JP2004342143A - Electromagnetic shield mechanism - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To shield the noise entering a ferrite antenna from the liquid crystal-related components of disk media reproducing equipment having a radio and a liquid crystal in a simple configuration. <P>SOLUTION: The entry of the noise from a liquid crystal display panel 6 into the ferrite antenna 8 is shielded in an inexpensive configuration by arranging a shield plate 24 connected to the ground so that it covers the ferrite antenna 8 for blocking the noise propagated from the liquid crystal panel 6 and its wiring via a disk media 15 having a metal film and radiated from the upper section of the ferrite antenna 8. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a mechanism for shielding noise generated from an electric circuit and a mechanism for shielding noise entering a radio receiver from a liquid crystal-related component of a portable disk media player having a liquid crystal display and a radio. .
[0002]
[Prior art]
A conventional electromagnetic noise shield mechanism built in a portable disk media player having a radio and a liquid crystal will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 12B. FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a conventional portable disk media player having a radio having a built-in electromagnetic noise shield mechanism and a liquid crystal display, and FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a section taken along the line ABCD of FIG. FIG. 11 is an exploded cross-sectional view in which the components of FIG. 10 have been moved in the vertical direction, FIG. 12A is a detailed view showing a main part of a conventional electromagnetic noise shield mechanism, and FIG. 12B is FIG. It is EE sectional drawing of. As shown in FIGS. 9 to 12B, the structure of the lid 1 is such that the sub-printed circuit board 4 is fastened between the upper lid 2 and the lid cover 3 with screws 5. A liquid crystal display panel 6 is connected to the upper surface of the sub-printed board 4 via a zebra rubber connector 7 having a hardness of 60 degrees, in which conductive silicon rubber having a thickness of 50 microns and insulating silicon rubber having a thickness of 50 microns are alternately laminated. A liquid crystal driving circuit (not shown) for driving the liquid crystal display panel 6, a ferrite antenna 8, an AM and FM tuner circuit (not shown), and a connector 9 are mounted.
[0003]
The main housing 10 has a structure in which a printed circuit board 13 is fastened by screws 14 between the intermediate frame 11 and the bottom housing 12, and has a metal foil such as aluminum to record information therein. When the loaded disk medium 15 is mounted, the reproducing mechanism 16 that rotates the disk medium 15 and reads the information is connected to a boss extending from between the intermediate frame 11 and the bottom housing 12 via an elastic rubber (not shown). (Not shown).
[0004]
The main casing 10 and the lid 1 can be freely opened and closed about the pivots 17a, 17b of the intermediate frame 11 and the pivot bearings 18a, 18b of the upper lid 2 by fitting them. The reproduction mechanism 16 and the printed circuit board 13 are connected by a flexible cable (not shown). A reproduction circuit (not shown) for the disk medium 15 and a connector 19 are mounted on the printed circuit board 13. The sub printed board 4 and the printed board 13 are joined by a connector 9, a flexible cable 20 and a connector 19. Since the ferrite antenna 8 and the liquid crystal-related components are close to each other, the sub-printed board 4 receives noise generated from the liquid crystal-related components when receiving AM radio. In order to shield this noise, as shown in FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b), a shield plate 21 grounded to the sub-printed board 4 is used to shield the vicinity of the outer periphery of the display surface of the liquid crystal display panel 6 and the side surface portion. Further, a solid pattern connected to the ground is formed on the lower surface 22 of the sub-printed board 4 in a region facing the liquid crystal display panel 6 and a liquid crystal driving IC (not shown) and a wiring pattern connecting them. Electromagnetic noise is prevented from entering the antenna 8.
[0005]
Further, as a conventional electromagnetic shield mechanism according to claim 3 of the present invention, for example, there is a mechanism as described in Patent Document 1, but the electromagnetic shield printed wiring board of this publication discloses a metal thin film as an insulating film. After laminating and pattern-etching it, circuit components are mounted on it, and the area of the metal thin film that is not etched is covered on the component to shield noise from the component. Since the insulating film is used, the metal thin film rarely breaks due to cracks even when the insulating film is folded toward the metal thin film or when folded toward the insulating film.
[0006]
On the other hand, as a low-cost flexible wiring board, there is a printed wiring board in which a wiring pattern is screen-printed with a conductive paste such as silver on a 0.1 mm-thick polyethylene terephthalate base material. Since printing is performed, if the printed side is folded outward, cracks occur in the conductive paste, so there is a restriction that the printed side can only be folded inside.
[0007]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-60-160684 (FIGS. 4 and 6)
[0008]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the configuration of the conventional electromagnetic noise shield mechanism built in the above-mentioned conventional radio and portable disk media player having a liquid crystal, in addition to the main printed board, a sub-printed board on which a tuner and liquid crystal related components are mounted is mounted. However, there is a drawback that the cost is high because of the necessity.
[0009]
An object of the present invention is to provide a new configuration in which a tuner circuit and a liquid crystal driving circuit are integrated on a main printed circuit board to shield noise entering a ferrite antenna 8 from a liquid crystal-related portion, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem. I do.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve this problem, according to the present invention, there is provided a lid having a liquid crystal display, a main housing which is openably and closably engaged with the lid, and a built-in main housing. A printed circuit board on which a circuit for reusing disc media having a metal foil and a circuit for radio having a ferrite antenna are mounted; wiring means for electrically connecting the liquid crystal display portion and the printed circuit board; and the main housing A playback mechanism that is held by the unit and that allows the disk medium to be attached and detached. When the disk medium is mounted on the playback mechanism, it is disposed between the liquid crystal display unit and the ferrite antenna. An electromagnetic shield mechanism built into a radio and a disc media player with a liquid crystal, wherein the shield plate is installed between the ferrite antenna and the disc media and joined to a ground electrode of the printed circuit board. It is obtained by the configuration having.
[0011]
As a result, even when the printed circuit board is composed of one sheet, it is possible to shield the electromagnetic noise from the liquid crystal-related components to the ferrite antenna and reduce the cost.
[0012]
According to another aspect of the present invention, a lid having a liquid crystal display, a main housing that is openably and closably engaged with the lid, A reproducing mechanism that can be attached to and detached from a disk medium having a metal foil, a circuit that drives the liquid crystal display unit, a circuit that reproduces the disk medium, and a ferrite antenna that are built in the main housing. A radio circuit having a printed circuit board mounted with a radio circuit, and an electromagnetic shield mechanism built in a disk media player with a liquid crystal, and a wiring board for electrically connecting the liquid crystal display unit and the printed circuit board; The configuration includes a conductive shield plate disposed on the back side of the wiring for the liquid crystal display portion of the wiring substrate, and a connection means for connecting the shield plate to a ground electrode.
[0013]
As a result, even when the printed circuit board is composed of one sheet, it is possible to shield the electromagnetic noise from the liquid crystal-related components to the ferrite antenna and reduce the cost.
[0014]
According to another aspect of the present invention, a lid having a liquid crystal display unit, a main housing unit openably and closably engaged with the lid unit, and a main housing unit are provided. A reproducing mechanism that can be attached to and detached from a disk medium having a metal foil, a circuit that drives the liquid crystal display unit, a circuit that reproduces the disk medium, and a ferrite antenna that are built in the main housing. The radio and disk media player with liquid crystal and the printed circuit board mounted with the built-in radio circuit have an electromagnetic shield mechanism built in, and the wiring pattern and the shield pattern for shielding electromagnetic waves are conductive on the front side of the thin base material. With respect to the printed wiring board printed with the paste, a predetermined portion of the printed wiring board is bent so that the printed surface is on the inside, and the area of the shield pattern is changed to the base material of the wiring pattern. A region for generating the back of noise is obtained by the structure, characterized in that superimposed by submerge.
[0015]
As a result, even when the printed circuit board is composed of one sheet, it is possible to shield the electromagnetic noise from the liquid crystal-related components to the ferrite antenna and reduce the cost.
[0016]
In addition, when a flexible printed wiring board screen printed with a conductive pattern using the conductive paste described above is bent to cover a component that generates noise by shielding, the conductive paste is screen-printed, so that the printed side faces outward. In order to solve the problem that the conductive paste can be cracked when folded back, the printed side can only be folded inward, and the present invention according to claim 3 provides a wiring pattern and an electromagnetic wave on the front side of a thin plate-shaped base material. With respect to a printed wiring board on which a shield pattern for shielding the printed wiring board is printed with a conductive paste, a predetermined portion of the printed wiring board is bent so that a printed surface thereof is on the inside, and an area of the shield pattern is formed. This is a configuration in which it is sunk into a noise-generating region on the back side of the base material and superposed.
[0017]
This allows a part of the printed wiring board printed with the conductive paste to have a shielding function, so that electromagnetic noise can be shielded with an inexpensive configuration.
[0018]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
[0019]
(Embodiment 1)
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a portable disk media player with a radio and a liquid crystal including an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention, and FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line ABCD of FIG. FIG. 3 is an exploded cross-sectional view in which the components in FIG. 1 have been moved in the vertical direction. 1 to 3, the same components as those in FIGS. 9 to 12 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
[0020]
The configuration of the first embodiment will be described. As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the structure of the lid portion 23 is such that a liquid crystal display panel 6, a zebra rubber connector 7, and a 0.1 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate base material such as silver are provided between the upper lid 42 and the lid cover 43. The printed wiring board 45 on which the wiring is screen-printed with the conductive paste is sandwiched in order and fastened with screws 40. By fastening the screw 40, the liquid crystal display panel 6, the zebra rubber connector 7, and the electrode portion of the printed wiring board 45 are pressed against each other, and the liquid crystal display panel 6 and the printed wiring board 45 are electrically connected.
[0021]
The main housing 25 has a structure in which the printed circuit board 13 is fastened between the intermediate frame 11 and the bottom housing 12 with screws 14, and the reproducing mechanism 16 is connected to the intermediate frame 11 and the bottom. The boss (not shown) protrudes from between the housings 12 and is held via elastic rubber (not shown).
[0022]
The main housing 25 and the lid 23 can be freely opened and closed by fitting the rotation shafts 17 a and 17 b of the intermediate frame 11 and the rotation bearings 18 a and 18 b of the upper lid 2. The reproduction mechanism 16 and the printed circuit board 13 are connected by a flexible cable (not shown). A liquid crystal driving circuit (not shown), a ferrite antenna 8, an AM and FM tuner circuit (not shown), a disk medium circuit (not shown), a connector 19, and a chip ring 26 at a ground potential are mounted on the printed circuit board 13. The printed wiring board 45 is connected to the connector 19.
[0023]
When listening to the AM radio, when the disk medium 15 having a metal foil such as aluminum as shown in FIG. 1 is mounted and the lid 23 is closed, noise generated from the liquid crystal display panel 6 and its wiring is generated by the disk medium. The light propagates through the metal film 15 and is emitted from the disk surface, and is also emitted above the ferrite antenna 8. In order to reduce this noise, the shield plate 24 is fastened to the intermediate frame body 11 with screws 33, and the fastening force of the screws 14 when assembling the intermediate frame body 11, the printed board 13, and the bottom housing 12 is used. When the plate spring portion 47 of the shield plate 24 is pressed against the chip ring 26 at the ground potential, the noise that enters the ferrite antenna 8 is reduced. The shape of the shield plate 24 covers the upper portion of the ferrite antenna 8 as shown in FIG. 1 so as to block noise emitted to the upper portion of the ferrite antenna 8. FIG. 4 shows the shape of the shield plate 24. 4A is a plan view of the shield plate 24, FIG. 4B is a right side view of the shield plate 24, and FIG. 4C is a front view of the shield plate 24.
[0024]
With the electromagnetic noise shielding mechanism configured as described above, since the shield plate 24 covers the side of the disk medium 15 of the ferrite antenna 8, the wraparound of noise generated from the liquid crystal display panel and its wiring is prevented by the shield plate and the screw. And the ring can be inexpensively shielded, and the printed circuit board can be constituted by one sheet, thereby reducing the cost.
[0025]
(Embodiment 2)
FIG. 5 is a partial cross section of a lid of a portable disk media player with a radio and a liquid crystal including an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention, and a plan view thereof is equivalent to FIG. FIG. 5 shows the right side portion of the CD section. FIG. 6 is an exploded sectional view of FIG. 5 and 6, the same components as those in FIGS. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted. In the structure of the lid 27 shown in FIG. 5, the omitted part on the left side is the same as the lid 23 of FIG.
[0026]
The structure of the main housing is the same as the structure of the main housing 25 of the first embodiment except that the shield plate 24, the screw 33, and the tip ring 26 are omitted. The relationship between the main housing and the lid 27 is openable and closable equivalent to that of the first embodiment.
[0027]
As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the structure of the lid 27 is such that the liquid crystal display panel 6, the zebra rubber connector 7, the printed wiring board 45, and the conductive shield plate 30 are sequentially interposed between the upper lid 28 and the lid cover 29. The structure is such that the conductive rubber 31, the printed wiring board 45, and the shield plate 30 are sequentially sandwiched and fastened by screws 32 at another position, and the liquid crystal display panel is fastened by fastening the screws 40. 6, the zebra rubber connector 7, the electrode portion of the printed wiring board 45 and the shield plate 30 are pressed against each other, and the liquid crystal display panel 6 and the printed wiring board 45 are electrically connected to each other. The shield plate 30 is connected to the ground potential by pressing the ground electrode portion of the printed wiring board 45 against the shield plate 30.
[0028]
Here, the conductive rubber 31 is used for the ground connection of the shield plate 30. However, as another method for connecting the shield plate 30 to the ground electrode, a metal spring may be used instead of the conductive rubber 31. The same effect can be obtained even if the ground electrode portion is pressed against the shield plate 30.
[0029]
Also, the same effect can be obtained by folding the thin conductive shield plate, applying it to the ground electrode portion of the printed wiring board 45, fixing the portion with screws, and crimping the shield plate and the ground electrode portion.
[0030]
The shield plate 30 is connected to the ground electrode of the printed wiring board 45 by first connecting the ground electrode of the printed wiring board 45 to the ground electrode of the liquid crystal display panel 6 with the zebra rubber connector 7. A hole is provided in the lower part of the connector 7, the ground electrode is extended to the upper part of the hole, and the shield plate 30, the zebra connector 7 and the printed wiring board 45 are pressed against each other to connect the shield plate on the back side to the ground electrode on the front side. The same effect can be obtained.
[0031]
Further, even if a conductive paste is printed on the back surface of the printed wiring board 45 and used as a shield pattern, the connector 19 is used as a double-sided connector, and the shield pattern is connected to the ground electrode at the contact point of the connector. An equivalent effect can be obtained.
[0032]
The same effect can be obtained by printing a conductive paste on the back side of the printed wiring board 45 and connecting the conductive paste to the ground potential wiring on the front side through holes.
[0033]
With this configuration of the shield plate 30, it is possible to prevent the noise generated from the liquid crystal display panel and its wiring from being emitted to the disk medium 15 and reduce the intrusion of the noise into the ferrite antenna 8. The noise generated from the IC for driving the liquid crystal and reaching the ferrite antenna 8 is small because the IC, the ferrite antenna 8 and the disk medium 15 are sufficiently separated. Further, noise generated from the portion of the printed wiring board 45 where the shield plate 30 does not overlap and reaches the ferrite antenna 8 shown in FIG. 5 is small because the angle between the surface of the disk medium 15 and the surface of the portion is almost a right angle.
[0034]
With the electromagnetic noise shield mechanism configured as described above, the shield plate 30 covers the lower side of the liquid crystal display panel 6 and its wiring, so that noise generated from them can be shielded. The mechanism can be realized at low cost with three points of the rubber 31.
[0035]
(Embodiment 3)
The portable disk media player with a radio and a liquid crystal including an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to the third embodiment differs from the configuration of the first embodiment in that the shield plate 24, the screw 33, and the chip ring 26 are omitted, and the printed wiring board 45 is replaced with the one shown in FIG. 8 is replaced with a printed wiring board 34 shown in FIG.
[0036]
FIG. 7 is a development view of the printed wiring board 34, and FIG. 8 is a view showing a relationship between the ferrite antenna 8 and the liquid crystal display panel 6 in a state where the printed wiring board 34 is incorporated in the lid 23.
[0037]
The printed wiring board 34 is obtained by screen-printing wiring with a conductive paste such as silver on the surface of a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having a thickness of 0.1 mm, and as shown in a developed view of the printed wiring board 34 in FIG. Has a shield portion 35 printed with a conductive paste such as silver and serving as a ground electrode. (However, the shield portion 35 may be not a solid pattern but a lattice-like pattern exhibiting a shielding effect.)
In order to incorporate the printed wiring board 34 into the lid 23, the surface on which the conductive paste is printed is bent inward at the perforation 36 from the unfolded state in FIG. As shown in FIG. 8, a projection 37 provided at the end of the shield 35 is passed through the elongated hole 38 from the back and is brought out to the front side and temporarily fixed, and the shield 35 is provided below the liquid crystal display panel 6 and its wiring. Then, the positioning holes 39 and the positioning holes 41 formed in the printed wiring board 34 are fitted into positioning pins A (not shown) provided in the lid cover 29, Further, the positioning long hole 44 formed in the printed wiring board 34 is fitted to a positioning pin B (not shown) provided in the lid cover 29, and the printed wiring board 34 is arranged on the lid cover 29. And zebra The connector 40, the liquid crystal display panel 6, and the upper lid 42 are overlapped with each other, and the screws 40 are passed through holes (not shown) of the lid cover 29 and holes 46 formed in the printed wiring board 34 and fastened to the upper lid 42. The wiring board 34 is incorporated in the lid.
[0038]
As described above, the reason why the conductive paste is bent on the printing side is that when the base material is bent toward the side on which nothing is printed, a tensile stress is generated in the printed conductive paste, and the conductive paste is vulnerable to the tensile stress. For this reason, cracks are generated, and the generation of cracks is prevented by folding the paste toward the printing side where the paste is compressed.
[0039]
If the paste side is simply folded back and overlapped, the shield portion 35 is disposed between the liquid crystal display panel 6 and its wiring pattern, so that noise from the wiring pattern propagates through the disk medium 15 and is received by the ferrite antenna 8. The shield effect cannot be exerted.
[0040]
The lid part 23 incorporating the printed wiring board 34 sandwiches the liquid crystal display panel 6, the zebra rubber connector 7, the printed wiring board 34, and the shield part 35 of the printed wiring board 34 between the upper lid 42 and the lid cover 43 in order. The liquid crystal display panel 6, the zebra rubber connector 7, and the electrode portion of the printed wiring board 34 are pressed against each other by the fastening of the screw 40, and the liquid crystal display panel 6 and the printed wiring board 34 are electrically connected. Have been.
[0041]
With the electromagnetic noise shield mechanism configured as described above, since the shield part 35 of the printed wiring board 34 covers the lower side of the liquid crystal display panel 6 and its wiring, noise can be shielded, and the shield component is only the printed wiring board 34. This can reduce costs.
[0042]
In the third embodiment, the content of shielding noise from liquid crystal-related components is described. However, a printed circuit board on which wiring and a shield region are screen-printed with conductive paste on one side of a base material is bent inward on a printed surface. By making the shield area sunk into the non-printed surface of the base material, this configuration can be mounted on an electric device that needs to shield the surface opposite to the wiring surface of the wiring board.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to shield the noise generated from the liquid crystal-related components of the radio and the disk media player with the liquid crystal from propagating through the metal film of the disk medium and entering the ferrite antenna with an inexpensive configuration. The effect is obtained.
[0044]
According to the third aspect of the present invention, a wiring board having a wiring and a shielded area printed with a conductive paste on one side of a base material is provided on an electric device which needs to shield a surface opposite to a wiring surface of the wiring substrate. Even if it is used, it can be shielded inexpensively by bending the printed surface inward and sneaking the shield area into the unprinted surface of the base material so that the printed surface that does not cause breakage due to cracks is bent inward. The effect is obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. FIG. 4A is a plan view of the shield plate according to the first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4B is a right side view of the shield plate according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. FIG. 5 is a front view of a shield plate according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of an electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a partial exploded view of the electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a developed view of a printed wiring board of the electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a plan view of the electromagnetic noise shield mechanism according to the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a portable disk media player with a radio liquid crystal having a built-in electromagnetic noise shield mechanism. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing an ABCD section of FIG. 9; FIG. 12A is a detailed view showing a main part of a conventional electromagnetic noise shield mechanism. FIG. 12B is a sectional view taken along line E-E in FIG. 12A.
6 LCD panel 8 Ferrite antenna 15 Disk media 13 Printed circuit board 23 Cover 24 Shield plate 25 Main housing 27 Cover 30 Shield plate 31 Conductive rubber 34 Printed wiring board 35 Shielded part 45 Printed wiring board

Claims (4)

A lid portion having a liquid crystal display portion, a main housing portion openably and closably engaged with the lid portion, a disk media reusing circuit built in the main housing portion and having a metal foil, and a ferrite antenna. A printed circuit board on which the radio circuit is mounted, wiring means for electrically connecting the liquid crystal display unit and the printed circuit board, and a reproducing mechanism held by the main housing and capable of attaching and detaching the disk medium. An electromagnetic shield mechanism built into a radio and a liquid crystal disk media player disposed between the liquid crystal display and the ferrite antenna when the disk medium is mounted on the reproduction mechanism. An electromagnetic shield mechanism, comprising a shield plate provided between the ferrite antenna and the disk medium and joined to a ground electrode of the printed circuit board. A lid portion having a liquid crystal display portion, a main housing portion openably and closably engaged with the lid portion, and a playback mechanism portion held by the main housing portion and capable of attaching and detaching a disk medium having a metal foil. Radio and disk media with liquid crystal, including a printed circuit board mounted in the main housing portion and mounted with a circuit for driving the liquid crystal display, a circuit for reproducing the disk media, and a radio circuit having a ferrite antenna An electromagnetic shield mechanism built in the regenerator, comprising: a wiring board for electrically connecting the liquid crystal display section and the printed board; and a conductive board disposed on a back side of the wiring for the liquid crystal display section on the wiring board. An electromagnetic shield mechanism comprising: a shield plate as described above; and connection means for connecting the shield plate to a ground electrode. Regarding a printed wiring board on which a wiring pattern and a shield pattern for shielding electromagnetic waves are printed with a conductive paste on the front side of a thin plate-like base material, a predetermined portion of the printed wiring board is bent such that the printed surface is on the inside. An electromagnetic shielding mechanism, wherein the shield pattern area is sunk into a noise-generating area on the back side of the base of the wiring pattern and overlapped. A lid portion having a liquid crystal display portion, a main housing portion openably and closably engaged with the lid portion, and a playback mechanism portion held by the main housing portion and capable of attaching and detaching a disk medium having a metal foil. Radio and disk media with liquid crystal, including a printed circuit board mounted in the main housing portion and mounted with a circuit for driving the liquid crystal display, a circuit for reproducing the disk media, and a radio circuit having a ferrite antenna The electromagnetic shield mechanism according to claim 3, wherein the regenerator has a built-in electromagnetic shield mechanism.

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