsion. For example, after mixing the emulsion system with the hydrocarbon phase in the manner described in patent application WO 00/34419, the resulting mixture is passed one or more times through an emulsor system supplied with the water necessary to form the emulsion. Can be made to progress.

In the manner described in patent applications WO 00/034419 and WO 01/36569:
(A1) premixing of water and emulsifying system, then dispersing in hydrocarbon phase, or (a2) simultaneous mixing of hydrocarbon phase with water and emulsifier, then (b) e.g. rotor-stator, emulsor, static -Proper emulsion formation with appropriate equipment selected from mixers, in-line turbine systems, ultrasonic permeators,
It is also advantageous to proceed by

  The emulsified fuel according to the present invention can be used in various applications. In particular, it can be used for heat engines (particularly gasoline or diesel engines) or as fuel for fuel cells. Its use as a diesel engine fuel is particularly advantageous, especially for new diesel engines with a direct injection system.

  The fuel according to the invention can also be used as fuel for thermal equipment, for example industrial or household boilers, furnaces, turbines, generators. A particularly advantageous use is as household fuel oil, i.e. fuel for household boilers.

  The present invention also relates to emulsified additive compositions that can be used, for example, to improve their high temperature stability in emulsified water / hydrocarbon fuels. This additive composition is 15 wt. % Fatty acid esters of at least one (poly) oxyalkylated polyol, and esters of fatty acids and sorbitan and succinic acid or succinic anhydride and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, ( Containing at least one of the group comprising condensation products with at least one of the poly) oxyalkylated alcohols.

  This additive composition is preferably 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one glycerol ester, and sorbitan esters and succinic acid or succinic anhydride and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures of these compounds At least one of the group comprising the condensation product with at least one of them.

  Preferably it is 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one sorbitan ester combined with at least one polyol ester as described above in a weight ratio of sorbitan ester / polyol ester ranging from 20/80 to 80/20.

  Preferably, the weight ratio of sorbitan ester / polyol ester generally varies from 40/60 to 60/40. Even more preferably, the amount by weight of each of these two types of esters is approximately equal (45/55 to 55/45).

  Furthermore, advantageously, the composition of the emulsifying additive according to the invention also contains at least one alcohol containing 3 to 22, preferably 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The alcohol is preferably a monohydric alcohol, but may be linear, branched, saturated, or unsaturated. It preferably comprises at least one saturated branched chain alcohol.

  The weight ratio of alcohol / polyol ester and alcohol / sorbitan ester is the same or different, advantageously both are 1 or less. Preferably, each of these ratios is 0.2 to 1.

  The composition of the emulsifying additive according to the invention further comprises 0 to 85 wt. % Of the product of condensation of succinic acid or succinic anhydride with at least one of amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures of these compounds There can be at least one compound. Preferably, a condensation product of at least one succinic anhydride and at least one polyamine is used. The succinic acid or succinic anhydride is advantageously replaced by a hydrocarbon radical, which is preferably a polymer radical, for example a polyisobutyl radical.

  Preferably, the additive composition is 15 to 85 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester and 85 to 15% of at least one condensation product. More preferably, 20 to 50 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester and 50 to 80% of at least one condensation product. The additive composition may also contain the aforementioned alcohol.

  The additive composition according to the present invention comprises one or more additives or agents described above as suitable for incorporation into an emulsified fuel according to the present invention, such as, but not limited to, one or more other emulsifiers, One or more biocides, one or more anti-gelling agents, one or more anti-wrinkle agents, one or more cetane number improvers, one or more filterable additives, one or more anti-foaming agents, One or more detergents and / or anticorrosive additives, one or more lubricants or anti-friction additives, one or more cloud point additives, one or more precipitation prevention additives, one or more cold work Multifunctional additives can also be included. Preferably, the additive composition contains at least one cetane number improver selected from inorganic or organic nitrates (eg alkyl nitrates), organic peroxides and mixtures of these two types of compounds.

  Accordingly, particularly preferred additive compositions comprise at least four types of additives: at least one first ester, at least one second ester, at least one alcohol and / or at least one condensation product, and at least One type of cetane number improver is contained, and each of these additives is as described above.

  According to a first aspect, the additive composition is in the form of a mixture of said additives.

  According to a second aspect, the additive composition is in the form of a “mother liquor”, ie a concentrated solution of the additive in a suitable solvent. The solution is prepared by dissolving the emulsifying additive and any other additives and / or agents in a solvent. The solvent may be an aromatic solvent (especially a solvent based on an aromatic or naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbon, such as but not limited to toluene, xylene, diisopropylbenzene, or alternatively an aromatic carbon Oil-rich oil fraction), petroleum fractions (especially naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, distillate), minerals and / or synthetic oils. “Mother liquor” is, for example, 20 to 80 wt. %, Preferably 40 to 70 wt. % Additives and drugs.

  Finally, the present invention relates to a method for improving the thermal stability of a water / liquid hydrocarbon emulsified fuel by using the composition of said emulsifying additive.

  Unless otherwise declared, ppm values are by weight.

  The examples given below are intended to illustrate the invention without limiting its scope.

Example 1:
In this example and the following, ordinary light oil G is used in accordance with standard EN 590. This diesel oil has the following characteristics:
Distillation range (standard ASTM D86):
Initial boiling point: 177.5 ° C
10 vol. % Point: 209.5 ° C
50 vol. % Point: 270.5 ° C
90 vol. % Point: 330.5 ° C
Final boiling point: 351.7 ° C
Sulfur content (Standard ASTM D5453): 335 ppm
Density at 15 ° C. (Standard NF EN ISO 12185): 0.8444 kg / m 3
Aniline point (standard NF M 07-021): 63.4 ° C.
Cloud point (Standard NF EN 23015): -8 ° C
Filterability temperature limit (standard NF EN 116): -8 ° C
Pour point (Standard NF T 60105): -15 ° C
Starting from light oil G, emulsified fuels E1 and E2 are respectively 87.64 wt. % Of the diesel oil at 10 wt. % Water, 1.86 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.5 wt. % Cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate) was prepared by emulsification in the presence.

The emulsified fuel E1 conforms to the prior art, and its emulsification system S1 is:
3 parts by weight of sorbitan monooleate;
2 parts by weight of a fatty acid ethoxylated with 6 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of acid;
1 part by weight of isotridecanol ethoxylated with 7.5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol,
Consists of.

Fuel E2 is in accordance with the present invention and its emulsification system S2 is:
1 part by weight of a first ester which is sorbitan monooleate;
A second ester composed of 1 part by weight of rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride,
Consists of.
Test 1:
The stability of the emulsified fuels E1 and E2 was determined at room temperature according to the stability test by centrifugation described in the standard NF M 07-101. The diagram shown in FIG. 1 below shows the results obtained as the degree of fuel precipitation (ie, separation of the emulsion into phases) as a function of centrifugation time. The greater the degree of precipitation, the lower the stability of the emulsion.

The results shown in FIG. 1 clearly show the beneficial effect of the emulsification system S2 according to the invention in terms of emulsion stability at room temperature: fuel E2 shows significantly better stability than reference fuel E1.
Test 2:
Fuels E1 and E2 were also tested for stability during storage at high temperatures (75 ° C.). The test was performed as follows: 450 ml of emulsion was placed in a sealed 500 ml bottle. Place the bottle in a 75 ° C stove. The progressive phase separation is then examined by measuring the phase height at 24 hour intervals. The phase separation time is reached when the phase height no longer changes with time (steady state).

  Table 1 shown below shows the results obtained as phase separation time (ie, time for complete separation of the aqueous and organic phases of the emulsified fuel).

上記結果は、乳化燃料の高温安定性の観点で、本発明によってもたらされる多大な利益を示す：本発明による乳化系Ｓ２の使用は、７５℃で相分離時間の５０％増加をもたらす。

The above results show the tremendous benefits provided by the present invention in terms of the high temperature stability of the emulsified fuel: use of the emulsifying system S2 according to the present invention results in a 50% increase in phase separation time at 75 ° C.

  Thus, the emulsified fuel according to the present invention exhibits a significant increase in stability at high temperature, better than emulsified fuels known in the prior art, while maintaining excellent room temperature stability.

Example 2:
The same two types of esters as S2 (ester A = sorbitan monooleate; ester B = rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride), with the proportion of each of these two esters being The test 2 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated with variations.

  87.64 wt. % Of the diesel oil of Example 1 at 10 wt. % Water, 1.86 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.5 wt. An emulsified fuel was prepared by emulsification in the presence of% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate).

  Table 2 shown below shows the results obtained.

上記結果は、本発明による乳化燃料および乳化添加物の組成における２種類のエステルのそれぞれの割合の重要性を示す。第１エステル／第２エステルの重量比が２０／８０から８０／２０である乳化系Ｓ２およびＳ３では、７５℃での熱安定性は系Ｓ４で得られるものよりも非常に高い。

The above results show the importance of the respective proportions of the two esters in the composition of the emulsified fuel and emulsified additive according to the present invention. In emulsion systems S2 and S3, where the first ester / second ester weight ratio is 20/80 to 80/20, the thermal stability at 75 ° C. is much higher than that obtained with system S4.

  The best results are obtained with system S2 where the content by weight of the two esters is equal.

Example 3:
Two types of esters:
Ester A ′: sorbitan sesquioleate;
Ester B ′: rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride,
Test 1 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated using an emulsification system according to the invention containing

  86 wt. % Of diesel oil G of Example 1 at 11.70 wt. % Osmotic treated water, 2 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel was prepared by emulsification in the presence of% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate).

  Table 3 shown below shows the results obtained.

前の例と比較して、この例は、本発明の範囲内で、２種類のエステルの化学的性質およびそれぞれの含有量の両者を、獲得することを望み、並びに利用可能な生成物、それらの経費および乳化燃料に組み込まれると思われる他の添加物とのそれらの適合性を考慮した結果の関数として、変化させることが可能であることを示す。

Compared to the previous example, this example, within the scope of the present invention, wishes to obtain both the chemical nature of the two esters and their respective contents, as well as available products, those It can be varied as a function of the results of considering the cost of the process and their compatibility with other additives likely to be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.

Example 4:
Emulsification system S2 of Example 1 (ester A = sorbitan monooleate, ester B = 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride, ethoxyl, alone or mixed with saturated branched chain alcohol, ie 2-ethylhexanol The composition of the emulsifying additive according to the invention was prepared using rapeseed oil, 50/50).

  Starting from these additive compositions, 85.4 to 86 wt. % (By test) of 11.7 wt. % Water, 2 to 2.6 wt. % (By test) emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel according to the present invention was prepared by emulsifying with a% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate). The exact content of light oil G in the emulsified fuel is prepared taking into account the amount of emulsified system S for each test.

  These tests were carried out by changing the composition of the emulsification system S.

  The stability of these fuels was determined at room temperature (25 ° C.) using a test performed as follows: 100 ml of the emulsion was placed in a precision graduated Erlenmeyer flask. After storing the emulsion at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, the volume-based content of the precipitated phase in the emulsion (the precipitated phase consisted of large droplets of the aqueous phase separated from the emulsion and coalesced at the bottom of the vessel) Was determined (by reading directly on a graduated flask).

  The results obtained are summarized in Table 4.

上記結果は、飽和分岐鎖アルコールを本発明による乳化添加物の組成中に組み込むことによってもたらされる安定性のさらなる向上を説明する。

The above results explain the further improvement in stability provided by incorporating saturated branched chain alcohols into the composition of the emulsifying additive according to the present invention.

  In this case, the composition of the emulsifying additive used in the respective fuels E8 and E9, which contains 2-ethylhexanol in addition to the first and second esters, shows better resistance to precipitation: 0.4 wt . % Alcohol addition reduced the emulsion fuel precipitation by 25% at 25 ° C., 0.6 wt. With the addition of% alcohol, this precipitation phenomenon disappears completely.

Example 5:
Two types of surfactants:
Ester B: rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglycerides,
Surfactant C: Condensation product of polyisobutene succinic anhydride and tetraethylenepentamine at a mass ratio of amine to anhydride / amine of 1.2
Test 1 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated using an emulsification system according to the invention containing

  86.75 wt. % Of diesel oil G of Example 1 at 11.70 wt. % Osmotic treated water, 1.25 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel was prepared by emulsification in the presence of% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate).

  The results obtained are shown in Table 5 below.

前の例と比較して、この例は、本発明の範囲内で、２種類の表面活性剤の化学的性質およびそれぞれの含有量の両者を、獲得することを望み、並びに利用可能な生成物、それらの経費および乳化燃料に組み込まれると思われる他の添加物とのそれらの適合性を考慮した結果の関数として、変化させることが可能であることを示す。

Compared to the previous example, this example, within the scope of the present invention, wishes to obtain both the chemistry and the respective content of the two surfactants, and the products available. It can be varied as a function of their cost and their compatibility with other additives that would be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.

Example 6:
Three types of surfactants:
Ester A: sorbitan monooleate;
Ester B: rapeseed oil ethoxylated with 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglycerides,
Surfactant C: Condensation product of polyisobutene succinic anhydride and tetraethylenepentamine at a mass ratio of amine to anhydride / amine of 1.2
Test 1 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated using an emulsification system according to the invention containing

  86.75 wt. % Of diesel oil G of Example 1 at 11.70 wt. % Osmotic treated water, 1.25 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel was prepared by emulsification in the presence of% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate).

  The obtained results are shown in Table 6 below.

前の例と比較して、この例は、本発明の範囲内で、２種類のエステルの化学的性質およびそれぞれの含有量の両者を、獲得することを望み、並びに利用可能な生成物、それらの経費および乳化燃料に組み込まれると思われる他の添加物とのそれらの適合性を考慮した結果の関数として、変化させることが可能であることを示す。

Compared to the previous example, this example, within the scope of the present invention, wishes to obtain both the chemical nature of the two esters and their respective contents, as well as available products, those It can be varied as a function of the results of considering the cost of the process and their compatibility with other additives likely to be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.

Example 7:
Emulsified system S8 of Example 5 (ester A = sorbitan monooleate, ester B = 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglycerides, mixed with saturated branched chain alcohol, ie 2-ethylhexanol. Rapeseed oil); or the emulsion system S10 of Example 6 (ester A = sorbitan monooleate, ester B = 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of triglyceride) mixed with saturated branched chain alcohol, ie 2-ethylhexanol Or rapeseed oil ethoxylated with a surfactant C = condensation product of polyisobutene succinic anhydride and tetraethylenepentamine at a mass ratio of 1.2 amine to anhydride weight ratio). A composition of emulsified additive was prepared.

  Starting from these additive compositions, 85.4 to 86 wt. % (By test) of 11.7 wt. % Water, 2.5 wt. % (By test) emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel according to the present invention was prepared by emulsifying with% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate). The exact content of light oil G in the emulsified fuel was adjusted taking into account the amount of emulsified system S for each test.

  Four tests were performed by changing the composition of the emulsification system S.

  The stability of these fuels was determined by tests conducted at room temperature (25 ° C.) as follows: 100 ml of emulsion was placed in a precision graduated Erlenmeyer flask. After storing the emulsion at 25 ° C. for 24 hours, the volume-based content of the precipitated phase in the emulsion (the precipitated phase consists of large droplets of the aqueous phase separated from the emulsion and coalesced at the bottom of the container) Determined (by reading directly with a graduated flask).

  The results obtained are summarized in Table 7 below.

上記結果は、本発明による乳化添加物の組成に飽和分岐鎖アルコールを組み込むことによってもたらされる安定性のさらなる増加を説明する。

The above results explain the further increase in stability provided by incorporating saturated branched alcohols in the composition of the emulsifying additive according to the invention.

  In this case, each emulsification system S12 and S13 contains, in addition to the one mentioned at the beginning; a second ester and a third surfactant, 2-ethylhexanol, and shows better resistance to precipitation: 28 .5 wt. The precipitation phenomenon disappears completely with the addition of% alcohol.

Example 8:
Two types of surfactants:
Ester B ″: dioleate of polyethylene glycol 400 or polyalkoxylated ethylene glycol 400,
Surfactant C Condensation product of succinic acid or succinic anhydride and polyamine,
Test 1 of Example 1 (thermal stability at 75 ° C.) was repeated using an emulsification system according to the invention containing

  86.75 wt. % Of diesel oil G of Example 1 at 11.70 wt. % Osmotic treated water, 1.25 wt. % Emulsion system S and 0.3 wt. An emulsified fuel was prepared by emulsification in the presence of% cetane number improver (2-ethylhexyl nitrate).

  The obtained results are shown in Table 8 below.

前の例と比較して、この例は、本発明の範囲内で、２種類の表面活性剤の化学的性質およびそれぞれの含有量の両者を、獲得することを望み、並びに利用可能な生成物、それらの経費および乳化燃料に組み込まれると思われる他の添加物とのそれらの適合性を考慮した結果の関数として、変化させることが可能であることを示す。

Compared to the previous example, this example, within the scope of the present invention, wishes to obtain both the chemistry and the respective content of the two surfactants, and the products available. It can be varied as a function of their cost and their compatibility with other additives that would be incorporated into the emulsified fuel.

It is a graph showing the relationship between centrifugation time and precipitation.

Claims (46)

  An emulsified fuel containing a majority of water and liquid hydrocarbon emulsions in a water / hydrocarbon weight ratio in the range of 5/95 to 35/65, comprising at least 15 wt. % Esters of fatty acids and polyoxyalkylated polyols, esters of fatty acids and sorbitan and succinic or succinic anhydrides and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkyls An emulsified fuel comprising an emulsified system containing at least one of the group formed by a condensation product with a fluorinated alcohol and at least one of a mixture of these compounds.   The fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid contained in the composition of the sorbitan ester is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated and contains 6 to 22 carbon atoms.   The fuel according to claim 2, characterized in that the fatty acid is selected from lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and mixtures thereof.   The fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the sorbitan ester comprises at least one sorbitan oleate.   The fuel according to claim 4, characterized in that the ester comprises at least one ester selected from sorbitan monooleate and sorbitan sesquioleate.   The polyol of claim 1 to 5, wherein the polyol of the polyol ester corresponds to a group of compounds comprising alcohols containing 2 to 5 hydroxyl groups, preferably alkylene glycols, glycerol, pentaerythritol, their alkylated derivatives and mixtures thereof. The fuel according to any one of the above.   7. The fatty acid contained in the composition of the polyol ester is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated and contains 6 to 22 carbon atoms. Fuel.   8. The fatty acid contained in the composition of the polyol ester is selected from naturally occurring fatty acids, in free or esterified form, in vegetable and / or animal oils. Fuel.   9. The polyoxyalkyl group present in the polyol ester is a chain of identical or different oxyalkyl units, each oxyalkyl unit containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The fuel according to claim 1.   The fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the polyoxyalkyl group present in the polyol ester comprises at least one polyethoxy group.   11. The fuel according to claim 1, wherein the polyol ester has an average number of moles of oxyalkyl units per mole of ester of 3 to 50.   12. The fuel according to claim 1, wherein when the fatty acid contained in the composition of the polyol ester is glycerol, the average number of moles of oxyalkyl units per mole of ester is from 10 to 35.   13. The polyol ester according to claim 1, wherein the polyol ester is composed completely or partly of a fatty acid (one or more) and a triester of polyoxylalkylated glycerol or a mixture of said triesters. The fuel according to item 1.   14. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the polyol ester is composed entirely or partly of oxyalkylated vegetable oils and / or animal oils.   15. A fuel according to claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the polyol ester is composed entirely or partly of an ethoxylated vegetable oil.   16. Fuel according to claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the vegetable oil is selected from rapeseed oil, soybean oil, castor oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, oil extracted from resin-containing trees and mixtures of said oils.   12. A polyesterated alkylene glycol diester having a molecular weight of 200 to 1000, in particular a diethoxylate of polyethoxylated ethylene glycol, characterized in that the polyol ester is a dioleate of polyethoxylated ethylene glycol. fuel.   The polyol ester is 0.5 to 5 wt. %, Preferably 0.5 to 2 wt. The fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that it is present in a content that varies in%.   The emulsification system is 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one polyol ester, and sorbitan esters and succinic or succinic anhydrides and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures of these compounds 19. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it contains at least one of the group comprising condensation products with one of the following.   The emulsification system is 15 to 100 wt. % Of at least one sorbitan ester in combination with at least one polyol ester and a sorbitan ester / polyol ester weight ratio varying from 20/80 to 80/20. The fuel according to any one of the above.   21. The fuel according to claim 20, characterized in that the sorbitan ester / polyol ester weight ratio varies from 40/60 to 60/40 in the emulsification system.   At least one of the group comprising the fatty acid and sorbitan esters and condensation products is 0.5 to 5 wt. %, Preferably 0.5 to 2 wt. The fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that it is present in a content that varies in%.   The emulsification system is 0 to 85 wt. % Of a condensation product of succinic acid or succinic anhydride with one of amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, (poly) oxyalkylated alcohols and mixtures of these compounds The fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that it contains one kind.   The emulsification system is 15 to 85 wt. 24. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it contains% of at least one polyol ester and 85 to 15% of at least one condensation product.   25. The succinic acid or succinic anhydride of the condensation product is replaced by a hydrocarbon radical, preferably a polymer radical, in particular a polyisobutyl radical. The fuel described in the item.   The emulsification system is 20 to 50 wt. 26. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it contains% of at least one polyol ester and 50 to 80% of at least one condensation product.   27. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the emulsifying system also contains at least one alcohol containing 3 to 22 carbon atoms.   28. A fuel according to claim 1 to 27, characterized in that the alcohol comprises at least one saturated branched chain alcohol.   29. Fuel according to claim 27 or 28, characterized in that the weight ratio alcohol / polyol ester and alcohol / sorbitan ester are the same or different, both being 1 or less.   0.1 to 5 wt. 30. A fuel according to any one of claims 27 to 29, characterized in that it contains% of said alcohol.   31. Any one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the hydrocarbon phase comprises one or more hydrocarbon fractions selected from gasoline fractions, middle distillates, e.g. kerosene fraction and gas oil fraction. The fuel described in the item.   The hydrocarbon phase comprises one or more fractions selected from intermediate vacuum distillates, heavy vacuum distillates, distillation residues and mixtures of said fractions. The fuel described in the item.   Its sulfur content determined according to standard NF M 07-100 is 1 wt. % Or less, preferably 0.2 wt. % Or less, even more preferably 0.1 wt. 33. A fuel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is not more than%, very advantageously not more than 10 ppm.   34. At least one cetane number improver, in particular comprising one selected from organic or inorganic nitrates, organic peroxides and mixtures of these two types of compounds. The fuel according to any one of the above.   35. A method of preparing an emulsified fuel according to any one of claims 1-34, wherein an emulsion of hydrocarbons and water is formed in the presence of some or all of an emulsifying system and other possible additives. By the way.   36. A method according to claim 35, wherein after mixing the emulsifying system with the hydrocarbon phase, the resulting mixture is passed one or more times through an emulsor system supplied with the water necessary to form the emulsion. 36. The method of claim 35, comprising the following steps:
(A1) premixing of water and emulsifying system, then dispersing in hydrocarbon phase, or (a2) simultaneous mixing of hydrocarbon phase with water and emulsifier, then (b) e.g. rotor-stator, emulsor, static • Proper emulsion formation with appropriate equipment selected from mixers, in-line turbine systems, and ultrasonic permeators.   27 wt.% As defined in any one of claims 1 to 17, 19 to 21 and 23 to 26. % Fatty acid esters of at least one (poly) oxyalkylated polyol, and esters of fatty acids and sorbitan and succinic acid or succinic anhydride and amines, polyamines, fatty acids, (poly) oxyalkylated fatty acids, alcohols, ( A composition of emulsifying additives containing at least one of the group comprising condensation products with at least one of the poly) oxyalkylated alcohols.   39. Additive composition according to claims 1 to 38, characterized in that it also contains at least one alcohol containing 3 to 22 carbon atoms.   40. Additive composition according to claims 1 to 39, characterized in that the alcohol comprises at least one saturated branched chain alcohol.   41. Additive composition according to claim 39 or 40, characterized in that the weight ratio alcohol / polyol ester and alcohol / sorbitan ester are the same or different and both are 1 or less.   42. Additive composition according to any one of claims 38 to 41, comprising at least one cetane number improver selected from organic or inorganic nitrates, organic peroxides and mixtures of these two types of compounds. .   43. Additive composition according to any one of claims 38 to 42, in the form of a mixture of additives or in the form of a concentrated solution of the additive in a suitable solvent.   44. A method of improving the thermal stability of an emulsified water / liquid hydrocarbon fuel by using the emulsified additive composition of any one of claims 38 to 43.   35. Emulsification according to any one of claims 1 to 34, as a fuel for a heat engine or fuel cell or as a fuel for thermal equipment, for example industrial or household boilers, furnaces, turbines, generators. Use of fuel.   35. Use of an emulsified fuel according to any one of claims 1 to 34 as a fuel for a diesel engine fuel or a domestic boiler.

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