JP2006137580A - Hydraulic cylinder device for grab bucket - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket suitably extendable and retractable even if air is mixed in a cylinder and having high safety. <P>SOLUTION: This hydraulic cylinder device for the grab bucket is used for a grab bucket and formed of the hydraulic cylinder 6 and a hydraulic cylinder control means. The hydraulic cylinder 6 comprises a cylinder body 9, a piston 10 reciprocatingly inserted into the cylinder body 9, and a piston rod 11 fixed to the piston 10 and led to the upper end of the cylinder body 9 so as to be extended and retracted. The hydraulic cylinder control means comprises a hydraulic pressure control flow passage 30 allowing an upper side hydraulic chamber 9a to communicate with a lower side hydraulic chamber 9b and a selector valve 33 capable of changing over the flow passage 30 between a state in which oil flows from the upper side hydraulic pressure chamber to the lower side hydraulic pressure chamber and a state in which the oil does not flow. An oil tank 31 is installed in the hydraulic pressure control flow passage 30. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket that is mainly used for a grab bucket that is used for a so-called bulk handling operation of so-called loose articles such as wood chips.

  Conventionally, a single rope type grab bucket operated by a crane or the like has been used as a material handling work of so-called roses such as wood chips, powdered ores, and earth and sand.

  As shown in FIG. 3, this single rope type grab bucket comprises a pair of shells 2 and 2 that constitute a grab 1 and are opened and closed opposite to each other, and pivot centers of the shells 2 and 2 are shafts 2a and 2a. A lower frame 3 pivotally supported by the upper frame 5, an upper frame 5 positioned above the lower frame 3 and connected to the back of each shell 2, 2 via suspension arms 4, 4. 3, an intermediate movable frame 7 connected to the lower frame 3 via a hydraulic cylinder 6, a lower end fixed to the intermediate movable frame 7, and an intermediate movable frame 7 and an upper frame 5, respectively. A wire rope 8 for hanging and grab closing that is wound around a pulley and extended upward, and the shells 2 and 2 are opened and closed by operating the hydraulic cylinder 6 and the wire rope 8. It has become the jar.

  As shown in FIG. 4, the hydraulic cylinder device used for the grab bucket is configured with a hydraulic cylinder 6 and hydraulic cylinder control means for controlling the hydraulic cylinder 6.

  The hydraulic cylinder 6 includes a cylindrical cylinder body 9 whose upper and lower ends are closed, a piston 10 that is removably inserted into the cylinder body 9, and is fixed to the piston 10 so as to be able to enter and exit from the upper end of the cylinder body 9. The piston rod 11 is led out, and the piston 10 is provided with a flow path 12 with a check valve that allows only one-way flow from the lower hydraulic chamber 9b to the upper hydraulic chamber 9a.

  On the other hand, the hydraulic cylinder control means has both ends connected to the upper and lower ends of the cylinder body 9 and a hydraulic control flow path 13 communicating the upper hydraulic chamber 9a and the lower hydraulic chamber 9b defined by the piston 10, and a flow. A switching valve 14 capable of switching between a state in which the passage 13 flows from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side and a non-flowing state is provided, and the hydraulic cylinder 6 is controlled by the operation of the switching valve 14. Yes.

  In addition, an oil tank 16 communicates with the lower hydraulic chamber 9b of the cylinder body via a communication pipe 15. When the hydraulic cylinder 6 operates in the extending direction, the hydraulic oil corresponding to the piston rod volume is lowered. When the hydraulic cylinder 6 is supplied to the side hydraulic chamber 9b and conversely moves in the contracting direction, the working oil corresponding to the piston rod volume is discharged from the lower hydraulic chamber 9b. Accordingly, in the oil tank 16, the internal pressure decreases as the piston 10 approaches the top dead center, and the internal pressure increases as the piston 10 approaches the bottom dead center. In the figure, reference numeral 17 denotes an oil supply port provided in the upper part of the oil tank 16, 18 denotes an air breather for releasing air, and 19 denotes an antenna for a radio signal receiver.

  When the wireless signal receiver receives a signal from the wireless signal transmitter, the wireless signal receiver transmits a command to switch the switching valve 13 to a state of flowing from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b.

  The single rope type grab bucket configured as described above switches the switching valve 14 from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side and makes the hydraulic cylinder 6 free, thereby lower frame 3 Detaches from the intermediate movable frame 7 due to the weight of the shells 2, 2 and the lower frame 3, descends, the position of the rotation center axis 2 a descends with the back surface of the shell 2 being suspended by the suspension arm 4, and the grab 1 is opened. It has come to be.

  On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 5 (a) to 5 (c), the grab 1 is closed and the load is grabbed, and the grab 1 is landed in an open state, and the switching valve 14 is moved from the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side. Only one-way flow to the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side is allowed, the state is switched from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side, and the intermediate is movable by moving the wire rope 8 downward in that state. The frame 7 is lowered to approach the lower frame 3, and in this state, the hydraulic cylinder 6 is in an unextendable state. By pulling up the wire rope 8, the intermediate movable frame 7 is pulled up so as to approach the upper frame 5. As a result, the distance between the upper and lower frames 4 and 5 is reduced and the shells 2 and 2 are moved in a closing direction (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  In such a single rope type grab bucket, in the gripping operation, the switching valve 14 is prevented from flowing from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side, and the intermediate movable frame 7 is lowered so that the total load is reduced. There is a case where a negative pressure (vacuum) state is momentarily generated in the upper hydraulic chamber 9a by acting on the hydraulic cylinder 6 and air is sucked from the opposite pressure side of the V packing of the rod outlet portion.

  When the hydraulic cylinder 6 is extended, this air is sent from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b through the hydraulic control flow path 13, and is supplied from the oil tank 16 in the lower hydraulic chamber 9b. Next, when the hydraulic cylinder 6 is contracted, a part of the working oil containing air is discharged to the oil tank 16, and the other is circulated in the hydraulic circuit including the hydraulic cylinder 6, and this circulation. Air gradually accumulates in the working oil. On the other hand, the air in the oil tank 16 is evacuated when the cylinder is extended and is at normal pressure when the contraction operation is started.

  However, if air is accumulated in the working oil that circulates in the hydraulic cylinder 6 or the hydraulic control flow path 13, the air in the upper hydraulic chamber 9a and the air in the oil tank 16 are compressed by the working oil when the cylinder contracts. Therefore, a part of the working oil cannot be discharged into either the upper hydraulic chamber 9a or the oil tank 16 and remains in the lower hydraulic chamber 9b, and the hydraulic cylinder 6 cannot be fully contracted. It was.

Therefore, in such a single rope type grab bucket, since the distance that the hydraulic cylinder 6 cannot contract is usually very small, the hydraulic cylinder 6 is interposed between the upper frame 5 and the intermediate movable frame 7 as shown in FIG. A clearance t for escape is provided so as to absorb a distance that cannot fully contract.
No. 7-56295

  However, in the conventional technology as described above, the hydraulic cylinder becomes larger as the grab bucket becomes larger, and the amount of working oil flowing into the cylinder and the amount of air mixed in the cylinder increase. The clearance that could not be absorbed by the clearance, there is a gap between the upper and lower parts of the frame more than a predetermined interval, the shell can not be closed completely, the powder particles spill out from the grab, there is a problem that the working environment deteriorates, This may lead to pollution problems, and depending on the items handled, the cargo handling operation may be forced to stop.

  In addition, if the clearance cannot be absorbed by the clearance of the cylinder, the intermediate movable frame and the upper frame may collide with each other during the grab closing operation, which may cause an impact and damage the device. was there.

  In view of the above-described problems of the prior art, the present invention can absorb the uncontracted portion of the cylinder suitably by the clearance, securely closes the shell, eliminates spillage of particulate matter, and safely performs the cargo handling operation. An object of the present invention is to provide a hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket that can be performed.

  In order to solve the above-described conventional problems and achieve an intended purpose, the invention according to claim 1 is a pair of shells configured to be opened and closed facing each other, and a rotation of the shells. A lower frame that pivotally supports the center, an upper frame that is located above the lower frame and that is connected to the back of each shell via a suspension arm, and that is between the upper and lower frames and is hydraulic to the lower frame An intermediate movable frame connected via a cylinder, a lower end fixed to the intermediate movable frame, and a suspension suspended around pulleys provided on the intermediate movable frame and the upper frame and extending upward. A hydraulic cylinder control means for controlling the hydraulic cylinder, the hydraulic cylinder being used in a grab bucket comprising a wire rope for lowering and grab closing; In the hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket constructed as described above, the hydraulic cylinder is inserted into the cylinder body so that the upper and lower ends are closed and the lower end is fixed to the lower frame, and the cylinder body is reciprocally movable. A piston that divides the inside of the cylinder body into an upper hydraulic chamber and a lower hydraulic chamber, and is fixed to the piston so as to be able to enter and exit from the upper end side of the cylinder body, and a lead-out side end portion is the intermediate movable frame The hydraulic cylinder control means has one end connected to the upper end of the cylinder body and the other end connected to the lower end of the cylinder body, A hydraulic control channel that connects the upper hydraulic chamber and the lower hydraulic chamber, and switching the hydraulic control channel between a state that flows from the upper hydraulic chamber side to the lower hydraulic chamber side and a state that does not flow And a possible switching valve, characterized in that it is a hydraulic cylinder device glove bucket which is provided with an oil tank in the middle of the oil pressure control flow path.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the configuration of the first aspect, the oil tank includes a partition plate that divides the interior of the oil tank into upper and lower storage chambers, and the communication port communicates between the upper and lower storage chambers with the partition plate. The upper storage chamber is communicated with the upper hydraulic chamber of the cylinder body via the upper hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path, and the lower storage chamber is connected to the lower hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path. And communicated with the lower hydraulic chamber.

  According to a third aspect of the invention, in addition to the configuration of the second aspect, the partition plate is disposed opposite to the inner bottom surface of the oil tank and inclined at an angle.

  A hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket according to the present invention comprises a pair of shells that constitute a grab and are opened and closed facing each other, a lower frame that pivotally supports the rotational center of the shell, and an upper side of the lower frame. An upper frame that is positioned and connected to the back of each shell via a suspension arm, an intermediate movable frame that is between the upper and lower frames and is connected to the lower frame via a hydraulic cylinder, and the intermediate movable frame A grab bucket having a lower end fixed to the intermediate movable frame and a wire rope for hanging and holding the grab that is wound around a pulley provided on each of the intermediate movable frame and the upper frame and extended upward. A grab bucket that is used and includes the hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic cylinder control means for controlling the hydraulic cylinder In the hydraulic cylinder device, the hydraulic cylinder has a cylindrical cylinder main body whose upper and lower ends are closed and a lower end is fixed to the lower frame, and is inserted into the cylinder main body so as to be able to reciprocate. A piston partitioned into an upper hydraulic chamber and a lower hydraulic chamber; a piston rod fixed to the piston and led out so as to be able to enter and exit from the upper end side of the cylinder body; and a piston rod having a lead-out side end fixed to the intermediate movable frame; The hydraulic cylinder control means has one end connected to the upper end of the cylinder body and the other end connected to the lower end of the cylinder body, the upper hydraulic chamber and the lower hydraulic pressure A hydraulic control flow path communicating with the chamber; and a switching valve capable of switching the hydraulic control flow path from a state of flowing from the upper hydraulic chamber side to the lower hydraulic chamber side and a state of not flowing. By providing an oil tank in the middle of the control flow path, it is possible to suppress the accumulation of air in the hydraulic circuit, and the hydraulic cylinder can be suitably contracted. It can be absorbed by the clearance provided between the movable frame, and the shell closes properly to prevent the contents from spilling, and the upper frame and the intermediate movable frame are prevented from colliding and safely handling Work can be done.

  The oil tank includes a partition plate that divides the interior of the oil tank into upper and lower storage chambers, and the partition plate is provided with a communication port that communicates between the upper and lower storage chambers, and the upper storage chamber is connected to the upper hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic control channel. The grab bucket is slanted by communicating with the upper hydraulic chamber of the cylinder body via the chamber side and communicating the lower storage chamber with the lower hydraulic chamber via the lower hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path. Even if the vehicle lands on the floor or falls, it becomes difficult for air to be mixed into the working oil in the lower storage chamber, and only the working oil that does not contain air can always be supplied to the lower hydraulic chamber of the cylinder.

  The partition plate is opposed to each other on the bottom surface in the oil tank and is inclined at an angle, so that bubbles contained in the operating oil move along the partition plate to the upper part in the oil tank, and preferably operate with air. Separated into oil.

  Next, a hydraulic control cylinder device for a grab bucket according to the present invention will be described. In addition, the same code | symbol is attached | subjected to the part same as the above-mentioned Example, and duplication description is abbreviate | omitted.

  This hydraulic control cylinder device is used for the single rope type grab bucket shown in FIG. 3 in place of the conventional hydraulic cylinder device, and FIG. 1 schematically shows the hydraulic control cylinder device according to the present invention. Reference numeral 6 denotes a hydraulic cylinder, reference numeral 30 denotes a hydraulic control flow path, and reference numeral 31 denotes an oil tank.

  The grab bucket comprises a pair of shells 2 and 2 that constitute a grab 1 and are opened and closed opposite to each other, and a lower frame 3 that pivotally supports the rotation centers of the shells 2 and 2 by shafts 2a and 2a, Located between the upper frame 5 and the upper frame 5, which is located on the upper side of the lower frame 3 and connected to the back of each shell 2, 2 via the suspension arms 4, 4. An intermediate movable frame 7 connected via a cylinder 6, and a lower end thereof is fixed to the intermediate movable frame 7 and is wound around pulleys provided on the intermediate movable frame 7 and the upper frame 5 and extended upward. The wire rope 8 for hanging and grab closing is provided, and the distance between the upper frame 5 and the lower frame 3 is adjusted by operating the hydraulic control cylinder 6 and the wire rope 8. , And it is adapted to open and close the shell 2,2.

  The hydraulic control cylinder device used for this grab bucket is constituted by a hydraulic cylinder 6 and hydraulic cylinder control means for controlling the hydraulic cylinder 6.

  The hydraulic cylinder 6 is inserted into the cylinder main body 9 so that the upper and lower ends are closed and reciprocally movable, and the cylinder main body 9 is divided into an upper hydraulic chamber 9a and a lower hydraulic chamber 9b. It has a piston 10 and a piston rod 11 that is fixed to the piston 10 and led out from the upper end of the cylinder body 9, and the piston 10 has only a one-way flow from the lower hydraulic chamber 9b to the upper hydraulic chamber 9a. A flow path 12 with a check valve is provided.

  The hydraulic cylinder 6 connects the intermediate movable frame 7 to the lower frame 5 by fixing the lower end of the cylinder body 9 to the lower frame 5 and fixing the lead-out side end of the piston rod 11 to the intermediate movable frame 7. is doing.

  On the other hand, in the hydraulic cylinder control means, one end is connected to the upper end of the cylinder body 9 and the other end is connected to the lower end of the cylinder body 9, and the upper hydraulic chamber 9a and the lower hydraulic chamber 9b are connected. Is provided with a hydraulic control flow path 30 communicating with each other. In the figure, reference numeral 32 denotes a flow rate adjusting throttle valve.

  Further, the hydraulic cylinder control means allows a bidirectional flow in the middle of the hydraulic control flow path 30 and flows from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side, and from the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side to the upper hydraulic pressure. There is provided a switching valve 33 that allows only one-way flow to the chamber 9a side and that can switch the flow path 30 to a state where it does not flow from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side. Is switched to a state in which the hydraulic cylinder 6 does not flow from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side, so that the hydraulic cylinder 6 cannot be extended, and a state in which the hydraulic cylinder 6 flows from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side, By switching to a state in which the bidirectional flow is allowed, the hydraulic cylinder 6 can be expanded and contracted, that is, in a free state.

  When the electromagnetic valve 35 interposed in the pilot flow path 34 is closed, the switching valve 33 is prevented from flowing from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side to the lower hydraulic chamber 9b side of the cylinder body 9, and the electromagnetic valve 35 is energized. In the state where the electromagnetic valve 35 is opened and the hydraulic pressure is applied to the pilot flow path 34, the check state is released and the flow in any direction in the hydraulic control flow path 30 is not blocked.

  An oil tank 31 is provided in the middle of the hydraulic control flow path 30 to adjust the amount of operating oil in the cylinder body 9.

  The oil tank 31 is formed in a box shape whose interior is partitioned into upper and lower storage chambers 31 a and 31 b by a partition plate 40, and the upper storage chamber 31 a includes a communication pipe 41 that constitutes the upper hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path 30. The lower storage chamber 31b communicates with the lower hydraulic chamber 9b of the cylinder body 9 via the communication pipe 42 that constitutes the lower hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path 30. Has been.

  Further, the partition plate 40 includes a communication port 43, and the upper and lower storage chambers 31 a and 31 b communicate with each other through the communication port 43.

  The connection ports 44 and 44 to which the communication pipes 41 and 42 are connected are provided at positions lower than the operating oil level x when the cylinder of the side surface of the oil tank 31 is extended.

  An oil supply port 45 and an air breather 46 are provided on the upper surface of the oil tank 31 so that operating oil can be replenished and the pressure in the oil tank 31 can be adjusted.

  The partition plate 40 is disposed so as to face the inner bottom surface of the oil tank 31 and be inclined obliquely, so that bubbles contained in the operating oil can easily move along the partition plate to the upper part of the oil tank 31. .

  In the hydraulic control cylinder apparatus configured as described above, when the hydraulic cylinder 6 is extended, the operating oil containing the air discharged from the upper hydraulic chamber 9a passes through the communication pipe 41 in which the switching valve 33 is interposed, and the oil tank 31 flows into the upper storage chamber 31a, is separated into air and operating oil in the upper storage chamber 31a, and only the operating oil flows into the lower storage chamber 31b through the communication port 43, and the lower hydraulic chamber 9b of the cylinder body 9 The inside is filled only with operating oil that does not contain air. At that time, the air breather 46 is opened, and the air pressure in the oil tank 31 becomes normal pressure.

  On the other hand, when the hydraulic cylinder 6 is contracted, the operating oil in the lower hydraulic chamber 9b is discharged to the upper hydraulic chamber 9a side through the flow path 12 with the check valve of the piston 10 and is also connected to the oil tank through the communication pipe 42. Further, the oil is discharged to 31 and flows into the upper hydraulic chamber 9 a of the cylinder body 9 through the communication pipe 41 from the oil tank 31.

  At this time, the air in the oil tank 31 is gradually compressed so that the pressure increases as the piston 10 approaches the bottom dead center. If air enters the upper hydraulic chamber 9a of the cylinder from the outside, the air also gradually increases. As the piston 10 is compressed and approaches the bottom dead center, the pressure becomes higher. However, since the operating oil mixed with air is not interposed in the flow of the operating oil between the lower hydraulic chamber 9b and the oil tank 31, the increase in the air pressure in the oil tank 31 remains within an allowable range, and the lower hydraulic chamber Substantially all of the operating oil in 9b is discharged to the upper hydraulic chamber 9a or the oil tank 31, and the hydraulic cylinder 6 contracts suitably.

  Therefore, even if the expansion / contraction operation is repeated, air is not accumulated in the hydraulic circuit of the hydraulic cylinder device, and even if the air in the upper hydraulic chamber 9a and the oil tank 31 is compressed when the cylinder contracts, the air remains in the lower hydraulic chamber 9b. The hydraulic cylinder 6 can be suitably contracted without hindering the discharge of the hydraulic oil.

  When this hydraulic control cylinder device is used in the single rope type grab bucket shown in FIG. 3, the hydraulic cylinder 6 is preferably contracted and the uncontracted portion is very small so that it can be absorbed within the clearance t. The shells 2 and 2 do not spill out without being closed. Furthermore, the collision between the upper frame 5 and the intermediate movable frame 7 can be avoided, and the work that can be performed safely can be suppressed while suppressing the impact on the apparatus.

  Also, when the grab bucket tilts and falls or falls, the oil tank 31 is partitioned into upper and lower storage chambers 31a and 31b by the partition plate 40, so that the operating oil and air are mixed in the oil tank 31. Therefore, only the working oil that does not contain air is supplied into the lower hydraulic chamber 9b of the hydraulic cylinder 6 at all times.

1 is a hydraulic circuit diagram showing an outline of a hydraulic control cylinder device for a grab bucket according to the present invention. (A) is the front view which shows the oil tank in FIG. 1, (b) is the longitudinal cross-sectional view, (c) is the cross-sectional view. It is a front view which shows an example of a grab bucket. It is a hydraulic circuit diagram which shows the outline of the hydraulic control cylinder apparatus used for a grab bucket same as the above. It is sectional drawing for demonstrating each process of the grasping operation | movement by the grab bucket same as the above.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 9 Cylinder main body 9a Upper hydraulic chamber 9b Lower hydraulic chamber 10 Piston 11 Piston rod 12 Channel with check valve 19 Radio signal receiver antenna 30 Hydraulic control channel 31 Oil tank 31a Upper storage chamber 31b Lower storage chamber 32 Throttle valve 33 Switching valve 34 Pilot flow path 35 Solenoid valve 40 Partition plate 41 Communication pipe 42 Communication pipe 43 Communication port 44 Connection port 45 Refueling port 46 Air breather

Claims (3)

A pair of shells that constitute a grab and are opened and closed opposite to each other, a lower frame that pivotally supports the center of rotation of the shell, and a rear frame and a suspension arm of each shell that are positioned above the lower frame. An intermediate frame connected between the upper frame and the lower frame via a hydraulic cylinder, and a lower end fixed to the intermediate movable frame and the intermediate movable frame. Used in a grab bucket comprising a wire rope for hanging and grab closing, which is wound around a pulley provided on each of the frame and the upper frame and extended upward, and the hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic cylinder In a hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket configured with a hydraulic cylinder control means to control,
The hydraulic cylinder is inserted into the cylinder body so that the upper and lower ends are closed and the lower end is fixed to the lower frame, and the cylinder body is reciprocally movable. A piston partitioned into a side hydraulic chamber, and a piston rod fixed to the piston and led out so as to be able to enter and exit from the upper end side of the cylinder body, and a lead-out end portion fixed to the intermediate movable frame,
The hydraulic cylinder control means has one end connected to the upper end of the cylinder main body and the other end connected to the lower end of the cylinder main body to connect the upper hydraulic chamber and the lower hydraulic chamber. A hydraulic control flow path that communicates, and a switching valve that can switch the hydraulic control flow path from the upper hydraulic chamber side to the lower hydraulic chamber side and a non-flowing state. A hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket, characterized in that an oil tank is provided.   The oil tank includes a partition plate that divides the interior of the oil tank into upper and lower storage chambers. The partition plate is provided with a communication port that communicates between the upper and lower storage chambers, and the upper storage chamber is connected to the upper hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic control channel. 2. The grab according to claim 1, wherein the lower storage chamber is communicated with the lower hydraulic chamber via the lower hydraulic chamber side of the hydraulic control flow path, and the lower storage chamber is communicated with the upper hydraulic chamber of the cylinder body via the chamber side. Hydraulic cylinder device for bucket.   3. The hydraulic cylinder device for a grab bucket according to claim 2, wherein the partition plate is disposed so as to face the inner bottom surface of the oil tank and be inclined obliquely.

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