JP2005277295A - Roughening method of solar battery substrate - Google Patents

Roughening method of solar battery substrate Download PDF

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JP2005277295A
JP2005277295A JP2004091757A JP2004091757A JP2005277295A JP 2005277295 A JP2005277295 A JP 2005277295A JP 2004091757 A JP2004091757 A JP 2004091757A JP 2004091757 A JP2004091757 A JP 2004091757A JP 2005277295 A JP2005277295 A JP 2005277295A
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substrate
fine particles
etching
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coating film
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JP4268547B2 (en
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Hiroko Higuma
弘子 樋熊
Shigeru Matsuno
繁 松野
Norihisa Matsumoto
紀久 松本
Takeshi Maekawa
武之 前川
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide the roughening method of a solar battery substrate with lower reflectivity obtained at a lower cost. <P>SOLUTION: A film is formed on the surface of the substrate by applying a coating liquid comprising a metal or carbon and containing masking particles of average particle diameter of 5 μm or less onto the surface of the substrate. Then, after etching is performed on the surface of the substrate, the remaining film is removed from the surface of the substrate. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2006,JPO&NCIPI

Description

本発明は太陽電池用基板の粗面化方法に関し、さらに詳しくは太陽光の反射率を低減して光吸収量を大きくするための太陽電池用基板の粗面化方法に関する。   The present invention relates to a method for roughening a solar cell substrate, and more particularly to a method for roughening a solar cell substrate for reducing the reflectance of sunlight and increasing the amount of light absorption.

太陽電池等の光電変換装置の性能向上には、太陽光を効率よく太陽電池を構成する基板内部に取り込むことが大切である。そのため、光入射側の基板表面に凹凸加工を施して、表面で一度反射した光を再度表面に入射させることで、より多くの太陽光を基板内部に取込んで、光電変換効率の向上を図っている。   In order to improve the performance of a photovoltaic device such as a solar cell, it is important to efficiently incorporate sunlight into the substrate constituting the solar cell. For this reason, the substrate surface on the light incident side is processed to be uneven, and the light once reflected on the surface is incident on the surface again, so that more sunlight is taken into the substrate and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved. ing.

太陽電池用基板に凹凸を形成する表面加工方法としては、基板が単結晶基板の場合、水酸化ナトリウムや水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ水溶液による結晶方位を利用した異方性エッチング処理が広く用いられる。例えば、(100)基板表面にこの異方性エッチング処理を行うと、(111)面が露出したピラミッド状の凹凸形状が形成される。   As a surface processing method for forming irregularities on a solar cell substrate, when the substrate is a single crystal substrate, anisotropic etching treatment using crystal orientation with an aqueous alkali solution such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is widely used. For example, when this anisotropic etching process is performed on the (100) substrate surface, a pyramidal uneven shape with the (111) plane exposed is formed.

また、フォトリソグラフィーで微細パターニングしたシリコン窒化膜をエッチングマスクとすることで凹凸を形成する方法も提案されている(例えば非特許文献1)。   In addition, a method of forming irregularities by using a silicon nitride film finely patterned by photolithography as an etching mask has been proposed (for example, Non-Patent Document 1).

また、フォトリソグラフィーを用いない方法として、マスク用微粒子を多結晶基板の全面に分散して付着させ、エッチングすることにより、基板表面のマスク用微粒子の付着していない領域を優先的にエッチングする方法が提案されている(例えば、特許文献1)。   Further, as a method not using photolithography, mask fine particles are dispersed and attached to the entire surface of the polycrystalline substrate, and etching is performed to preferentially etch a region where the mask fine particles are not attached on the substrate surface. Has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 1).

また、フォトリソグラフィーを用いない別の方法として、エッチング液に対する耐エッチング力が膜内で分布をもつ耐エッチング膜を基板表面に形成し、耐エッチング膜を介してエッチングすることで基板表面に凹凸を形成する方法が提案されている(例えば、特許文献2)。この方法では、耐エッチング膜を、焼成により酸化チタン膜又は酸化シリコン膜となるゲル状微粒子分散懸濁液を基板表面に塗布し、乾燥後、焼成することにより形成している。
特開2000-261008号公報 特開2003-309276号公報 Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-7(1993),p.99.
As another method that does not use photolithography, an etching resistant film having an etching resistance distribution with respect to the etching solution is distributed on the substrate surface, and etching is performed through the etching resistant film to make the substrate surface uneven. A forming method has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 2). In this method, the etching resistant film is formed by applying a gel-like fine particle dispersion suspension, which becomes a titanium oxide film or a silicon oxide film by firing, to the substrate surface, drying and firing.
JP 2000-261008 A JP 2003-309276 A Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-7 (1993), p.99.

しかしながら、アルカリ水溶液を用いて異方性エッチングする方法では、基板に多結晶基板を用いると、エッチングレートが結晶面により大きく異なっていること、そして結晶軸方位がそろっていないことにより、部分的にしかテクスチャ構造が作製できないため、反射率を低減するには限界があるという問題もある。例えば波長628nmにおける反射率は、表面が鏡面研磨されたシリコンでは約36%であり、(100)面のシリコン単結晶基板をウェットエッチングした場合約15%となるのに対し、多結晶基板をウェットエッチングした場合では27〜30%程度である。   However, in the anisotropic etching method using an alkaline aqueous solution, when a polycrystalline substrate is used as the substrate, the etching rate varies greatly depending on the crystal plane, and the crystal axis orientations are not uniform. However, since a texture structure can only be produced, there is a problem that there is a limit to reducing the reflectance. For example, the reflectance at a wavelength of 628 nm is about 36% for silicon whose surface is mirror-polished, and is about 15% when a (100) -plane silicon single crystal substrate is wet-etched, whereas a polycrystalline substrate is wet. In the case of etching, it is about 27 to 30%.

また、フォトリソグラフィー技術を用いる方法では、工程が複雑となり処理コストが大幅に上昇するので実用的でないという問題がある。また、特許文献1及び2の方法についても、処理コストと反射率のさらなる低減が必要とされている。   Also, the method using the photolithography technique has a problem that it is not practical because the process becomes complicated and the processing cost increases significantly. Further, with respect to the methods of Patent Documents 1 and 2, further reduction in processing cost and reflectance is required.

そこで、本発明は、より低コストかつより低反射率の得られる太陽電池用基板の粗面化方法を提供することを目的とした。   Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for roughening a solar cell substrate that can be obtained at lower cost and lower reflectance.

上記課題を解決するため、本発明の太陽電池用基板の粗面化方法は、金属又は炭素から成り平均粒径が5μm以下のマスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板の表面に塗布して、上記基板の表面に塗膜を形成する工程と、上記基板の表面をエッチングする工程と、残留する塗膜を上記基板の表面から除去する工程とを含むことを特徴とする。   In order to solve the above problems, the method for roughening a solar cell substrate according to the present invention comprises applying a coating liquid containing fine particles for a mask made of metal or carbon and having an average particle size of 5 μm or less to the surface of the substrate, The method includes a step of forming a coating film on the surface of the substrate, a step of etching the surface of the substrate, and a step of removing the remaining coating film from the surface of the substrate.

本発明は、金属又は炭素から成り平均粒径が5μm以下のマスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板表面に塗布し塗膜を形成することにより、マスク用微粒子をより微細な間隙、例えば1μm程度以下を介して分散した状態で基板表面に付着させることができる。そして、塗膜をエッチングするが、本発明では、マスク用微粒子が付着した領域以外の領域をエッチングする方法とマスク用微粒子をエッチングする方法のいずれも用いることができる。すなわち、マスク用微粒子をエッチングすれば、マスク用微粒子の粒径に応じた微細な凹部を形成することができる。また、マスク用微粒子が付着した領域以外をエッチングすれば、1μm以下のピッチを有する微細な溝を形成することができる。これにより微細な凹凸を容易に形成することができ、基板の反射率をより低減することが可能となる。   The present invention applies a coating liquid containing a mask fine particle made of metal or carbon and having an average particle size of 5 μm or less to a substrate surface to form a coating film. It can be made to adhere to the substrate surface in a dispersed state. And although a coating film is etched, in this invention, both the method of etching area | regions other than the area | region where the microparticles for mask adhered, and the method of etching the microparticles for mask can be used. That is, if the mask fine particles are etched, fine concave portions corresponding to the particle diameter of the mask fine particles can be formed. Further, if the region other than the region where the fine particles for mask are attached is etched, a fine groove having a pitch of 1 μm or less can be formed. Thereby, fine irregularities can be easily formed, and the reflectance of the substrate can be further reduced.

本発明によれば、上記のように金属又は炭素から成り平均粒径が5μm以下のマスク用微粒子を含む塗膜を形成するが、マスク用微粒子自身又はマスク用微粒子が付着した領域以外の領域をエッチングすることにより、微細な凹凸を形成して基板の反射率を低減することができる。これにより、波長628nmにおける基板の反射率を20%以下とすることができる。また、マスク用微粒子は、平均粒径が5μm以下の金属微粒子又は炭素微粒子であれば特に限定されないので、工業用に大量生産されている低コストの材料を用いることができるので、より低コストで処理を行うことができる。さらに、マスク用微粒子に金属微粒子又は炭素微粒子を用いるようにしたので、マスク用微粒子自身をエッチングする場合、ドライエッチングに代えて、再利用可能で、より安価な酸によるエッチングを用いることができる。これにより、より低コストで処理を行うことが可能となる。   According to the present invention, as described above, a coating film containing fine particles for a mask made of metal or carbon and having an average particle size of 5 μm or less is formed, but the region other than the region where the fine particles for mask itself or the fine particles for mask are attached is formed. By etching, fine unevenness can be formed and the reflectance of the substrate can be reduced. Thereby, the reflectance of the board | substrate in wavelength 628nm can be 20% or less. Further, the fine particles for mask are not particularly limited as long as they are metal fine particles or carbon fine particles having an average particle size of 5 μm or less, and therefore, low-cost materials that are mass-produced for industrial use can be used. Processing can be performed. Further, since metal fine particles or carbon fine particles are used as the mask fine particles, when etching the mask fine particles themselves, instead of dry etching, reusable and inexpensive etching with an acid can be used. This makes it possible to perform processing at a lower cost.

以下、図面を参照して本発明の実施の形態について説明する。
本実施の形態に係る粗面化方法は、少なくとも、マスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板の表面に塗布して、基板の表面に塗膜を形成する工程と、その基板の表面をエッチングする工程と、残留する塗膜を除去する工程とを含むものである。ここで、本発明で用いる塗膜とは、マスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板に塗布し溶媒を除去して得られる膜を言い、塗液中の分散質がマスク用微粒子のみの場合に形成される膜も含まれる。
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
The roughening method according to the present embodiment includes a step of applying a coating liquid containing at least mask fine particles to the surface of the substrate to form a coating film on the surface of the substrate, and a step of etching the surface of the substrate. And a step of removing the remaining coating film. Here, the coating film used in the present invention refers to a film obtained by applying a coating liquid containing mask fine particles to a substrate and removing the solvent, and is formed when the dispersoid in the coating liquid is only the mask fine particles. Also included is a membrane to be made.

マスク用微粒子には、平均粒径が5μm以下の金属微粒子又は炭素微粒子を用いることができる。マスク用微粒子の平均粒径は、好ましくは、1nm〜5μm、より好ましくは1nm〜1μmである。金属微粒子には、金、銀、銅、そして白金族からなる群から選択された少なくとも1種の貴金属又はそれらの合金を用いることができる。金属微粒子は、ガス中蒸発法あるいは化学還元法により製造したものを用いることが好ましい。平均粒径が1nmから100nmの微粒子が得られるからである。塗液中の金属微粒子の濃度は、0.1〜20重量%、より好ましくは0.1〜10重量%である。20重量%より大きいと金属微粒子の分散性が低下し易くなるからである。   As the fine particles for mask, metal fine particles or carbon fine particles having an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less can be used. The average particle diameter of the mask fine particles is preferably 1 nm to 5 μm, more preferably 1 nm to 1 μm. As the metal fine particles, at least one kind of noble metal selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, copper, and platinum group, or an alloy thereof can be used. As the metal fine particles, those produced by gas evaporation or chemical reduction are preferably used. This is because fine particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 100 nm can be obtained. The concentration of the metal fine particles in the coating liquid is 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight. This is because if the content is larger than 20% by weight, the dispersibility of the metal fine particles tends to decrease.

また、炭素微粒子には、カーボンブラック、フラーレン類、メソカーボンマイクロビーズ、ピッチやコークスの粉末、グラファイト粉末等を用いることができるが、カーボンブラック、より好ましくは自己分散性のカーボンブラックを用いることができる。自己分散性カーボンブラックとは、界面活性剤や高分子分散剤を用いることなく溶媒に分散可能なカーボンブラックであり、製法によりファーネスブラック、チャンネルブラック、そしてサーマルブラック等、あるいは原料によりガスブラック、オイルブラック、アセチレンブラック等に分類されるカーボンブラックに親水性の官能基を導入したものを挙げることができる。塗液中の炭素微粒子の濃度は、0.1〜20重量%、より好ましくは0.1〜10重量%である。20重量%より大きいと金属微粒子の分散性が低下し易くなるからである。なお、塗液に金属微粒子と炭素微粒子とを含有させることもでき、その場合、全体の濃度が0.1〜20重量%の範囲となるように適宜混合すれば良い。   The carbon fine particles may be carbon black, fullerenes, mesocarbon microbeads, pitch or coke powder, graphite powder, etc., but carbon black, more preferably self-dispersing carbon black is used. it can. Self-dispersing carbon black is carbon black that can be dispersed in a solvent without using surfactants or polymer dispersants. Furnace black, channel black, thermal black, etc. depending on the production method, or gas black, oil depending on the raw material Examples include carbon blacks classified as black, acetylene black and the like into which hydrophilic functional groups are introduced. The concentration of the carbon fine particles in the coating liquid is 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight. This is because if the content is larger than 20% by weight, the dispersibility of the metal fine particles tends to decrease. The coating liquid may contain metal fine particles and carbon fine particles. In that case, the coating solution may be mixed as appropriate so that the total concentration is in the range of 0.1 to 20% by weight.

また、マスク用微粒子には、多孔質粒子を用いることもできる。多孔質粒子は、細孔部とそれ以外の無孔部を有しており、無孔部をマスクとして細孔部をエッチングすることにより、より微細な凹凸を形成することができる。多孔質粒子には平均粒径が5μm以下の微粒子を用いることができるが、無孔質粒子ほど小粒径である必要はない。多孔質粒子は、平均細孔径が0.01μm〜1μmの細孔を有することが好ましい。多孔質の金属微粒子又は炭素微粒子であれば特に限定されないが、好ましい多孔質粒子としては、湿式法により合成したAg微粒子を挙げることができる。例えば、平均粒径が2μmであり、平均細孔径が数100nmのものを用いることができる。   Moreover, porous particles can also be used as the mask fine particles. The porous particles have a pore portion and other non-porous portions, and finer irregularities can be formed by etching the pore portions using the non-porous portion as a mask. As the porous particles, fine particles having an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less can be used, but they need not be as small as non-porous particles. The porous particles preferably have pores having an average pore diameter of 0.01 μm to 1 μm. Although it will not specifically limit if it is a porous metal microparticle or carbon microparticle, As a preferable porous particle, Ag microparticles | fine-particles synthesize | combined with the wet method can be mentioned. For example, those having an average particle diameter of 2 μm and an average pore diameter of several hundred nm can be used.

塗液調製のため、マスク用微粒子を分散させる溶媒としては、水、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロピルアルコール等のアルコール類、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等の酢酸エステル、アセトン、MEK等のケトン系溶媒、メチルセロソルブ、エチルセロソルブ等のセロソルブ系溶媒、キシレン等の芳香族類、テトラヒドロフラン、または、これらの混合溶媒を用いることができる。   For the preparation of the coating liquid, the solvent for dispersing the fine particles for the mask includes water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, acetate esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, ketone solvents such as acetone and MEK, and methyl cellosolve. Cellosolve solvents such as ethyl cellosolve, aromatics such as xylene, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.

塗液に無機系結合剤及び有機系結合剤の少なくとも1種を添加することが好ましい。ここで、結合剤とは、基板とマスク用微粒子の双方に親和性を有する物質であって、塗膜を形成すると、マスク用微粒子の基板に対する付着力を増加させる物質をいう。無機系結合剤としては、水ガラス(ケイ酸ナトリウム)やシランカップリング剤を挙げることができる。ここで、シランカップリング剤は、一般式RSiX3(Rは有機官能基、Xは加水分解性基)で表され、同一分子中に有機材料と反応する有機官能基と、無機材料と反応する加水分解性基を有するものを言う。本発明では、マスク用微粒子に炭素微粒子を用いた場合に好適に用いることができる。すなわち、シランカップリング剤の有機官能基が炭素微粒子と反応して結合し、加水分解性基が基板表面と反応して結合する。これにより、炭素微粒子が基板表面に化学結合を介して結合するので、炭素微粒子の基板に対する付着力を増加させることができる。また、有機系結合剤には、セラミックス成型用のバインダー樹脂やレジスト樹脂を用いることができるが、より低温で分解可能なレジスト樹脂を用いることが好ましい。なお、レジスト樹脂については特に限定されない。 It is preferable to add at least one of an inorganic binder and an organic binder to the coating liquid. Here, the binder is a substance having an affinity for both the substrate and the mask fine particles, and increases the adhesion of the mask fine particles to the substrate when a coating film is formed. Examples of the inorganic binder include water glass (sodium silicate) and a silane coupling agent. Here, the silane coupling agent is represented by a general formula RSiX 3 (R is an organic functional group, X is a hydrolyzable group), and reacts with an organic functional group that reacts with an organic material in the same molecule and an inorganic material. It has a hydrolyzable group. In the present invention, it can be suitably used when carbon fine particles are used as the fine particles for mask. That is, the organic functional group of the silane coupling agent reacts and bonds with the carbon fine particles, and the hydrolyzable group reacts and bonds with the substrate surface. Thereby, since the carbon fine particles are bonded to the substrate surface through chemical bonds, the adhesion force of the carbon fine particles to the substrate can be increased. As the organic binder, a binder resin or a resist resin for molding a ceramic can be used, but a resist resin that can be decomposed at a lower temperature is preferably used. The resist resin is not particularly limited.

本発明に使用できる基板としては、特に限定されず公知の基板をいずれも使用できる。具体的には、シリコン基板、シリコンゲルマニウム基板等が挙げられる。この基板の結晶系は、単結晶、多結晶、アモルファスのいずれであってもよい。   The substrate that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any known substrate can be used. Specific examples include a silicon substrate and a silicon germanium substrate. The crystal system of this substrate may be any of single crystal, polycrystal, and amorphous.

塗膜の厚さは、マスク用微粒子の1〜5倍、より好ましくは1〜3倍である。塗膜の厚さをこの範囲に設定することにより、溝のピッチをより均一にすることが可能となる。また、塗膜の厚さをこの範囲より大きくすると、エッチング時間が長くなり過ぎ好ましくない。   The thickness of the coating film is 1 to 5 times, more preferably 1 to 3 times that of the fine particles for mask. By setting the thickness of the coating film within this range, the pitch of the grooves can be made more uniform. Further, if the thickness of the coating film is larger than this range, the etching time becomes too long, which is not preferable.

塗膜を形成した後、基板を加熱処理することが好ましい。マスク用微粒子の基板に対する付着力を増加させることができる。温度は、100℃〜300℃が好ましい。   After forming the coating film, it is preferable to heat-treat the substrate. The adhesion force of the mask fine particles to the substrate can be increased. The temperature is preferably 100 ° C to 300 ° C.

基板のエッチングには、ドライエッチング及びウェットエッチングのいずれを用いても良い。ドライエッチングには、フッ素ガスあるいは塩素ガスを用いる反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)を用いることが好ましい。また、ウェットエッチングには、フッ酸、硝酸、酢酸、リン酸の混酸溶液、又は水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム等のアルカリ溶液を用いることができる。なお、使用したエッチング液等のマスク用微粒子を含む廃液は、回収してリサイクルすることができるので、省資源につながる。   Either dry etching or wet etching may be used for etching the substrate. For dry etching, reactive ion etching (RIE) using fluorine gas or chlorine gas is preferably used. For wet etching, a mixed acid solution of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, or an alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate can be used. Note that waste liquid containing fine particles for mask such as used etching liquid can be collected and recycled, which leads to resource saving.

エッチングは、塗膜を構成する材料に応じて好適な組合せを選択すれば良い。例えば、塗膜が無機系結合剤を含む場合には、ドライエッチングによりマスク用微粒子を除去することが好ましい。より選択的にマスク用微粒子を除去することができるからである。残留する無機系結合剤はウェットエッチングにより除去することができる。また、塗膜が有機系結合剤を含む場合には、ウェットエッチングによりマスク用微粒子を除去することが好ましい。この場合も、ウェットエッチングによれば、より選択的にかつ安価にマスク用微粒子を除去することができるからである。残留する有機系結合剤はドライエッチング又は熱分解により除去することができる。   Etching should just select a suitable combination according to the material which comprises a coating film. For example, when the coating film contains an inorganic binder, it is preferable to remove the mask fine particles by dry etching. This is because the mask fine particles can be removed more selectively. The remaining inorganic binder can be removed by wet etching. Moreover, when a coating film contains an organic binder, it is preferable to remove the fine particles for mask by wet etching. Also in this case, according to the wet etching, the fine particles for mask can be removed more selectively and inexpensively. The remaining organic binder can be removed by dry etching or thermal decomposition.

RIEを用いる場合、RIEのパワー密度を変えることで、マスク用微粒子の凝集を促進させ、凝集粒子の大きさを調整することができる。また、前述の加熱処理によっても、凝集粒子の大きさを調整することができる。すなわち、RIE又は加熱処理により凝集粒子間の空隙の大きさを変化させることができるので、後工程のエッチングにより形成される溝のピッチの大きさを所望の範囲とすることが可能である。また、多くの基板についてRIE又は加熱処理により凝集粒子の大きさを所望の範囲に調整後、一旦保管し、必要時にエッチング工程に流すことができるので、工程数を減らして生産性を向上させることが可能となる。   In the case of using RIE, by changing the power density of RIE, the aggregation of the fine particles for mask can be promoted and the size of the aggregated particles can be adjusted. Also, the size of the aggregated particles can be adjusted by the heat treatment described above. That is, since the size of the gap between the aggregated particles can be changed by RIE or heat treatment, the size of the pitch of the grooves formed by the subsequent etching can be set in a desired range. In addition, for many substrates, the size of the aggregated particles can be adjusted to the desired range by RIE or heat treatment, and then temporarily stored and flowed to the etching process when necessary, thus reducing the number of processes and improving productivity. Is possible.

ここで、図面を用いて本発明の粗面化方法の効果について説明する。図1は、塗膜を形成した基板表面の状態の一例を表す模式平面図であり、基板表面の一部を拡大して示している。基板1の表面にマスク用微粒子2が分散して付着している。また、図3は、基板の表面をエッチングし、塗膜を除去した状態の一例を示す模式断面図である。本実施の形態によれば、マスク用微粒子2の付着していない領域しかエッチングされず、かつその領域が均一な間隙を介して形成されているので、図3に示すように均一なピッチを有する溝6からなる微細な凹凸が基板の全面に形成されている。マスク用微粒子の付着しているマスク面5はエッチングされないので、基板面7の高さはエッチング前後で概ね同じである。一方、図4は、マスク用微粒子を使用せず、基板をアルカリ溶液で直接エッチングした場合の基板の断面構造の一例を示している。この場合、溝8の深さとピッチは大きく、またエッチングにより当初の基板面7が大きく削られている。アルカリ溶液によるエッチングの場合、結晶面によって、エッチングレートが大きく異なるが、本発明の場合、塗膜をつけてエッチングすることで、エッチングレートの大きい部分のエッチングが大幅に制限されて、結晶面の違いによる溝の深さや横方向のピッチの違いが緩和される。これから明らかなように、本発明によれば、微細な凹凸、例えば、ピッチが1μm以下の多数の溝を作製することが可能であるため、基板の反射率を従来に比べ低下させることができる。   Here, the effect of the roughening method of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a state of a substrate surface on which a coating film is formed, and shows an enlarged part of the substrate surface. Mask fine particles 2 are dispersed and attached to the surface of the substrate 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a state where the surface of the substrate is etched and the coating film is removed. According to the present embodiment, only the region to which the mask fine particles 2 are not attached is etched, and the region is formed through a uniform gap, so that it has a uniform pitch as shown in FIG. Fine irregularities made of grooves 6 are formed on the entire surface of the substrate. Since the mask surface 5 to which the fine particles for mask are attached is not etched, the height of the substrate surface 7 is substantially the same before and after the etching. On the other hand, FIG. 4 shows an example of the cross-sectional structure of the substrate when the fine particles for mask are not used and the substrate is directly etched with an alkaline solution. In this case, the depth and pitch of the grooves 8 are large, and the original substrate surface 7 is greatly shaved by etching. In the case of etching with an alkaline solution, the etching rate varies greatly depending on the crystal plane. Differences in the groove depth and lateral pitch due to the difference are alleviated. As is apparent from the above, according to the present invention, since it is possible to produce a large number of fine irregularities, for example, a number of grooves having a pitch of 1 μm or less, the reflectance of the substrate can be reduced as compared with the prior art.

次に、図2は、マスク用微粒子に、多孔質粒子を用い、その多孔質粒子を基板表面に付着させた例を示している。例えば、細孔径が1μm以下の多孔質粒子を用いることにより、表面に露出した細孔内をエッチング、特にドライエッチングすることにより、基板表面に、細孔位置に対応したピッチを有する多数の溝を形成することができ、微細な凹凸を形成することができる。   Next, FIG. 2 shows an example in which porous particles are used as the fine particles for mask and the porous particles are adhered to the substrate surface. For example, by using porous particles having a pore diameter of 1 μm or less, the inside of the pores exposed on the surface is etched, particularly dry etching, so that a large number of grooves having a pitch corresponding to the pore position are formed on the substrate surface. Can be formed, and fine irregularities can be formed.

以下、実施例により本発明を具体的に説明する。
実施例1.
(実験方法)
マスク用微粒子として、平均粒径10〜30nmのAg微粒子又はAu被覆Ag微粒子(例えば、住友金属鉱山(株)製)を用いた。このAg微粒子を純水とイソプロピルアルコールの等量混合した混合溶液に加え、ホモジナイザーで攪拌して塗液を調製した。塗液中のAg微粒子の固形分濃度は(10重量%)とした。次に、その塗液を多結晶シリコン基板上にスピンコート法により塗布し、自然乾燥させ基板上に塗膜を形成した。次に、反応性イオンエッチング(RIE)装置で塗膜を形成した基板のドライエッチングを30分行った。エッチング用反応ガスとしてはSFを用いた。次いで、基板を硝酸に1分間浸漬して、塗膜を溶解除去した後、基板表面を流水で洗浄した。
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically by way of examples.
Example 1.
(experimental method)
As fine particles for mask, Ag fine particles having a mean particle diameter of 10 to 30 nm or Au-coated Ag fine particles (for example, manufactured by Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.) were used. The Ag fine particles were added to a mixed solution in which equal amounts of pure water and isopropyl alcohol were mixed, and stirred with a homogenizer to prepare a coating solution. The solid content concentration of the Ag fine particles in the coating liquid was set to (10% by weight). Next, the coating solution was applied on a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a spin coating method and naturally dried to form a coating film on the substrate. Next, the substrate on which the coating film was formed was subjected to dry etching for 30 minutes with a reactive ion etching (RIE) apparatus. SF 6 was used as an etching reaction gas. Next, the substrate was immersed in nitric acid for 1 minute to dissolve and remove the coating film, and then the substrate surface was washed with running water.

(結果)
電顕観察によれば、ドライエッチングの初期段階(開始5分程度)では、均一に分散していたAg微粒子が凝集するが、その凝集体は基板全面に亘り均一に分散していた。さらに、ドライエッチングを続けることにより、ピッチが100nm〜1000nmで、深さが300nm〜2000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で17%であった。
(result)
According to electron microscopic observation, in the initial stage of dry etching (about 5 minutes from the start), the Ag fine particles that were uniformly dispersed aggregated, but the aggregates were uniformly dispersed over the entire surface of the substrate. Furthermore, by continuing dry etching, fine irregularities composed of a large number of grooves having a pitch of 100 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 300 nm to 2000 nm were obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 17% within the substrate surface.

実施例2.
(実験方法)
マスク用微粒子として、湿式法により合成した平均粒径2μmの多孔質鎖状Ag微粒子(例えば、住友電気工業(株)製)を用いた。その多孔質Ag微粒子の平均細孔径は500nmである。このAg微粒子を、純水とイソプロピルアルコールを等量混合した混合溶液に加え、ホモジナイザーで攪拌して塗液を調製した。塗液中のAg微粒子の固形分濃度は10重量%とした。次に、この塗液を多結晶シリコン基板上にスピンコート法により塗布し、自然乾燥させ基板上に塗膜を形成した。次に、エッチング用反応ガスとしてSFを用い、RIE装置で塗膜を形成した基板のドライエッチングを30分行った。次いで、基板を硝酸に1分間浸漬して塗膜を溶解除去し、基板表面を流水で洗浄した。
Example 2
(experimental method)
As the fine particles for the mask, porous chain Ag fine particles (for example, manufactured by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.) having an average particle diameter of 2 μm synthesized by a wet method were used. The average pore diameter of the porous Ag fine particles is 500 nm. The Ag fine particles were added to a mixed solution obtained by mixing equal amounts of pure water and isopropyl alcohol, and stirred with a homogenizer to prepare a coating solution. The solid content concentration of the Ag fine particles in the coating liquid was 10% by weight. Next, this coating solution was applied on a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a spin coating method and naturally dried to form a coating film on the substrate. Next, SF 6 was used as an etching reaction gas, and the substrate on which the coating film was formed by the RIE apparatus was dry-etched for 30 minutes. Next, the substrate was immersed in nitric acid for 1 minute to dissolve and remove the coating film, and the substrate surface was washed with running water.

(結果)
電顕観察によれば、基板表面に付着したAg微粒子は、繊維状の粒子が絡み合って毛玉のようになっており、数100nmの細孔を有していた。ドライエッチングを行うことにより、ピッチが100nm〜1000nmで、深さが200nm〜3000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で18%であった。
(result)
According to electron microscopic observation, the Ag fine particles adhering to the substrate surface were intertwined with fibrous particles and looked like pills, and had pores of several hundred nm. By performing dry etching, fine unevenness comprising a large number of grooves having a pitch of 100 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 200 nm to 3000 nm was obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 18% within the substrate surface.

実施例3.
(実験方法)
塗膜を形成した後、基板をオーブンに入れて200℃で1時間加熱した以外は、実施例2と同様の条件で行った。
Example 3
(experimental method)
After forming a coating film, it carried out on the conditions similar to Example 2 except putting the board | substrate in oven and heating at 200 degreeC for 1 hour.

(結果)
ピッチが300nm〜1000nmで、深さが400nm〜3000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で18%であった。
(result)
Fine irregularities composed of a large number of grooves having a pitch of 300 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 400 nm to 3000 nm were obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 18% within the substrate surface.

実施例4.
(実験方法)
マスク用微粒子として、平均粒径が10〜30nmのAg微粒子を用いた。そのAg微粒子を、合成ゴム系のレジスト樹脂(例えば、大阪有機化学工業(株)製)をキシレンに溶解させた樹脂溶液に加え、ホモジナイザーで攪拌して塗液を調製した。次に、その塗液を多結晶シリコン基板上にスピンコート法により塗布し、60℃で乾燥させて基板上に塗膜を形成した。
Example 4
(experimental method)
As fine particles for mask, Ag fine particles having an average particle diameter of 10 to 30 nm were used. The Ag fine particles were added to a resin solution obtained by dissolving a synthetic rubber resist resin (for example, manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) in xylene, and stirred with a homogenizer to prepare a coating solution. Next, the coating solution was applied on a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a spin coating method and dried at 60 ° C. to form a coating film on the substrate.

次に、塗膜を設けた基板を、フッ酸溶液(50%濃度)、硝酸溶液(69%濃度)及び酢酸溶液(99.7%濃度)を混合したエッチング液に室温で浸潰した。次に、酸素雰囲気中450℃で、レジスト樹脂を熱分解して除去した。   Next, the substrate provided with the coating film was immersed in an etching solution in which a hydrofluoric acid solution (50% concentration), a nitric acid solution (69% concentration) and an acetic acid solution (99.7% concentration) were mixed at room temperature. Next, the resist resin was thermally decomposed and removed at 450 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere.

(結果)
電顕観察によれば、ウェットエッチングの初期約30秒で塗膜中のAg微粒子が溶解して微細な開口部が形成された。さらに、ウェットエッチングを続けると、開口部を中心にエッチングが進行した。その結果、ピッチが300nm〜1000nmで、深さが200nm〜1000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で20%であった。
(result)
According to electron microscope observation, Ag fine particles in the coating film were dissolved in the initial approximately 30 seconds of wet etching to form fine openings. Further, when the wet etching was continued, the etching progressed around the opening. As a result, fine unevenness comprising a large number of grooves having a pitch of 300 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 200 nm to 1000 nm was obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 20% in the substrate plane.

実施例5.
(実験方法)
マスク用微粒子として、平均粒径が300nmのカーボン微粒子(例えば、日立粉末冶金(株)製)を用いた。このカーボン微粒子を、合成ゴム系のレジスト樹脂をキシレンに溶解させた樹脂溶液に加え、ホモジナイザーで攪拌して塗液を調製した。塗液中のカーボン微粒子の固形分濃度は10重量%とした。次に、その塗液を多結晶シリコン基板上にスピンコート法により塗布し、次いで150℃に加熱して基板上に塗膜を固着させた。次に基板を、フッ酸溶液(50%濃度)、硝酸溶液(69%濃度)及び酢酸溶液(99.7%濃度)を混合したエッチング液に室温で浸潰した。次に、酸素プラズマにより塗膜を除去した。
Embodiment 5 FIG.
(experimental method)
As fine particles for mask, carbon fine particles having an average particle diameter of 300 nm (for example, manufactured by Hitachi Powdered Metals Co., Ltd.) were used. The carbon fine particles were added to a resin solution in which a synthetic rubber resist resin was dissolved in xylene and stirred with a homogenizer to prepare a coating solution. The solid content concentration of the carbon fine particles in the coating liquid was 10% by weight. Next, the coating solution was applied onto a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a spin coating method, and then heated to 150 ° C. to fix the coating film on the substrate. Next, the substrate was immersed in an etching solution in which a hydrofluoric acid solution (50% concentration), a nitric acid solution (69% concentration) and an acetic acid solution (99.7% concentration) were mixed at room temperature. Next, the coating film was removed by oxygen plasma.

(結果)
電顕観察によれば、加熱処理により塗膜にクラックが発生し、このクラックを中心にエッチングが進行した。その結果、ピッチが300nm〜1000nmで、深さが200nm〜1000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で20%であった。
(result)
According to the electron microscope observation, cracks were generated in the coating film due to the heat treatment, and etching progressed around these cracks. As a result, fine unevenness comprising a large number of grooves having a pitch of 300 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 200 nm to 1000 nm was obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 20% in the substrate plane.

実施例6.
(実験方法)
マスク用微粒子として、平均粒径が300nmのカーボン微粒子を用いた。カーボン微粒子を、シランカップリング剤(例えば、信越化学工業(株)製)をエタノールに溶解させた溶液に加え、ホモジナイザーで攪拌して塗液を調製した。塗液中のカーボン微粒子の固形分濃度は10重量%とした。次に、その塗液を多結晶シリコン基板上にスピンコート法により塗布し塗膜を形成し、自然乾燥させた。次に、基板に実施例1と同様にドライエッチングを行った。次に、フッ酸を用いて塗膜を除去した。
Example 6
(experimental method)
Carbon fine particles having an average particle size of 300 nm were used as the fine particles for the mask. The carbon fine particles were added to a solution in which a silane coupling agent (for example, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in ethanol, and stirred with a homogenizer to prepare a coating solution. The solid content concentration of the carbon fine particles in the coating liquid was 10% by weight. Next, the coating solution was applied onto a polycrystalline silicon substrate by a spin coating method to form a coating film, which was naturally dried. Next, dry etching was performed on the substrate in the same manner as in Example 1. Next, the coating film was removed using hydrofluoric acid.

(結果)
その結果、ピッチが100nm〜1000nmで、深さが200nm〜2000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で19%であった。
(result)
As a result, fine unevenness comprising a large number of grooves having a pitch of 100 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 200 nm to 2000 nm was obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 19% in the substrate plane.

実施例7.
(実験方法)
シランカップリング剤に代えて、1重量%の水ガラス(NaO・xSiO・nHO(x=2〜4))が添加されたカーボン微粒子分散液を用いた以外は、実施例6と同様の条件により行った。
Example 7
(experimental method)
Example 6 except that a carbon fine particle dispersion added with 1% by weight of water glass (Na 2 O.xSiO 2 .nH 2 O (x = 2 to 4)) was used instead of the silane coupling agent. The same conditions were used.

(結果)
その結果、ピッチが100nm〜1000nmで、深さが200nm〜2000nmの多数の溝からなる微細凹凸が得られた。得られた多結晶シリコン基板の波長628nmにおける反射率は、基板面内で19%であった。
(result)
As a result, fine unevenness comprising a large number of grooves having a pitch of 100 nm to 1000 nm and a depth of 200 nm to 2000 nm was obtained. The reflectance of the obtained polycrystalline silicon substrate at a wavelength of 628 nm was 19% in the substrate plane.

比較例.
(実験方法)
水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を用い常温で、多結晶シリコン基板の表面をエッチングした。
Comparative example.
(experimental method)
The surface of the polycrystalline silicon substrate was etched at room temperature using an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.

(結果)
基板の面内で反射率に大きなバラツキがみられ、25%以下の低い反射率が得られる部分がある一方で、30%以上の高い反射率を示す部分も存在した。
(result)
While there was a large variation in reflectivity within the plane of the substrate and there was a part where a low reflectivity of 25% or less was obtained, there was also a part that showed a high reflectivity of 30% or more.

以上の実験結果から明らかなように、本発明によれば、金属又は炭素から成り平均粒径が5μm以下のマスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板に塗布して塗膜を形成し、その塗膜をエッチングすることにより、微細凹凸を形成することができ、これにより従来に比べ反射率を低減することが可能となる。   As is apparent from the above experimental results, according to the present invention, a coating liquid is formed by applying a coating liquid containing fine particles for masks made of metal or carbon and having an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less to a substrate, and the coating film. Etching can form fine irregularities, which makes it possible to reduce the reflectance as compared with the prior art.

本発明の実施の形態1に係る粗面化方法において、マスク用微粒子が付着した基板表面の状態の一例を示す模式平面図である。In the roughening method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention, it is a schematic plan view showing an example of a state of a substrate surface to which fine particles for mask are attached. 本発明の実施の形態2に係る粗面化方法において、マスク用微粒子が付着した基板表面の状態の一例を示す模式平面図である。In the roughening method which concerns on Embodiment 2 of this invention, it is a schematic top view which shows an example of the state of the substrate surface to which the microparticles for mask adhered. 本発明の実施の形態1に係る粗面化方法において、粗面化された基板の断面構造の一例を示す模式断面図である。In the roughening method which concerns on Embodiment 1 of this invention, it is a schematic cross section which shows an example of the cross-sectional structure of the roughened board | substrate. 従来のエッチング方法を用いた時の、粗面化された基板の断面構造を示す模式断面図である。It is a schematic cross section which shows the cross-sectional structure of the roughened board | substrate when the conventional etching method is used.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

1 基板、 2,3 マスク用微粒子、 4 細孔、 5 マスク面、 6,8 溝、 7 基板面。

1 substrate, 2, 3 fine particles for mask, 4 pores, 5 mask surface, 6, 8 groove, 7 substrate surface.

Claims (4)

金属又は炭素から成り平均粒径が5μm以下のマスク用微粒子を含む塗液を基板の表面に塗布して、上記基板の表面に塗膜を形成する工程と、上記基板の表面をエッチングする工程と、残留する塗膜を上記基板の表面から除去する工程とを含む太陽電池用基板の粗面化方法。   Applying a coating liquid containing fine particles for a mask made of metal or carbon and having an average particle diameter of 5 μm or less to the surface of the substrate to form a coating film on the surface of the substrate; and etching the surface of the substrate; And a step of removing the remaining coating film from the surface of the substrate. 上記マスク用微粒子が多孔質粒子である請求項1記載の粗面化方法。   The roughening method according to claim 1, wherein the fine particles for mask are porous particles. 上記塗液が、無機系結合剤と有機系結合剤から選択された少なくとも1種を含み、該無機系結合剤が水ガラス又はシランカップリング剤である請求項1又は2に記載の粗面化方法。   The surface roughening according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the coating liquid contains at least one selected from an inorganic binder and an organic binder, and the inorganic binder is water glass or a silane coupling agent. Method. 上記塗膜を上記基板の表面に形成した後、上記基板の表面をエッチングするに先立って、上記基板にプラズマ処理又は加熱処理を行う請求項1から3のいずれか一つに記載の粗面化方法。   The surface roughening according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein after the coating film is formed on the surface of the substrate, the substrate is subjected to plasma treatment or heat treatment prior to etching the surface of the substrate. Method.
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