JP2005254036A - Combined contaminated soil cleaning apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a combined contaminated soil cleaning apparatus performing cleaning of the soil combined-contaminated by heavy metal, a volatile organic compound (VOC) such as a light oil having a low vaporization temperature, trichloroethylene and benzene, dioxin or the like. <P>SOLUTION: The combined contaminated soil cleaning apparatus is constituted by a rotatable cylindrical heating stirring crushing part 7 for heating, stirring and crushing the combined contaminated soil (SAo); a classification part 10 for classifying the crushed soil by a particle diameter; a drying/sorting device 3 in which a heating device 5 for feeding hot air to the heating stirring crushing part and a fixing casing 12 covering the heating stirring crushing part and the classification part are integrally constituted; an air discharge device 42 for sucking dust in the fixing casing; a dust collection duct for discharging the dust in the fixing casing to the outside; a bag filter 40 communicating with the dust collection duct; and a washing device 25 for washing the soil, of the combined contaminate soil classified by the classification part, having a remaining contamination exceeding a reference value with water. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a composite contaminated soil purification apparatus for purifying soil contaminated with heavy metals, gasoline, kerosene, light oil and other volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as trichlorethylene and benzene, dioxin (DXN) and the like. .

Conventionally, heavy metals and the like tend to adhere to fine parts of the soil, and in order to purify such contaminated soil, for example, water washing is known in which all of the soil to be treated is poured into water and washed. (For example, see Patent Documents 1, 2, and 3).
However, when all the target soil is put into water, a large amount of sludge is produced, and there is a disadvantage that a dehydration step and a large amount of water treatment are essential.

  Also, for example, light oils such as gasoline (boiling point 50 ° C. or higher), kerosene (boiling point 170 ° C. or higher), light oil (boiling point 200 ° C. or higher), volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as trichloroethylene and benzene that evaporate at 70 to 150 ° C. In order to purify contaminated soil, the contaminated soil is heated, volatilized and separated, and then collected and adsorbed or decomposed (see, for example, Patent Documents 4 and 5).

  In addition, a treatment agent suitable for contaminated soil is mixed to form a treated soil with a rotary kiln, and the treated soil discharged from the treated soil is separated from the treated soil with a large particle size and the treated soil with a small particle size with a trommel. There is also an example of a soil treatment vehicle in which the treated soil is crushed by a pulverizer (see, for example, Patent Document 6).

As described above, it was usually treated for each method depending on the nature of the pollutant, but instead of using a device for each pollutant that will continue to increase in the future, it is necessary to use a single device that is compatible with each type of pollutant. Met.
JP-A-7-185513 (see FIG. 1 and its description) Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-197878 (see FIG. 1 and its description) Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-197879 (see FIG. 1 and its description) Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-079234 (see FIG. 1 and its description) JP 2002-205049 A (refer to FIG. 1 and the description thereof) Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-29223 (see FIG. 1 and its description)

  The present invention has been proposed in view of the various problems of the prior art as described above. Oils such as heavy metals, gasoline, kerosene and light oil, volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as trichloroethylene and benzene, dioxins ( The purpose of the present invention is to provide a complex contaminated soil purification treatment device for purifying soil contaminated with DXN) etc. with water saving.

  As a result of various studies, the present inventor has found that the contaminated soil has a smaller particle size, and the larger the particle size, the smaller the particle size. And since contaminated soil with a large particle size has a low degree of contamination, it was found that heat treatment is relatively easy, so that it is not necessary to wash the whole amount with contaminated soil with a fine particle size. In the contaminated soil purification treatment apparatus according to the present invention, the load of the water washing treatment is reduced based on the above.

  According to the composite contaminated soil purification treatment apparatus of the present invention, a rotatable cylindrical heated stirring and pulverizing unit (7) for heating, stirring and pulverizing the composite contaminated soil (SAo), and a heated and stirred pulverizing unit (7). A rotatable cylindrical classification unit (10) for classifying the pulverized composite contaminated soil (SAo) according to particle size, a heating device (5) for supplying hot air to the heating and agitation crushing unit (7), and heating and agitation A dry sorting device (3) in which a fixed casing (12) that covers the pulverization unit (7) and the classification unit (10) is integrally formed, and an air exhaust device that sucks dust in the fixed casing (12) ( 42), a line (L12) provided in the fixed casing (12) for discharging the dust in the fixed casing to the outside, a dust collector (40) communicated with the line (L12), and the classification unit ( Small-diameter complex contaminated soil classified in 7) Residual contamination of SAo) is constituted out with cleaning apparatus for washing those exceeding the reference value (25) (claim 1).

In a specific implementation of the present invention, the heating and stirring pulverizing unit and the classifying unit are integrally formed in communication with the series, and the axis is inclined with respect to the horizontal so that the heating and stirring and pulverizing unit is higher than the classifying unit. Thus, the rotating contaminated soil moves in the direction of the classifying unit, and the dust containing the pollutants generated in the heating and stirring pulverizing unit and the classifying unit is supplied from the dust collecting dust to the dust collecting device. The dust collector may be either a wet fine powder washing device or a dry dust bag.
In addition, the soil classified according to the particle size in the classification section is officially analyzed to determine whether or not the pollutant has been removed.If it is harmless, it is backfilled as reclaimed soil, and the removal of the pollutant has not been completed. If there is, a cleaning process is performed by a conventional known cleaning apparatus. As a result, only the soil that needs to be cleaned is supplied to the cleaning apparatus without processing all of the contaminated soil with the cleaning apparatus as in the past, so the load on the cleaning apparatus is reduced and the contaminated soil is reduced. The amount of purification treatment increases.

  The heated stirring and pulverizing unit (7) is equipped with a stirring blade (7a) and pulverizes the heated and stirred portion (7A) for loosening the massive composite contaminated soil (SAo) and the heated and loosened composite contaminated soil (SAo). The ball mill portion (7B) in which a large number of pulverized steel balls (8) are movably accommodated is preferable (claim 2).

  In implementation, there may be a plurality of heating and stirring portions of the heating and stirring pulverization unit in the series, and it is necessary to configure so that the pulverized steel balls accommodated in the ball mill portion do not move to the classification unit.

  It is preferable that the classification unit (10) includes a plurality of classification devices (10A, 10B) having different meshes (Claim 3).

  In the implementation, the more the classification device is from fine mesh to coarse one, the accuracy of the inspection of whether or not contaminants have been removed is improved and the effect of classification is exhibited.

  An aeration nozzle (15) for blowing compressed air for stirring that stirs the classified soil is attached to the classification unit (10), and a water spray nozzle (16) for blowing cooling water to the classified soil is attached. Preferred (claim 4).

  The watering nozzle can perform the action of vaporizing and removing the contaminants adhering to the soil and the action of bringing the discharged soil to a non-hazardous temperature. The aeration nozzle floats the soil and allows the contaminants to be supplied as dust to the dust collector.

The effects of the present invention are listed below.
(A) According to the present invention, oil, volatile organic components (VOC), and the like are volatilized in the heated stirring and pulverizing unit, and dust is separated in the cyclone and dust collector, and then released to the atmosphere. . In addition, if the particle size of the pulverized soil is classified by the classification part and the large particle size soil that is difficult for heavy metals to adhere to is less than the standard value, it is treated with a conventional cleaning treatment device, so conventional total contamination The soil is not thrown into the cleaning processing apparatus, and the amount of water washing is small, and the load of the cleaning processing apparatus can be reduced.
(B) Since the complex-contaminated soil is heated and washed with pulverized water, the entire complex-contaminated soil can be treated with oil, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, DXN, and the like.
(C) Unlike conventional methods, soil particles can be classified by a dry method without using a solution to perform wet classification.
(D) Only the soil of particles suitable for cleaning classification can be separated with a cleaning treatment device.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the composite contaminated soil purification apparatus of the present invention.
A plurality of stock bins 2 with a filter 2f for storing the contaminated soil SAo to be purified are disposed in the vicinity of the collection site of the contaminated soil SAo, and below conveyors 2a and 2a provided in each of the plurality of stock bins 2. A conveyor 2b extending in the direction of the drying and sorting apparatus 3, which is usually called a trommel, is arranged. As will be described later, the conveyor 2b supplies the contaminated soil SAo to the inlet 12a.

2 to 7 showing the details of the dry sorting apparatus 3, the dry sorting apparatus 3 includes a cylindrical fixed casing 12 as a whole, and a cylindrical heated stirring and pulverizing section inside the fixed casing 12. 7 and the cylindrical classification part 10 are communicated with the series and configured integrally, and are rotatably mounted by a roller 18 (FIG. 6).
The axis of the dry sorting device 3 is arranged such that the heated stirring and grinding unit 7 side is inclined upward with respect to the horizontal so that the contaminated soil in the dry sorting device 3 moves toward the classifying unit 10 while rotating. It is configured.

  In the illustrated example, the heating and stirring pulverization unit 7 includes a heating and stirring portion 7A and a ball mill portion 7B. The heating and stirring portion 7A is vented to the contaminated soil inlet 12a provided in the upper left part of the fixed casing 12 in the drawing, and is connected to the hot air duct 5b of the heating device 5 disposed outside the fixed casing 12. Ventilated. A plurality of sirocco fan-like stirring blades 7a (see FIG. 5) are attached to the inside of the heating stirring portion 7A in parallel with the shaft center at an angular distance. A bending flange 7b is formed at the tip of the stirring blade 7a so that the contaminated soil SAo can be lifted up to the top. A plurality of heating and stirring portions 7A are preferably connected in series as shown in FIG.

  The ball mill portion 7B accommodates a large number of pulverizing steel balls 8 so as to move freely, and is configured to pulverize the composite contaminated soil SAo loosened by the heating and stirring portion 7A when the steel balls 8 are dropped. The steel ball 8 is configured not to jump out to the classification unit 10.

  The heating device 5 is configured to send hot air to the heating and stirring portion 7A that rotates by heating the external atmosphere to 500 to 1100 ° C. by the burner 5a. Particularly when treating heavy metals, a high temperature is preferred.

In the illustrated example, the classifying unit 10 includes first and second classifying devices 10A and 10B. The first classifying device 10A includes a relatively fine cylindrical mesh, and the second classifying device 10B is a first classifying device. Surge bins 13a and 13b, each of which is composed of a mesh coarser than 10A and receives the soil that has passed through the mesh, are attached. A screw feeder 14a is attached to the lower portion of the surge bin 13a, and a belt feeder 14b is attached to the lower portion of the surge bin 13b.
An oversized earth slag 12c through which large-diameter soil that does not pass through the second classifying device 10B is discharged is provided at the rear of the second classifying device 10B.
According to the configuration of the classification unit 10, the soil that has entered the classification unit 10 is classified into the third grade, and subsequent processing is determined. The location of the classification device of the classification unit 10 can be arbitrarily selected.

A watering nozzle 16 and an aeration nozzle 15 are attached to the upper portions of the surge bins 13a and 13b so as to sprinkle water at an appropriate angle and blow up the soil with compressed air.
These nozzles 15 and 16 are not necessarily provided in the practice of the present invention, but by providing the aeration nozzle 15, fine particles can be easily transferred to a dust collector described later, and the soil classified by the watering nozzle 16 is used. It is possible to reduce the temperature of the soil to facilitate subsequent handling, and to easily separate contaminants attached to the soil surface by evaporation.

  The classified contaminated soil in the surge bins 13a, 13b is separately analyzed for the presence or absence of contaminants using an official analyzer, and the harmless treated soil whose contaminants are below the permissible reference value is backfilled in the backfill area Ed. In addition, the surgebin's harmful treated soil in which contaminants remain above the permissible reference value is sent to a conventional washing device 25 for purification by hydration, mixed washing, sieving of solids, washing again, etc. It is configured to be.

  Dust fine powder, to which harmful substances such as heavy metals generated in the heating and stirring pulverization section 7 and classification section 10 are attached to the upper end of the fixed casing 12, light oil after the dust fine powder is collected, volatile organic compounds, etc. A dust collection duct 12b that exhausts exhaust gas containing pollutants is provided.

  The exhaust gas from the dust collection duct 12b is communicated with the dry cyclone 30 through the piping line L12, and the dry cyclone 30 is communicated with the bag filter which is the dust collector 40 through the piping line L30. The dry cyclone 30 is configured to separate coarse dust, and the bag filter 40 is configured to separate fine dust.

  The exhaust gas from the bag filter 40 is configured to be released to the atmosphere through the air exhaust device 42, the deodorizing device 44, the neutralizing device 46, and the chimney 48.

The aspect of the contaminated soil processing by the composite contaminated soil purification processing apparatus having the above configuration will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
The piled composite contaminated soil SAo is loosened by a construction machine such as a backhoe, pretreated to remove dust, foreign matters, etc., and put into a plurality of stock bins 2 through filters 2f.

  An appropriate amount of the composite contaminated soil SAo in the stock bin 2 is continuously fed into the heating and stirring portion 7A of the heating and stirring and pulverizing unit 7 through the charging port 12a of the drying and sorting device 3 by the conveyor 2a and the conveyor 2b.

  The composite contaminated soil SAo put into the heating and stirring portion 7A is rotated and stirred by the stirring blade 7a, and dried to 150 to 300 ° C. by hot air of 500 to 900 ° C. from the heating device 5. Here, moisture, light oil, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the like are separated from the complex contaminated soil SAo as exhaust gas and dust fine powder by heat.

  The composite contaminated soil SAo that has been dried in the heating and stirring portion 7A and easily loosened is finely pulverized by the pulverized steel balls 8 in the ball mill portion 7B. As described above, this pulverization operation separates the composite contaminated soil SAo into a fine dust portion having a high contamination concentration such as heavy metals and a particle size portion having a relatively low contamination concentration.

  In the pulverized composite contaminated soil SAo, fine particles are sieved and classified by the first classification device 10A of the classification unit 10, coarse particles are sieved and classified by the second classification device 10B, and large-diameter particles are classified. . The fine particles are stored in the surge bin 13a and the coarse particles are stored in the surge bin 13b, and the large-diameter particles are sent to the oversized earthen basin 12c.

  At the time of the classification fall, the compressed air from the aeration nozzle 15 and the water vapor and separated dust generated by supplying water from the watering nozzle 16 are discharged together with the dust fine powder containing complex contaminants and the exhaust gas, the exhaust device 42, the bag filter 40, etc. In the dry cyclone 30, coarse dust is separated, and in the dust collector 40, fine dust is separated, further deodorized and neutralized, rendered harmless and released to the atmosphere.

  The composite contaminated soil SAo classified according to particle size as described above is analyzed by official analysis for residual contamination concentration, and if it exceeds the allowable standard value, it is sent to a conventionally known cleaning treatment device 25 to be washed with water, If it is within the allowable reference value, it is backfilled in a predetermined backfill area Ed as reclaimed soil.

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of the composite contaminated soil purification apparatus of the present invention. This example is mainly different from the above embodiment in that the contaminated soil SAo is put into the soil heating device 5A and a water washing device is used as the dust collecting device 40A.
In FIG. 8, a plurality of stock bins 2 with filters 2f for storing contaminated soil SAo to be purified are disposed in the vicinity of the collection site of contaminated soil SAo, and conveyors 2a and 2a provided in each of the plurality of stock bins 2. A conveyor 2b extending to the soil heating device 5A that heats the composite contaminated soil SAo is disposed below.

  The soil heating device 5A is configured to heat an appropriate amount of the composite contaminated soil SAo from the conveyor 2b by the burner 5a, and the heated composite contaminated soil SAo is supplied to the dry sorting device 3A via the conveyor 5B. It is comprised so that. Further, a dust collection port 5Ab is provided at the upper end of the soil heating device 5A, and is communicated with the dry cyclone 30 by a piping line L5A.

In the dry sorting apparatus 3A, a cylindrical stirring and pulverizing section A7 and a cylindrical classification section 10 are communicated in series with each other in a kamaboko cylindrical fixed casing 12A, and are integrally mounted and rotatably mounted.
The axis of the dry sorting device 3A is disposed with the stirring and grinding unit A7 side inclined upward with respect to the horizontal, and the composite contaminated soil SAo in the dry sorting device 3A moves toward the classifying unit 10 while rotating. It is configured as follows.

In the example shown in the figure, the stirring and grinding part A7 is composed of one stirring part 7A and a ball mill part 7B. The stirring portion 7A is ventilated through a dust collecting port 12Ab provided in the upper left part of the fixed casing 12 in the drawing, and the dust collecting port 12Ab is communicated with the dry cyclone 30 by a piping line L7.
A plurality of sirocco fan-like blades 7a are attached in parallel to the shaft center inside the stirring portion 7A. A bending flange 7b is formed at the tip of the stirring blade 7a so that the composite contaminated soil SAo is lifted up to the upper part. A plurality of stirring portions 7A may be communicated in series.

  The ball mill portion 7B accommodates a large number of pulverized steel balls 8 so as to move freely, and is configured to pulverize the composite contaminated soil SAo loosened by the stirring portion 7A by moving and dropping, and the pulverized steel balls 8 are classified. 10 so as not to jump out.

  The classifying unit 10 includes first and second classifying devices 10A and 10B. The first classifying device 10A includes a relatively fine cylindrical mesh, and the second classifying device 10B has a coarser mesh than the first classifying device 10A. Surge bins 13a and 13b for receiving the soil that has passed through the mesh are attached to each. A belt feeder 14c is attached to the lower part of the surge bin 13a, and a belt feeder 14b is attached to the lower part of the surge bin 13b.

At the rear of the second classifying device 10B of the fixed casing 12, an oversized earth slag 12c from which large-diameter soil that does not pass through the second classifying device 10B is discharged is provided.
By the configuration of the classification unit 10, the soil that has entered the classification unit 10 is classified into the third grade. For example, when the soil classified by the second classification device 10B has residual contamination that exceeds the reference value, the washing treatment apparatus is performed by the line L10. It is configured to be conveyed to 25A.

  The contaminated soil classified in the surge bins 13a and 13b is separately analyzed for the presence or absence of contaminants using an official analyzer, and the harmless treated soil whose contaminants are below the permissible standard value is backfilled in the backfill area. As described above, the harmful treatment soil of surge bins whose substances remain above the permissible reference value is sent to the conventional washing treatment apparatus 25A and subjected to treatment such as hydration, mixed washing, sieving of solids, and washing again. It is configured to be purified.

  An aeration nozzle 15 and a water spray nozzle 16 are attached to the top of the first and second classifiers 10A and 10Bb so as to blow up the soil with compressed air at an appropriate angle.

  Dust fine powder in which harmful substances such as heavy metals generated in the stirring and pulverizing section 7 and the classification section 10 adhere to the upper end of the fixed casing 12A on the stirring section 7A side, light oil and volatile organic after the dust fine powder has been collected A dust collection duct 12Ab for exhausting exhaust gas containing contaminants such as compounds is provided.

The dust collection duct 12Ab communicates with the dry cyclone 30 through a piping line L7, and the dry cyclone 30 communicates with the flushing dust collection device 40A through the exhaust line 42 through the piping line L30. The dry cyclone 30 is configured to separate coarse dust, and the dust collector 40A is configured to separate fine slurry.
The separated coarse dust and fine slurry are configured to be collected by the cleaning treatment device 25. The dust collection device 40A is a water washing dust collection device in the illustrated example.
The dust collector 40A is configured to communicate with the atmosphere via the chimney 48.
Other constituent functions are the same as those of the first embodiment.

A contaminated soil treatment method using the composite contaminated soil purification apparatus having the above-described configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
The composite contaminated soil SAo from which foreign matters and the like have been removed is stored in the stock bin 2 via the filter 2f, and appropriate amounts are continuously fed into the soil heating device 5A by the conveyors 2a and 2b.

  The combined contaminated soil SAo put into the soil heating device 5A is heated to volatilize and remove moisture, light oil, volatile organic components, and the like. These volatile components are supplied to the dry cyclone 30 from the dust collection port 5Ab via the piping line L5A.

  The composite contaminated soil SAo from which the volatile components have been removed is sent to the dry sorting device 3A, and is rotated and stirred by the stirring blade 7a in the stirring portion 7A.

  The composite contaminated soil SAo loosened in the stirring portion 7A is finely pulverized by the pulverized steel balls 8 in the ball mill portion 7B. Here, the composite contaminated soil SAo is separated into fine dust portions having a high contamination concentration such as heavy metals and particle sizes having a relatively low contamination concentration.

  In the pulverized composite contaminated soil SAo, fine particles are sieved and classified by the first classification device 10A of the classification unit 10, coarse particles are sieved and classified by the second classification device 10B, and large-diameter particles are classified. . The fine particles are stored in the surge bin 13a and the coarse particles are stored in the surge bin 13b, and the large-diameter particles are sent to the oversized earthen basin 12c.

  At the time of this classification fall, the compressed air from the aeration nozzle 15 and the water vapor and separated dust generated by the water supply from the water spray nozzle 16 for lowering the soil temperature for safety are collected together with dust fine powder and exhaust gas containing complex pollutants. The dust is collected from the dust duct 12Ab by the air exhaust device 42, the dust collector 40, etc., the coarse dust is separated by the dry cyclone 30, the fine dust is separated by the dust collector 40, detoxified, and diffused from the chimney 48 to the atmosphere. The

  The composite contaminated soil SAo classified according to particle size as described above is analyzed for the residual contamination concentration by official analysis, and if it exceeds the allowable reference value, it is sent to a conventionally known cleaning treatment device 25A to be washed with water, If it is within the allowable reference value, it is backfilled in a predetermined backfill area Ed as reclaimed soil.

  The present invention can be applied not only to soil but also to purification treatment of other complex pollution.

The block block diagram of 1st Embodiment of the composite-contaminated soil purification processing apparatus of this invention. FIG. 2 is a side view of the dry sorting apparatus used in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an X1 arrow view of FIG. 2. X2 arrow line view of FIG. AA sectional drawing of FIG. BB sectional drawing of FIG. CC sectional drawing of FIG. The block block diagram of 2nd Embodiment.

Explanation of symbols

SAo ··· Complex contaminated soil Ed · Backfill area 2 · · · Stock bins 2a and 2b · · · Conveyor 3 · · · Drying and sorting device 5 · · · Heating device 5a · · · Burner 5b ··· · Hot air duct 6 ··· Conveyor 7 ··· Heated and agitated and pulverized portion 7a · · · Agitation blade 7A · · · Heated and agitated portion 7B · · · Ball mill portion 8 ··· Crushed steel ball 10 ··· Classification Part 10A ··· First classification device 10B · · · Second classification device 12 ··· Fixed casing 12a ·············· Inlet 12b ··· Dust collection duct 12c · · 13b..Second surge bin 15 ... Aeration nozzle 16 ... Water spray nozzle 30 ... Cyclone 40, 40A ... Dust collector 42 ... Air exhaust device 44 ... Deodorizer 46 ... Medium Japanese equipment 48 ... chimney

Claims (4)

  A rotatable cylindrical heated stirring and grinding unit that heats, stirs and pulverizes the composite contaminated soil, and a rotatable cylindrical classification unit that classifies the composite contaminated soil crushed by the heated stirred and pulverized unit according to particle size , A drying / separating apparatus in which a heating device for supplying hot air to the heated stirring / pulverizing unit, a fixed casing covering the heated stirring / pulverizing unit and the classification unit, and dust in the fixed casing are sucked to the outside. Residual contamination of the mixed-contaminated soil classified by the classification unit is classified as a ventilator, a line provided in the fixed casing for discharging dust in the fixed casing, a dust collector connected to the line, and the classification unit A combined contaminated soil remediation treatment apparatus characterized by comprising a washing treatment apparatus for washing a substance exceeding a value.   The heating and agitation pulverization unit is a ball mill in which agitation blades are attached to loosen a lump of complex contaminated soil, and a large number of pulverized steel balls for crushing the heated and loosened complex contaminated soil are movably accommodated. The composite contaminated soil purification processing apparatus of Claim 1 comprised by the part.   The composite contaminated soil purification apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the classification unit includes a plurality of classification apparatuses having different meshes.   The aeration nozzle which blows the compressed air for stirring which stirs the classified soil to the said classification | category part is attached, The watering nozzle which blows the water for cooling to the classified soil is attached. Item Contaminated soil purification treatment equipment.

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