JP2006072193A - Training system and training method - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To effectively train even an experienced person for prevention of a human error. <P>SOLUTION: The training system 1 which spuriously reproduces events which are subjects for training is equipped with a storage 3 storing a training scenario 2, and a simulation means 4 developing the training scenario 2. The training scenario 2 is provided with a trap 5 inducing the human error of the trainee. The simulation means 4 continues the development of the training scenario 2 without notifying the occurrence of the human error even if the means detects the same, and notifies the occurrence of the human error at the point of the time a series of the work in which the human error occurs is completed or at the point of the time the work cannot be continued any more due to the human error. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a training system and a training method for inducing a human error during training while simulating an event to be trained. In addition, the training is not limited to experiencing or learning actual field work, dealing with accidents, disasters, errors, etc., but for example, enjoying computer game training (game content itself or game operation techniques, etc.) itself Also included are those aimed at. In addition, systems used in educational institutions such as schools, cram schools and vocational schools are also included.

  2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, training systems that perform training while using a computer graphics (CG) technology such as virtual reality (VR) while experiencing a plant operation or occurrence of a disaster are known. This type of training system prepares multiple scenarios that are constructed assuming actual accidents and possible accidents, and selects one scenario from among them for training, or for specific accidents. A scenario that assumed such a situation was prepared, and training was performed based on this scenario.

JP-A-10-293525 JP 2002-366021 A JP 2002-108196 A

  However, the above training system assumes actual accidents and possible accidents, etc., and constructs scenarios based on existing emergency response plans and work manuals. It was difficult to carry out effective training for unexpected situations that were not in the plan or manual. As a result, the training effect can be expected if the abnormal situation that occurred in the actual site is in accordance with the training scenario, but the training effect is expected in other situations, especially when a human error occurs. I couldn't.

  In addition, even when training on human errors is performed, if the occurrence of a human error is announced, it can be expected to be effective if training is performed to perform the work in the correct procedure. The training to prevent human errors such as “thoughts”, “inadvertent mistakes”, “operation mistakes”, etc., which are often related to or occur with experienced experts, could not be expected to be very effective.

  An object of the present invention is to provide a training system and a training method capable of effectively training even a skilled person to prevent human error.

  In order to achieve such an object, the invention described in claim 1 is a training system that simulates an event to be trained, and includes a storage device that stores the training scenario, and a simulation unit that develops the training scenario. The training scenario is provided with a trap that induces human error of the trainer, and even if the simulation means detects the occurrence of the human error, it continues to develop the training scenario without notifying it. The occurrence of a human error is notified at the time when a series of operations in which the error occurs is completed or when the operation cannot be continued due to a human error.

  Therefore, the training is performed in accordance with the training scenario stored in the storage device. The training scenario has a trap to induce human error, so if the trainer is not always aware of the correct operation, or even if it is conscious, it will temporarily reduce attention, cognitive error and thoughts It is easy to get caught in the trap, etc., and it is possible to experience human errors that can actually occur. For this reason, training in consideration of human error can be performed. In addition, if the occurrence of a human error is notified immediately, it will be training to confirm the correct work procedure, but the trainer of the present invention does not immediately notify the occurrence of a human error. After further progress, you will notice a human error. For this reason, it is possible not only to confirm the work procedure but also to perform a training according to the actual work.

  According to a second aspect of the present invention, the simulation means notifies the occurrence of a human error, resets the human error, and develops the continuation of the training scenario. Therefore, even when a human error occurs, the training scenario is developed to the end.

  In the training system according to claim 3, the trap is at least one of a visual trap, an auditory trap, a tactile trap, and an olfactory trap. Therefore, it is possible to perform training in accordance with actual work in consideration of various human errors.

  In the training system according to the fourth aspect, the storage device stores a plurality of training scenarios, and a training scenario to be developed can be selected. Therefore, training for a plurality of tasks can be performed.

  Furthermore, the invention according to claim 5 is a training method for performing training while reproducing an event to be trained in a pseudo manner by developing a training scenario stored in a storage device by a simulation means, A trap that induces human error of the trainer is provided, and even if a human error occurs, the training is continued without notifying it immediately, and when a series of work in which the human error occurs is completed or human error This is to notify the occurrence of a human error when the work cannot be continued.

  Therefore, the training is performed in accordance with the training scenario stored in the storage device. The training scenario has a trap to induce human error, so if the trainer is not always aware of the correct operation, or even if it is conscious, it will temporarily reduce attention, cognitive error and thoughts It is easy to get caught in the trap, etc., and it is possible to experience human errors that can actually occur. For this reason, training in consideration of human error can be performed. In addition, when the occurrence of a human error is notified immediately, it is merely a training for confirming the correct work procedure.However, the training method of the present invention does not immediately notify the occurrence of a human error. You will notice a human error after further work. For this reason, it is possible not only to confirm the work procedure but also to perform a training according to the actual work.

  Thus, the training system according to claim 1 comprises a storage device for storing the training scenario and a simulation means for developing the training scenario, and the training scenario is provided with a trap for inducing a human error of the trainer, Even if the simulation means detects the occurrence of a human error, it continues the development of the training scenario without notifying it, and when the series of work in which the human error has occurred ends or when the work cannot be continued due to the human error. Since the occurrence of a human error is notified, it is possible to perform training that takes into consideration human errors that can actually occur, even for those who are familiar with the work procedure, as well as the confirmation training of the work procedure. In addition, training practice can be prevented by randomly performing the trap presentation method set in the training scenario. For this reason, training can be made more effective, and the time and cost required for training can be reduced. In addition, training that takes human errors into account can be performed, so it is possible to effectively suppress the occurrence of human errors at the actual work site, making work on site more efficient and reducing the cost of site work. can do.

  Further, in the training system according to claim 2, since the simulation means notifies the occurrence of the human error and then resets the human error and develops the continuation of the training scenario, the trainer generates a human error. Even so, you can continue training to the end.

  In the training system according to claim 3, the trap is at least one of a visual trap, an auditory trap, a tactile trap, and an olfactory trap. Training can be performed according to the work. For this reason, more effective training can be performed.

  In the training system according to the fourth aspect, the storage device stores a plurality of training scenarios, and can select a training scenario to be developed, so that a plurality of tasks can be trained.

  Furthermore, in the training method according to claim 5, a trap for inducing a human error of a trainee is provided in the training scenario, and even if a human error occurs, the training is continued without immediately informing the human error, Since the occurrence of a human error is announced when a series of work in which an error has occurred or when the work cannot be continued due to a human error, not only the training for confirming the work procedure but also the familiarity with the work procedure It is possible to perform training in consideration of human errors that can actually occur. Moreover, training practice can be prevented by randomly performing the trap presentation method set in the training scenario. For this reason, training can be made more effective, and the time and cost required for training can be reduced. Furthermore, since training can be performed while experiencing human error, it is possible to effectively suppress the occurrence of human error at the actual work site, making the work on site more efficient and reducing the cost required for site work. Can be reduced.

Hereinafter, the configuration of the present invention will be described in detail based on the best mode shown in the drawings.
FIG.1 and FIG.2 shows an example of embodiment of the training system of this invention. This training system 1 simulates an event to be trained, and includes a storage device 3 that stores the training scenario 2 and a simulation unit 4 that develops the training scenario 2. A trap 5 for inducing a human error of the trainer is provided, and the simulation means 4 continues the development of the training scenario 2 without notifying the occurrence of the human error, and the human error has occurred. The occurrence of a human error is notified when a series of work ends or when the work cannot be continued due to a human error. In the present embodiment, the simulation unit 4 resets the human error after the notification of the occurrence of the human error and develops the continuation of the training scenario 2.

  The training system 1 is, for example, a network connection of two computers 6. Two computers 6 can be used to realize cooperative training of two trainers. However, three or more computers 6 may be connected. In this case, cooperative training of three or more trainers can be realized. One computer 6 may be used alone.

  The computer 6 includes an input device 7 such as a keyboard and a mouse, and an output device 8 such as a monitor for displaying a CG created by the computer 6. The computer 6 also includes at least one central processing unit such as a CPU or MPU, an interface for inputting / outputting data, and a storage device 3 for storing programs and data. The program realizes the simulation means 4 and the selection means 9 described later. That is, the central processing unit uses a control program such as an OS stored in the memory, a program that defines a procedure for performing training while displaying a three-dimensional image, data relating to the three-dimensional image, other necessary data, and the like. 4. A selection means 9 to be described later is realized. The computer 6 includes a network interface 17, and the network interfaces 17 of the two computers 6 are connected to each other by a cable 18.

  When performing the training, an activation command is input from the input device 7 for each computer 6, the training program and the three-dimensional object data stored in the storage device 3 are read into the arithmetic device, and the training program is activated. To do. The operation during training is performed by the input device 7.

  In the present embodiment, the event to be trained is, for example, cargo handling work and inspection work at a port in sea transportation of radioactive materials. However, it is not limited to cargo handling work and inspection work at the port, but may be other work during sea transportation or inspection work of transport ships. Further, the present invention is not limited to the maritime transportation business of radioactive material transportation, and may be land transportation by truck, trailer or railcar, air transportation by aircraft, or the like. Further, the present invention is not limited to the transportation of radioactive materials, but may be applied to on-site operations and educational systems in general industries and public offices.

  In the present embodiment, two computers 6 are used to perform cooperative training for two trainers. Of the two trainers, one trains as an operator and the other trains as a supervisor. That is, in an actual work site, one worker actually performs the work, and the other supervisor supervises the worker's work. In the training system 1, however, the cooperative training for the worker and the supervisor is performed. It can be performed. And training data is sequentially memorize | stored in the memory | storage device 3 for every trainer of each role, and review of a training result is possible for every trainer.

  The concept of training scenario 2 is shown in FIG. In this training scenario 2, the scenario is developed in the order of “preparation work” → “work in the hold” → “crane work” → “work on the vehicle” → “convoy transportation”. In “Preparation work”, the setting of the lifting tool and the acquisition of the radiation measuring instrument are performed. In the “general work” of the “work in the hold”, the work of unscrewing the multiple bolts that secure the transport container to the hold and the installation of multiple lifting eyebolts on the trunnion of the transport container are performed. In "Radiation measurement work" in "Work", the surface dose around the transport container is measured using the acquired radiation measuring instrument. "Crane work" is carried out by automatic path. In the “general work” of “work on the vehicle”, the lifting equipment is removed and the bolts are secured to the loading platform of the vehicle. In the “radiation measurement work” of the “work on the vehicle”, a radiation measuring instrument is used. And measure the surface dose around the transport container. The “convoy transport” is carried out by an automatic pass. “Preparation work”, “work in the hold”, “crane work”, “work on the vehicle”, and “convoy transportation” constitute one scene. Also, “Preparation work” “Setting of lifting equipment” and “Acquisition of radiation measuring instruments”, “Work in the hold” “General work” and “Radiation measurement work”, “Work on the vehicle” “General work” And “radiation measurement work”, as shown in FIG. 3, perform a series of work that is continuously reproduced without scene switching.

  Examples of the trap 5 provided in the training scenario 2 include the following traps. These are visual traps displayed as a CG image or a CG image, for example, on a monitor as the output device 8. In addition to being displayed as a CG image or CG video, the visual trap may be displayed as an actually captured image or video, or may be displayed as text information.

(1) Trap 5 that changes state
The trap 5 (trap A) provided in “setting of the hanger” in “preparation work” is a trap that changes the setting position of the hanger. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, when there are a plurality of (e.g., three types) setting positions of the lifting device corresponding to the type of the transport container, the initial display position is randomly changed every time. The operator needs to adjust the setting position of the lifting device to an appropriate position according to the transport container, but if he / she does not notice that the setting position of the lifting device is different or adjusts it to the wrong position In the case (occurrence of human error), it is not possible to install the lifting eyebolt on the trunnion of the transport container in the “general work” of the “work in the hold” later. Announce that the setting position of the hanger is incorrect when attempting to install the hanger eyebolt on the trunnion of the transport container. After the notification, the simulation means 4 corrects the set position of the hanger to the correct position and continues the training. The notification is performed by displaying text on the monitor 8, for example. The same applies to the announcement described later.

  The trap 5 (trap B) set in the “radiation measurement work” of the “work in the hold” is a trap for changing the measurement range of the radiation measuring instrument. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, when there are three types of measurement ranges, the initially displayed range is randomly changed. The operator needs to select an appropriate measurement range, but if he / she does not realize that the range is inadequate or adjusts to the wrong range (occurs of a human error), “Radiation measurement” When the “work” is over and the next “crane work” is about to be made, the range is inadequate. After the notification, the simulation means 4 continues the training. By changing the initial state of the measurement range, it is possible to prevent getting used (training familiarity) while repeating training, and even if the trainee is an expert, training can be performed effectively. . The initial state of the measurement range may be changed randomly by the computer 6 or may be arbitrarily set by a training manager. This trap is also used for "Radiation measurement work" in "Work on vehicle".

(2) Trap 5 to be selected
The trap 5 (trap C) set in “acquisition of radiation measuring instrument” in “preparation work” is a trap for selecting an appropriate one from extra prepared radiation measuring instruments. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, a gamma ray measuring instrument and a neutron beam measuring instrument are prepared. In FIG. 6, the type name of the radiation detector is displayed as text, but such text display is not performed during training. The trainee judges the type of the radiation measuring instrument by looking at the appearance of the displayed radiation measuring instrument. The worker needs to acquire a radiation measuring instrument that can perform the radiation measurement instructed during the briefing, but if an incorrect radiation measuring instrument is acquired (occurrence of a human error), the “work in the hold” In "Radiation measurement work" of ", radiation measurement cannot be performed. Notify that the acquired radiation measuring instrument is wrong at the time of radiation measurement. After the notification, the simulation means 4 corrects the acquired radiation measuring instrument to a correct one and continues the training. In addition, as this kind of trap 5, for example, a trap that displays a plurality of similar devices, valves, etc., and selects an appropriate one from them can be considered.

  The trap 5 is determined by analyzing in detail the work to be trained. In other words, work, conditions, and causes of human error are investigated, and what traps 5 and where based on the results of this investigation make training more suitable for actual work. The trap 5 is provided in a planned manner.

  In this training system 1, briefing 10 is first performed, and information necessary for training is presented. Next, actual training is performed in the order of “preparation work” 11 → “work in the hold” 12 → “crane work” 13 → “work on the vehicle” 14 → “convoy transport” 15. When the “convoy transport” 15 is completed, a debriefing 16 is performed, and a review of the training result and the like is performed.

  Trap A and trap C are set in the “preparation work” 11, and if a human error occurs due to the trap A and trap C, the fact is notified in the next “work in the hold” 12. In other words, it is notified when work cannot be continued due to human error.

  In addition, the trap B is set in the “work in the hold” 12, and when a human error occurs due to the trap B, this is the time when the “work in the hold” 12 is finished and the next “crane work” 13 is advanced. Will be announced. That is, the notification is made when a series of work (work in the hold) in which a human error has occurred is completed.

  Similarly, “work on the vehicle” 14 is also provided with a trap B. If a human error occurs due to this trap B, the “work on the vehicle” 14 is terminated and the next “convoy transport” 15 Announced when proceeding to. That is, notification is made when a series of work (work on the vehicle) in which a human error has occurred is completed.

  In this way, the training method of the present invention performs training while reproducing the event to be trained in a pseudo manner by developing the training scenario 2 stored in the storage device 3 by the simulation means 4, In the training scenario 2, the trap 5 that induces the human error of the trainer is prepared, and even if a human error occurs, the training is continued without notifying it immediately, and a series of operations in which the human error has occurred is completed. This is to notify the occurrence of a human error at the time when it becomes impossible or work cannot be continued due to human error.

  In the present invention, the occurrence of a human error is not immediately notified. In training to learn the correct order of work, it is effective to immediately notify the occurrence of a human error, but this is not suitable for training for skilled workers who are familiar with the work order. In the present invention, since the occurrence of a human error is not immediately notified, the trainer will continue training without knowing when the human error has occurred or when it has already occurred. Newcomers as well as skilled workers who are familiar with the work can perform training with a focus on consciousness.

  It is also possible to notify human error committed during training for the first time at the time of debriefing after the end of training.In this case, since a long time has passed since the occurrence of human error, it is appropriate for the worker. The effect of encouraging and impressing the work movement is diminished. Also, depending on the content of the human error that has occurred, the training may not be able to be completed to the end, for example, it is impossible to continue the subsequent work. In the present invention, since the occurrence of a human error is notified when a series of work ends or when the work cannot be continued due to a human error, it is possible to perform training while concentrating on the trainee, and at an appropriate timing. Since it is possible to notify the occurrence of a human error, it is possible to impress the occurrence of a human error and effectively promote reflection. In the present embodiment, the occurrence of a human error is again notified in the debriefing 16 after training. In other words, the occurrence of individual human errors is individually notified during the training, and all human errors generated during the training are collectively announced in the debriefing 16 after the training.

  Further, in the present invention, after the occurrence of the human error is notified, the human error is reset and the continuation of the training scenario 2 is developed, so that the training can be performed to the end.

  Furthermore, near-miss cases in each industry (cases that did not develop into accidents, but cases where workers felt near-miss or accidents) were made into training scenarios, and traps 5 were provided for this to provide training for newcomers. In addition, it is possible to construct a training system 1 that is effective for expert training.

  The above-described embodiment is an example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but is not limited thereto, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, in the above description, the simulation unit 4 notifies the occurrence of the human error, then resets the human error and develops the continuation of the training scenario 2. However, the present invention is not limited to this. After notifying the occurrence, the training may be terminated.

  Further, the trap 5 is not limited to (1) the trap for changing the state and (2) the trap to be selected. In this embodiment, the event to be trained was the handling and inspection of the transport container at the port. As a result of the analysis of human errors and inadvertent mistakes determined to be latent in a series of operations, the above (1) and (2) The trap 5 is selected. Therefore, when the event to be trained is a work other than the cargo handling and inspection work of the transport container in the harbor, a trap 5 other than the above (1) and (2) may be set. For example, the following trap 5 can be considered.

(3) Trap 5 whose contents are changed
It is a trap 5 that gives information “perform A” during briefing and corrects / changes suddenly “perform B” during training. The information to be given may be displayed as text on the screen during briefing and training, or it may be indicated by voice both during briefing and during training, or by text on one side and text on the other. good. As a result, the trainee is given a prejudice, and at the same time, when the level of consciousness is lowered, there is a possibility that the response to the new change may fail. You can also experience a sudden change of instructions that can occur in real-life work. For example, γ-ray measurement is instructed during briefing, and changed to n-ray (neutron beam) measurement during training.

(4) Trap 5 for changing the order
It can be said that it is a kind of display trap 5. For example, it is the trap 5 that changes the initial display screen so that it is easy to start from another position, such as # 4 (back corner on the opposite side), where normal # 1 bolt (frontmost) starts. In this case, it is preferable to change the initial display screen at random. It is possible to prevent the trainer's habituation (skilled) from training, and at the same time to deviate from the normal work order contrary to the prediction, forgetting the bolt work in multiple places due to the psychological confusion of the trainer Is also envisaged.

(5) Trap 5 that obscures correct information
Trap 5 that makes an object (three-dimensional object) that should be implemented intentionally appear darker than the surroundings on the screen, conversely makes the surroundings stand out more prominently, or adds invisible processing such as smoke. It is. As a result, it is also assumed that attention is concentrated on the wrong object.

(6) Trap 5 giving a plurality of instructions
A trap 5 that gives multiple instructions at once and confuses the trainer. For example, a plurality of instructions are presented in the sub-window (“Please do A, B, and C”).

(7) Trap 5 presenting incorrect information
For trainees who have become accustomed to the work to some extent, recall the correct procedures / contents that the trainees understand by presenting information such as intentionally wrong procedures / contents / pictures and photographs during the briefing. In this way, you can experience performing correctly against the instructions. Through such training, the passive work attitude can be transformed into an independent and independent attitude that can be misdirected.

(8) Trap 5 reminds us that it is completely unrelated to work, Trap 5 reminds us of past failures (trap 5 that distracts attention)
During training, I intentionally reminded me of things that were not related to my business, such as “What did you eat for dinner yesterday, please enter in the sub-window” and “Remember what you recently felt unpleasant” It is a trap 5 for letting you experience that it tends to cause an error when the focus on the original work is neglected, such as intentionally reminding of past failures. This trap may use noise or noise.

(9) Trap 5 that repeats the same work many times
By repeating the same work many times, such as 8 radiation measurements implemented with VREEDS, which will be described later, 6 bolt fastening / unlocking work, 4 attachments / detachments, etc. It is a trap 5 that induces recognition to reach the rule level and skill level proposed in “Rasmussen's behavior model based on cognitive level” and induces human errors such as skipping work and work mistakes.

  In addition, VREEDS has a three-dimensional VR scene (it is necessary to walk through and move around), and bolts and radiation measurement points are set at a plurality of locations. The other side is invisible. For this reason, for example, if work is performed at a large number of places such as 6 or 8, the worker approaches the bolts and radiation measurement points, and only the vicinity of the hand is displayed on the monitor screen. "Skip work" and "work mistakes" are likely to occur. Also in this case, notification is not made at that time, but notification is made after completion of a series of operations and at the time of debriefing.

(10) Trap 5 for limiting the training time
By declaring that there is a time limit during briefing, displaying the elapsed time on the display screen, and letting the computer 6 announce the elapsed time / remaining time, etc. Compared to a normal psychological state, the trap 5 allows the user to experience that an operation error and a determination error are likely to occur.

  Moreover, although the trap 5 of FIG. 1 is a visual trap displayed on a monitor or the like as the output device 8, it is not limited to this. For example, an auditory trap 5 that is output as a sound or a sound signal from a speaker or the like as the output device 8, a tactile trap 5 that is output as a reaction force according to the training content from a force feedback device or the like as the output device 8, output The olfactory trap 5 output as a scent from a device or the like that generates a scent as the device 8 may be used.

  As the auditory trap 5, it is possible to generate noise or unpleasant sound, convey information by voice, or the like. As the tactile trap 5, it is conceivable to give the trainee a reaction force that contradicts the training scene being performed. As the olfactory trap 5, it is conceivable to output a scent or odor that contradicts the training scene being performed, for example, to output a odor of smoke although it is not a fire.

  Moreover, the trap 5 used for training may be any one of the visual trap 5, the auditory trap 5, the tactile trap 5, and the olfactory trap 5, or any two or three of these may be used. They may be used in combination, or all four may be used in combination. By combining, it is possible to experience more realistic training as compared to the case of the visual trap 5 alone.

  One trap 5 may be used only once, but one trap 5 may be used repeatedly.

  Further, in the trap 5 that gives a plurality of contradictory information, information that contradicts the information provided during the briefing may be provided during training, or a plurality of contradictory information may be provided during training. Also good.

  In the above description, the simulation unit 4 displays the CG training image / video on the monitor 8. However, instead of the CG image / video, the actually captured image / video is displayed on the monitor 8. It may be displayed.

  Further, as shown by a two-dot chain line in FIG. 1, a plurality of training scenarios 2 may be stored in the storage device 3 so that the training scenario 2 to be developed can be selected. That is, among the plurality of training scenarios 2, one actually performing training is selected by operating the input device 7, and the simulation unit 4 develops the scenario selected by the input data from the input device 7. good. In this case, the manager or trainer of the training system 1 can directly select a scenario for performing training by operating the input device 7.

  Further, as shown by a two-dot chain line in FIG. 1, a selection means 9 for randomly selecting one scenario from a plurality of training scenarios 2 is provided, and the simulation means 4 develops the scenario selected by the selection means 9. You may do it. In this case, since the selection means 9 selects a scenario for performing training, it is possible to automatically select a scenario for performing training without the arbitrariness of the manager or trainer. The selection means 9 has, for example, a function for generating random numbers and a function for performing four arithmetic operations.

  Also, by operating the input device 7, the reproduction method (each work is trained sequentially or individually), and the training content (which work is selected when each work is individually trained) It is possible to set / change whether the trap 5 is a visual trap, an auditory trap, a tactile trap, an olfactory trap, or a combination thereof. May be. For example, setting / changing can be easily performed by displaying a menu-type setting screen and selecting it by menu operation.

  Moreover, the training system 1 of the present invention may be applied to events other than accidents, for example, training such as plant operation or transportation operation, or may be applied to other training. Furthermore, although it is not intended for actual training, the present invention may be applied to a driving game, a shooting game, a simulation game such as a shooting game, an action game, or the like that competes for driving technology, control technology, operation technology, control technology, and the like.

  A prototype system (hereinafter referred to as VREEDS) was developed for training normal operations at ports involved in marine transportation of radioactive materials, namely cargo handling operations and inspection operations.

(Equipment configuration)
The trial training system 1 is mainly composed of the following devices. Computer: PC with multiple or single Pentum4 class CPU (computer 6), RAM: 1GB or 2GB, graphic board: Quadro4 500GoGL or 900XGL from NVIDIA, VR (virtual reality) development execution tool: World Tool Kit-NT version, Display device: liquid crystal monitor, input device 7: mouse. When collaborative training is performed with a plurality of personal computers, LAN connection is used.

[Create training scenario 2]
(Target business)
The normal operations targeted at VREEDS this time are cargo handling operations and inspection operations for transport containers at ports. The work flow set this time is shown in FIG.

(preparation work)
First, in the preparatory work, setting of a lifting tool for performing crane work and acquisition of a radiation measuring instrument are performed. In the crane operation, as will be described later, it is necessary to appropriately select and confirm the setting positions of the three pins provided according to the type of the transport container (trap 5). If this is mistaken (a human error occurs), the eyebolt of the lifting tool descends to a position shifted from the trunnion (cylindrical metal lifting device) of the transport container, so that the transport container is lifted. I can't. FIG. 7 shows a display image of the hanging tool and the worker.

  On the other hand, in the acquisition of the radiation measuring instrument in the preparatory work, it is necessary to select and acquire an appropriate measuring instrument instructed before starting the work from the two types of radiation measuring instruments of neutron and gamma rays (trap 5). If there is a mistake (occurrence of a human error), the designated radiation measurement cannot be performed. FIG. 8 shows a display image regarding the acquisition status of the radiation measuring instrument.

(Work in the hold)
The work in the hold is roughly divided into general work and radiation measurement work, and VREEDS will be carried out individually. In the former general work, a work of unfastening (removing) a plurality of bolts fixing the transport container to the hold and a work of installing a plurality of lifting eye bolts on the trunnion of the transport container are performed. If these are not implemented properly, accidents may occur when lifting with a crane. In the latter radiation measurement work, the surface dose around the transport container is measured using the radiation measuring instrument acquired in the preparation work. According to the law, in addition to the surface dose, the dose at a point 1 m away is also measured, but this time it was omitted to shorten the training time. In the actual work, if there is a mistake in acquiring the measuring instrument or if the measurement is forgotten due to a mistake, the subsequent transportation is not permitted and the work will be redone. There is also a trap 5 in which the setting of the measurement range of the radiation measuring instrument is wrong. Note that FIG. 9 shows a display image of bolt unbinding and securing. FIG. 10 shows display images for the radiation measurement work status (A) and the measurement point (B). In FIG. 11, the display image about the state of lifting after attaching a lifting tool to a trunnion is shown. In addition, since FIG. 11 is an operator's viewpoint, the supervisor is displayed.

(Crane work)
When the work in the hold is completed, the supervisor will instruct the operator to lift the transport container from inside the hold, to hang the transport container from the top of the hold to the top of the wharf transport vehicle, and to suspend it from the transport vehicle platform. Do work. In VREEDS, since these are performed by an automatic path, there is no work to be performed by the supervisor and the worker. In FIG. 12, the display image about the transverse work by a crane is shown.

(Work on the vehicle)
After suspending the transport container from the platform of the transport vehicle, the lifting tool removal work, bolt fastening (tightening) work, and radiation measurement work are performed, which is the reverse of the work in the hold. If these operations are not properly carried out in actual work, it may lead to a lifting accident or a transportation container dropping accident during transportation. In FIG. 13, the display image about the state of the inspection of the removal of a hanging tool by a supervisor is shown. In addition, the surface dose around the transport container fixed to the vehicle is measured. Similar to the work in the cargo hold, a trap 5 is set in which the setting of the measurement range of the radiation measuring instrument is wrong.

(Convoy transportation)
In actual work, a plurality of transport containers and transport vehicles form a platoon with a guard vehicle and move to a destination. In VREEDS, since the start scenes of these are reproduced by an automatic pass, there is no work to be performed by the supervisor and the worker. FIG. 14 shows a display image regarding the status of convoy transportation.

(VR space sharing for collaborative training)
The components of the VR space (or cyber space) are: (a) space in the hold, (b) objects such as transport containers, (c) human models such as workers (avatars), And (d) a manager for scenarios and various restrictions. In order to share the VR space between two (or more) personal computers, errors and delays may occur between each personal computer and the data related to the above elements and data such as action paths or actions. It is necessary to communicate without any problems. As connection methods for efficiently exchanging data between personal computers on a network, there are a server / client type, a peer-to-peer type, a distributed server type, and the like. In this VREEDS, since the main goal is to realize cooperative training with two personal computers that share roles in the electric power business, it is a peer-to-peer type direct connection using LAN cables. When realizing the team-based cooperative training using the personal computers described above, different connection methods may be employed.

(Overall structure of training program)
An operator training program and supervisor training program that have the same VR space are started simultaneously on two computers connected to the network, and the viewpoint, position, action path, action, etc. of the worker and supervisor Exchange data in real time. Also, in training scenario 2, the work for cargo handling and inspection of the transport container is as follows: (1) Preparatory work, (2) Radiation measurement around the transport container in the hold and on the vehicle, (3) In the hold The above-mentioned training contents and conditions are roughly divided into general work consisting of unscrewing bolts, bolting work on the vehicle, and lifting and unloading work of lifting equipment, (4) crane handling work, and (5) convoy transportation work. Perform the actions defined for supervisors and trainees assigned in the configuration program. When the VR training scene is completed, the debriefing program is activated, and each trainer of the supervisor and the worker can browse the evaluation list of each training result and confirm the deficiencies.

(Briefing program)
In the briefing program, it is possible to learn the correspondence between the mouse operation and the movement amount in the VR space by the mouse operation practice program in the VR space, the operation practice program in the VREEDS program, the training flow, and the VR training scene. The explanation of the aim in Thereby, even those who are experiencing the program for the first time or those who are experiencing the VR program for the first time can smoothly perform training by VREEDS.

(VR training program main part)
Two programs, one for workers and one for supervisors, are started simultaneously over a network connection. Therefore, when operating with three or more personal computers, VR training programs for the number of trainees who share the roles are started.

  In the VR training program body, (1) “preparation work” for checking and setting the lifting equipment for lifting the radioactive material transport container, (2) “around the transport container to be performed before carrying out various work in the hold” "Radiation measurement work", (3) "General work in the hold" for draining the transport container and the frame that supports it in the hold from the floor of the hold (specifically, fixing bolts), (4) Wharf "Crane work" to lift the transport container and platform from the hold by the 150t crane and suspend it from the loading platform of the transport vehicle on the quay, (5) "Radiation measurement around the transport container installed on the transport vehicle platform on the wharf "Work", (6) "General work on the vehicle" that also performs the work of fixing the transport vehicle carrier, the transport container, and the gantry (specifically, bolting), and (7) Multiple transport vehicles loaded with the transport container By corps It is constituted by each scene of transport ".

  As shown in FIG. 3, these scenes are grouped into preparatory work and unloading in the cargo hold + securing on the transport vehicle and radiation measurement work in the cargo hold + radiation measurement work on the vehicle. It can be implemented and trained, or all or some of the operations can be performed sequentially and trained. Among these, for the scene of crane work and platoon transportation, there is no action to be performed by the trainee, and the scene proceeds as an automatic path (the crane moves, the vehicle moves).

(Debriefing program)
After the training in the VR scene is completed, the debriefing program is activated, and a list of results in each scene for each trainer (for each supervisor and worker) is displayed. In this, for example, the presence / absence of work at 6 bolt operations, the presence / absence of work at 8 radiation measurements and correct answer determination of input numerical values, the determination of the type of radiation measurement, the determination of the setting of the hanging tool position, and the like are displayed. Each trainer (supervisor and worker) can confirm the appropriateness and accuracy of their actions by checking these lists, and reconfirm the human error committed at the set point of the display trap 5. Can be done.

(An error that is assumed to be the visual trap 5 set this time)
Table 1 summarizes the visual trap 5 set in each VREEDS scene and the expected and allowable errors in a list. Here, it is assumed that the role of the trainee, the type of training, the type of transport container, and the like are presented to the operator and supervisor at the time of executing the briefing program described above. In Table 1, as the work stage, “inspection of lifting equipment” and “acquisition of radiation measuring instrument” in the preparatory work, “radiation measurement” and “unscrewing of bolts” and “installation of lifting equipment” in the work in the cargo hold, vehicle It is classified into "Removal of lifting equipment", "Bolt lashing" and "Radiation measurement" above. For "workers" and "supervisors" who share the roles, visual traps (display traps) 5, expectation Are organized in terms of the actions to be taken, errors assumed by the worker, and errors assumed by the supervisor.

[Example of trap 5 in VR scene]
(Display trap 5 and human error related to preparation work)
In the preparatory work, that is, the inspection scene of the hanging tool and the acquisition scene of the radiation measuring instrument, the visual trap 5 for inducing a human error was installed. As shown in FIG. 4, in actual work, the setting position of the hanging tool is determined for each type of transport container. This time, we decided to select an appropriate position from the set positions of the three types of containers according to the instructions during the briefing. However, since the first three display positions are selected at random, it is assumed that a human error that causes the operator to make a setting error. It also assumes human error where the supervisor overlooks the operator's mistakes. It should be noted that the supervisor sets many points for checking and confirming the mistakes of the worker, and this can be considered to cause an oversight human error, so the supervisor's check and confirmation points can be set. It can be said that setting many is a trap 5 for the supervisor. Table 1 shows these positions.

  Next, also in acquisition of a radiation measuring instrument, as shown in FIG. 6, the neutron ray survey meter and the gamma ray survey meter are lined up, and an operator's selection mistake is assumed (trap 5). Even if the wrong radiation measuring device is selected (occurrence of human error), the training can proceed to the next scene in the hold.

(Human error related to general work)
As described above, general work is divided into lifting equipment inspection and bolt unbinding work. As shown in FIG. 15, when attaching a lifting tool in a cargo hold or removing work on a loading platform of a transport vehicle, the worker clicks on four lifting tool eyebolts while walking through, so that attachment or removal is performed. Is performed (the hanging object is switched). FIG. 16 shows a bolt installation location (FIG. 16A) and a suspension installation location (FIG. 16B). The supervisor also checks and confirms the work performed by the worker by clicking through the four lifting eyebolts while walking through, just like the worker. It should be noted that many inspections and confirmation points for supervisors are set, and it can be considered that this causes human error to be overlooked by supervisors, so it is important to set many inspection and confirmation points for supervisors. It can also be said that it is a trap 5 for. For both workers and supervisors, human errors such as forgetting work or forgetting confirmation as shown in Table 1 are assumed.

  Next, bolt unbinding work in the hold and bolt fixing work on the transport vehicle (see FIGS. 9 and 16) will be described. The worker walks through the transport container and performs the bolt unbinding or tying operation in a total of six locations. These operations are set to click on the bolt or bolt hole object. The supervisor also confirms while walking through. It should be noted that since many supervisor confirmation points are set and this may cause an oversight of human error in the supervisor, setting many supervisor confirmation points is a trap 5 for supervisors. It can be said that there is. For both workers and supervisors, human errors such as forgetting work or forgetting confirmation as shown in Table 1 are assumed.

(Visual trap 5 and human error related to radiation measurement)
Radiation measurement work is carried out in the hold and on transport vehicles. If the measuring instrument is mistaken in the preparatory work (occurrence of human error), a warning is given at the beginning of the scene in the hold and a notice to that effect. Then, the mistake of the radiation measuring instrument is reset, and the correct radiation measuring instrument is displayed on the subsequent screen.

  In the radiation measurement work, as shown in FIG. 17, it is necessary to measure a total of eight points around the transport container. Similar to the above-described bolt securing / unlocking work, the operator and the supervisor perform the measurement work and the confirmation work while walking through, respectively.

  When the trainee assigns a radiation measuring instrument to a predetermined measurement point, a measurement screen as shown in FIG. 5 appears. Images initially set in different measurement ranges are displayed randomly (FIG. 5A) (trap 5). The trainee must operate the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard to switch the display range of the measuring instrument and correct it to a position that seems appropriate. Here, as a human error, in addition to the above measurement forgotten, a reading error (FIG. 5B) is assumed. Furthermore, since the trainee is supposed to input the read measurement value with the numeric keypad in the input sub-window (FIG. 5C), a human error due to an input error is assumed.

(Display results)
In the debriefing 16, training results (total of four types) of general work including human error and radiation measurement work can be displayed for the worker and the supervisor. By using this list, it is possible to confirm in what order the general work and the measurement work have been performed, and to recognize the point where the user made the mistake and the content thereof. FIG. 18 shows a display image for an example of a list of results. This figure displays the results of the workers in the general work in the hold. The point that caused a human error that has been forgotten to be measured is indicated by a cross. A similar list is displayed for the inspection and confirmation results of the supervisor. About the result of the operator's radiation measurement work and the inspection result of the supervisor's radiation measurement, a list similar to FIG. 17 and a map of measurement positions are displayed. Note that this training is a cooperative training of two persons, a trainer and a supervisor. Since there are general work and radiation measurement work for the trainer and the supervisor, four result lists shown in FIG. 18 are created. . However, two copies are created for single training by one person.

(Effect of introducing trap 5 etc.)
As in the training system 1, the following effects can be considered when a function such as the trap 5 that intentionally induces a human error is implemented.

(1) Reducing the occurrence of human error In the education of newcomers, the main purpose is to learn the correct procedure and contents, but when you become a veteran, you already know or think about the correct procedure and contents. Therefore, in a conventional simulator including VR, a scenario is fixed, or a problem of familiarity with the contents occurs due to repeated experiences, and there are problems in veteran re-education. However, as in this training system 1, if a function to intentionally generate human errors using various trap functions and perform notification at an appropriate timing is implemented, it can also be used for veteran retraining. It is considered possible. These effects can be expected to reduce the occurrence of human error in the entire target group, including newcomers and veterans, in actual work.

(2) Appropriate and smooth implementation of work This training system 1 is inappropriate because the trainer recognizes in advance points that are likely to cause human errors when carrying out actual normal work. It is assumed that the stagnation of work and delay of the total work time are less likely to occur due to the execution of simple procedures.

(3) Appropriate and smooth response in an emergency It is assumed that not only the above-mentioned normal work but also an emergency response, it will be possible to respond appropriately and smoothly in the same way.

(4) Reduction in training costs and time By conducting more efficient training, training costs and time can be reduced compared to actual disaster prevention training that introduces many people and equipment.

(Summary)
In this way, through the design, development and evaluation of this training system 1, it is extremely important to implement a function that intentionally induces a human error in the visualization training system 1 using VR or the like and performs the notification at an appropriate timing. It became clear that it was effective.

  In the training system 1, the human error is intentionally generated by focusing on the points where the potential human error is likely to occur in the target job. Therefore, regardless of whether or not the trainer is familiar with the job, the human error occurs. This makes it possible to recognize easy-to-use points, and is effective not only for newcomers but also for retraining veterans.

It is a figure which shows an example of embodiment of the training system of this invention, and shows the flow of the training. 1 is a block diagram conceptually showing an example of an embodiment of a training system of the present invention. It is a flowchart which shows a training scenario. It is a display image which shows a mode that the position of a hanger setting pin is selected. A display image related to radiation measurement, (A) is a display image showing a meter portion of a radiation measuring instrument in a state where the maximum measurement range is selected, and (B) is a radiation measurement in a state where the minimum measurement range is selected. (C) is a display image showing a numerical input window. It is a display image which shows the scene which selects one from two types of radiation measuring devices. It is a display image which shows the hanging tool and operator which are handled by preparatory work. It is a display image which shows the mode of acquisition of the radiation measuring device implemented by preparatory work. FIG. 6A is a display image showing the situation of bolt unbinding and binding, FIG. 5A is a display image when there is a bolt object, and FIG. 5B is a display image when there is no bolt object. FIG. 6A is a display image related to radiation measurement in the hold, where FIG. 5A is a display image showing the work status of radiation measurement, and FIG. 5B is a display image showing measurement points. It is a display image which shows the lifting condition of a transport container. It is a display image which shows the cargo handling condition by a crane. It is a display image which shows the situation where the supervisor is confirming removal of the hanging tool on a vehicle. It is a display image which shows convoy transportation by multiple vehicles. It is a display image which shows the condition which attaches a hanging tool to a transport container. The installation location of a bolt and a hanger is shown, (A) is a display image which shows the installation location of a volt | bolt planarly, (B) is a display image which shows the installation location of a suspending device planarly. It is a display image which shows determination of the input numerical value for every measurement point. It is a display image which shows an example of a training result.

Explanation of symbols

1 training system 2 training scenario 3 storage device 4 simulation means 5 trap

Claims (5)

  A training system for simulating reproduction of an event to be trained, comprising a storage device for storing a training scenario and a simulation means for developing the training scenario, and inducing a human error of the trainer in the training scenario A trap is provided, and the simulation means continues the development of the training scenario without notifying the occurrence of the human error even when the occurrence of the human error is detected, and when a series of operations in which the human error has occurred is completed. Alternatively, the training system is characterized in that the occurrence of the human error is notified when the work cannot be continued due to the human error.   The training system according to claim 1, wherein the simulation unit notifies the occurrence of the human error, resets the human error, and develops a continuation of the training scenario.   The training system according to claim 1, wherein the trap is at least one of a visual trap, an auditory trap, a tactile trap, and an olfactory trap.   The training system according to claim 1, wherein the storage device stores a plurality of training scenarios and can select training scenarios to be deployed.   A training method for performing training while reproducing a phenomenon to be trained in a pseudo manner by developing a training scenario stored in a storage device by a simulation means, and traps that induce a human error of a trainee in the training scenario In addition, even if the human error occurs, the training is continued without notifying it immediately, and the work cannot be continued when the series of work in which the human error occurs is completed or due to the human error. A training method characterized by notifying the occurrence of the human error at a time point.