JP2004299944A - Graphite particle, its producing method, lithium ion secondary battery and negative electrode material for it - Google Patents

Graphite particle, its producing method, lithium ion secondary battery and negative electrode material for it Download PDF

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JP2004299944A
JP2004299944A JP2003093308A JP2003093308A JP2004299944A JP 2004299944 A JP2004299944 A JP 2004299944A JP 2003093308 A JP2003093308 A JP 2003093308A JP 2003093308 A JP2003093308 A JP 2003093308A JP 2004299944 A JP2004299944 A JP 2004299944A
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graphite
particles
mesophase
negative electrode
lithium ion
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JP4354723B2 (en
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Minoru Sakai
稔 酒井
Katsuhiro Nagayama
勝博 長山
Hitomi Hatano
仁美 羽多野
Hironori Morioka
洋典 森岡
Makoto Honma
信 本間
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JFE Chemical Corp
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JFE Chemical Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a graphite particle which is highly crystalline and which has a peculiar structure having a void inside, a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery with high density using it whose expansion after charge/discharge is small and whose discharge capacity per volume is large, and the lithium ion secondary battery whose capacity is large and whose cycle characteristics does not degrade after repeated charge/discharge. <P>SOLUTION: The graphite particle is the graphitized substance of a mesophase small spherical body. The density measured for a graphite particle as it is is 2.210-2.240 g/cm<SP>3</SP>and the density measured for its crushed matter is 2.245-2.265 g/cm<SP>3</SP>based on JIS R7222-1997 (6. measurement of true specific gravity). The mesophase small spherical body having a large mean particle diameter of 20-60 μm is separated, refined, carbonized by firing at from 350°C to lower than 450°C without practically coexistence of an insoluble matter except the mesophase small spherical body and it becomes a graphite precursor particle which contains a volatile matter of 4-20 mass% and then graphitized to the graphite particle. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物(黒鉛質粒子)およびその製造方法、さらに該黒鉛質粒子を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池およびそのための負極に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
リチウムイオン二次電池は、作動電圧、電池容量、サイクル寿命などの電池特性に優れ、環境汚染の少ない電源として、従来主流であったニッケル・カドミウム電池およびニッケル水素電池に代わって広範な分野・用途で用いられるようになってきている。特に携帯電話、ノートパソコンなどの携帯電子機器の実用化には重要な役割を果たしているが、これら電子機器の高性能・高機能化に伴って、これらに搭載されるリチウムイオン二次電池のさらなる高性能化が求められている。
【0003】
リチウム金属をそのまま負極として用いると、安全性に問題があるため、リチウムイオン二次電池は、正・負極用各材料を、それぞれリチウムイオンの担持体として機能する酸化還元電位の異なる二種類の層間化合物で構成する。充放電過程における非水溶媒の出入は層間で行われる。上記のような負極材料としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出する能力を有し、リチウムイオンが層間挿入した時に、リチウムイオンとの安定した層間化合物を形成する炭素材料が好適である。
【0004】
炭素材料のうちでも、特に黒鉛材料は、結晶性黒鉛構造が発達するほど、リチウムとの層間化合物を安定に形成しやすく、多量のリチウムが炭素網面層の層間に挿入されるので、高い放電容量が得られることが報告されている(非特許文献1など参照)。リチウムの挿入量により種々の層構造を形成し、それらが共存する領域では平坦でかつリチウム金属に近い高い電位を示す(非特許文献2など参照)。これらから組み電池にした場合には高出力を得ることが可能となり、一般的に炭素負極材料の理論容量は、最終的に黒鉛とリチウムとの理想的な黒鉛層間化合物LiCが形成された場合の放電容量372mAh/gとされている。
【0005】
ところで、リチウムイオン二次電池の実用上の高容量化の点では、体積当りの放電容量が高いことが重要である。単位体積当りの放電容量を向上させるには、負極の活物質同士の接点を増加させて電子伝導性を高め、充電性を向上させればよく、このためには負極を高密度化することが有効であると考えられる。ここで、充電時の電解液中のリチウムイオンは、規則正しく発達した黒鉛構造の六角網面に相当するベーサル面から挿入されにくく、エッジ面から吸蔵されると考えられている。
このため、高純度の天然黒鉛は、上記質量あたりの理論容量に匹敵する高い放電容量を示す黒鉛材料であるが、大きな圧力でプレス成形すると、充放電特性が悪化してしまい、高密度化が図れないという実用上の問題を生じる。すなわちりん片状の天然黒鉛は、高密度に充填すると互いに密着してエッジ面の露出が減少し、リチウムイオンが天然黒鉛の結晶の層間に挿入されにくくなり、リチウムイオン拡散性(充電性)が悪化するためである。
【0006】
これに対し、メソフェーズピッチを熱処理して得られる黒鉛化物、特にピッチ中に生成したメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物は、略球状の形状を有するため、負極形成時に他材料と撹拌混合しやすく、プレスしてもつぶれにくいだけでなく、配向性がなく負極形成時にランダムに積層して、良好なレート特性(急速充放電効率)を奏する。メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物は、通常、コールタールピッチなどの易黒鉛化炭素材料(以下ピッチ)などを350〜500℃で加熱してメソフェーズ小球体を生成させ、ピッチから取り出した後、炭素化し、次いで3000℃程度の高温で黒鉛化したものであり、黒鉛化後もピッチで形成した球状をほぼ保持している。
【0007】
このメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質の担持体として使用することも、従来数多く提案されている(たとえば特許文献1〜2など参照)。
このようなメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物の結晶構造は、球体の直径方向に層状に配向したラメラ構造であることが、ブルックスおよびテーラー(非特許文献3)により報告されており、上記特許文献1〜2にも、この構造が開示されている。
【0008】
【非特許文献1】
電気化学および工業物理化学,61(2),1383(1993)
【非特許文献2】
J.Electrochem.Soc., 140,9,2490(1993)
【非特許文献3】
Brooks & Taylor, Carbon,3,185(1965)
【特許文献1】
特開平11−283622号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2000−323127号公報
【0009】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
上記のように略球状の形状を有するメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物は、プレス成形時にランダムに積層して配向しにくいため、天然黒鉛に比べれば良好なレート特性を有し、さらにサイクル特性も優れるが、充放電を繰り返すと、元の球状に戻ろうとする復元力が大きいため、粒子同士の接点が減少し、サイクル特性に劣化を生じるという課題がある。
本発明は、上記のような状況に鑑みて、電極密度が高く、体積あたりの放電容量が大きく、かつ繰り返し充放電後もサイクル特性に劣化を生じないリチウムイオン二次電池、そのための負極、それを構成する新規な黒鉛質粒子およびその製造方法を提供することを目的としている。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極用炭素材料として使用されるメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物(黒鉛質粒子)について、特に黒鉛質粒子の高結晶化を目的として検討を行ったところ、易黒鉛化炭素材料中に大粒径のメソフェーズ小球体を生成させるとともに、該メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化工程の前段に行われる加熱工程(炭素化)を、実質的に易黒鉛化炭素材料の重質分を共存させずに450℃未満の低温で実施することにより、極めて高結晶性の黒鉛質粒子が得られるという知見を得た。また該黒鉛質粒子は、内部に空孔 (以下内孔ともいう)を有する新規な構造であることを見出した。
なお従来、上記炭素化工程は、ピッチから分離したメソフェーズ小球体に付随する成分のうち、メソフェーズ小球体の結晶化を阻害する易黒鉛化炭素材料の重質分を黒鉛化に先立って除去するため比較的高温で行われている。たとえば前記特許文献2(実施例)に開示される炭素化温度は1000℃である。
【0011】
本発明において、低温での炭素化工程が実現できた背景には、ピッチ中で大径のメソフェーズ小球体を生成させることによりピッチからの分離が容易となったことに加えて、分離時にメソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分を析出させないことによる。具体的には、大径のメソフェーズ小球体の生成は、メソフェーズ小球体の成長径を調整するためにピッチ中に共存させる成長抑制剤としての難黒鉛化炭素材料(フリーカーボン)の添加量を少量とすることで達成することができる。またメソフェーズ小球体の径を大きくし、ピッチからのメソフェーズ小球体の分離が容易となったことにより、分離を容易にするためにピッチに添加していた有機溶媒量を低減することができる。有機溶媒の添加により析出していた重質分の析出(メソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分)を、有機溶媒量の低減により抑制することができ、スラリーから実質的に重質分を付随させずにメソフェーズ小球体を分離することが可能となった。
【0012】
本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、外見上は従来の黒鉛質粒子と同様であり、内部にのみ孔を有する特異的な構造を有する。これは、本発明における炭素化が低温で行われることにより、炭素化後のメソフェーズ小球体(黒鉛質前駆粒子)の含む揮発分量が従来に比べ相対的に高いことに起因すると考えられる。重質分の共存は黒鉛化時の結晶化を阻害するのに対し、大径のメソフェーズ小球体での揮発分の存在は、メソフェーズ小球体内部において液相炭素化を生じさせ、黒鉛化時の結晶再配列を生じさせると考えられる。これにより、黒鉛化時の結晶性が促進され、メソフェーズ小球体内部での結晶化の進行と揮発分の蒸散とにより、内部に空孔が形成されると考えられる。
【0013】
また上記のような空孔を有する特異構造の黒鉛質粒子を用いて、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極を作製すると、プレス成形により空孔をなくすように変形して高密度の電極を形成することができ、また充放電後の膨張が少ないという知見を得た。上記黒鉛質粒子を用いれば、活物質密度の高い電極が得られ、体積あたりの放電容量を向上させることができ、大容量の電池が得られるだけでなく、繰り返し充放電しても電極の膨張率が小さく、優れたサイクル特性が得られることが分かった。
【0014】
本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物であって、JIS R7222−1997(6.真比重の測定)に準拠して、前記黒鉛質粒子そのままで測定される密度(みかけ密度)が2.210〜2.240g/cmである。
また、その粉砕物について上記と同様に測定される測定される密度(真密度)が2.245〜2.265g/cmである。
このような黒鉛質粒子は、内部に0.1〜30μmの空孔を1または複数個有することが望ましい。
【0015】
本発明に係る黒鉛質粒子は、高結晶である。X線広角回折による炭素網面層の面間隔(c軸方向の格子面間隔)d002 を結晶度の目安とすることができる。面間隔d002 は小さいほど、黒鉛質粒子がマクロ構造的には高結晶性(高黒鉛化度)であることを意味する。具体的には、d002 が0.3360nm未満であることが望ましい。
本発明に本発明に係る黒鉛質粒子は、球状物質としてのみかけ密度は2.210〜2.240g/cmと低いが、面間隔d002 が0.3360nm未満と小さい、高結晶の黒鉛化物である。
【0016】
上記のような黒鉛質粒子は、
易黒鉛化炭素材料を加熱し、平均粒径20〜60μmのメソフェーズ小球体を生成させた後、有機溶媒をメソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分を実質的に析出させない量で添加してスラリーを形成し、該スラリーからメソフェーズ小球体を分離し、
上記で分離されたメソフェーズ小球体を350〜450℃未満で焼成することにより炭素化し、揮発分を4〜20質量%の量で含む黒鉛前駆粒子を得た後、
次いで黒鉛前駆粒子を黒鉛化することにより製造することができる。
【0017】
上記メソフェーズ小球体の粒径は、易黒鉛化炭素材料中に0.01〜2質量%の量で難黒鉛化炭素材料粒子を含ませることにより調整することができる。難黒鉛化炭素材料粒子は、通常、粒径0.1nm〜10μm程度である。
【0018】
易黒鉛化炭素材料から生成したメソフェーズ小球体を分離精製する際に、有機溶媒を多量に添加すると有機溶媒不溶分として重質分が析出しやすい。有機溶媒をメソフェーズ小球体の分離精製に必要な最小限で添加して重質分を極力析出させずにメソフェーズ小球体のスラリーを形成するには、具体的にスラリーの125℃における粘度が1〜100mPa・s程度の高粘度であることが望ましい。
【0019】
上記黒鉛質粒子は、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極炭素材料として有用であり、本発明では、上記のような黒鉛質粒子を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極、およびリチウムイオン二次電池を提供する。
【0020】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明をより具体的に説明する。
<黒鉛質粒子およびその製造方法>
本発明に係る黒鉛質粒子は、メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物であり、その形状(外見)は、球状あるいは球状に近い形状、粒状、粉砕による不定形の粒子であってもよいが、球状あるいは球状に近い形状であることが望ましい。
黒鉛質粒子の体積換算による平均粒子径は、20〜60μmが好ましく、30〜40μmがより好ましい。平均粒子径は、レーザー回折式粒度分布計により測定することができる。
【0021】
本発明に係る黒鉛質粒子は、内部に空孔を1または複数個有する。
このため本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、JIS R7222−1997(6.真比重の測定)に準拠してそのままで測定される密度が低く、通常2.210〜2.240g/cm、好ましくは2.210〜2.230g/cmである。
上記方法で測定される密度は、空孔をもたない従来公知の黒鉛質粒子では、真密度を意味するが、内部に空孔をもつ本発明の黒鉛質粒子では、みかけ密度を意味する。なお上記黒鉛質粒子の真密度は、黒鉛質粒子の粉砕物について上記と同様に測定される密度であり、通常2.245〜2.265g/cm、好ましくは2.255〜2.260g/cmである。
【0022】
黒鉛質粒子内部の空孔は、必ずしも完全な閉孔に限定されるものではないが、たとえば後述する実施例の電子顕微鏡写真(模式図)の図1〜2で示すように、粒子内に亀裂状に形成された閉孔であることが望ましい。内孔は、粒径より小さく、黒鉛質粒子が全体として球状を保持することができる大きさであればよく、通常0.1〜30μmであり、好ましくは5〜30μmである。この内孔は、後述するようなメソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化過程で生じるものであり、その大きさはさまざまであり、特に限定されないが、後述するようなリチウムイオン二次電池の電極膨張率の観点からは、ある程度の空孔率で存在することが望ましい。具体的には、空孔率を{1−(みかけ密度/真密度)}×100とするとき、空孔率が、1〜3%程度であることが望ましい。
【0023】
本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、その内孔構造のため粒子のままの密度(みかけ密度)は低いが、真密度は高く、高結晶性である。黒鉛質粒子の高結晶性、すなわち黒鉛構造の発達度合いは、X線広角回折法における炭素網面層の格子面間隔(d002 )から判定することができる。
上記面間隔d002 は、0.3360nm未満であることが好ましく、0.3357〜0.33595nmであることがより好ましい。また同様に測定される結晶子のc軸方向の大きさLcを併せて黒鉛構造発達の目安とすることができ、このLcは100nm以上であることが望ましい。
これらは、CuKαをX線源、標準物質に高純度シリコンを使用して、炭素材料に対し(002)回折ピークを測定し、そのピーク位置およびその半値幅より、それぞれd002 、Lcを算出することができる。算出方法は学振法に従うものであり、具体的な方法は「炭素繊維」(近代編集社、昭和61年3月発行)733〜742頁などに記載されており、その記載を本明細書でも引用することができる。
【0024】
上記のような黒鉛質粒子は、易黒鉛化炭素材料を加熱し、平均粒径20〜60μmのメソフェーズ小球体を生成させた後、メソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分を実質的に析出させない量で有機溶媒を添加してスラリーを形成し、該スラリーからメソフェーズ小球体を分離し、
上記で分離されたメソフェーズ小球体を350〜450℃未満で焼成することにより炭素化し、揮発分を4〜20質量%の量で含む黒鉛前駆粒子を得た後、
次いで黒鉛前駆粒子を黒鉛化することにより得ることができる。
【0025】
易黒鉛化炭素材料は、高温熱処理により黒鉛化しうる炭素材料であり、易黒鉛化炭素材料(原料)としては、石油系または石炭系のタール類、ピッチ類を熱処理したものが挙げられる。石油系または石炭系のタール類およびピッチ類が挙げられる。具体的には、コールタール、コールタールピッチ、アセナフチレン、石油系重質油などである。
【0026】
メソカーボン小球体を生成させる易黒鉛化炭素材料の加熱温度は、易黒鉛化炭素材料の種類、加熱方法などによって適宜選択される。たとえば、コールタールピッチを用いる場合は、通常350〜500℃、好ましくは400〜450℃で加熱することによって、メソカーボン小球体を生成させることができる。
【0027】
本発明では、ここで平均粒径20〜60μmの大径のメソフェーズ小球体を生成させる。上記粒径のメソフェーズ小球体は、易黒鉛化炭素材料中に含ませる難黒鉛化炭素材料の含有量を0.01〜2質量%、好ましくは0.3〜0.9質量%とすることにより調整することができる。この難黒鉛化炭素材料は、高温熱処理しても黒鉛化しない炭素材料であり、フリーカーボンとも称され、たとえば気相成長炭素などが挙げられる。難黒鉛化炭素材料は、通常は、メソフェーズ小球体の成長を抑制し、粒径調整のために添加されるものであり、0.1nm〜10μm程度の粒子である。従来一般的には、難黒鉛化炭素材料の添加により易黒鉛化炭素材料中に生成するメソフェーズ小球体の平均粒径を略10〜30μm程度に調整している。
【0028】
上記で生成したメソフェーズ小球体を含む易黒鉛化炭素材料に、次いで、有機溶媒を添加してスラリーを形成し、該スラリーからメソフェーズ小球体を分離精製する。有機溶媒としては、ベンゼン、トルエン、キノリン、テトラヒドロフラン、タール軽油、タール中油、タール重油、洗浄油などを用いることができる。
本発明では、このスラリーを形成の際には、メソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分を実質的に析出させない量で有機溶媒の添加するが、具体的には有機溶媒添加後のスラリー粘度(125℃)が1〜100mPa・s、好ましくは1.0〜50mPa・sであることが望ましい。
【0029】
なお従来、ろ過のしやすさを考慮してスラリーは0.01mPa・s程度の低粘度に調整されており、本発明でのスラリーは、従来に比して高粘度である。本発明で使用される有機溶媒量は、有機溶媒の種類などによっても異なるが、従来の使用量に比して数分の一程度であるが、メソフェーズ小球体が大径であることと、有機溶媒の添加量が少なく、易黒鉛化炭素材料(マトリックス分)から有機溶媒に不溶分として析出する重質分が少ないため、メソフェーズ小球体を充分に洗浄することができる。
メソフェーズ小球体は、上記で調製されたスラリーから、加圧ろ過、循環ろ過などの方法により分離精製することができる。
【0030】
分離されたメソフェーズ小球体は、次いで、非酸化性雰囲気下、一次焼成(炭素化)して、黒鉛前駆粒子とする。本発明では、この炭素化工程を、350〜450℃未満、好ましくは400〜450℃未満の低温で実施する。
低温での炭素化により得られる黒鉛前駆粒子は、比較的多量の揮発分を含み、具体的には、通常4〜20質量%、好ましくは4〜7質量%の量で含む。
【0031】
黒鉛前駆粒子の揮発分量は、JIS K2425の固定炭素法に準拠して以下のように測定される。
揮発分量の測定方法:試料(黒鉛前駆粒子)1gをるつぼに量り取り、ふたをしないで430℃の電気炉で30分間加熱する。その後二重るつぼとし、800℃の電気炉で30分間加熱して揮発分を除き、減量率を揮発分量とする。
【0032】
次いで、黒鉛前駆粒子は、2000℃以上、好ましくは2800〜3200℃温度で黒鉛化する。黒鉛化は、通常、非酸化性雰囲気下で行われ、2段以上で行うこともできる。この黒鉛化時、比較的多量に含まれる揮発分により、メソフェーズ小球体内の芳香族の配列が容易となり、黒鉛結晶構造が著しく発達する。一方、球状という形状の制限があるため、外部の結晶子の向きはランダムになるものの、内部は高配向し、その結果として黒鉛化品(黒鉛質粒子)内に空孔が生じると考えられる。
【0033】
メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化処理では、実質的に黒鉛化前の形状が保持されるので、あらかじめ熱処理前に、メソフェーズ小球体を所定の形状に調整することができる。また黒鉛質粒子の形状付与には、公知の粉砕方法、加工方法を適宜採用することもできる。
【0034】
本発明に係る黒鉛質粒子は、上記のような空孔を有する特異構造を有するため、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極炭素材料として使用した際、プレス成形により空孔をなくすように変形して高密度の電極を形成することができ、かつ充放電後に膨張が少ないという効果を奏する。また繰り返し充放電しても電極の膨張率が小さく、優れたサイクル特性が得られる。さらに黒鉛質粒子そのものは高結晶性で、真密度が高いため、活物質密度の高い電極が得られ、体積あたりの放電容量を向上させることができ、具体的には650mAh/cm以上の大容量の電池を得ることができる。
【0035】
<リチウムイオン二次電池>
したがって本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極炭素材料として有用であり、本発明では、黒鉛質粒子を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極、およびリチウムイオン二次電池を提供する。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、負極材料として上記黒鉛質粒子を用いること以外は特に限定されず、他の電池構成要素については一般的なリチウムイオン二次電池の要素に準じることができる。リチウムイオン二次電池は、通常、負極、正極および非水電解質を主たる電池構成要素とする。
【0036】
上記黒鉛質粒子から負極の形成は、通常の成形方法に準じて行うことができるが、炭素材料としての性能を充分に引き出し、かつ粉末に対する賦形性が高く、化学的、電気化学的に安定な負極を得ることができる方法であれば何ら制限されない。
負極の炭素材料として、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲であれば、上記空孔を有する黒鉛質粒子に加え、上記で製造される黒鉛質粒子のうち、孔を有さない構造の黒鉛質粒子、さらには上記以外の製造方法で得られる黒鉛質粒子を併用することもできる。また負極作製時には、黒鉛質粒子に結合剤を加えた結合合剤を用いることができる。結合剤としては、電解質に対して化学的安定性、電気化学的安定性を有するものを用いるのが望ましく、たとえばポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等のフッ素系樹脂、ポリエチレン、ポリビニルアルコール、さらにはカルボキシメチルセルロースなどが用いられる。これらを併用することもできる。 結合剤は、通常、負極合剤全量中1〜20質量%程度の量で用いるのが好ましい。
【0037】
具体的には、たとえば黒鉛質粒子を分級等によって適当な粒径に調整し、結合剤と混合することによって負極合剤を調製し、この負極合剤を、通常、集電体の片面もしくは両面に塗布することで負極合剤層を形成することができる。
この際には通常の溶媒を用いることができ、負極合剤を溶媒中に分散させ、ペースト状とした後、集電体に塗布、乾燥すれば、負極合剤層が均一かつ強固に集電体に接着される。
より具体的には、たとえば黒鉛質粒子と、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン等のフッ素系樹脂粉末とを、イソプロピルアルコール等の溶媒中で混合・混練した後、塗布することができる。また黒鉛質粒子と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のフッ素系樹脂粉末あるいはカルボキシメチルセルロースト等の水溶性粘結剤とを、N−メチルピロリドン、ジメチルホルムアミドあるいは水、アルコール等の溶媒と混合してスラリーとした後、塗布することができる。
【0038】
黒鉛質粒子と結合剤の混合物を集電体に塗布する際の塗布厚は10〜200μmとするのが適当である。
負極合剤層を形成した後、プレス加圧等の圧着を行うと、負極合剤層と集電体との接着強度をさらに高めることができる。
また黒鉛質粒子と、ポリエチレン、ポリビニルアルコールなどの樹脂粉末とを乾式混合し、金型内でホットプレス成型することもできる。
【0039】
負極に用いる集電体の形状としては、特に限定されないが、箔状、あるいはメッシュ、エキスパンドメタル等の網状のもの等が用いられる。集電材としては、たとえば銅、ステンレス、ニッケル等を挙げることができる。集電体の厚みは、箔状の場合、5〜20μm程度が好適である。
【0040】
正極の材料(正極活物質)としては、充分量のリチウムをドープ/脱ドープし得るものを選択するのが好ましい。そのような正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、遷移金属カルコゲン化物、バナジウム酸化物(V、V13、V、Vなど)およびそのLi化合物などのリチウム含有化合物、一般式MMo8−y (式中Xは0≦X≦4、Yは0≦Y≦1の範囲の数値であり、Mは遷移金属などの金属を表す)で表されるシェブレル相化合物、活性炭、活性炭素繊維などを用いることができる。
上記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、リチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物であり、リチウムと2種類以上の遷移金属を固溶したものであってもよい。リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、具体的には、LiM(1)1−X M(2)(式中Xは0≦X≦1の範囲の数値であり、M(1)、M(2)は少なくとも一種の遷移金属元素からなる。)あるいはLiM(1)2−y M(2)(式中Yは0≦Y≦1の範囲の数値であり、M(1)、M(2)は少なくとも一種の遷移金属元素からなる。)で示される。
上記式中Mで示される遷移金属元素としては、Co、Ni、Mn、Cr、Ti、V、Fe、Zn、Al、In、Snなどが挙げられ、好ましくはCo、Fe、Mn、Ti、Cr、V、Alが挙げられる。
【0041】
リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物としては、より具体的に、LiCoO、LixNi1−y (MはNiを除く上記遷移金属元素、好ましくはCo、Fe、Mn、Ti、Cr、V、Alから選ばれる少なくとも一種、0.05≦x≦1.10、0.5≦y≦1.0である。)で示されるリチウム複合酸化物、LiNiO、LiMnO、LiMnなどが挙げられる。
【0042】
上記のようなリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、たとえば、Li、遷移金属の酸化物または塩類を出発原料とし、これら出発原料を組成に応じて混合し、酸素存在雰囲気下600℃〜1000℃の温度範囲で焼成することにより得ることができる。なお出発原料は酸化物または塩類に限定されず、水酸化物等からも合成可能である。
本発明では、正極活物質は、上記化合物を単独で使用しても2種類以上併用してもよい。たとえば正極中には、炭酸リチウム等の炭酸塩を添加することもできる。
【0043】
このような正極材料によって正極を形成するには、たとえば正極材料と結合剤および電極に導電性を付与するための導電剤よりなる正極合剤を集電体の両面に塗布することで正極合剤層を形成する。結合剤としては、負極で例示したものがいずれも使用可能である。導電剤としてはたとえば炭素材料が用いられる。
【0044】
集電体の形状は特に限定されず、箱状、あるいはメッシュ、エキスパンドメタル等の網状等のものが用いられる。たとえば集電体としては、アルミニウム箔、ステンレス箔、ニッケル箔等を挙げることができる。その厚さとしては、10〜40μmのものが好適である。
また正極の場合も負極と同様に、正極合剤を溶剤中に分散させることでペースト状にし、このペースト状の正極合剤を集電体に塗布、乾燥することによって正極合剤層を形成しても良く、正極合剤層を形成した後、さらにプレス加圧等の圧着を行っても構わない。これにより正極合剤層が均一且つ強固に集電体に接着される。
【0045】
以上のような負極および正極を形成するに際しては、従来公知の導電剤や結着剤などの各種添加剤を適宜に使用することができる。
【0046】
本発明に用いられる電解質としては通常の非水電解液に使用されている電解質塩を用いることができ、たとえばLiPF、LiBF、LiAsF、LiClO、LiB(C)、LiCl、LiBr、LiCFSO、LiCHSO、LiN(CFSO、LiC(CFSO、LiN(CFCHOSO、LiN(CFCFOSO、LiN(HCFCFCHOSO、LiN((CFCHOSO、LiB[(C((CF、LiAlCl、LiSiFなどのリチウム塩などを用いることができる。特に、LiPF、LiBFが酸化安定性の点から好ましく用いられる。
電解液中の電解質塩濃度は、0.1〜5モル/リットルが好ましく、0.5〜3.0モル/リットルがより好ましい。
【0047】
上記非水電解質は、液系の非水電解液としてもよいし、固体電解質あるいはゲル電解質等、高分子電解質としてもよい。前者の場合、非水電解質電池は、いわゆるリチウムイオン電池として構成され、後者の場合、非水電解質電池は、高分子固体電解質電池、高分子ゲル電解質電池等の高分子電解質電池として構成される。
【0048】
液系の非水電解質液とする場合には、溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、1,1−または1,2−ジメトキシエタン、1,2−ジエトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、γ−ブチロラクトン、1,3−ジオキソラン、4−メチル−1,3−ジオキソラン、アニソール、ジエチルエーテル、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、アセトニトリル、クロロニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ホウ酸トリメチル、ケイ酸テトラメチル、ニトロメタン、ジメチルホルムアミド、N−メチルピロリドン、酢酸エチル、トリメチルオルトホルメート、ニトロベンゼン、塩化ベンゾイル、臭化ベンゾイル、テトラヒドロチオフェン、ジメチルスルホキシド、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリドン、エチレングリコール、サルファイト、ジメチルサルファイト等の非プロトン性有機溶媒を用いることができる。
【0049】
非水電解質を高分子固体電解質、高分子ゲル電解質等の高分子電解質とする場合には、可塑剤(非水電解液)でゲル化されたマトリクス高分子を含むが、このマトリクス高分子としては、ポリエチレンオキサイドやその架橋体等のエーテル系高分子、ポリメタクリレート系、ポリアクリレート系、ポリビニリデンフルオライドやビニリデンフルオライド−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子等を単独、もしくは混合して用いることができる。
これらの中で、酸化還元安定性の観点等から、ポリビニリデンフルオライドやビニリデンフルオライド−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体等のフッ素系高分子を用いることが望ましい。
【0050】
これら高分子固体電解質、高分子ゲル電解質に含有される可塑剤を構成する電解質塩や非水溶媒としては、前述のものがいずれも使用可能である。ゲル電解質の場合、可塑剤である非水電解液中の電解質塩濃度は、0.1〜5モル/リットルが好ましく、0.5〜2.0モル/リットルがより好ましい。
このような固体電解質の作製方法としては特に制限はないが、たとえば高分子化合物、リチウム塩および溶媒(可塑剤)を混合し、加熱して溶融する方法、適当な混合用の有機溶剤に高分子化合物、リチウム塩および溶媒(可塑剤)を溶解させた後、混合用の有機溶剤を蒸発させる方法、並びにモノマー、リチウム塩および溶媒(可塑剤)を混合し、それに紫外線、電子線または分子線などを照射してポリマーを形成させる方法等を挙げることができる。
また、前記固体電解質中の溶媒(可塑剤)の添加割合は、10〜90質量%が好ましく、さらに好ましくは、30〜80質量%である。10質量%未満であると、導電率が低くなり、90質量%を超えると機械的強度が弱くなりフィルム化が困難となる傾向がある。
【0051】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池においては、セパレーターを使用することもできる。
セパレーターとしては、特に限定されるものではないが、たとえば織布、不織布、合成樹脂製微多孔膜等が挙げられる。特に合成樹脂製微多孔膜が好適に用いられるが、その中でもポリオレフィン系微多孔膜が、厚さ、膜強度、膜抵抗の面で好適である。具体的には、ポリエチレンおよびポリプロピレン製微多孔膜、またはこれらを複合した微多孔膜等である。
【0052】
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池においては、ゲル電解質を用いることが可能である。ゲル電解質二次電池は、黒鉛質粒子を含有する負極と、正極およびゲル電解質を、たとえば負極、ゲル電解質、正極の順で積層し、電池外装材内に収容することで構成される。なおこれに加えて、さらに負極と正極の外側にゲル電解質を配するようにしても良い。このような黒鉛質粒子を負極に用いるゲル電解質二次電池では、ゲル電解質にプロピレンカーボネートが含有され、また黒鉛質粒子としてインピーダンスを十分に低くできる程度に小粒径のものを用いた場合でも、不可逆容量が小さく抑えられる。したがって大きな放電容量が得られるとともに高い初期充放電効率が得られる。
【0053】
さらに本発明に係るリチウムイオン二次電池の構造は任意であり、その形状、形態について特に限定されるものではなく、円筒型、角型、コイン型、ボタン型等の中から任意に選択することができる。より安全性の高い密閉型非水電解液電池を得るためには、過充電等の異常時に電池内圧上昇を感知して電流を遮断させる手段を備えたものであることが望ましい。高分子固体電解質電池や高分子ゲル電解質電池の場合には、ラミネートフィルムに封入した構造とすることもできる。
【0054】
【実施例】
次に本発明を実施例により具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれら実施例に限定されるものではない。
以下の実施例および比較例では、評価電池(ボタン型二次電池)を作製して黒鉛質粒子の電池特性を評価したが、実電池は、本発明の概念に基づき、公知の方法に準じて作製することができる。
<評価電池>
評価電池の断面構造を図3に示す。集電体7上に形成した作用電極2と、対極4としてリチウム箔とを、電解質溶液を含浸させたセパレータ5を介して配置し、これらを収容した外装カップ1と外装缶3との周縁部を、絶縁ガスケット6を介してかしめ密閉して評価電池を得た。
電解質溶液は、エチレンカーボネートと、エチルメチルカーボネートとを1:2の体積比で混合した溶媒に、LiPFを1モル/kgの濃度で溶解した非水電解液を用いた。
【0055】
〔実施例1〜4〕
(1)黒鉛質粒子の製造
フリーカーボン(気相成長炭素)を、その含有量が0.3質量%となる量で添加したコールタールピッチを、400〜460℃で加熱し、コールタールピッチ中にメソフェーズ小球体(平均粒子径:40μm)を生成させた。
【0056】
そこに、沸点範囲180〜300℃のタール中油を添加し、100〜150℃の温度を保持して、1時間攪拌し、粘度(125℃)が10mPa・sのスラリーを調整した。
スラリーを加圧ろ過機に注入し、窒素ガスにより加圧してろ過し、メソカーボン小球体を分離した。
【0057】
上記で分離されたメソカーボン小球体は、80〜130℃の窒素雰囲気中で油分を乾燥させた後、窒素雰囲気中、400〜430℃の温度(表1に示す)で焼成して、表1に示す揮発分(4〜5質量%)を含む黒鉛前駆体を得た。
各黒鉛前駆体を窒素雰囲気中、3000℃で加熱(黒鉛化)し、ふるい分級により粒度調製して黒鉛質粒子(メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化品)を得た。
【0058】
実施例1で得られた黒鉛質粒子を、収束イオンビーム加工装置(日立製作所社製)を用いて、研磨し、その断面を走査電子顕微鏡で観察した。電子顕微鏡写真(撮像模式図)を図1および図2に示す。図に示すように、黒鉛質粒子内部の中心部分に、幅約15μmの空孔があることが確認された。
【0059】
(2)黒鉛質粒子の評価
各黒鉛質粒子は、球状を呈していた。平均粒径を表1に示す。
黒鉛質粒子そのままの前記JIS R7222−1997(6.真比重の測定)に準拠して測定した密度(みかけ密度)、その粉砕物について測定した真密度および格子面間隔d002 を表1に示す。
また各黒鉛質粒子の面間隔d002 と、みかけ密度(○)または真密度(●)との関係を図4に示す。
【0060】
【表1】

Figure 2004299944
【0061】
(3)電極の作製
上記実施例1で得られた黒鉛質粒子を用いて電極を作製した。
黒鉛質粒子と、結合剤としてのポリビニリデンフルオライド(PVdF)を、90:10の質量比で混合し、N−メチルピロリドンを加えて、混練し、PVdFを溶解してペースト状とし、負極合剤ペーストを調製した。
上記負極合剤ペーストを、200μmのクリアランスのドクターブレード塗布器具を用いて、銅箔(図3中、集電体7)上に塗布し、100℃で12分間乾燥した後160、190、220、255MPaの各プレス圧力でプレスし、その後130℃で一昼夜真空乾燥して、作用電極(負極)2を4個作製した。
このときのプレス圧力と、電極密度との関係を図5中に示す(○)。
図に示すようにプレス圧力の増加に伴い、電極密度も増加した。
【0062】
(4)電池特性
<充放電試験>
図3に示す構造の評価電池を作製して、25℃における放電容量を求めた。すなわち1.0mAの電流値で回路電圧が0mVに達するまで定電流充電を行い、回路電圧が0mVに達した時点で定電圧充電に切り替え、さらに電流値が20μAになるまで充電を続けた後、120分休止した。次に1.0mAの電流値で、回路電圧が1.5Vに達するまで定電流放電を行った。このとき第1サイクルにおける通電量から、黒鉛質粒子1g当たりの放電容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
なおこの試験では、リチウムイオンを黒鉛質粒子中にドープする過程を充電、黒鉛質粒子から脱ドープする過程を放電とした。
【0063】
<放電容量>
実施例1〜4の黒鉛質粒子のみかけ密度(○)または真密度(●)に対する放電容量を関係を図6に示す。この評価は、電極密度1.90g/cmで作製した作用電極2を用いて行った。650mAh/cm超の高い放電容量が得られた。
【0064】
<電極膨張率>
上記充放電試験の終了した評価電池から、作用電極2を取出し、電極厚さを測定して、電極の膨張率を求めた。充放電試験により増加した電極厚さの、試験前の厚さに対する割合(%)を電極膨張率とした。
各電極密度に対する電極膨張率を図7に示す (○)。
【0065】
<サイクル特性>
電極密度1.90g/cmの作用電極2を用いた電池を、上記充放電試験に引き続き、充放電のサイクルを100回行った時の放電容量維持率を図8に示す (○)。
【0066】
〔比較例1〜7〕
実施例1の(1)において、コールタールピッチへのフリーカーボン添加量を3.0質量%とした以外は、同様にして、メソフェーズ小球体(平均粒子径:28μm)を生成させた。タール中油の添加量を増大させた以外は同様にして粘度(125℃)が0.5mPa・sのスラリーとした。
分離後、乾燥されたメソカーボン小球体の焼成温度を、490〜530℃(表2に示す)として、揮発分含量3質量%の黒鉛前駆体を得た。この黒鉛前駆体を実施例と同様に黒鉛化)し、黒鉛質粒子を得た。
【0067】
上記で得られた黒鉛質粒子そのままの前記JIS R7222−1997(6.真比重の測定)に準拠して測定した真密度、面間隔d002 を表2に示す。各黒鉛質粒子の密度(真密度)と、面間隔d002 との関係(△)を図4に示す。
【0068】
【表2】
Figure 2004299944
【0069】
上記比較例1で得られた黒鉛質粒子を用いて、実施例と同様にプレス圧力を変えて電極を作製した。このときのプレス圧力と、電極密度との関係を図5中に示す(△)。
また各電極密度に対する電極膨張率を図7に示す(△)。
【0070】
実施例と同じ電極密度1.90g/cmで作製した作用電極を用いた場合に達成される放電容量は、最大で620mAh/cm程度であった。比較例1〜7の黒鉛質粒子の放電容量と、真密度との関係を図6に示す(△)。
実施例と同じ電極密度1.90g/cmの作用電極を用いた電池のサイクル特性を図8に示す(△)。
【0071】
上記において、図6に示されるように、本発明の実施例の黒鉛質粒子は、同程度の粒子密度を有する従来(比較例)の黒鉛質粒子に比べ、高い放電容量が得られる。また本発明の実施例の黒鉛質粒子は、粒子密度(みかけ密度)が小さく、図5に示されるように、プレス圧力が同一の場合には、比較例の黒鉛質粒子に比べ高い電極密度が得られる。
電極の膨張率は、図7に示されるように、比較例1の黒鉛質粒子の膨張率は電極密度が大きいほど膨張率が大きくなるのに対し、実施例1の黒鉛質粒子の膨張率は電極密度に拘らずほぼ一定であった。また電極密度が同一であれば、実施例1の黒鉛質粒子は、比較例1の黒鉛質粒子に比べ膨張率は小さく、高密度化に有利であることが分かる。
さらに図8に示されるように、実施例1で作製した電極は、100回充放電後の放電容量維持率が90%であり、比較例1の同放電容量維持率85%に比して高い維持率が得られた。本発明品は、電極の膨張抑制効果によりサイクル特性が向上されることが分かった。
【0072】
【発明の効果】
本発明の黒鉛質粒子は、高結晶性で、かつ内部に空孔を有する特異的な構造を有する。これにより、高密度の電極を作製することができ、この電極は充放電後の膨張が小さく、体積あたりの放電容量が大きい。大容量で、繰り返し充放電後もサイクル特性に劣化を生じないリチウムイオン二次電池、そのための負極を得ることができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池は、近年の電池の高エネルギー密度化に対する要望を満たし、搭載する機器の小型化および高性能化に有効である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の実施例で得られた黒鉛質粒子の走査電子顕微鏡観察による撮像の模式図である。
【図2】本発明の実施例で得られた黒鉛質粒子の走査電子顕微鏡観察による撮像の模式図である。
【図3】黒鉛質粒子の特性を評価するための評価電池を示す断面図である。
【図4】実施例および比較例で得られた黒鉛質粒子の密度と、面間隔d002 との関係をグラフで示す図である。
【図5】実施例および比較例で得られた黒鉛質粒子のプレス圧力と電極密度との関係をグラフで示す図である。
【図6】実施例および比較例で得られた黒鉛質粒子の密度と電極密度との関係をグラフで示す図である。
【図7】実施例および比較例で作製した電極の電極密度に対する電極膨張率をグラフで示す図である。
【図8】実施例および比較例で作製した電極のサイクル特性をグラフで示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1 外装カップ
2 作用電極
3 外装缶
4 対極
5 電解質溶液含浸セパレータ
6 絶縁ガスケット
7 集電体[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to graphitized mesophase spheres (graphitic particles) and a method for producing the same, and further relates to a lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite particles and a negative electrode therefor.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Lithium-ion secondary batteries have excellent battery characteristics such as operating voltage, battery capacity, and cycle life, and are widely used in a wide variety of fields and applications as a power source with less environmental pollution, replacing conventional nickel-cadmium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. It is being used in In particular, they play an important role in the practical application of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and notebook computers. Higher performance is required.
[0003]
If lithium metal is used as it is as a negative electrode, there is a problem in safety.Therefore, in lithium ion secondary batteries, each material for positive and negative electrodes is made of two types of interlayers having different oxidation-reduction potentials, each functioning as a lithium ion carrier. Consists of compounds. The entry and exit of the non-aqueous solvent during the charge / discharge process is performed between layers. As the above-mentioned negative electrode material, a carbon material having a capability of inserting and extracting lithium ions and forming a stable interlayer compound with lithium ions when the lithium ions are intercalated is preferable.
[0004]
Among the carbon materials, graphite materials, in particular, are more likely to stably form an intercalation compound with lithium as the crystalline graphite structure develops, and a large amount of lithium is inserted between the carbon mesh layers, resulting in a high discharge. It is reported that a capacity can be obtained (see Non-Patent Document 1, etc.). Various layer structures are formed depending on the amount of lithium inserted, and in a region where they coexist, a flat and high potential close to lithium metal is exhibited (see Non-Patent Document 2 and the like). When these are assembled into a battery, a high output can be obtained. Generally, the theoretical capacity of the carbon anode material finally becomes the ideal graphite intercalation compound LiC between graphite and lithium. 6 Is 372 mAh / g in the case where is formed.
[0005]
By the way, in terms of increasing the practical capacity of a lithium ion secondary battery, it is important that the discharge capacity per volume is high. In order to improve the discharge capacity per unit volume, it is only necessary to increase the contact points between the active materials of the negative electrode to increase the electron conductivity and improve the chargeability. For this purpose, it is necessary to increase the density of the negative electrode. Considered valid. Here, it is considered that lithium ions in the electrolytic solution at the time of charging are hardly inserted from a basal surface corresponding to a hexagonal mesh surface of a regularly developed graphite structure and occluded from an edge surface.
For this reason, high-purity natural graphite is a graphite material that exhibits a high discharge capacity comparable to the theoretical capacity per mass described above.However, when pressed under a large pressure, the charge / discharge characteristics are deteriorated, and the density is increased. There is a practical problem that it cannot be achieved. That is, when flake-like natural graphite is densely packed, it adheres to each other to reduce the exposure of the edge surface, and it becomes difficult for lithium ions to be inserted between the layers of the natural graphite crystal, and the lithium ion diffusivity (chargeability) is increased. Because it gets worse.
[0006]
On the other hand, the graphitized material obtained by heat-treating the mesophase pitch, particularly the graphitized mesophase spheres generated in the pitch, has a substantially spherical shape, so that it is easy to stir and mix with other materials during the formation of the negative electrode. Not only does it not easily collapse, it also has no orientation and is randomly laminated when forming the negative electrode, exhibiting good rate characteristics (rapid charge / discharge efficiency). Graphitized mesophase spheres are generally produced by heating a graphitizable carbon material such as coal tar pitch (hereinafter referred to as pitch) at 350 to 500 ° C. to produce mesophase spheres, removing them from the pitch, and carbonizing them. Next, it was graphitized at a high temperature of about 3000 ° C., and after the graphitization, the spherical shape formed at the pitch was substantially maintained.
[0007]
Numerous proposals have been made to use this graphitized mesophase sphere as a support for a negative electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
It has been reported by Brooks and Taylor (Non-Patent Document 3) that the crystal structure of the graphitized mesophase microspheres is a lamellar structure oriented in a layered manner in the diameter direction of the spheres. 2 discloses this structure.
[0008]
[Non-patent document 1]
Electrochemistry and Industrial Physical Chemistry, 61 (2), 1383 (1993)
[Non-patent document 2]
J. Electrochem. Soc. , 140, 9, 2490 (1993).
[Non-Patent Document 3]
Brooks & Taylor, Carbon, 3,185 (1965)
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-11-283622
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2000-323127 A
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, the graphitized mesophase spheroid having a substantially spherical shape has a good rate characteristic as compared with natural graphite and is also excellent in cycle characteristics because it is difficult to orient and randomly laminate during press molding. When charging and discharging are repeated, the restoring force for returning to the original spherical shape is large, so that the number of contact points between the particles decreases, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
In view of the above situation, the present invention has a high electrode density, a large discharge capacity per volume, and a lithium ion secondary battery that does not cause deterioration in cycle characteristics even after repeated charge and discharge, a negative electrode therefor, It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel graphitic particle and a method for producing the same.
[0010]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor studied graphitized mesophase spheres (graphitic particles) used as a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, particularly for the purpose of high crystallization of the graphite particles. A large particle size mesophase spheroid is generated in the graphitized carbon material, and a heating step (carbonization) performed before the graphitization step of the mesophase spheroid is substantially carried out by the heavy carbonization of the graphitizable carbon material. It has been found that by carrying out the reaction at a low temperature of less than 450 ° C. without coexistence, highly crystalline graphite particles can be obtained. Further, they have found that the graphite particles have a novel structure having pores (hereinafter also referred to as inner pores) inside.
Conventionally, the carbonization step is to remove heavy components of the easily graphitizable carbon material that inhibits crystallization of the mesophase spherules prior to graphitization, among the components accompanying the mesophase spherules separated from the pitch. Performed at relatively high temperatures. For example, the carbonization temperature disclosed in Patent Document 2 (Example) is 1000 ° C.
[0011]
In the present invention, the reason why the carbonization step at a low temperature has been realized is that separation from the pitch is facilitated by generating large-diameter mesophase spheres in the pitch, This is because no insoluble matter other than spheres is precipitated. Specifically, the production of large-diameter mesophase spheres requires a small amount of non-graphitizable carbon material (free carbon) as a growth inhibitor to coexist in the pitch in order to adjust the growth diameter of the mesophase spheres. And can be achieved. In addition, the diameter of the mesophase spheres is increased, and the separation of the mesophase spheres from the pitch is facilitated, so that the amount of the organic solvent added to the pitch to facilitate the separation can be reduced. Precipitation of heavy components (insoluble components other than mesophase spherules), which had been precipitated by the addition of the organic solvent, can be suppressed by reducing the amount of the organic solvent, and the heavy components are not substantially attached from the slurry. It became possible to separate mesophase microspheres.
[0012]
The graphite particles of the present invention are apparently similar to conventional graphite particles, and have a specific structure having pores only inside. This is considered to be due to the fact that the carbonization in the present invention is carried out at a low temperature, so that the mesophase small spheres (graphite precursor particles) after carbonization contain a relatively high amount of volatile components as compared with the conventional case. The coexistence of heavy components inhibits crystallization during graphitization, whereas the presence of volatiles in large-diameter mesophase microspheres causes liquid-phase carbonization inside the mesophase microspheres, It is thought to cause crystal rearrangement. Thereby, it is considered that the crystallinity at the time of graphitization is promoted, and pores are formed inside the mesophase microspheres due to the progress of crystallization and evaporation of volatile components.
[0013]
In addition, when a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery is manufactured using the graphite particles having a specific structure having pores as described above, it is possible to form a high-density electrode by deforming to eliminate pores by press molding. Were found, and the expansion after charging and discharging was small. By using the above graphite particles, an electrode having a high active material density can be obtained, the discharge capacity per volume can be improved, and not only a large-capacity battery can be obtained, but also the electrode expands even after repeated charging and discharging. It was found that the rate was small and excellent cycle characteristics were obtained.
[0014]
The graphitic particles of the present invention are graphitized mesophase spheroids, and have a density (apparent density) measured as such graphite particles as they are in accordance with JIS R722-1997 (6. Measurement of true specific gravity). 2.210 to 2.240 g / cm 3 It is.
The measured density (true density) of the pulverized product measured in the same manner as described above is 2.245 to 2.265 g / cm. 3 It is.
It is desirable that such graphite particles have one or more pores of 0.1 to 30 μm inside.
[0015]
The graphitic particles according to the present invention are highly crystalline. X-ray wide-angle diffraction plane spacing of carbon netting layer (lattice spacing in c-axis direction) d 002 Can be used as a measure of crystallinity. Surface distance d 002 The smaller the value, the higher the graphitic particle macroscopically (higher the degree of graphitization) in the macro structure. Specifically, d 002 Is desirably less than 0.3360 nm.
The graphitic particles according to the present invention according to the present invention have an apparent density as a spherical substance of 2.210 to 2.240 g / cm. 3 But the surface spacing d 002 Is less than 0.3360 nm and is a highly crystalline graphitized material.
[0016]
Graphitic particles as described above,
After heating the graphitizable carbon material to generate mesophase microspheres having an average particle size of 20 to 60 μm, an organic solvent is added in an amount that does not substantially precipitate insoluble components other than the mesophase microspheres to form a slurry. Separating mesophase microspheres from the slurry,
The mesophase microspheres separated above are carbonized by firing at 350 to less than 450 ° C. to obtain graphite precursor particles containing volatile matter in an amount of 4 to 20% by mass.
Then, it can be produced by graphitizing the graphite precursor particles.
[0017]
The particle size of the mesophase small spheres can be adjusted by including the non-graphitizable carbon material particles in the graphitizable carbon material in an amount of 0.01 to 2% by mass. The non-graphitizable carbon material particles usually have a particle size of about 0.1 nm to 10 μm.
[0018]
When separating and purifying the mesophase spherules generated from the graphitizable carbon material, if a large amount of an organic solvent is added, a heavy component tends to precipitate as an organic solvent-insoluble component. In order to form a slurry of mesophase microspheres without adding an organic solvent to a minimum necessary for separation and purification of mesophase microspheres to precipitate heavy components as much as possible, the viscosity of the slurry at 125 ° C. is specifically 1 to 1. It is desirable that the viscosity be as high as about 100 mPa · s.
[0019]
The graphite particles are useful as a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, and the present invention provides a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including the above graphite particles, and a lithium ion secondary battery. .
[0020]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically.
<Graphic particles and production method thereof>
The graphitic particles according to the present invention are graphitized mesophase spheroids, and the shape (appearance) may be spherical or nearly spherical, granular, irregular shaped particles by pulverization, but may be spherical or spherical. It is desirable that the shape be close to.
The average particle diameter of the graphite particles in terms of volume is preferably from 20 to 60 μm, more preferably from 30 to 40 μm. The average particle size can be measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution meter.
[0021]
The graphitic particles according to the present invention have one or more pores inside.
For this reason, the graphite particles of the present invention have a low density measured as it is in accordance with JIS R722-1997 (6. Measurement of true specific gravity), and usually have a density of 2.210 to 2.240 g / cm. 3 , Preferably 2.210 to 2.230 g / cm 3 It is.
The density measured by the above method means the true density of conventionally known graphite particles having no pores, but means the apparent density of the graphite particles of the present invention having pores therein. The true density of the graphite particles is a density measured in the same manner as described above for the pulverized graphite particles, and is usually 2.245 to 2.265 g / cm. 3 , Preferably 2.255 to 2.260 g / cm 3 It is.
[0022]
The pores inside the graphitic particles are not necessarily limited to completely closed pores. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 in electron micrographs (schematic diagrams) of Examples described later, cracks are formed in the particles. It is desirable that the hole be formed in a closed shape. The size of the inner hole may be smaller than the particle diameter, and may be any size as long as the graphite particles can maintain a spherical shape as a whole, and is usually 0.1 to 30 μm, and preferably 5 to 30 μm. This inner hole is generated during the graphitization process of the mesophase spherules as described below, and its size is various, and is not particularly limited. However, from the viewpoint of the electrode expansion coefficient of the lithium ion secondary battery as described later. Therefore, it is desirable that the porosity is present to a certain degree. Specifically, when the porosity is {1- (apparent density / true density)} × 100, the porosity is desirably about 1 to 3%.
[0023]
The graphitic particles of the present invention have a low density as they are (apparent density) due to their internal pore structure, but have a high true density and are highly crystalline. The high crystallinity of the graphite particles, that is, the degree of development of the graphite structure is determined by the lattice spacing (d) of the carbon mesh layer in the X-ray wide-angle diffraction method. 002 ) Can be determined.
The above surface distance d 002 Is preferably less than 0.3360 nm, more preferably 0.3357 to 0.33595 nm. Further, the size Lc of the crystallite in the c-axis direction measured in the same manner can be used as a measure of the graphite structure development, and this Lc is desirably 100 nm or more.
These methods use CuKα as an X-ray source and high-purity silicon as a standard substance, measure a (002) diffraction peak for a carbon material, and obtain d (d) from the peak position and its half-value width, respectively. 002 , Lc can be calculated. The calculation method is based on the Gakushin method, and a specific method is described in “Carbon Fiber” (published by Kindaisha Publishing Co., Ltd., March 1986), pages 733 to 742, and the description is also described in this specification. Can be quoted.
[0024]
The graphitic particles as described above are obtained by heating a graphitizable carbon material to form mesophase spherules having an average particle size of 20 to 60 μm, and then forming an organic material in an amount that does not substantially precipitate insoluble components other than the mesophase spherules. Adding a solvent to form a slurry, separating the mesophase microspheres from the slurry,
The mesophase microspheres separated above are carbonized by firing at 350 to less than 450 ° C. to obtain graphite precursor particles containing volatile matter in an amount of 4 to 20% by mass.
Next, it can be obtained by graphitizing the graphite precursor particles.
[0025]
The graphitizable carbon material is a carbon material that can be graphitized by high-temperature heat treatment. Examples of the graphitizable carbon material (raw material) include petroleum or coal tars and pitches that have been heat-treated. Petroleum or coal tars and pitches. Specifically, coal tar, coal tar pitch, acenaphthylene, petroleum heavy oil and the like are used.
[0026]
The heating temperature of the graphitizable carbon material for forming the mesocarbon small spheres is appropriately selected depending on the type of the graphitizable carbon material, the heating method, and the like. For example, when using coal tar pitch, mesocarbon small spheres can be generated by heating usually at 350 to 500 ° C, preferably 400 to 450 ° C.
[0027]
In the present invention, large-sized mesophase spheres having an average particle diameter of 20 to 60 μm are generated here. The mesophase small spheres having the above particle diameter are obtained by adjusting the content of the non-graphitizable carbon material contained in the graphitizable carbon material to 0.01 to 2% by mass, preferably 0.3 to 0.9% by mass. Can be adjusted. This non-graphitizable carbon material is a carbon material that does not become graphitized even when subjected to a high-temperature heat treatment, and is also referred to as free carbon, such as vapor-grown carbon. The non-graphitizable carbon material is usually added for suppressing the growth of mesophase spheres and adjusting the particle size, and is a particle having a diameter of about 0.1 nm to 10 μm. Conventionally, generally, the average particle size of mesophase small spheres generated in a graphitizable carbon material by adding a non-graphitizable carbon material is adjusted to about 10 to 30 μm.
[0028]
An organic solvent is then added to the graphitizable carbon material containing the mesophase spheres generated above to form a slurry, and the mesophase spheres are separated and purified from the slurry. As the organic solvent, benzene, toluene, quinoline, tetrahydrofuran, tar gas oil, tar medium oil, tar heavy oil, washing oil and the like can be used.
In the present invention, when the slurry is formed, the organic solvent is added in an amount that does not substantially precipitate insoluble components other than the mesophase microspheres. Specifically, the slurry viscosity after the addition of the organic solvent (125 ° C.) Is preferably 1 to 100 mPa · s, more preferably 1.0 to 50 mPa · s.
[0029]
Conventionally, the viscosity of the slurry has been adjusted to a low viscosity of about 0.01 mPa · s in consideration of ease of filtration, and the slurry of the present invention has a higher viscosity than the conventional one. The amount of the organic solvent used in the present invention varies depending on the type of the organic solvent and the like, but is about a fraction of the conventional amount, but the mesophase small sphere has a large diameter and Since the amount of the solvent to be added is small and the heavy component precipitated as an insoluble component in the organic solvent from the graphitizable carbon material (matrix component) is small, the mesophase spherules can be sufficiently washed.
The mesophase spheres can be separated and purified from the slurry prepared above by a method such as pressure filtration and circulating filtration.
[0030]
The separated mesophase spheres are then primarily fired (carbonized) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to obtain graphite precursor particles. In the present invention, this carbonization step is performed at a low temperature of 350 to less than 450 ° C, preferably 400 to less than 450 ° C.
Graphite precursor particles obtained by low-temperature carbonization contain a relatively large amount of volatile matter, and specifically contain usually 4 to 20% by mass, preferably 4 to 7% by mass.
[0031]
The volatile content of the graphite precursor particles is measured as follows in accordance with the fixed carbon method of JIS K2425.
Method for measuring volatile content: 1 g of a sample (graphite precursor particles) is weighed in a crucible and heated in an electric furnace at 430 ° C. for 30 minutes without a lid. Thereafter, the mixture is made into a double crucible and heated in an electric furnace at 800 ° C. for 30 minutes to remove volatile components, and the weight loss rate is defined as the volatile component amount.
[0032]
Next, the graphite precursor particles are graphitized at a temperature of 2000 ° C. or higher, preferably 2800 to 3200 ° C. Graphitization is usually performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and can be performed in two or more stages. During the graphitization, the arrangement of aromatics in the mesophase microspheres is facilitated by the relatively large amount of volatiles contained therein, and the graphite crystal structure is remarkably developed. On the other hand, due to the limitation of the spherical shape, the direction of the outer crystallites is random, but the inside is highly oriented, and as a result, it is considered that pores are generated in the graphitized product (graphitic particles).
[0033]
In the graphitization treatment of mesophase spheres, the shape before graphitization is substantially maintained, so that the mesophase spheres can be adjusted to a predetermined shape before heat treatment. In addition, a known pulverization method and a known processing method can be appropriately employed for imparting the shape of the graphite particles.
[0034]
Since the graphitic particles according to the present invention have a unique structure having pores as described above, when used as a negative electrode carbon material of a lithium ion secondary battery, the graphite particles are deformed to eliminate pores by press molding and become high. It is possible to form an electrode having a high density, and there is an effect that expansion after charging and discharging is small. Further, the electrode has a small coefficient of expansion even after repeated charge and discharge, and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. Furthermore, since the graphite particles themselves are highly crystalline and have a high true density, an electrode having a high active material density can be obtained, and the discharge capacity per volume can be improved. Specifically, 650 mAh / cm 3 A large capacity battery as described above can be obtained.
[0035]
<Lithium ion secondary battery>
Therefore, the graphite particles of the present invention are useful as a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, and the present invention provides a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including the graphite particles, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
The lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited except that the above graphite particles are used as a negative electrode material, and other battery components can be in accordance with general lithium ion secondary battery elements. A lithium ion secondary battery usually has a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte as main battery components.
[0036]
The negative electrode can be formed from the graphitic particles according to a normal molding method. However, the performance as a carbon material is sufficiently brought out, and the shapeability with respect to the powder is high, and it is chemically and electrochemically stable. There is no particular limitation as long as a method capable of obtaining a suitable negative electrode.
As the carbon material of the negative electrode, as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired, in addition to the graphite particles having pores, among the graphite particles produced above, the graphite particles having a structure without pores Further, graphite particles obtained by a production method other than the above can also be used in combination. At the time of producing the negative electrode, a binder mixture obtained by adding a binder to graphite particles can be used. As the binder, it is desirable to use those having chemical stability and electrochemical stability to the electrolyte, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorine-based resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, and furthermore Carboxymethyl cellulose is used. These can be used in combination. Usually, it is preferable to use the binder in an amount of about 1 to 20% by mass based on the whole amount of the negative electrode mixture.
[0037]
Specifically, for example, the graphite particles are adjusted to an appropriate particle size by classification or the like, and mixed with a binder to prepare a negative electrode mixture, and the negative electrode mixture is usually used on one or both surfaces of a current collector. To form a negative electrode material mixture layer.
In this case, a normal solvent can be used, and the negative electrode mixture is dispersed in the solvent to form a paste, and then applied to a current collector and dried, so that the negative electrode mixture layer uniformly and strongly collects current. Glued to the body.
More specifically, for example, graphite particles and a fluorine-based resin powder such as polytetrafluoroethylene may be mixed and kneaded in a solvent such as isopropyl alcohol, and then applied. Graphite particles, a fluorine-based resin powder such as polyvinylidene fluoride or a water-soluble binder such as carboxymethyl cellulose, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide or water, mixed with a solvent such as alcohol to form a slurry. Later, it can be applied.
[0038]
It is appropriate that the coating thickness when the mixture of the graphite particles and the binder is coated on the current collector is 10 to 200 μm.
After the formation of the negative electrode mixture layer, by performing pressure bonding such as press pressure, the adhesive strength between the negative electrode mixture layer and the current collector can be further increased.
Alternatively, the graphite particles and a resin powder such as polyethylene or polyvinyl alcohol may be dry-mixed and hot-pressed in a mold.
[0039]
Although the shape of the current collector used for the negative electrode is not particularly limited, a foil shape, a mesh shape such as a mesh or an expanded metal, or the like is used. Examples of the current collector include copper, stainless steel, and nickel. The thickness of the current collector is preferably about 5 to 20 μm in the case of a foil shape.
[0040]
As the material of the positive electrode (positive electrode active material), it is preferable to select a material capable of doping / dedoping a sufficient amount of lithium. Such positive electrode active materials include lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides, vanadium oxides (V 2 O 5 , V 6 O Thirteen , V 2 O 4 , V 3 O 8 ) And its lithium compounds such as Li compounds, general formula M X Mo 6 S 8-y (Where X is a value in the range of 0 ≦ X ≦ 4, Y is a value in the range of 0 ≦ Y ≦ 1, and M represents a metal such as a transition metal), an activated carbon, an activated carbon fiber or the like. Can be used.
The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal, and may be a solid solution of lithium and two or more transition metals. The lithium-containing transition metal oxide is specifically LiM (1) 1-X M (2) X O 2 (Where X is a numerical value in the range of 0 ≦ X ≦ 1 and M (1) and M (2) are made of at least one transition metal element) or LiM (1) 2-y M (2) y O 4 (Where Y is a numerical value in the range of 0 ≦ Y ≦ 1 and M (1) and M (2) are made of at least one transition metal element).
Examples of the transition metal element represented by M in the above formula include Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ti, V, Fe, Zn, Al, In, and Sn. Preferably, Co, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Cr are used. , V, and Al.
[0041]
As the lithium-containing transition metal oxide, more specifically, LiCoO 2 , LixNi y M 1-y O 2 (M is the above transition metal element excluding Ni, preferably at least one selected from Co, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cr, V, and Al, 0.05 ≦ x ≦ 1.10, 0.5 ≦ y ≦ 1. 0), a lithium composite oxide represented by the formula: LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 And the like.
[0042]
The above-mentioned lithium-containing transition metal oxides are, for example, starting from Li or an oxide or a salt of a transition metal, and mixing these starting materials according to the composition. It can be obtained by firing in the range. The starting materials are not limited to oxides or salts, and can be synthesized from hydroxides and the like.
In the present invention, as the positive electrode active material, the above compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more. For example, a carbonate such as lithium carbonate can be added to the positive electrode.
[0043]
To form a positive electrode with such a positive electrode material, for example, a positive electrode mixture composed of a positive electrode material, a binder, and a conductive agent for imparting conductivity to the electrode is applied to both surfaces of the current collector, thereby forming the positive electrode mixture. Form a layer. As the binder, any of those exemplified for the negative electrode can be used. As the conductive agent, for example, a carbon material is used.
[0044]
The shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, and a current collector having a box shape or a mesh shape such as a mesh or expanded metal is used. For example, examples of the current collector include an aluminum foil, a stainless steel foil, and a nickel foil. The thickness is preferably from 10 to 40 μm.
In the case of the positive electrode, as in the case of the negative electrode, the positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a solvent to form a paste, and the paste-like positive electrode mixture is applied to a current collector and dried to form a positive electrode mixture layer. After the positive electrode mixture layer is formed, pressure bonding such as pressurization may be further performed. Thereby, the positive electrode mixture layer is uniformly and firmly adhered to the current collector.
[0045]
In forming the negative electrode and the positive electrode as described above, conventionally known various additives such as a conductive agent and a binder can be appropriately used.
[0046]
As an electrolyte used in the present invention, an electrolyte salt used in a normal non-aqueous electrolyte can be used. 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiB (C 6 H 5 ), LiCl, LiBr, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 CH 2 OSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 CF 2 OSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OSO 2 ) 2 , LiN ((CF 3 ) 2 CHOSO 2 ) 2 , LiB [(C 6 H 3 ((CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSiF 6 And the like can be used. In particular, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 Is preferably used from the viewpoint of oxidation stability.
The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the electrolyte is preferably 0.1 to 5 mol / l, more preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mol / l.
[0047]
The non-aqueous electrolyte may be a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte or a polymer electrolyte such as a solid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte. In the former case, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is configured as a so-called lithium ion battery, and in the latter case, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery is configured as a polymer electrolyte battery such as a polymer solid electrolyte battery and a polymer gel electrolyte battery.
[0048]
When a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte solution is used, as a solvent, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, 1,1- or 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, γ-butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxolan, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan, anisole, diethyl ether, sulfolane, methylsulfolane, acetonitrile, chloronitrile, propionitrile, trimethyl borate, silicic acid Tetramethyl, nitromethane, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, trimethyl orthoformate, nitrobenzene, benzoyl chloride, benzoyl bromide, tetrahydrothiophene, dimethyl sulfoxide 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone, ethylene glycol, it can be used sulfite, aprotic organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfite.
[0049]
When the non-aqueous electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte such as a polymer solid electrolyte or a polymer gel electrolyte, a matrix polymer gelled with a plasticizer (non-aqueous electrolyte) is included. Ether polymers such as polyethylene oxide and cross-linked products thereof, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, fluorine polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, etc., alone or as a mixture. Can be used.
Among these, it is desirable to use a fluorine-based polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride or a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer from the viewpoint of redox stability and the like.
[0050]
As the electrolyte salt and the non-aqueous solvent constituting the plasticizer contained in the polymer solid electrolyte and the polymer gel electrolyte, any of those described above can be used. In the case of a gel electrolyte, the concentration of the electrolyte salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte as a plasticizer is preferably 0.1 to 5 mol / l, more preferably 0.5 to 2.0 mol / l.
The method for producing such a solid electrolyte is not particularly limited. For example, a method in which a polymer compound, a lithium salt and a solvent (plasticizer) are mixed and heated to melt, or a method in which a polymer is mixed with an appropriate organic solvent for mixing. A method in which a compound, a lithium salt and a solvent (plasticizer) are dissolved and then an organic solvent for mixing is evaporated, and a monomer, a lithium salt and a solvent (plasticizer) are mixed, and ultraviolet rays, an electron beam or a molecular beam, etc. Irradiation to form a polymer.
The proportion of the solvent (plasticizer) in the solid electrolyte is preferably from 10 to 90% by mass, more preferably from 30 to 80% by mass. If it is less than 10% by mass, the electrical conductivity tends to be low.
[0051]
In the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, a separator may be used.
The separator is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, and a synthetic resin microporous membrane. In particular, a synthetic resin microporous membrane is preferably used, and among them, a polyolefin-based microporous membrane is preferable in terms of thickness, film strength, and film resistance. Specifically, it is a microporous film made of polyethylene and polypropylene, or a microporous film obtained by combining these.
[0052]
In the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, a gel electrolyte can be used. A gel electrolyte secondary battery is configured by laminating a negative electrode containing graphite particles, a positive electrode, and a gel electrolyte in the order of, for example, a negative electrode, a gel electrolyte, and a positive electrode, and then housing the resultant in a battery exterior material. In addition to this, a gel electrolyte may be further provided outside the negative electrode and the positive electrode. In a gel electrolyte secondary battery using such graphite particles for the negative electrode, propylene carbonate is contained in the gel electrolyte, and even if graphite particles having a small particle size enough to reduce impedance sufficiently are used, Irreversible capacity can be kept small. Therefore, a large discharge capacity and a high initial charge / discharge efficiency can be obtained.
[0053]
Further, the structure of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention is arbitrary, and its shape and form are not particularly limited, and may be arbitrarily selected from a cylindrical type, a square type, a coin type, a button type and the like. Can be. In order to obtain a sealed non-aqueous electrolyte battery with higher safety, it is desirable to provide a means for interrupting the current by detecting an increase in battery internal pressure when an abnormality such as overcharging occurs. In the case of a polymer solid electrolyte battery or a polymer gel electrolyte battery, a structure in which the battery is sealed in a laminate film may be used.
[0054]
【Example】
Next, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.
In the following Examples and Comparative Examples, an evaluation battery (button-type secondary battery) was manufactured and the battery characteristics of the graphite particles were evaluated. However, an actual battery was manufactured according to a known method based on the concept of the present invention. Can be made.
<Evaluation battery>
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional structure of the evaluation battery. A working electrode 2 formed on a current collector 7 and a lithium foil as a counter electrode 4 are arranged via a separator 5 impregnated with an electrolyte solution, and a peripheral portion of an outer cup 1 and an outer can 3 containing these components. Was caulked and sealed via an insulating gasket 6 to obtain an evaluation battery.
The electrolyte solution was prepared by mixing LiPF in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2. 6 Was dissolved at a concentration of 1 mol / kg.
[0055]
[Examples 1 to 4]
(1) Production of graphite particles
Coal tar pitch to which free carbon (vapor-grown carbon) is added in an amount such that the content becomes 0.3% by mass is heated at 400 to 460 ° C., and the mesophase small spheres (average particle diameter) are contained in the coal tar pitch. : 40 μm).
[0056]
There, tar medium oil having a boiling point range of 180 to 300 ° C was added, and the mixture was stirred at a temperature of 100 to 150 ° C for 1 hour to prepare a slurry having a viscosity (125 ° C) of 10 mPa · s.
The slurry was injected into a pressure filter, filtered by pressurizing with nitrogen gas, and mesocarbon small spheres were separated.
[0057]
The mesocarbon small spheres separated above were dried in a nitrogen atmosphere at 80 to 130 ° C. and then calcined in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 to 430 ° C. (shown in Table 1). The graphite precursor containing the volatile matter (4 to 5% by mass) shown in (1) was obtained.
Each graphite precursor was heated (graphitized) at 3000 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the particle size was adjusted by sieving to obtain graphitic particles (graphitized mesophase spheres).
[0058]
The graphitic particles obtained in Example 1 were polished using a focused ion beam processing apparatus (manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), and the cross section was observed with a scanning electron microscope. 1 and 2 show electron micrographs (schematic diagrams). As shown in the figure, it was confirmed that there was a hole having a width of about 15 μm in the central portion inside the graphite particles.
[0059]
(2) Evaluation of graphite particles
Each graphitic particle had a spherical shape. Table 1 shows the average particle size.
Density (apparent density) measured according to JIS R7222-1997 (6. Measurement of true specific gravity) of the graphite particles as they are, true density measured on the pulverized product thereof, and lattice spacing d 002 Are shown in Table 1.
In addition, the spacing d between the graphite particles 002 FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the apparent density (○) and the true density (●).
[0060]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004299944
[0061]
(3) Preparation of electrode
An electrode was produced using the graphite particles obtained in Example 1 above.
Graphitic particles and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder are mixed at a mass ratio of 90:10, N-methylpyrrolidone is added, and the mixture is kneaded, and PVdF is dissolved to form a paste. An agent paste was prepared.
The negative electrode mixture paste was applied on a copper foil (current collector 7 in FIG. 3) using a doctor blade application tool with a clearance of 200 μm, dried at 100 ° C. for 12 minutes, and then 160, 190, 220, Pressing was performed at each pressing pressure of 255 MPa, and then vacuum drying was performed at 130 ° C. for 24 hours to produce four working electrodes (negative electrodes) 2.
The relationship between the pressing pressure and the electrode density at this time is shown in FIG. 5 (○).
As shown in the figure, the electrode density increased as the press pressure increased.
[0062]
(4) Battery characteristics
<Charging / discharging test>
An evaluation battery having the structure shown in FIG. 3 was manufactured, and the discharge capacity at 25 ° C. was determined. That is, constant current charging is performed at a current value of 1.0 mA until the circuit voltage reaches 0 mV, switching to constant voltage charging is performed when the circuit voltage reaches 0 mV, and charging is continued until the current value reaches 20 μA. Paused for 120 minutes. Next, constant current discharge was performed at a current value of 1.0 mA until the circuit voltage reached 1.5 V. At this time, the discharge capacity (mAh / g) per 1 g of the graphite particles was determined from the amount of electricity in the first cycle.
In this test, the process of doping lithium ions into the graphite particles was defined as charging, and the process of undoping lithium ions from the graphite particles was defined as discharging.
[0063]
<Discharge capacity>
FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the apparent density (○) or the true density (●) of the graphite particles of Examples 1 to 4 and the discharge capacity. This evaluation was based on an electrode density of 1.90 g / cm. 3 This was performed using the working electrode 2 prepared in the above. 650 mAh / cm 3 A very high discharge capacity was obtained.
[0064]
<Electrode expansion coefficient>
The working electrode 2 was taken out of the evaluation battery after the completion of the charge / discharge test, the electrode thickness was measured, and the expansion coefficient of the electrode was determined. The ratio (%) of the electrode thickness increased by the charge / discharge test to the thickness before the test was defined as the electrode expansion coefficient.
The electrode expansion coefficient with respect to each electrode density is shown in FIG.
[0065]
<Cycle characteristics>
Electrode density 1.90 g / cm 3 FIG. 8 shows the discharge capacity retention ratio when the battery using the working electrode 2 was subjected to the charge / discharge cycle 100 times following the charge / discharge test (上 記).
[0066]
[Comparative Examples 1 to 7]
Mesophase microspheres (average particle size: 28 μm) were produced in the same manner as in (1) of Example 1, except that the amount of free carbon added to the coal tar pitch was changed to 3.0% by mass. A slurry having a viscosity (125 ° C.) of 0.5 mPa · s was prepared in the same manner except that the amount of the oil in the tar was increased.
After separation, the dried mesocarbon small spheres were fired at a temperature of 490 to 530 ° C. (shown in Table 2) to obtain a graphite precursor having a volatile content of 3% by mass. This graphite precursor was graphitized in the same manner as in the example, to obtain graphitic particles.
[0067]
True density and spacing d measured according to JIS R7222-1997 (6. Measurement of true specific gravity) of the graphite particles as obtained above as they are 002 Are shown in Table 2. The density (true density) of each graphitic particle and the spacing d 002 Is shown in FIG.
[0068]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004299944
[0069]
Using the graphitic particles obtained in Comparative Example 1, an electrode was produced by changing the pressing pressure in the same manner as in Example. The relationship between the pressing pressure at this time and the electrode density is shown in FIG. 5 (△).
FIG. 7 shows the electrode expansion coefficient with respect to each electrode density (△).
[0070]
Same electrode density as in Example 1.90 g / cm 3 The discharge capacity achieved when using the working electrode prepared in the above is 620 mAh / cm at maximum. 3 It was about. FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the discharge capacity of the graphitic particles of Comparative Examples 1 to 7 and the true density (6).
Same electrode density as in Example 1.90 g / cm 3 FIG. 8 shows the cycle characteristics of the battery using the working electrode of FIG.
[0071]
In the above, as shown in FIG. 6, the graphitic particles of the examples of the present invention can obtain a higher discharge capacity than the conventional (comparative) graphite particles having a similar particle density. Further, the graphitic particles of the examples of the present invention have a low particle density (apparent density), and as shown in FIG. 5, when the pressing pressure is the same, the electrode density is higher than the graphitic particles of the comparative example. can get.
As shown in FIG. 7, the expansion coefficient of the graphite particles of Comparative Example 1 was higher as the electrode density was higher, whereas the expansion coefficient of the graphite particles of Example 1 was higher. It was almost constant irrespective of the electrode density. If the electrode densities are the same, the graphite particles of Example 1 have a smaller expansion coefficient than the graphite particles of Comparative Example 1, indicating that it is advantageous for increasing the density.
Further, as shown in FIG. 8, the electrode manufactured in Example 1 has a discharge capacity retention ratio of 90% after 100 times of charge / discharge, which is higher than the discharge capacity retention ratio of Comparative Example 1 of 85%. A retention rate was obtained. It was found that the product of the present invention has improved cycle characteristics due to the effect of suppressing the expansion of the electrode.
[0072]
【The invention's effect】
The graphitic particles of the present invention are highly crystalline and have a specific structure having pores inside. Thus, a high-density electrode can be manufactured. This electrode has a small expansion after charge and discharge, and has a large discharge capacity per volume. A lithium ion secondary battery having a large capacity and having no deterioration in cycle characteristics even after repeated charge and discharge, and a negative electrode therefor can be obtained.
The lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention satisfies recent demands for higher energy density of batteries, and is effective for downsizing and higher performance of mounted devices.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of imaging of graphitic particles obtained in an example of the present invention by observation with a scanning electron microscope.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of imaging of the graphitic particles obtained in Examples of the present invention by observation with a scanning electron microscope.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an evaluation battery for evaluating characteristics of graphite particles.
FIG. 4 shows the densities of the graphitic particles obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples, and the interplanar spacing d. 002 It is a figure which shows the relationship with a graph.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the pressing pressure and the electrode density of the graphite particles obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the density of graphite particles and the electrode density obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing an electrode expansion coefficient with respect to an electrode density of electrodes manufactured in Examples and Comparative Examples.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing cycle characteristics of electrodes manufactured in Examples and Comparative Examples.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Exterior cup
2 Working electrode
3 outer cans
4 Counter electrode
5. Electrolyte solution impregnated separator
6 Insulating gasket
7 Current collector

Claims (7)

メソフェーズ小球体の黒鉛化物である黒鉛質粒子であって、JIS R7222−1997(6.真比重の測定)に準拠して、前記黒鉛質粒子そのままで測定される密度が2.210〜2.240g/cmであり、その粉砕物について測定される密度が2.245〜2.265g/cmである黒鉛質粒子。Graphite particles, which are graphitized mesophase spheroids, having a density of 2.210 to 2.240 g as measured by the graphitic particles as they are in accordance with JIS R722-1997 (6. Measurement of true specific gravity). / Cm 3 , and the measured density of the pulverized product is 2.245 to 2.265 g / cm 3 . 前記黒鉛質粒子が内部に0.1〜30μmの空孔を1または複数個有する請求項1に記載の黒鉛質粒子。The graphite particles according to claim 1, wherein the graphite particles have one or more pores of 0.1 to 30 µm inside. X線広角回折による炭素網面層の面間隔d002 が0.3360nm未満である請求項1または2に記載の黒鉛質粒子。Graphite particles according to claim 1 or 2 plane spacing d 002 of the carbon net plane layer by X-ray wide angle diffraction is less than 0.3360 nm. 易黒鉛化炭素材料を加熱し、平均粒径20〜60μmのメソフェーズ小球体を生成させた後、メソフェーズ小球体以外の不溶分を実質的に析出させない量で有機溶媒を添加してスラリーを形成し、該スラリーからメソフェーズ小球体を分離し、
上記で分離されたメソフェーズ小球体を350〜450℃未満で焼成することにより炭素化し、揮発分を4〜20質量%の量で含む黒鉛前駆粒子を得た後、
次いで黒鉛前駆粒子を黒鉛化する、請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の黒鉛質粒子の製造方法。
After heating the graphitizable carbon material to generate mesophase microspheres having an average particle size of 20 to 60 μm, a slurry is formed by adding an organic solvent in an amount that does not substantially precipitate insoluble components other than the mesophase microspheres. Separating mesophase microspheres from the slurry,
The mesophase microspheres separated above are carbonized by firing at 350 to less than 450 ° C. to obtain graphite precursor particles containing volatile matter in an amount of 4 to 20% by mass.
4. The method for producing graphitic particles according to claim 1, wherein the graphite precursor particles are then graphitized.
前記有機溶媒の添加により形成されるスラリーの125℃における粘度が1〜100mPa・sである請求項5に記載の黒鉛質粒子の製造方法。The method for producing graphitic particles according to claim 5, wherein the viscosity at 125 ° C of the slurry formed by adding the organic solvent is 1 to 100 mPa · s. 請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の黒鉛質粒子を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。A negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising the graphitic particles according to claim 1. 請求項6に記載の負極を含むリチウムイオン二次電池。A lithium ion secondary battery comprising the negative electrode according to claim 6.
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