JP2005523109A - 自然な運動機能を有する代替人工椎間板 - Google Patents

自然な運動機能を有する代替人工椎間板 Download PDF

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JP2005523109A
JP2005523109A JP2003587290A JP2003587290A JP2005523109A JP 2005523109 A JP2005523109 A JP 2005523109A JP 2003587290 A JP2003587290 A JP 2003587290A JP 2003587290 A JP2003587290 A JP 2003587290A JP 2005523109 A JP2005523109 A JP 2005523109A
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adr
joint
rotation
cor
rotation center
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JP4382501B2 (ja
JP2005523109A5 (ja
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エイ. フェリー ブレット
トンプキンズ デイビッド
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スパインコア インコーポレイテッド
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Abstract

本発明は、生来の椎間板の運動をより忠実に再現することにより、従来の椎間板全置換用代替物(TDR)を改善するものである。本発明の好適な実施形態は、2つ以上の固定回転中心(COR)と、代替人工椎間板(ADR)がTDRのCORの後方にある後方固定CORから並進するにつれて変化可能な任意の可変COR(VCOR)を特徴とし、これによって通常の椎間板の動作が行いやすくなる。2つ以上のCORを用いることで、椎間関節や人工椎間関節(AF)が行う以上に屈曲したり伸張したりすることができる。また、椎間関節状人工部品が、過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する設計の中に組み込まれていてもよい。

Description

関連出願の表示
本願は、2002年4月23日出願の米国特許仮出願番号60/374,747、2003年2月7日出願の米国特許仮出願番号60/445,958、及び2003年2月24日出願の米国特許仮出願番号60/449,642の優先権を主張し、各出願の全ての内容は、参照として本願に包含される。
本発明は一般に代替人工椎間板(artificial disc replacement:ADR)に関し、詳細にはより自然な運動を行いやすくするADRに関する。
椎間板の退行性疾患を含む脊椎に関する症状の多くは、脊椎固定(spinal fusion)や代替人工椎間板(ADR)によって治療される。ADRには脊椎固定に勝る利点が数点ある。ADRの最も重要な利点は、脊椎の動作が維持できることである。脊椎固定では、脊椎の融合箇所にまたがる動作ができなくなる。その結果、融合された位置に隣接する椎間板にかかるストレスは大きくなってしまう。ストレスが大きくなると、融合箇所に隣接する椎間板の退行を治療するために将来行われる手術での治療必要箇所も増える。しかし、ADRを介した動作では、椎間関節を介した動作も可能になる。関節炎を起こした椎間関節にまたがる動作は、ADR後に痛みをもたらす可能性がある。よって、外科医の中には、退行性疾患や椎間関節の関節炎の患者はADRの候補者とはしないと考えているものもいる。
現在のADRの設計は、椎間関節にかかる圧力や椎間関節の動作を制限しようとしているものではない。実際、従来のADRは一般に動作を制限しない。例えば、ADRの設計の中には、いかなる方向への動作も制限しないヒドロゲルの袋を椎間板の隙間に入れておくものもある。実際のところ、この種のADR自体では、椎間板の隙間にまたがる十分な伸延は行えない場合がある。金属プレートとポリエチレン製スペーサを使用したADRの設計は、並進運動を制限する場合があるが、上述のようなその他の動作は制限しない。ポリエチレン製スペーサの関節面は通常全方向で凸形である。ADRの設計の中には、ヒンジでADRの半分同士を接続することにより、動作の並進を制限するものもある。
代替人工椎間板(ADR)の最も重要な特徴の1つとして、生来の椎間板の運動を再現できることが挙げられる。正常な椎間板の運動を再現するADRは、置換した椎間板の上下に余計な力を伝達しにくい。また、自然な運動機能を有するADRは、代替椎間板の高さにおいて椎間関節や繊維輪(AF)にストレスをかけにくい。生来の椎間板の動きを再現することにより、ADRの上下にある椎骨からADRが分離する危険性も減る。
ADRの運動は、関節可動域(ROM)、回転中心(COR)の位置、及び可変回転中心(VCOR)の存在(もしくは有無)によって決定されている。通常、ROMは椎間関節及びAFによって限定されている。自然な椎間板はVCORを有する。つまり、自然な椎間板において、CORは、脊椎が前方(屈曲)や後方(伸展)に曲がるにつれて変化する。一般的に、自然な椎間板上にある椎骨は、脊椎を屈曲すると1〜2mm前方に並進する。
従来の椎間板全置換用代替物(total disc replacement : TDR)、すなわち、椎骨に取り付ける剛板を用いるADRでは、生来の椎間板の運動が再現されない。通常、そのCORはかなり前方すぎる位置にある。また、従来のTDRのほとんどは、1つの固定CORに依拠している。その結果、従来のTDRの多くはROMが限定されている。
本発明は、生来の椎間板の運動をより忠実に再現することにより、従来のTDRを改善するものである。本発明の好適な実施形態は、2つ以上の固定回転中心(COR)と、ADRが後方にある固定CORからより前方にあるCORへ並進するにつれて変化可能な任意の可変COR(VCOR)を特徴とする。
この複数のCORによって、TDRのCORよりも後方にある後方CORを有するTDRが、通常の椎間板の動作を行いやすくなる。2つ以上のCORを用いることで、椎間関節やAFが行う以上に屈曲したり伸張したりすることができる。椎間関節状人工部品が、過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する設計の中に組み込まれていてもよい。
本発明の詳細な説明
参照として本願に包含される本願と同一出願人による米国特許仮出願番号60/374,747によって、脊椎の伸張、回旋、並進、及び/または左右屈を制限する種々の実施形態を含む代替人工椎間板(ADR)の様々な改良品が説明されている。開示された構成の1つでは、回旋及び移動は、「スプーン上にスプーンがある」タイプの協働により制限されている。また、くさび形あるいは台形のADRを差し込むことにより脊柱前弯を維持している。留め具を用いてADRを上側椎骨及び下側椎骨に固定してもよい。任意のリップをさらに備えることにより、屈曲から中立位置へ動いている間に軟部組織がトラップされるのを防止してもよい。
本発明は、椎間板全置換用代替物(TDR)を通じて学んだ、生来の椎間板の運動をより忠実に再現するこのような教訓をさらに展開させたものである。好適な実施形態は、2つ以上の固定回転中心(COR)と、ADRが後方固定CORからより前方にあるCORへ並進するにつれて変化可能な任意の可変COR(VCOR)を特徴とする。この複数のCORによって、TDRのCORよりも後方にある後方CORを有するTDRが、正常な椎間板の動作を容易に行うことが可能になる。2つ以上のCORを使用することにより、椎間関節やAFが行う以上に屈曲したり伸張したりすることができる。また、過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する設計の中に、椎間関節状人工部品が組み込まれていてもよい。
図1は、本発明にかかる固定CORを3つ有するTDRの矢状断面である。脊椎が中立から伸張した位置にある場合には、後方CORで関節接合が起こっている。図2は、5度程度伸張したADRを有する図1に示すTDRの矢状断面である。図3は、図1に示すTDRの様々な角度に屈曲した状態での矢状断面である。この図に示すように、TDRを屈曲するにつれて、CORはより後方にあるCORからより前方にあるCORへ前方方向に移動する。
図4は、前方CORと後方CORを有する本発明の他の実施形態の矢状断面である。この場合、TDRが中立から伸張した位置にある状態で、TDRは後方CORにおいて関節接合する。図5は、図4に示すTDRの屈曲位置での矢状断面である。尚、ADRが中立位置もしくは伸張位置から屈折位置へ動くと、上位TDRの終板は、後方CORから前方CORへ前方方向に並進する。図6A及び6Bは、図4に示すTDRの関節接合面の図である。図6Aには下位TDRの終板が、図6Bには上位TDRの終板の下面が示されている。
図7は、本発明のさらに別の実施形態の矢状断面であり、前方及び後方CORを含んでいる。この設計は、過度の並進運動、回旋、または左右屈を防ぐ新規の椎間関節状人工部品も含む。図8は、図7に示すTDRのより屈曲した位置での矢状断面である。この図には、この装置の椎間関節状人工部品の間にある隙間が図示されている。図9は、図7に示すTDRの関節接合面の図である。下位TDRの終板の上面が左側に示されている。図10は、図7に示すTDRの組み立てられた状態の斜視図である。TDRに関する本実施形態には、環状パッチと2個の球状パッチを用いて、下位の終板の前方側の関節接合面を形成するところが図示されている。新規の環状‐球状面により、左右屈が行いやすくなる。
図11Aは、図7に示すTDRの頸部での実施形態の前方側の図である。スクリューを挿入してTDR内の孔に通すことにより、TDRを椎骨に取り付けることができる。可逆性の固定機構を用いることにより、スクリューが椎骨から抜ける方向に動くことを防ぐことができる。図11Bは、図11Aに示すTDRの外側面の図である。図11Cは、図11Aに示すTDRの内側の図である。TDRの下位部分の上面を左側に示している。
図12Aは他の実施形態の矢状断面であり、ここでは、図7の実施形態とは異なり、前方及び/または後方にあるCORの各関節接合面の形状は合同ではない。形状が合同ではない関節接合面を用いると、回旋から並進運動が切り離される。形状が合同ではない接合面を有するADRによって、脊椎をより大きく屈曲させたり伸張させたりすることが、それに伴う椎骨の亜脱臼を起こさずに可能になる。上側ADR及び下側ADRの各終板から伸びる球状の突起が協働することにより、上側ADRの終板が内側のADRの終板よりも後方へ並進することを防止できる。この図には、ADRの後方面において接合を形成する部品同士の曲率半径が異なるものが図示されている。
図12Bは、図12Aに示すADRの実施形態の屈曲した位置での矢状断面である。この図には、ADRの前方面において接合を形成する部品同士の曲率半径が異なるものが図示されている。図12Cは、図12Aに示すADRの側面の図である。図7に示すものと同様の椎間関節状人工部品によって、上位ADRの終板が下位ADRの終板に対して過度に前方に並進するのを防ぐ。椎間関節状人工部品によって、軸回旋や左右屈を制限することもできる。
図13Aは、モジュール式のシムを有する図12Aに示すADRの側面の図である。モジュール式のシムを用いることにより、ADRの脊柱前弯、つまり楔形状を大きくすることができる。モジュール式のシムは、上位ADRの終板の頂部及び/または下位ADRの終板の底部に取り付けることが可能である。シムは、ADRのキールへ固定されることも可能であろう。また、シムはADRの終板の別の部分に接続することも可能であろう。また、シムはADRの終板上に単に置かれているだけであることも可能であろう。上記に挙げたシムには、異なる厚みや異なる角度を有するシムが含まれるであろう。図13Bは、図13Aに示すADRの実施形態の分解組立図である。
ここに描かれている各面は「形状が合同である」ように示されているが、本発明によればこのことは必ずしも必要なことではない。例えば、常時直接あるいは密接に接触してはいないような関係にある凹面とそれに関節接合する凸面において、凹面の曲率半径が凸面の曲率半径よりも大きくてもよい。また、対称型と非対称型の両方の接合部を用いてもよい。後方にある接合部の裏面の一部を除去して、後方CORをさらに後方に移動し、かつ、後方にある接合部の表面の半径を大きくして表面領域を増やしてもよい。関節接合面は環状領域や球状領域によって形成されていてもよく、また、本実施形態及び他の実施形態において、非球状面を用いて、より制御された関節接合間の並進運動、回旋、または他の動きを行ってもよい。本発明にかかるTDRを、頚椎、胸椎、もしくは腰椎に用いてもよい。
本発明にかかるADR/TDRは、様々な材料により構成されていてもよい。例えば、上記の部品は、コバルトクロム等の金属製または酸化アルミニウム等のセラミック製であってもよい。新規のTDRは、より硬いもしくはより軟らかい第2の材料で覆われた金属製またはセラミック製であることも可能である。すなわち、部品の片方または両方が、セラミックで覆われた金属製、または、ダイアモンド状の材料や他の硬化された表面で覆われた金属製あるいはセラミック製であってもよい。また、部品の片方もしくは両方が、高分子(例えばポリエチレン)製の表面やライナーで覆われていてもよい。
本発明にかかる固定回転中心(COR)を3つ有する椎間板全置換用代替物(TDR)の矢状断面である。 5度程度伸張した図1のTDRの矢状断面である。 様々な屈曲角度を示す図1のTDRの矢状断面である。 前方CORと後方CORを有するTDRの他の実施形態の矢状断面である。 図4のTDRの屈曲位置での矢状断面である。 図4に示すTDRの関節接合面を示す図である。 図4に示すTDRの関節接合面を示す図である。 前方及び後方CORを有する他の実施形態の矢状断面である。 図7のTDRのより屈曲した位置での矢状断面である。 図7のTDRの関節接合面の図である。 図7に示すTDRの組み立てられた状態の斜視図である。 図7のTDRの頸部での実施形態の前方側の図である。 図11AのTDRの外側面の図である。 図11Aに示すTDRの内側の図である。 本発明にかかる代替人工椎間板のさらに別の実施形態の矢状断面である。 図12AのADRの実施形態の矢状断面である。 図12AのADRの側面の図である。 モジュール式のシムを有する図12AのADRの側面の図である。 図13Aに示すADRの実施形態の分解組立図である。

Claims (30)

  1. 前方部分及び後方部分を有する椎体の間に位置するように構成された代替人工椎間板であって、
    下部関節接合面を持つ上位部分と、
    前記前方部分に位置する1つ以上の回転中心(COR)を介して前記下部面と協働する上部関節接合面を持つ下位部分を備えたADR。
  2. 前記下部関節接合面は凸状であり、前記上部関節接合面は凸状であると共に上部関節接合面は凹状である請求項1記載のADR。
  3. 前記下部及び上部関節接合面の形状は、合同もしくは非合同である請求項1記載のADR。
  4. 前記後方部分に別の回転中心を形成する少なくとも1組の関節接合面をさらに含む請求項1記載のADR。
  5. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、球形、対称形、もしくはその両方である請求項4記載のADR。
  6. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、異なる鉛直方向高さにある請求項4記載のADR。
  7. 少なくとも1つの別の前方もしくは後方CORと、その間に略平滑な移動面を含む請求項1記載のADR。
  8. 過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する椎間関節に類似した形状を1つ以上さらに含む請求項1記載のADR。
  9. 各々が前方部分及び後方部分を有する椎体の間に位置するように構成された2つ以上の回転中心(COR)を有する代替人工椎間板(ADR)であって、
    下部関節接合面を持つ上位部分と、
    上部関節接合面を持つ下位部分を備え、
    前記CORのうちの1つは、前記椎体の後方の3分の1の部分と前方の3分の2の部分の間に位置しているADR。
  10. 前記下部関節接合面は凸状であり、前記上部関節接合面は凸状であると共に上部関節接合面は凹状である請求項9記載のADR。
  11. 前記下部及び上部関節接合面の形状は、合同もしくは非合同である請求項9記載のADR。
  12. 前記前方部分に別の回転中心を形成する少なくとも1組の関節接合面をさらに含む請求項9記載のADR。
  13. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、球形、対称形、もしくはその両方である請求項12記載のADR。
  14. 少なくとも1つの別の前方もしくは後方CORと、その間に略平滑な移動面を含む請求項9記載のADR。
  15. 過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する椎間関節に類似した形状を1つ以上さらに含む請求項9記載のADR。
  16. 前方部分及び後方部分を有する椎体の間に位置するように構成された代替人工椎間板(ADR)であって、
    下部関節接合面を持つ上位部分と、
    2つ以上の固定もしくは可変の回転中心(COR)を介して前記下部面と協働する上部関節接合面を持つ下位部分を備えたADR。
  17. 前記下部及び上部関節接合面の形状は、合同もしくは非合同である請求項16記載のADR。
  18. 前記CORのうちの1つが前記前方部分に位置している請求項16記載のADR。
  19. 前記後方部分に別の回転中心を形成する少なくとも1組の関節接合面をさらに含む請求項16記載のADR。
  20. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、球形、対称形、もしくはその両方である請求項19記載のADR。
  21. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、異なる鉛直方向高さにある請求項19記載のADR。
  22. 前記回転中心間に略平滑な移動部を含む請求項16記載のADR。
  23. 過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する椎間関節に類似した形状を1つ以上さらに含む請求項16記載のADR。
  24. 椎体の間に位置するように構成された代替人工椎間板(ADR)であって、
    下部関節接合面を持つ上位部分と、
    前方から後方へと向けられた環状領域を介して前記下部面と協働する上部関節接合面を持つ下位部分を備えたADR。
  25. 前記環状領域に隣接する少なくとも1つの球形の関節接合領域をさらに含む請求項24記載のADR。
  26. 前記環状領域と前記球状領域の間に略平滑な移動部を含む請求項24記載のADR。
  27. 前記下部及び上部関節接合面は、合同もしくは非合同である請求項24記載のADR。
  28. 前記後方部分に別の回転中心を形成する少なくとも1組の関節接合面をさらに含む請求項27記載のADR。
  29. 前記前方回転中心及び前記後方回転中心は、球形、対称形、もしくはその両方である請求項28記載のADR。
  30. 過度の並進運動、回旋、及び/または左右屈を制限する椎間関節に類似した形状を1つ以上さらに含む請求項24記載のADR。
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US8784492B2 (en) 2014-07-22
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US20130131813A1 (en) 2013-05-23
US9168146B2 (en) 2015-10-27
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US6706068B2 (en) 2004-03-16
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US10299933B2 (en) 2019-05-28
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AU2003228655A1 (en) 2003-11-10
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US20190307575A1 (en) 2019-10-10
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WO2003090649A1 (en) 2003-11-06

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