JP2006201103A - Apparatus for observing state in high-pressure vessel, its observation method, high-pressure solid reactor, high-pressure vessel inspection apparatus, its inspection method, and high-pressure reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To speedily measure a concentration distribution of solids and the state of reaction in reaction containers from the outside of the high-temperature and high-pressure reaction containers. <P>SOLUTION: This apparatus for observing the state in the high-pressure containers comprises radiation sources 4a and 4b for irradiating radiation 10 to a high-pressure container 2 containing solid particles 3 for making the solid particles 3 react in a high-temperature and high-pressure state; radiation detectors 5a and 5b for detecting radiation 11 irradiated from radiation sources 4a and 4b and transmitted through the high-pressure container 2; and a data processing part 6 for computing a concentration distribution of the solid particles 3 in the high-pressure container 2 on the basis of output of the radiation detectors 5a and 5b. The data processing part 6 computes the concentration distribution on the basis of the difference with output of the radiation detectors 5 in the case of the absence of the solid particles 3 in the high-pressure container 2 with reference to the output of the radiation detectors 5. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for observing an internal state in a high-pressure vessel using a change in the amount of transmitted radiation.

  In recent years, the generation of harmful substances such as dioxins and nitrogen oxides has become a social problem in incineration of organic waste. For this reason, attention has been paid to a process of oxidizing and decomposing organic substances with oxygen in a supercritical water atmosphere as an organic substance treatment technique that generates less harmful substances (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

In this process, a mixture of various organic substances having different physical properties is processed. Therefore, in order to completely decompose water and carbon dioxide while suppressing the generation of harmful substances, gas and liquid at the outlet of the reaction vessel are used. While monitoring the composition, it is necessary to operate with feedback control of the temperature, pressure, and supply rate of organic matter and oxygen. When the organic substance is a solid, the reaction tends to be non-uniform in the reaction vessel, and the processing efficiency tends to decrease due to the generation and fixation of tar and char. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately confirm that the solid in the reaction vessel is reacting properly, and generally a method of observing from a ceramic viewing window attached to the reaction vessel wall has been used.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 1-38532 JP 2004-301717 A

  In the conventional method and apparatus, the size of the window is limited from the viewpoint of strength because the mounting part of the window is a high-temperature and high-pressure vessel, and there is a concern that the operating rate may be reduced due to the breakage of the window that is the pressure boundary. Safety equipment provided is necessary. In addition, since it is indispensable for light to pass through the viewing window, the organic substance concentration can be applied only to observation of a low-concentration region where light can be transmitted. In a fluidized bed or a fixed bed, which is a typical form of supercritical water oxidation treatment of solid organic matter, generation of harmful substances can be suppressed and high treatment efficiency can be obtained by reacting solid matter efficiently. For this purpose, it is necessary to detect the concentration distribution and reaction state of the solid matter in the layer. However, since the concentration of solid matter is high in the fluidized bed and fixed bed and light does not transmit, the observation window can only be applied to the vicinity of the boundary surface between the solid matter and the liquid, and the state of the solid matter region cannot be observed. There was a problem.

  By the way, Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for monitoring the inside of a high-pressure reaction vessel by detecting transmitted radiation. However, in the technique disclosed in Patent Document 2, since a set of radiation sources and radiation detectors are used, it is difficult to quickly obtain a two-dimensional or three-dimensional concentration distribution. Further, this document does not disclose a technique for using the measured concentration distribution for feedback control.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and relates to an apparatus and method for quickly measuring the concentration distribution and reaction state of solids in the reaction vessel from the outside of the high-temperature and high-pressure reaction vessel. An object of the present invention is to provide an inspection apparatus and an inspection method for a high-pressure vessel, and an apparatus and method for detecting an abnormality in the thickness of a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction container.

  The present invention achieves the above object, and the high-pressure vessel internal state observation device according to the present invention irradiates a high-pressure vessel that contains solid particles and reacts the solid particles at a high temperature and high pressure. A radiation source that detects radiation emitted from the radiation source and transmitted through the high-pressure vessel, and calculates a concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel based on the output of the radiation detector And a data processing unit.

  The high-pressure solid reaction apparatus according to the present invention includes a high-pressure container that contains solid particles and reacts the solid particles in a high-temperature and high-pressure state, a radiation source that irradiates the solid container with radiation, and irradiation from the radiation source. A radiation detector that detects radiation transmitted through the high-pressure vessel, a data processing unit that calculates a concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel based on an output of the radiation detector, and the data processing unit And a control unit that controls the reaction in the high-pressure vessel based on the obtained concentration distribution.

  The high-pressure vessel inspection apparatus according to the present invention includes a radiation source that irradiates a high-pressure vessel that can be used in a high-temperature and high-pressure state, and radiation detection that detects radiation that has been emitted from the radiation source and transmitted through the high-pressure vessel. A reference data storage means for storing the output of the radiation detector when the thickness of the high pressure vessel is normal as reference data, and comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data. And a thickness abnormality detecting means for detecting a thickness abnormality.

  The high-pressure reactor according to the present invention includes a high-pressure container in which a reaction proceeds at high temperature and high pressure, a radiation source that irradiates the high-pressure container with radiation, and radiation that has been irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high-pressure container. A radiation detector for detecting the radiation detector, reference data storage means for storing the output of the radiation detector when the high-pressure vessel is normal as reference data, and comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data for the high-pressure A thickness abnormality detecting means for detecting an abnormality in the thickness of the container, and a reaction suppressing means for suppressing the reaction when an abnormality in the thickness of the high-pressure container is detected.

  In the high-pressure vessel internal state observation method according to the present invention, solid particles are contained in a high-pressure vessel, the solid particles are reacted in a high-temperature and high-pressure state, the high-pressure vessel is irradiated with radiation from a radiation source, and the radiation Radiation emitted from a source and transmitted through the high-pressure vessel is detected by a radiation detector, and the concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel is calculated based on the output of the radiation detector.

  The high-pressure vessel inspection method according to the present invention irradiates radiation from a radiation source to a high-pressure vessel that contains solid particles and reacts the solid particles in a high-temperature and high-pressure state. The output of the radiation detector is stored as reference data, and the abnormality of the thickness of the high-pressure vessel is detected by comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data.

  According to the high-pressure vessel internal state observation device, high-pressure solid reaction device, and high-pressure vessel internal state observation method of the present invention, the concentration distribution and reaction state of solids in the reaction vessel can be quickly and easily from the outside of the high-temperature and high-pressure reaction vessel. Can be measured directly. Moreover, according to the high-pressure vessel inspection device, the high-pressure reactor and the high-pressure vessel inspection method of the present invention, it is possible to easily detect an abnormal thickness of the high-pressure vessel from the outside.

  Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Here, the same or similar parts are denoted by common reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.

  1 and 2 are schematic views showing an embodiment of an internal observation system of a high-pressure solid reaction apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a measurement unit in a cross-sectional view, and FIG. FIG. However, FIG. 2 shows only the radiation source 4a and the radiation detector 5a of the two sets of radiation sources and radiation detectors.

  In the high-pressure vessel 2 filled with the high-temperature and high-pressure fluid 1, the solid particles 3 settle to form a layer as shown in FIG. Two sets of the radiation source 4a and the radiation detector 5a, and the radiation source 4b and the radiation detector 5b are arranged in the same horizontal plane so as to sandwich the high-pressure vessel 2 outside the high-pressure vessel 2. A data processing device 6 for processing the output data of the radiation detectors 5a and 5b, a data recording device 7 for recording the processed data, and a monitor 8 for displaying this data are arranged, and these are connected by a signal cable 9. ing.

A part of the radiation 10 irradiated from the radiation sources 4a and 4b is absorbed when passing through the high-pressure vessel 2 and the intensity thereof is reduced, and the transmitted radiation 11 enters the radiation detectors 5a and 5b. Intensity I _b of the absence of solid particles 3 of the transmitted radiation 11 and the intensity I _m when the solid particles 3 of the transmitted radiation 11 there, the following equation (1) between the intensity I ₀ of the applied radiation 10 And (2) is related.

_{I b = I 0 exp (-μ} m ρ m d m -μ w ρ w d w) ··· (1)
_{I m = I 0 exp {-μ} m ρ m d m -μ w ρ w (d w -d c) -μ c ρ c d c} ··· (2)
Here, μ represents the linear absorption coefficient of the substance, ρ represents the density of the substance, and d represents the thickness through which the radiation is transmitted. For subscripts, m represents a structure such as a pipe, w represents a high-temperature high-pressure fluid, and c represents a solid particle.

When the solid particles 3 are present, the intensity I _{m of the} transmitted radiation is slightly lower than I _b , but the amount of change is very small compared to the amount of decrease in the radiation intensity caused by the high-pressure vessel 2 and is difficult to detect. is there. The intensity I _b where the solid particles are not in order that as a background, by subtracting the intensity I _m when the solid particles is present, the change ΔI of radiation absorbed dose (3) to elicit as shown in the expression.

ΔI = I _b −I _m
= _{I b [1-exp {- (μ c} ρ c -μ w ρ w) d c} ] (3)
Here, when the _{(μ c ρ c -μ w ρ} w) d c << 1, so that the following equation (4).

_{ΔI = I b (μ c ρ} c -μ w ρ w) d c ··· (4)
In the data processing apparatus 6 and the background image displayed the I _b in two dimensions I _m in the measured differential processing an image displayed in two dimensions, and stores the result in the data recording device 7 displaying an image on the monitor 8.

  FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of the transmitted radiation intensity in the vertical direction near the top of the three layers of solid particles with the background subtracted, and FIG. 3B is an image of the image inside the high-pressure vessel. When the density of the solid particles 3 is high, the intensity increases and the image becomes bright. Conversely, when the density of the solid particles 3 decreases, the strength decreases and the image becomes dark.

  By observing the change of the image with the monitor 8, the state of the reaction in the high-pressure vessel 2 can be known. It is also possible to detect abnormalities in the high-pressure vessel 2 such as agglomeration of solid particles 3 and tar adhesion to the wall of the high-pressure vessel 2. Furthermore, by reflecting the state in the reaction vessel 2 to the flow rate control of oxygen and the high-temperature and high-pressure fluid 1, it is possible to expect operation with high processing efficiency and suppression of generation of harmful substances in exhaust and waste water. This method is not limited to high temperature and pressure and can be applied as an observation method in the reaction vessel. Moreover, it is applicable not only to the oxidation reaction but also to the observation of the decomposition reaction of the solid in the reaction vessel. As radiation, for example, X-ray, β-ray, γ-ray, and neutron beam can be used.

  According to the present embodiment, there is no need for a viewing window with a risk of breakage in the reaction container, and the inside of the container can be directly observed from the outside of the reaction container, and the concentration distribution of high-concentration solids that cannot be observed with the viewing window is directly measured. be able to. Further, according to the present embodiment, since a plurality of sets of radiation sources and radiation detectors are used, the solid particle concentration distribution can be quickly obtained.

  According to this embodiment, the two-dimensional distribution and further three-dimensional distribution of solid particles in the high-pressure vessel can be measured in a short time, and precise control of the reaction can be expected.

  FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the internal observation system of the high pressure solid state reactor according to the present invention. In addition to the configuration of FIGS. 1 and 2, the radiation sources 4a and 4b and the radiation detectors 5a and 5b include a position adjusting device (moving device) 12 that adjusts the respective positions in synchronization. However, FIG. 4 shows only the radiation source 4a and the radiation detector 5a and the position adjusting device 12 that adjusts their positions. By moving the radiation sources 4 a and 4 b and the radiation detectors 5 a and 5 b in the vertical direction by the position adjusting device 12, it is possible to measure an arbitrary place in a wide range in the high-pressure vessel 2.

  Further, if the radiation sources 4a and 4b and the radiation detectors 5a and 5b are continuously moved, the concentration distribution of the solid particles 3 in the entire measurement range in the high-pressure vessel 2 can be measured. Further, the positions of the radiation sources 4a and 4b and the radiation detectors 5a and 5b are rotated with respect to the high-pressure vessel 2 and observed at two or more positions, respectively, and the data is processed to thereby obtain a two-dimensional solid. The particle concentration distribution can be measured. By repeating this operation by moving up and down, the three-dimensional solid particle concentration can be measured.

  By controlling the supply speed of the solid particles 3 and oxygen so that the change over time in the measurement results falls within a predetermined range, it is possible to expect high-efficiency operation and suppression of generation of harmful substances in exhaust and waste water. When the measurement result exceeds a predetermined range, it can be expected to be used as an interlock for stopping the apparatus. This method and apparatus can be applied to an apparatus that handles solids in a container such as a decomposition reaction in addition to an oxidation reaction. Further, this method is not limited to a high-temperature and high-pressure container, and can be applied to an apparatus that handles solid particles in the container.

  According to the present embodiment, the concentration distribution of a wide range of solid particles in the high-pressure vessel can be measured, and the change with time of the solid particle concentration in the vessel can also be measured. Effective in maintaining high treatment efficiency and controlling harmful substances in exhaust and waste water. It can be expected to be used as a safety device that can be interlocked with other instrumentation such as pressure and temperature.

  FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a high-pressure solid reaction system using the internal observation method of the high-pressure solid reaction apparatus according to the present invention. A radiation source 4 and a radiation detector 5 are arranged so as to sandwich a high-pressure vessel (reaction vessel) 2 wrapped with a heater 13. Further, a pump 17 for supplying the solid organic slurry 15 and oxygen 16 to the high pressure vessel 2 and a temperature radiation detector 18 for detecting the temperature inside the high pressure vessel 2 are arranged. Furthermore, a cooler 19 that cools the high-temperature fluid flowing out from the high-pressure vessel 2, a pressure control valve 20 that controls the pressure, a gas-liquid separator 21 that separates the reduced-pressure fluid into gas and liquid, and components of gas or liquid The gas analyzer 22 and the liquid analyzer 23 for analyzing the above, and the operation controller 24 for controlling the entire system are arranged.

  Data such as the solid concentration distribution in the container, the composition of gas and liquid, temperature and pressure from instrumentation equipment are processed by the operation control device 24, and the amount of unburned substances and harmful substances becomes below the reference value, so that solid particles The feed rate of the pump that feeds the solid organic slurry 15 and oxygen 16, the output of the heater 13, and the like are feedback controlled so that the above reaction is performed efficiently and a high processing rate is obtained. When the pressure dependency of the reaction is high, the control of the pressure control valve 20 is also effective. This method is not limited to an oxidation reaction system, but is also effective for a system using a high-pressure vessel where internal observation is difficult, such as a decomposition reaction and a synthesis reaction.

  According to the present embodiment, feedback control can be performed while directly monitoring the concentration distribution of solid particles during plant operation, so that an improvement in processing speed can be expected while suppressing generation of harmful substances.

  In addition, the radiation source 4 and the radiation detector 5 may be one set, for example, as shown in FIG.

  FIG. 6 is a configuration diagram of an embodiment of a container inspection system for a high-temperature and high-pressure apparatus according to the present invention. A radiation source 4 and a radiation detector 5 arranged so as to face each other so as to sandwich the high-pressure vessel 2 containing the high-temperature high-pressure fluid 1 are held by a rotation / position adjustment table 27. In addition, a data processing device 6 that processes data obtained by the radiation detector 5, a data recording device 7 that stores processed data, a monitor 8 that displays an observation image, and a signal cable 9 that connects them are arranged.

  At the start of use of the high-pressure vessel 2, the operation of irradiating the high-pressure vessel 2 with radiation 10 from the radiation source 4, imaging the transmitted radiation 11 with the radiation detector 5, and storing it as an initial image in the data recording device 7 Using the adjustment table 27, the entire area that needs to be inspected is stored together with position information. At the time of inspection, an image of the inspection area is captured in the same manner as at the time of initial image capturing at the start of use, and the initial image at the same measurement position stored in the data recording device 7 is used as a background image to process the image at the time of inspection. Difference processing is performed by the apparatus 6, and the data recording apparatus 7 stores the image together with position information as an image at the time of inspection. It is also possible to obtain a three-dimensional image by measuring the circumference of the high-pressure vessel 2 at a plurality of positions by changing the angle with the rotation / position adjustment table 27 and processing the data. By displaying this result on the monitor 8, it is also possible for the inspector to directly detect a change in the high-pressure vessel 2 from the start of use.

  FIG. 7 is an example of a schematic diagram of a cross section of the high-pressure vessel 2 displayed on a monitor extracted from three-dimensional data. Changes that occurred during use of the deposit 28, the container thinning 29, the corrosion product 30 and the like that were not present when the high-pressure container was used are displayed. Further, if the image difference processing is performed while slightly shifting the shooting positions of the initial image and the image under examination, it is possible to detect a flaw in the high-pressure vessel 2.

  This method is also effective as a monitoring device during operation, and can be expected to be used as an interlock, such as stopping the device when the amount of change exceeds a preset range. This method is not limited to the case where the high-pressure vessel is in a high-temperature and high-pressure state. In addition, this method is not limited to operation, but if used for periodic inspections, it can be used to understand secular changes, is effective for maintenance as preventive maintenance, improves safety, improves equipment availability, and is economical. Also effective.

  According to the present embodiment, it is possible to easily detect abnormality of the high-pressure vessel during operation, to improve safety, and to expect an operating rate and an economic effect. If it is used for periodic inspections, preventive maintenance is facilitated, and an economic effect can be expected due to the improvement of the device life.

1 is a schematic plan view of an embodiment of an internal state observation system for a high-pressure solid reactor according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic elevation view of the internal state observation system of the high-pressure solid reaction apparatus of FIG. 1. (A) is a graph which shows the example of the radiation intensity distribution of the high-pressure container vertical direction which carried out the background correction | amendment which concerns on this invention, (b) is a figure which shows the example of the image of an image. The typical elevation of other embodiments of the internal state observation system of the high-pressure solid reaction device concerning the present invention. The typical block diagram of other embodiment of the internal state observation system of the high-pressure solid-state reactor which concerns on this invention. The typical block diagram of one Embodiment of the container inspection system of the high temperature / high pressure apparatus which concerns on this invention. The schematic container horizontal sectional view of an example of the test result obtained with the container inspection system of the high-temperature / high-pressure container according to the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... High temperature high pressure fluid, 2 ... High pressure container (reaction vessel), 3 ... Solid particle, 4 ... Radiation source, 4a ... Radiation source, 4b ... Radiation source, 5 ... Radiation detector, 5a ... Radiation detector, 5b ... Radiation Detector: 6 ... Data processing device, 7 ... Data recording device, 8 ... Monitor, 9 ... Signal cable, 10 ... Radiation, 11 ... Transmission radiation, 12 ... Position adjustment device (moving device), 13 ... Heater, 15 ... Solid Organic substance slurry, 16 ... oxygen, 17 ... pump, 18 ... temperature radiation detector, 19 ... cooler, 20 ... pressure control valve, 21 ... gas-liquid separator, 22 ... gas analyzer, 23 ... liquid analyzer, 24 ... Operation control device, 25 ... data signal, 26 ... control signal, 27 ... rotation / position adjustment table, 28 ... deposit, 29 ... container thinning, 30 ... corrosion product

Claims (8)

A radiation source that emits radiation to a high-pressure vessel that contains solid particles and reacts the solid particles in a high-temperature and high-pressure state;
A radiation detector for detecting radiation irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high pressure vessel;
A data processing unit that calculates the concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel based on the output of the radiation detector;
An apparatus for observing a state of a high-pressure vessel characterized by comprising:   The data processing unit is configured to calculate the concentration distribution based on a difference from the output of the radiation detector when there is no solid particle in the high-temperature container as a reference. Item 2. The high-pressure vessel internal state observation device according to Item 1.   The high-pressure vessel internal state observation device according to claim 1, further comprising a moving mechanism that moves the radiation source and the radiation detector in a synchronized manner. A high pressure vessel containing solid particles and reacting the solid particles in a high temperature and high pressure state;
A radiation source for irradiating the solid container;
A radiation detector for detecting radiation irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high pressure vessel;
A data processing unit that calculates the concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel based on the output of the radiation detector;
A control unit for controlling the reaction in the high-pressure vessel based on the concentration distribution obtained in the data processing unit;
A high-pressure solid reaction apparatus characterized by comprising: A radiation source that emits radiation to a high-pressure vessel that can be used in a high-temperature and high-pressure state;
A radiation detector for detecting radiation irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high pressure vessel;
Reference data storage means for storing the output of the radiation detector when the thickness of the high-pressure vessel is normal as reference data;
A thickness abnormality detecting means for detecting an abnormality in the thickness of the high-pressure vessel by comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data;
A high-pressure vessel inspection apparatus characterized by comprising: A high-pressure vessel in which the reaction proceeds in a high temperature and high pressure,
A radiation source for irradiating the high pressure vessel;
A radiation detector for detecting radiation irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high pressure vessel;
Reference data storage means for storing the output of the radiation detector when the high-pressure vessel is normal as reference data;
A thickness abnormality detecting means for detecting an abnormality in the thickness of the high-pressure vessel by comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data;
Reaction suppressing means for suppressing the reaction when an abnormality in the thickness of the high-pressure vessel is detected;
A high-pressure reactor characterized by comprising: The solid particles are stored in a high-pressure vessel and the solid particles are reacted at a high temperature and high pressure.
Irradiating the high-pressure vessel with radiation from a radiation source;
Detecting radiation irradiated from the radiation source and transmitted through the high-pressure vessel with a radiation detector,
Calculating the concentration distribution of the solid particles in the high-pressure vessel based on the output of the radiation detector;
A method for observing the inside of a high-pressure vessel, characterized by: Irradiating radiation from a radiation source to a high-pressure vessel that contains solid particles and reacts the solid particles at a high temperature and high pressure,
When the high-pressure vessel is normal, the output of the radiation detector is stored as reference data,
Comparing the output of the radiation detector with the reference data to detect an abnormal thickness of the high-pressure vessel;
A high-pressure vessel inspection method characterized by comprising:

Images