JP2006055008A - Chemical-free soil cultivation method for plant using quick-built facility - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a chemical-free soil cultivation method enabling chemical-free and inexpensive cultivation of various kinds of plants (crops) using quick-built facilities. <P>SOLUTION: The chemical-free soil cultivation method for plants comprises the following process: constructing a framework for creating a cultivation space on the ground; covering the outside of the framework with a near-ultraviolet protection film or sheet to form an outer film; providing insect net at the inside of the framework to form an inner film; spreading a film or a sheet preventing groundwater from seeping up (hereinafter referred to as a waterproof sheet) so as to have a width wider than that of the framework; providing a mechanism for rapidly draining the rainwater falling on the surface of the outer film to the outside of agricultural field (hereinafter referred to as a drainage mechanism); and laying pipes or tubes used for watering, fertilizer application and also ventilation. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a pesticide-free soil cultivation method for various plants using a simple facility.

Since beginning agriculture, people have made efforts to protect crops from pests and weeds. Its methods include the use of varieties that are resistant to pests, the cultivating control of pests by removing the rest of the crops harvested, the physical control such as the suppression of weeds by vinyl sheets and litter, and the disinfection of soil by the use of solar heat, Biological control using natural enemies such as spiders. Historically, in the Edo period, a method was devised in which whale oil was sown in paddy fields and the pests attached to the rice were removed, and continued until the early Showa period. Prior to the war, pesticides derived from natural products such as insecticides containing insecticides (mosquito-removing incense sticks) and nicotine sulfate (tobacco ingredients), and fungicides containing copper and lime sulfur were used. However, in an era when there was no effective method for controlling pests, for example, in Japan, there was a record that many rice plants were killed by the planthopper during the Kyoho year and many people were starved to death. In addition, there is a record that in 1845, the plague of potato, a staple food for people, occurred in Ireland in 1845, resulting in a tragic famine. On the other hand, effective measures against weeds were not found, and weeding by hand was the main focus, and continued until the development of herbicides after the war. However, weeding under hot weather was very hard work.
After the war, agricultural chemicals developed dramatically with the development of synthetic chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers. In particular, chemically synthesized pesticides are the technological achievements of modern agriculture, and greatly contribute to the increase of yield and reduction of work.
FIG. 1 shows changes in total working time and weeding time in paddy rice cultivation, and it can be seen that both are significantly reduced. Moreover, although the investigation result of Japan and the United States regarding damage to pests and the like when cultivated without using agricultural chemicals is shown in FIG. 2, the effect of using agricultural chemicals is obvious. The “estimated yield reduction rate” in FIG. 2 is the reduction rate of the yield when no pesticide is used compared to when the pesticide is used.
However, there are many highly toxic pesticides, and some of them are likely to remain in agricultural crops and soil, which became a social problem in the 1965s. In addition, according to a recent survey by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, one out of every three people has some form of allergic disease, and pesticides are one of the causes. Therefore, the spread of agriculture without using conventional agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers is desired.

In order to cultivate plants (agricultural crops) without using pesticides, facilities that can thoroughly control the cultivation environment such as temperature and humidity by thorough isolation of plants and management of fertilization that never causes excess or deficiency of water and fertilizer It is necessary to completely cultivate the culture medium so that no pests enter the facility, and it is necessary to completely control the entry and exit of the worker into the facility. However, such a cultivation condition is a facility that is as complete as a plant factory, and can only be satisfied by performing complete fertilization management and culture medium management for each plant. Realizing pesticide-free cultivation is difficult.
Although the number of crops that have reduced pesticides is increasing in hydroponic cultivation, as far as the present inventors know, there are no pesticide-free cultivation methods that can be actually carried out in soil cultivation, although there are tunnel cultivation methods. Also, soil-free cultivation using a house has not realized pesticide-free cultivation due to incomplete medium management and plant shielding, or insufficient water management and facility management in the house.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a soil cultivation method capable of cultivating various plants (agricultural crops) at a low cost with no agricultural chemicals using a simple facility.

The above problems are solved by the following inventions 1) to 5).
1) Create a frame to form a cultivation space on the ground, cover the outside of the frame with a near-UV cut type film or sheet to form an outer coating, and provide an insect repellent net on the inner side to form an inner coating. A film or sheet (hereinafter referred to as a waterproof sheet) that prevents the groundwater from spreading and spreading in a width wider than the frame is placed under the medium, and the rain that has fallen on the outer coating surface outside the frame on the waterproof sheet is quickly A non-pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants, wherein a mechanism for draining outside the field (hereinafter referred to as a drainage mechanism) is provided, and pipes or tubes for irrigation, fertilization and aeration are embedded in the medium.
2) The cultivation space is made into a tunnel, the framework is made of agricultural pipes, the insect repellent net is sprinkled with natural product-derived pest repellents and woven with silver thread, and the drainage mechanism is just outside the framework. A pesticide-free soil-cultivating method for plants according to 1), wherein a culvert drainage pipe is laid, the surface of the medium is covered with poly-multi, and the outer coating is wound up on the upper part of the frame at high temperatures to ventilate the cultivation space .
3) The non-pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants according to 1) or 2), wherein the poly-multi is a silver poly-multi.
4) The pesticide-free soil-cultivating method for plants according to any one of 1) to 3), wherein a pest is kept away by using bunker plants and / or companion plants.
5) Fertilizer with a composition suitable for the plant characteristics and nutrient absorption ratio is fertilized at a concentration suitable for the cultivation stage. .

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
The following elements (a) to (c) are listed as elements necessary for the pesticide-free soil cultivation.
(I) Isolate plants (agricultural crops) from pests.
-Cover the house with an insect screen to prevent the insects from sticking to the plants (crop).
・ Use bunker plants (barrier plants) to keep insects away.
・ Use companion plants to keep insects away.
(B) Cultivate plants (agricultural crops) steadily.
・ Properly manage fertilization and avoid making sick plants (agricultural crops).
-Make the cultivation environment favorable for the growth of plants (agricultural crops).
(C) Use environmentally friendly control methods.
・ Use repellents derived from natural products (harmless to humans).
・ Use hormonal traps and natural enemies to provide gentle control.

The above bunker plant is a plant or vegetation zone that surrounds fields and orchards like a bank so that natural enemies of pests can inhabit, thereby preventing cultivated plants from attaching pests. is there. For example, insects that feed on natural enemies without causing harm to cultivated plants can be parasitized on bunker plants, and if the natural enemies are sufficiently increased by the insects, the pests can be supplemented.
Companion plants are plants that coexist with cultivated crops and have a beneficial effect on the cultivated crops.For example, odors generated from companion plants prevent insects from approaching or grow cultivated crops. It has the effect to subsidize.
Thus, pests and weeds can be reduced or eliminated by successfully combining certain types of plants. The mechanism is (1) repelling pests, (2) becoming a decoy plant that attracts pests, (3) insecticidal and bactericidal action by poisonous substances in the plant body, and (4) controlling pests by establishing natural enemies. And (5) antagonism against diseases and weeds. Points to keep in mind when combining cultivated plants with bunker plants and companion plants are whether the cultivation seasons of the two are the same, whether the other plant's pests are called, or there is no common pest, etc. These include plants that are favored and disliked by insects, plants with high and low nutrient requirements, deep-rooted plants and shallow-rooted plants, plants that prefer sunlight and plants that prefer shade, plants with high and low plant heights, and the like. Specific examples of bunker plants and companion plants are shown in FIG.

The inventor has devised each of the above-mentioned elements (a) to (c), and has developed an agrochemical-free soil cultivation method applicable to various plants (agricultural crops). Hereinafter, each component will be described. An example of an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.
First, the outside of the frame of the cultivation space is covered with a near-ultraviolet cut type film or sheet to form an outer coating, and an insect repellent net is provided on the inner side of the framework to isolate the plant from the pests. As the film or sheet, for example, an agricultural soft vinyl is used. By cutting near ultraviolet rays, the activity of aphids and slips can be inhibited, and the pest control effect increases. Although the outer coating is also used to prevent rain, it is better to wind up the cultivation space by rolling it up on the upper part of the frame with a hoisting machine at high temperatures. In addition, since pests dislike materials that reflect light, it is preferable to use a material in which silver thread is woven as an insect repellent net because the repellent effect is high and pests such as aphids can be kept away from the cultivation space. However, even if insect repellent nets woven with silver thread or silver polymulch are used, a sufficient effect cannot be expected in cloudy weather, so as shown in FIG. 5 extracted from a natural product-derived pest repellent, for example, a plant with a pest repellent ability It is advisable to spray harmless repellents that are harmless to human animals (mixing multiple as necessary) to keep pests away from the cultivation space.
The shape of the frame forming the cultivation space is arbitrary, but a known tunnel shape is simple. The framework will be made of agricultural pipes (galvanized steel pipes).

Under the culture medium, a sheet (waterproof sheet) that prevents the ground water and other soil from spreading and spreading is laid, and complete irrigation management is performed. For example, a part of the soil in the field (about 50 cm of topsoil) is moved outside the field, and after laying an agricultural polyolefin film (hereinafter referred to as PO film), the soil is backfilled by about 20 cm. This backfilling is for protecting the PO film when the subsequent erection operation is performed by a machine.
In addition, a mechanism (drainage mechanism) is provided outside the frame on the waterproof sheet to quickly drain the rain that has fallen on the surface of the outer coating to the outside of the field. Avoid giving excessive moisture. For example, after the medium is back-filled, a culvert drain pipe is laid (embedded) on the PO film just outside the frame with the same width as the frame.

In addition, pipes or tubes for irrigation, fertilization and aeration are embedded in the medium. Through this pipe or tube, complete fertilization management is performed by appropriately sending water, liquid fertilizer and air (warm air, outside air temperature, cold air) as required. As a specific example of the pipe or tube, there is a sheep hose dedicated to underground irrigation by Unihose. The material is made of rubber (made of rubber chip) and is porous. Usually, the embedding depth is 30 to 50 cm and the irrigation time is 1 to 1.5 hours. Irrigation is performed once a day, and the nutrient solution is sent at a rate of about once a week. A high discharge pressure blower such as a scroll blower or a rotary blower is used for ventilation. The pressure loss of ventilation is about 20-25 KPa. For example, the air supply amount per meter is about 5 liters / minute, the air supply time is 2-3 minutes, and automatic air supply is performed by switching the valve after irrigation.
For example, when laying a tarpaulin, the cultivated soil (excluding the cultivated soil that has been backfilled) is returned to the field when the culvert drainage pipe has been laid, and the fully matured compost is 3 to 4 t per 10a. In addition, the mixture is sufficiently mixed with a rotary, and when mixing is completed, it is set up with a setting machine, and a pipe or a tube may be embedded in each set (at the center of the set at a depth of 15 to 20 cm).
The combination of the pipe or tube, the waterproof sheet, and the rain-preventing outer coating makes it possible to perform sufficient water management with high accuracy and realize healthy plant growth.

Furthermore, it is preferable to cover the surface of the culture medium with poly-multi (which is generally black with a polyethylene agricultural sheet) to prevent transpiration of water (preventing the drying of the soil surface) and weeds, and if silver poly-multi is used, The same insect repellent effect due to the reflection of light can be expected as in the case of the insect repellent net woven with silver thread.
Furthermore, the liquid fertilizer of the mixing | blending (especially amino acid mixing | blending) match | combined with the characteristic of a plant and a nutrient absorption ratio is fertilized by the density | concentration suitable for a cultivation stage. This makes it difficult to generate plants that are vulnerable to disease due to excess or deficiency of nutrients. A specific example of the fertilization concentration by plant is shown in FIG. “Me” in the figure is “milligram equivalent”. Moreover, the specific example of an amino acid mixing | blending is shown in FIG. The amino acid composition may be the same regardless of the type of plant.
As liquid fertilizers, it is desirable not to use chemical fertilizers or chemical fertilizers, but to use harmless organic fertilizers. Especially, in addition to nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium, calcium and other minerals that are trace elements are used. Since it comprehensively contains, the liquid fertilizer which mixed the amino acid containing organic liquid fertilizer and what melt | dissolved eggshell with the natural acidic mineral is preferable. The amino acid-containing organic liquid fertilizer is a liquid obtained by fermenting fish solubil (a liquid obtained by separating and concentrating fish oil from the crude fish) with a proteolytic microorganism to decompose the protein into amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, and the like. Also, as a typical natural acidic mineral, an acidic solution having a pH of about 2.5 in which maltite is dissolved using an extremely acidic solution collected near the crater of a volcano can be cited. If the solution is used, the eggshell can be dissolved very easily to prepare a solution having a pH of around 5.
Plants use enzymes to synthesize various amino acids in the body to create tissues. In addition to being part of the tissue, these amino acids are elements of odor and taste (sweetness, acidity, bitterness, hotness, umami, etc.). Recent studies have reported that plants can directly absorb low-molecular-weight amino acids and nucleic acids from the leaves and roots, and that amino acids and nucleic acids can be used as they are, and various amino acid-based fertilizers and active agents have been released. It is used for cultivation. FIG. 11 summarizes research reports on the effects of amino acids on plant growth.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the soil cultivation cultivation method which can cultivate various plants (agricultural crops) with a pesticide-free and cheap expense using a simple facility can be provided.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention further more concretely, this invention is not limited by these Examples.

Example 1
Shishito was cultivated by the cultivation method of the present invention. The outline is as shown in FIGS. The unit of the dimension in FIG. 4 is “mm”.
First, 0.9mm wide ridges were made in two strips across a 0.3m passage, and nine pairs of the same ridges were built 0.6m apart. After erection, tunnel struts made of galvanized steel pipe (diameter 25mm) for agriculture are driven at 0.9m intervals (not shown), and the tunnel is 2.2m wide, 39m long and about 1.8m high. I made a framework. Inside this framework, a 0.8 mm insect repellent net was provided as an inner coating, and the outer was covered with a film having a function of cutting off near ultraviolet rays to form a tunnel as an outer coating. Nine of these tunnels were installed in the 10a field.
Also, before installing the tunnel, the soil for the field is scraped about 30 cm, and after lightly filling, a waterproof sheet is laid on the entire surface, and the corrugate for underdrain drainage is placed on the waterproof sheet at the position between the tunnels (at intervals of 2.8 m). After arranging 10 pipes (φ50 × 40 m), the scraped soil was covered.
Also, when the waterproof sheet is laid, the soil that has been moved outside the field (excluding the soil that has been backfilled) is returned to the field when the culvert drainage pipe has been laid, and 3 to 4 tons of fully matured compost is added to the rotary. Mix well, and after mixing is completed with a vertical machine, irrigation, fertilizer and aeration tubes are placed at a depth of about 40 cm in each bowl (15-20 cm deep in the middle of the bowl). Buried in. A Unihose Cooper Hose was used for the tube. The specifications are: inner diameter: 9.2 mm, maximum drop amount: 40 ml / min / m, wall thickness: 2.2 mm, optimum drop amount: 10 ml / min / m or less, maximum extension distance: 60 m, nominal diameter: 3/8, The working water pressure is 0.1 to 0.2 MPa or less, the bursting pressure is 0.5 to 0.7 MPa, and the outer diameter is 13.6 mm.
An irrigation pump having a maximum discharge pressure of 0.2 Mpa was used, and the irrigation time was 1 to 1.5 hours. Irrigation was carried out once a day by feeding nutrient solution at a rate of once a week.
A scroll blower was used for ventilation. The pressure loss of aeration was about 20 KPa to 25 KPa, the air supply amount per meter was about 5 liters / minute, the air supply time was 2-3 minutes, and automatic air supply was performed by switching the valve after irrigation.
A film winder was attached to the outer coating, and the outer coating was rolled up at high temperatures in the summer to prevent excessive temperature rise in the tunnel.
An overview of the annual schedule from sowing to harvesting is shown in FIG. The characteristics and points to note on cultivation are as follows (1) to (4).
(1) Since seedlings are started at a cold time compared with open field cultivation, the seedling raising period (period from sowing to planting) is slightly longer (80 to 100 days). In addition, raising seedlings is performed according to the conventional method in a facility different from the simple facility of the present invention.
(2) Close the tunnel outer coating before planting and raise the temperature of the soil as much as possible.
(3) Compost is added to the soil as a basic manure for 2 to 3 t per 10a, and nutrients necessary for growth are supplied through an underground irrigation tube using liquid fertilizer.
(4) During the day, when the temperature in the tunnel reaches 28-30 ° C, wind up the outer coating and ventilate, and when it falls below 23 ° C, stop ventilation. Stopping ventilation makes it easier for condensation to form in the tunnel and increases the chance of getting sick. When the leaves are wet during the day, it is necessary to ventilate them slightly even in cloudy weather and dry the leaves. In summer, if the temperature at night is 20 ° C or higher, keep the outer coating rolled up. When it is hot and humid after the rainy season, it is necessary to be careful about ventilation so that the inside of the tunnel does not become excessively humid.
The liquid fertilizer used was a mixture of the fertilizer having the component concentration shown in FIG. 6 and the amino acid having the composition shown in FIG.
When the result of cultivation as described above was compared with the case of outdoor cultivation, the yield and income were as shown in FIG. In other words, the yield per 10a was 2.4 times, and the income was about 2.8 times compared to open field cultivation. In addition, because it is pesticide-free cultivation, the value of crops is high, and there are some things that can not be expected to contribute to people's health and the environment.
In addition, although not employ | adopted in a present Example, as a companion plant which can anticipate an effect by the cultivation of shitou, garlic, a catnip, coriander, sweet marjoram, a French tarragon, mint, laurel, marigold, etc. are mentioned.

The figure which shows the change of the total working time and weeding time in paddy rice cultivation. The figure which shows the research result of Japan and the United States regarding damages, such as a disease and pest, when it grows without using an agrochemical. The figure which shows the specific example of a bunker plant and a companion plant. The figure which shows an example of the embodiment of this invention. The figure which shows the example of an animal harmless repellent extracted from the vegetation which has a pest repellent ability. The figure which shows the specific example of a fertilizer concentration. The figure which shows the specific example of an amino acid mixing | blending. The figure which shows the outline | summary of the annual schedule from sowing to harvest. The figure which shows the outline | summary of arrangement | positioning of the fence and tunnel of an agricultural field. The figure which shows the comparison result of the yield and the income in the case of an Example and outdoor cultivation. The figure which summarized the effect of the amino acid with respect to a plant.

Claims (5)

  Create a frame for forming a cultivation space on the ground, cover the outside of the frame with a near-UV cut type film or sheet as an outer coating, provide an insect repellent net inside the framework to form an inner coating, A film or sheet (hereinafter referred to as a waterproof sheet) that prevents the groundwater from spreading under a wider width than the frame is laid underneath, and the rain that has fallen on the outer coating surface outside the frame on the waterproof sheet can be quickly A pesticide-free soil-cultivation method for plants, comprising a mechanism for draining outside (hereinafter referred to as a drainage mechanism) and embedding pipes or tubes for irrigation, fertilization and aeration in the medium.   The cultivation space is made into a tunnel, the framework is made of agricultural pipes, and insect repellent nets are sprayed with natural product-derived pest repellents and woven with silver thread as a drainage mechanism. The plant-free soil-cultivating method for plants according to claim 1, wherein pipes are laid, the surface of the medium is covered with poly-multi, and the outer space is wound up on the upper part of the frame at high temperatures to ventilate the cultivation space.   The non-pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the poly-multi is a silver poly-multi.   The pesticide-free soil-cultivating method for plants according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein bunker plants and / or companion plants are used to keep insects away. The non-pesticide-free soil cultivation method for a plant according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the liquid fertilizer having a composition that matches the plant characteristics and nutrient absorption ratio is fertilized at a concentration suitable for the cultivation stage.

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