JP2004293844A - Air conditioning equipment - Google Patents

Air conditioning equipment Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004293844A
JP2004293844A JP2003084432A JP2003084432A JP2004293844A JP 2004293844 A JP2004293844 A JP 2004293844A JP 2003084432 A JP2003084432 A JP 2003084432A JP 2003084432 A JP2003084432 A JP 2003084432A JP 2004293844 A JP2004293844 A JP 2004293844A
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Japan
Prior art keywords
chilled water
conditioning equipment
flow rate
air conditioning
air
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JP2003084432A
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Japanese (ja)
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JP4134781B2 (en
Inventor
Yoshibumi Sugihara
義文 杉原
Yuji Miyajima
裕二 宮島
Takumi Sugiura
匠 杉浦
Hiroo Sakai
弘夫 境
Noboru Oshima
昇 大島
Tadakatsu Nakajima
忠克 中島
Hironari Kikuchi
宏成 菊池
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Hitachi Plant Technologies Ltd
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Hitachi Plant Technologies Ltd
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  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce the total running cost of the entire air conditioning equipment. <P>SOLUTION: This air conditioning equipment comprises a computer for calculating the optimum, having a simulation model of the air conditioning equipment and calculating the optimum control target value of the lowest running cost of the entire air conditioning equipment on the basis of the simulation, and a monitoring controlling device receiving the data from the computer for calculating the optimum, and controlling the air conditioning equipment, and performs the optimum control for the energy saving to minimize the running cost of the entire air conditioning equipment. Further this air conditioning equipment comprises differential pressure gages on a cooling coil and between cold water (cooling water) inlet and outlet ports of a heat exchanger of a refrigerating machine to determine a flow rate of the cold water (cooling water) on the basis of the pressure difference, whereby the air conditioning equipment of low initial cost, capable of performing the optimum control for energy saving can be provided. The practical air conditioning equipment of low initial cost capable of operating the air conditioning equipment by the optimum operation method to minimize the total running cost of the entire air conditioning equipment can be provided. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、空調設備に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
特開2002−98358号公報には、冷温水を熱源側のみから循環供給させて建物の空調を行う一次ポンプ方式熱源変流量システムが開示されている。このシステムは、空調機に冷温水を供給する冷温水発生機と、冷温水発生機に冷却水を供給する冷却塔と、前記冷温水と冷却水とを空調負荷に応じて循環供給させるように可変制御を行うポンプ可変流量制御装置等から構成され、冷温水と冷却水と流量を変化させることによって、冷却水ポンプ、冷水ポンプの消費電力を削減している(特許文献1参照)。
【0003】
【特許文献1】
特開2002−98358号公報
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、特開2002−98358号公報に開示された空調方法は、冷温水や冷却水の流量のみを変化させて冷却水ポンプ、冷水ポンプの消費電力を削減する方法なので、空調設備全体の消費電力を削減するための制御ではなく、よって、空調設備全体の消費電力を削減することはできない。
本発明は、このような事情を鑑みてされたもので、空調設備全体の消費エネルギー量、運転コスト又は二酸化炭素排出量を削減することができる空調設備を提供することを目的とする。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、上記課題を次に示す手段、方法により解決する。
冷水を循環供給して空調を行う空調設備において、空調設備を構成する冷凍機、ポンプ等の機器のシミュレーションモデルを備え、シミュレーションにより評価関数を最小あるいは最大とする最適制御目標値を決定し、最適制御目標値で空調設備を運転する。
また、冷水を循環供給して空調を行う空調設備において、空調設備を構成する機器の機器特性データが記憶されている機器情報データベースと、機器情報データベースに記憶されている構成機器の機器特性データから部分負荷における消費電力、燃料消費量を計算し、そして換算係数を用いて評価関数を計算する空調設備シミュレータと、空調設備シミュレータを用いて空調設備の各機器の最適制御目標値を計算する最適化手段を備え、最適制御目標値により空調設備の各機器を運用する。
【0006】
また、冷水コイルの差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷水コイルの差圧を計測することにより、冷水コイルを流れる冷水の流量を求める。
また、冷凍機の冷却水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷凍機の冷却水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測することにより、冷凍機を流れる冷却水の流量を求める。
【0007】
また、冷凍機の冷水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷凍機の冷水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測することにより、冷凍機を流れる冷水の流量を求める。
また、負荷に応じて冷水の流量を変化させる空調設備において、冷水流量が冷水流量の下限値であり、バイパスを冷水が流れている場合、バイパス流量が設定値以下になるように、冷凍機の冷水出口設定温度を上昇させる。
また、熱交換器の汚れ係数あるいは伝熱係数をセンサの計測値を基に同定して、同定したパラメータを用いて空調設備のシミュレーション計算を行う。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】以下図面を用いて本発明の実施の形態例を詳細に説明する。図1は、本発明の第1の実施形態例の空調設備を示す構成図である。図1の空調設備は、冷却塔11、冷却水ポンプ12、吸収式冷凍機14、冷水ポンプ16、冷水往ヘッダ17、冷水還ヘッダ18、空気調和機19a、19bを備えたセントラル空調方式の空調設備である。
まず冷水生産側の設備の詳細な構成について説明する。冷却塔11の風量を変化させるために、冷却塔11のファンにはインバータ31が接続されている。冷却水の流量を変化させるために、冷却水ポンプ12にはインバータ42が接続されている。冷水の流量を変化させるために、冷水ポンプ16にはインバータ33が接続されている。吸収式冷凍機14は、外部の指令によって冷水出口温度の制御目標値を変化させることが可能な吸収式冷凍機である。また吸収式冷凍機14は、冷却水、冷水ともに定格流量の1/2まで流量を小さくできる仕様の吸収冷凍機である。
【0009】
冷却水配管には、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水入口/出口間での圧力損失を計測する差圧センサ66と、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水入口温度を計測する温度センサ41、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水出口温度を計測する温度センサ42が接続されている。冷水一次配管には、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水入口/出口間での圧力損失を計測する差圧センサ67と、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水入口温度を計測する温度センサ43、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水出口温度を計測する温度センサ44が接続されている。また、屋外の冷却塔11の付近には、冷却塔11に流入する外気の温湿度を計測するための温湿度センサ51が設置されている。
【0010】
差圧センサ66、67で計測される差圧より、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の圧力損失特性(抵抗係数)を用いて吸収式冷凍機14を通る冷却水、冷水流量を計算する。ここで、流量センサを接続せず、差圧センサ66、67を接続する効果としては、流量センサより差圧センサの方が、イニシャルコストが小さくなることである。また、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の圧力損失を計測したのは、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の抵抗係数が配管に比べて大きいこと、性能試験において圧力損失の特性(定格流量における圧力損失)が計測されているためである。
【0011】
そのため、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の間の圧力損失を計測する差圧センサを接続することにより、小さいイニシャルコストで、精度よく冷却水、冷水流量を求めることができる。
なお、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の圧力損失の特性は、吸収式冷凍機14の性能試験票に記載の値を用いても良いが、より精度良く流量を求めるためには、試運転の時、あるいは定期的に、超音波流量計等の取り付け取り外しの簡単な流量計を取り付けて、流量と差圧の関係を求めておく。
また、冷却水の配管は1本の循環流路であるため、超音波流量計等の取り付け取り外しの簡単な流量計を試運転の時、あるいは定期的に取り付けて、インバータ32の周波数と流量の関係を求めておけば、インバータ32の周波数から冷却水流量が換算できる。そのため、差圧センサ66は前記のような操作を行っておけば取り付けなくてもよい。
【0012】
次に負荷側の設備の詳細な構成について説明する。空気調和機19aは、冷水コイル20a、加湿器21a、ファン22aを備えている。空気調和機19aを通る風量を変化させるために、ファン22aにはインバータ24aが接続されている。
冷水二次配管には、冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水入口/出口間での圧力損失を計測する差圧センサ68a、68bが接続されている。
差圧センサ68a、68bで計測される差圧より、冷却コイル20a、20bの冷却水、冷水の入口/出口の圧力損失特性(抵抗係数)を用いて冷却コイル20a、20bを通る冷却水、冷水流量を計算する。ここで、流量センサを接続せず、差圧センサ68a、68bを接続する効果としては、流量センサより差圧センサの方が、イニシャルコストが小さくなることである。また、冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水の入口/出口の圧力損失を計測したのは、冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水の入口/出口の抵抗係数が配管に比べて大きいためである。
そのため、冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水の入口/出口の間の圧力損失を計測する差圧センサを接続することにより、小さいイニシャルコストで、精度よく冷水流量を求めることができる。
【0013】
なお、冷却コイル20a、20bの入口/出口の圧力損失の特性は、冷却コイル20a、20b単体で流量と差圧の関係を求めておく。あるいは、冷却コイル20a、20bの入口/出口の圧力損失の特性は、試運転の時、あるいは定期的に、超音波流量計等の取り付け取り外しの簡単な流量計を取り付けて、流量と差圧の関係を求めておく。
空気調和機19aの外気取込ダクトには、設定した風量の外気が取り込めるようにVAV(Variable Air Volume)ユニット81aが設置されており、取込んだ外気の温湿度が計測する温湿度センサ53aが接続されている。なお、VAVユニット81aにはVAVユニット81aを通過する風量を計測する流量センサと、風量を変化させるためのダンパと、ダンパの開度を計測するダンパ開度センサと、制御手段を備えており、VAVユニットを通過する風量が外部から指令される風量目標値になるようにPID制御される。また、他のVAVユニット82a、83a、81b、82b、83bも同様の構成となっている。
部屋25a内の空気を吸込む内気吸込ダクトには、内気吸込ダクトに吸込まれた空気の流量を計測する流量センサ62aと温湿度を計測する温湿度センサ54aが接続されている。吹出しダクトには、空気調和機19aから出る吹出し空気の温湿度を計測する温湿度センサ55aが接続されている。吹出しダクトの各吹出し口には、各吹出し口から吹出される空気の風量が制御されるようにVAVユニット82a、83aが設置されている。
【0014】
各吹出し口の風量は、VAVユニット82a、83aとファン22aのインバータ34aによりVAV制御される。次にVAV制御の方法を説明する。
部屋25aには、室内の空気の温湿度を計測する温湿度センサ52aと、部屋25aの室内の温度目標値を設定する温度目標値設定ユニット91aが設置されている。VAVユニット82aでは、部屋25aの温度は、温度目標値設定ユニット91aで設定された部屋25aの室内の温度目標値と、温湿度センサ52aで計測された部屋25aの室内空気の温度と、温湿度センサ55aで計測された吹出しダクト内の空気温度を基に部屋25aへの吹出し風量目標値がPID制御により演算されて、さらに、その吹出し風量目標値になるようにVAVユニット81a内のダンパがPID制御される。また、部屋26a、27aも、部屋25aと同様の構成となっており、それぞれの部屋の温度が制御される。
【0015】
ファン22aのインバータ34aの周波数は、吹出し風量目標値にした時に最も圧力損失の大きい吹出しダクト経路の吹出し口に設置されているVAVユニットのダンパを全開として、そのVAVユニットの吹出し風量が吹出し風量目標値となるようにPID制御される。
冷水流量は、流量調整バルブ71、72a、72bと冷水ポンプ16のインバータ33によりVWV制御される。次にVWV制御の方法について説明する。
空気調和機19aの吹出し温度は、流量調整バルブ72aにより制御される冷水コイル20aに流入する冷水流量により制御される。流量調整バルブ71では外部から与えられる吹出し温度目標値と、温湿度センサ55aで計測された吹出し温度の計測値を基に、流量調整バルブ72aがPID制御される。なお、部屋25b、26b、27bの空調を行う空気調和機19bの系統も、部屋25a、26a、27aの空調を行う空気調和機19aの系統と同様の構成となっており、同様の方法で制御される。
【0016】
流量調整バルブ71は、吸収式冷凍機14を流れるの冷水流量が定格流量1/2より小さくならないように制御する流量調整バルブである。差圧センサ67で計測された差圧から吸収式冷凍機14を流れる冷水の流量を計算する。吸収式冷凍機14を流れる冷水の流量が、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水流量の定格流量1/2以上の場合は、流量調整バルブ71の流量調節バルブは全閉となり、冷水の流量が、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水流量の定格流量1/2より小さい場合は、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水流量の定格流量1/2になるように流量調整バルブ71の流量調節バルブは制御される。
冷水ポンプ26のインバータ33の周波数は、冷水流量目標値にした時に最も圧力損失の大きい配管経路に設置されている流量調整バルブの流量調整バルブを全開として、その流量調整バルブの冷水流量が冷水流量目標値となるようにPID制御される。
【0017】
差圧センサ67、68a、68bを用いることにより次のような効果がある。差圧センサ66、67、68a、68bを用いて差圧を計測して、計測した差圧からそれぞれを流れる流量を計算しているため、流量計を用いる場合に比べてイニシャルコストを低減できる。また、差圧を計測する場所が、冷凍機の入口出口間、および冷温水コイルの入口出口間であり、抵抗係数が大きいところで計測しているため、精度良く流量を求めることができるという特長がある。
【0018】
次に空調設備の通信ネットワークについて説明する。吸収式冷凍機14、インバータ31、32、33、34a、34b、温度センサ41、42、43、44、温湿度センサ51、53a、53b、54a、54b、55a、55b、56a、56b、57a、57b、流量センサ62a、62b、圧力センサ65、差圧センサ66、67、68a、68b、流量調整バルブ71、72a、72b、VAVユニット81a、81b、82a、82b、83a、83b、温度目標値設定ユニット91a、91b、最適計算用計算機1、監視制御装置2は、通信手段を備えている。
吸収式冷凍機14、インバータ31、32、33、34a、34b、温度センサ41、42、43、44、温湿度センサ51、53a、53b、54a、54b、55a、55b、56a、56b、57a、57b、流量センサ61、62a、62b、圧力センサ65、流量調整バルブ71、72a、72b、VAVユニット81a、81b、82a、82b、83a、83b、温度目標値設定ユニット91a、91b、最適計算用計算機1、監視制御装置2は、通信ネットワーク3に接続されており、通信ネットワーク3を介してデータの送受信が行える。
【0019】
次に最適計算用計算機1の詳細を説明する。図2は、最適計算用計算機1の構成を示した図である。最適計算用計算機1は、通信ネットワーク3に接続されている機器と通信を行う通信手段101と、空調設備のシミュレーションに用いる空調機器の特性データや、配管、ダクトの抵抗係数等のシミュレーションに必要なシミュレーションパラメータ等が記憶されている機器特性データベース104と、機器特性データベース104のデータを用いて空調設備のシミュレーションを行う空調シミュレータ103と、空調設備シミュレータ103を用いて空調設備の最適制御目標値を計算する最適化手段102と、センサの計測データを用いて配管、ダクトの抵抗係数等のシミュレーションパラメータを同定するパラメータ同定手段105から構成される。
最適計算用計算機1は、温湿度センサ51、53a、53b、54a、54b、55a、55bで計測された温湿度と、流量センサ62a、62bで計測された流量と、VAVユニット82a、82b、83a、83bで計測された流量を通信ネットワーク3を介して受信して、空調設備全体のランニングコストを最小とする冷却水温度制御目標値、冷却水流量制御目標値、冷水温度制御目標値、空気調和機吹出し温度制御目標値を計算する。以下では空調設備全体のランニングコストを最小とする冷却水温度制御目標値、冷却水流量制御目標値、冷水温度制御目標値、空気調和機吹出し温度制御目標値の組合せを、最適制御目標値と呼ぶ。
【0020】
最適計算用計算機1は、冷却塔11、冷却水ポンプ12、吸収式冷凍機14、冷水ポンプ15、空気調和機19a、19b、VWV制御、VAV制御等のシミュレーションモデルが記述された空調設備シミュレータ103と、冷却塔11、冷却水ポンプ12、吸収式冷凍機14、冷水ポンプ15、空気調和機19a、19b、機器特性データと、VWV制御、VAV制御等の制御パラメータと、配管、ダクトの抵抗係数等のシミュレーションに必要なシミュレーションパラメータ等が記憶されている機器特性データベース104を備えている。この空調設備シミュレータ103は、温度センサ、湿度センサの計測値と冷却水温度の制御目標値、冷却水流量の制御目標値、冷水温度の制御目標値、空気調和機の吹出し温度の制御目標値を入力すると、機器特性データベース104のデータとシミュレーションモデルを用いて全体の評価関数を計算する。ここでは、評価関数をランニングコストとして説明する。
【0021】
空調設備シミュレータ103のシミュレーションモデルとしては、冷却塔11、冷却水ポンプ12、吸収式冷凍機14、冷水ポンプ15、空気調和機19a、19b、VWV制御、VAV制御等のシミュレーションモデルが、それぞれ機器ごとにモジュール化されプログラムとして構築されている。例えば、冷却塔11のエンタルピ差基準総括体積熱伝達率を用いた理論に基づいて冷却塔11の冷却水出口の冷却水温度及び消費電力等を計算するプログラム、冷却水ポンプ12、冷水ポンプ16の特性曲線と配管の抵抗係数から冷却水ポンプ12、冷水ポンプ16の吐出流量及び消費電力を計算するプログラム、吸収式冷凍機14のサイクルシミュレーションにより吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水出口の温度及びガス消費量等を計算するプログラム、空気調和機19a、19bの冷水コイル20a、20bで必要となる冷水流量及び冷水コイル20a、20bの冷水出口の冷水温度及びファン22aで消費電力等を計算するプログラム、VWV制御時の配管の圧力損失を計算するプログラム、VAV制御時のダクトの圧力損失を計算するプログラム等がモジュール化されたプログラムとして構築されている。
【0022】
空調設備シミュレータ103のプログラムでは、温度センサ、湿度センサの計測値と冷却水温度の制御目標値、冷却水流量の制御目標値、冷水温度の制御目標値、空気調和機の吹出し温度の制御目標値を入力すると、吸収式冷凍機14のガス消費量、及び、ファン22a、22b、インバータ34a、34b、冷水ポンプ16、インバータ33、冷却水ポンプ12、インバータ32、冷却塔11のファン、インバータ31で消費される消費電力を計算する。そして、ガス消費量及び消費電力の合計を計算して、ガス単価、電力単価を用いてガス料金、電力料金を計算し、ガス料金、電力料金を合計して評価関数であるランニングコストを計算する。
【0023】
最適化手段102は、空調設備シミュレータ103を用いて、評価関数であるランニングコストを最小とする冷却水温度の制御目標値、冷却水流量の制御目標値、冷水温度の制御目標値、空気調和機の吹出し温度の制御目標値を計算する手段である。
図4を用いて空調設備シミュレータ103の動作を説明する。空調設備シミュレータ103は、汎用性、拡張性を持たせるために各計算プログラムは、構成機器ごとにオブジェクト指向で構築されている。そして各オブジェクトを順次呼び出して計算することにより、評価関数である空調設備全体のランニングコストと、空調設備の運転できる範囲を表す制約条件関数を計算する。なお制約条件関数の詳細は後で説明する。
【0024】
まず入力401では、運転状態パラメータ(最適化パラメータを含む)の値を与える。運転状態パラメータは、外気の温度、湿度、外気の取込み風量、室内から戻るリターン空気の温度、湿度、風量、吹出し温度制御目標値、冷却水設定温度制御目標値、冷水設定温度制御目標値、冷却水ポンプインバータ周波数制御目標値である。このうち、冷却水設定温度制御目標値、冷水設定温度制御目標値、冷却水ポンプインバータ周波数制御目標値、吹出し温度制御目標値は、最適化パラメータとして最適制御目標値を計算する。また、運転制御システムにおいては、最適化パラメータ以外の運転状態パラメータは、センサ、および構成機器の制御装置から通信により自動的に入力される。
【0025】
次にVAV制御オブジェクト402では、VAV制御の計算を行う。VAV制御によって各VAVモジュール82a、82b、83a、83b、84a、84bへ流れる風量を計算する。そして、ダクトの圧力損失を計算する。
次にファンオブジェクト403では、ファンの消費電力等を計算する。VAV制御702で計算された風量を流すためのファン22a、22bに接続されているインバータ34a、34bのインバータ周波数を計算し、さらに、ファン22a、22bに接続されているインバータ34a、34bの消費電力等を計算する。
次に冷却コイルオブジェクト404では、外気とリターン空気の混合から空調機入口の空気の温度、湿度、冷却負荷を計算し、吹出し空気温度制御目標値を実現する冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水必要流量、およびその時の冷却コイル20a、20bの冷水出口温度等を伝熱の非線形方程式を解いて計算する。
次にVWVオブジェクト405では、冷水還ヘッダ18の温度、冷水流量、冷水往ヘッダ17と冷水還ヘッダ18間の各冷水配管の損失ヘッド等を計算する。
次に冷水ポンプオブジェクト406では、冷水ポンプ16の特性、空調機側の配管の最大損失ヘッド、吸収式冷凍機14側配管の配管抵抗特性を用いて作成した非線形方程式を解くことにより、冷水ポンプ16に接続されているインバータ33の周波数、冷水ポンプ16に接続されているインバータ33の消費電力等を計算する。
【0026】
次に冷却水ポンプオブジェクト407では、冷却水ポンプ12の特性と配管抵抗特性を用いて作成した非線形方程式を解くことにより、冷却水流量と冷却水ポンプ12に接続されているインバータ32の消費電力等を計算する。
次に冷却塔オブジェクト408では、局所の交換熱量が水の温度の飽和空気と実際の空気のエンタルピ差に比例するとし、蒸発による流量変化を無視した理論を用いて作成した非線形方程式を解くことにより、冷却塔11のファンに接続されているインバータ31の周波数、冷却塔11のファンに接続されているインバータ31の消費電力等を計算する。
次に冷凍機オブジェクト409では、吸収冷温水機シミュレータを用いて、冷凍サイクルの連立非線形方程式を解いて、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水出口温度、消費電力、ガス消費量等を計算する。
【0027】
次に出力410では、各機器の消費電力、ガス消費量から評価関数である空調設備全体のランニングコストを計算する。また、空調設備の運転できる範囲を表す制約条件関数も同様に計算する。
次に、図5を用いて最適化手段を説明する。評価関数は、空調設備全体のランニングコストである。制約条件関数は、空調設備が動作できる実行可能領域を表す関数である。実際の空調システムにおいては、構成機器の能力限界から、あるいは構成機器の安全運転のための安全装置から、運転が制限されている。また、物理法則からの制限もある。
例えば、冷却塔11の冷却水出口温度11の上限値と下限値、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水出口温度の下限値と上限値、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水入口温度の下限値、吸収式冷凍機14の冷却水出口温度の上限値、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水、吸収式冷凍機14のガス流量の上限値と下限値、冷却水流量の下限値、冷却コイル20a、20bの吹出し温度の上限値と下限値、インバータ31、32、33、34a、34b周波数の下限値と上限値等である。このような制約条件を制約条件関数として表す。
【0028】
制約条件関数は、制約条件を満たす場合は負の値、制約条件を満たさない場合は正の値となるようにすべての制約条件に関して設定する。これらの制約条件関数は、前記の空調設備シミュレータで、評価関数のランニングコストと同様に計算される。制約条件関数を満たし、かつ非線形な評価関数を最小とする制約付きの非線形最適化問題とする。そして、図8に示したペナルティ関数により、制約付き非線形最適化問題を無制約非線形最適化問題に変換する。そして、準ニュートン法、共役勾配法、最急降下法の最適化手法を利用して最適制御目標値を計算する。
また、制約付き非線型計画問題を逐次二次計画法を利用して最適制御目標値を計算してもよい。あるいは、制御目標値を変えて全ての組合せを計算して、その中で制約条件を満たし、かつ最もランニングコストの小さい制御目標値の組合せを選び出す方法により最適制御目標値を求めてもよい。
【0029】
このようにすることにより、空調設備が動作可能(実行可能領域)で、かつ評価関数である空調設備全体のランニングコストが最小とする最適制御目標値を求めることができる。
以上では、評価関数をランニングコストとしてランニングコストを最小とする最適値を求めたが、評価関数を他のものに変えることも可能である。例えば、一次エネルギー消費量の原油換算、二酸化炭素排出量等を最小にすることも換算係数の変更で可能である。また、ランニングコスト、一次エネルギー消費量の原油換算、二酸化炭素排出量等にそれぞれの重み係数をかけて評価関数を作成して、その評価関数を最小とする最適値を求めることも可能である。
パラメータ同定手段105では、配管抵抗係数、ダクト抵抗係数、冷却コイル20a、20bの汚れ係数(あるいは伝熱係数)、冷却塔のエンタルピー差基準伝熱係数11、インバータ31、32、33、34a、34bのインバータ効率等のシミュレーションパラメータを同定する。
【0030】
配管抵抗係数、ダクト抵抗係数は、配管、ダクトの形状より計算を行うこともできるが、実際の配管抵抗係数、ダクト抵抗係数と少しずれが生じる場合がほとんどである。そのため、配管抵抗係数、ダクト抵抗係数等のシミュレーションパラメータは、センサの計測値により最小二乗法を用いて同定する方法を用いる。また、冷却コイル20a、20bは、汚れにより伝熱性能が劣化する。そこで、センサの計測値に基づき冷却コイル20a、20bの汚れ係数(あるいは伝熱係数)を同定する。たとえば、冷却コイル20aの場合、温度センサ45a、46a、差圧計68a、温湿度センサ53a、54a、55a、VAVユニット81a、82a、83a、84bの計測値により、冷却コイル20aの冷水の入口温度、出口温度、流量、および空気の入口温度湿度、出口温度湿度、流量を求め、これらの値より冷却コイル20aの汚れ係数(あるいは伝熱係数)を最小二乗法を用いて同定する。なお、温度センサ45aを設けない場合は、温度センサ43の温度計測値を冷却コイル20aの入口温度とする。また、同様にして他のパラメータの同定も行う。
【0031】
監視制御装置2は、通信ネットワーク3に接続された機器と通信を行なう通信手段121と、センサの計測データや機器の運転状況や機器へ指令した制御目標値等を記録する記録手段122と、最適計算用計算機1で計算した最適制御目標値を記憶しておく最適制御目標値記憶手段123と、最適制御目標値記憶手段123に記憶されている最適計算用計算機1で計算された最適制御目標値を参照して、さらにセンサの計測値等により空調機器が冷却負荷を正常に処理しているか等を監視して異常が発生した場合は対策を行って吸収吸収式冷凍機14等の機器への送る最終的な制御目標値を生成する制御目標値生成手段124を備えている。
制御目標値生成手段124は、最適制御目標値記憶手段123に記憶されている最適計算用計算機1で計算した新しい最適制御目標値を受け取り、現在の制御目標値から新しい制御目標値に急激に変化しないように間を補間して、徐々に制御目標値が変化するように空調設備に制御目標値を送る。
【0032】
制御目標値生成手段124は、センサの計測値等により空調機器が冷却負荷を正常に処理しているか等を監視して異常が発生した場合は対策を行う。最適計算用計算機1は、少し前の温度、湿度を基に最適な制御目標値を計算しているため、外気の温度、湿度が急激に変化すると冷却水流量、あるいは冷水流量、あるいは吹出し風量が足りなくなる等の恐れがあることが分かった。このような不具合を防ぐため、制御目標値生成手段124は、最適計算用計算機で計算した最適制御目標値を基準として下記ルールに従って調整することにより、不具合が起こることを防ぐ。
「もし冷却水出口温度が上限値を越えた場合、冷却水入口温度目標値を既定値下げ、冷却水流量を既定値上げる。」「もし空調機ファン22aのインバータ34aの周波数が最大値になっても風量が足りない場合、吹出し温度目標値を既定値下げる。」「もし冷水ポンプ16のインバータ33の周波数が最大値になっても冷水流量が足りない場合、冷水温度目標値を既定値下げる。」制御目標値生成手段124には、このようにIF、THEN形式で、状況と対応策が記述されており、状況変化による不具合に対応することが可能となる。
監視制御装置2では、計算量の多い最適化計算を行っておらず、前述したように簡単なルールにより制御しているため処理周期を短くすることができる。このため急激な状況の変化に対しても迅速に安全に対応することが可能となる。また、急激な状況の変化が起こった場合には、監視制御装置2では最適計算用計算機1で計算した最適制御目標値を中心に負荷状況等の変化に対応して調整しているため、最適制御目標値とまではいかないが、準最適制御目標値で空調設備を制御することが可能となる。
【0033】
なお、本実施形態では、冷水生産側の吸収式冷凍機の系統が1系統、負荷側の空気調和機の系統が2系統であるがが、冷水生産側、負荷側どちらの系統も系統数で限定されるものではなく、系統数はいくつでもよい。また、吸収式冷凍機14の代わりに、ターボ冷凍機、スクリューチラー等の別方式の冷凍機を用いても、暖房も可能な吸収式冷温水機を用いてもよい。また、空気調和機19a、19bの代わりにファンコイルユニット、あるいはその他の熱交換器にしてもよい。また、冷却水ポンプ12、冷水ポンプ16、ファン22a、22bの流量を変化させるためにインバータを用いたが、変速機等を用いて回転数を変えて流量を制御してもよい。また、流量調整バルブ、ダンパあるいはVWVユニット、VAVユニットを用いて流量を変化させることもできる。この場合、インバータの場合に比べてランニングコストは大きくなるが、イニシャルコストは小さくなる。
次に、本発明の第二の実施形態について説明する。システムの基本構成は、第一の実施の形態と同様に図1の通りである。ただし、最適計算用計算機1は、頻繁には通信を行わないため、ネットワーク3に接続されていなくてもよく、最適計算用計算機1と監視制御装置2との間のデータ交換は、別のメディアを介してもよい。
【0034】
第2の実施形態では、最適計算用計算機1で制御目標値生成用テーブルデータを作成し、監視制御装置2は最適計算用計算機1で生成した制御目標値生成用テーブルデータを用いて最適な制御目標値を生成する。
図6に最適計算用計算機1を示す。パラメータ同定手段105では、監視制御装置2の記録手段122により記録された空調システムの運転記録である運転データ128を用いて、シミュレーションパラメータを同定し、機器特性データベースに記録する。また、機器特性データベース104と空調設備シミュレータ103と最適化手段102を用いて、最適制御目標値のテーブルデータを生成する。テーブルデータは、各空調機19a、19bの冷却負荷と外気の湿球温度でテーブル化されている。
【0035】
図7に監視制御装置2を示す。監視制御装置2の制御目標値生成手段124では、最適計算用計算機1で作成された制御目標値生成用テーブルデータを基に、補間により最適制御目標値を生成する。監視制御装置2の記録手段12では、空調システムの運転記録である運転データ128を記録する。
次に、第三の実施形態について説明する。第三の実施形態では、空調機の空気吹出し温度は一定とし、空気吹出し流量は第一の実施の形態と同様のVAV制御により制御する。冷水流量は第一の実施の形態と同様のVWV制御により制御する。
図8に、冷水温度冷水温度の決定方法を示す。以下に冷水温度、冷水温度、冷却水流量の制御目標値の決定方法を説明する。まず、冷水温度の決定方法を、図6を用いて説明する。
まず、冷水コイルを流れる流量、バイパス弁を流れる冷水流量、冷水温度、冷水コイルの入口温度、出口温度等の空調設備の状態量を計測する(601)。次に、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値を求め、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値が冷水流量の下限値以下の場合はステップ603へ、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値が冷水流量の下限値よりも大きい場合はステップ607へ進む(602)。ここで、冷水流量の下限値は、吸収式冷凍機14の冷水流量の下限値と、インバータ周波数を小さくして冷水ポンプの流量を小さくした時の下限値の大きい方の値を、冷水流量の下限値としている。
【0036】
次に、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値が冷水流量の下限値以下場合の操作について説明する。冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値が冷水流量の下限値以下場合は、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値にバイパス弁を流れる冷水流量を加算した値が、冷水流量の下限値になるようにバイパス弁の開度が制御される。バイパス弁を流れるバイパス流量が設定値(ここでは、0)以下の場合は、ステップ605へ進み(603)、冷水温度を変更しない(605)。また、バイパス弁を流れるバイパス流量が設定値より大きい場合は、ステップ604に進む(603)。次に、冷水温度が冷水温度の上限値(吸収式冷凍機14で制御できる冷水温度の上限値を冷水温度の上限値とする)以上の場合は、ステップ607へ進み(604)、冷水温度が冷水温度の上限値になるように吸収式冷凍機14へ指令する(607)。冷水温度が冷水温度の上限値より小さい場合は、ステップ606へ進み(604)、冷水温度を設定した刻み幅だけ上げるように吸収式冷凍機14へ指令する(606)。ここで、冷水温度を上げる幅は、比例制御を用いて、バイパス流量に比例ゲインをかけた値としてもよい。
【0037】
次に、冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量の合計値が冷水流量の下限値より大きい場合の操作について説明する。冷水コイルを流れる冷水流量が冷水流量の下限値より大きい場合は、テーブルデータの参照して、テーブルデータの冷水温度で吸収式冷凍機14に指令する(608)。ここで、テーブルデータは、冷却負荷を入力して冷水温度を出力するテーブルデータである。計測した状態量から冷却負荷を計算して、テーブルデータを基に冷水温度を決定する。なお、テーブルデータはシミュレーションあるいは運転試験結果により作成したものである。
次に、冷却水温度、流量を外気の湿球温度と冷却水冷却熱量によるテーブルデータを作成しておく。センサの計測値より外気の湿球温度と冷却水冷却熱量を求め、テーブルデータにより冷却水温度、流量を求め、その冷却水温度、流量で制御する。なお、テーブルデータはシミュレーションあるいは運転試験結果により作成したものである。
【0038】
また、冷却塔ファンの消費電力は、全体の中で比較的小さいので、下記のような制御をしてもよい。冷却水温度は、下限値以下になった時のみ下限値を下回らないように制御し、それ以外は、冷却塔ファンを電源の周波数で運転し、冷却水温度は制御しない。また、冷却塔ファンインバータを取り付けず、冷却塔をON/OFF制御としてもよい。この場合、冷却水温度の制御精度が下がるが、イニシャルコストが下がるという長所がある。
なお、第三の実施形態も第二の実施形態と同様に、最適計算用計算機1は、頻繁には通信を行わないため、ネットワーク3に接続されていなくてもよく、最適計算用計算機1と監視制御装置2との間のデータ交換は、別のメディアを介してもよい。また、前記テーブルデータを運転試験結果等により作成し、空調設備のシミュレーションを行わない場合は、最適計算用計算機1はなくてもよい。
次に、第四の実施形態について説明する。第四の実施形態では、空調機の空気吹出し温度は一定とし、空気吹出し流量は第一の実施の形態と同様のVAV制御により制御する。冷水流量は第一の実施の形態と同様のVWV制御により制御する。
【0039】
第四の実施形態では、最適計算用計算機1を使わない構成として、テーブルデータを使わない。
第三の実施形態と違うところは、冷水流量が下限値より大きく、ステップ602のところでNoとなった場合の処理である。以下その処理方法について説明する。冷水流量が下限値より大きく、ステップ602のところでNoとなった場合は、まずステップ610に進む。
冷水温度が冷水温度の下限値(吸収式冷凍機14で制御できる冷水温度の下限値を冷水温度の下限値とする)以下の場合は、ステップ612へ進み(610)、冷水温度が冷水温度の下限値になるように吸収式冷凍機14へ指令する(612)。冷水温度が冷水温度の下限値より大きい場合は、ステップ611へ進み(610)、冷水温度を設定した刻み幅だけ下げるように吸収式冷凍機14へ指令する(611)。ここで、冷水温度を下げる幅は、比例制御を用いて、冷水流量と冷水流量の下限値の差に比例ゲインをかけた値としてもよい。
【0040】
第四の実施形態は、最適計算用計算機1を使わないため、第三の実施形態と比較してイニシャルコストが小くなるがランニングコストは大きくなる。
【発明の効果】
空調設備全体のランニングコストの合計が最小となる最適運転方法で冷凍空調設備を運転することができるイニシャルコストの小さい実用的な空調設備を提供することが可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の第1の実施形態例の空調設備を示す構成図である。
【図2】本発明の第1の実施形態例の最適計算用計算機の構成を示した図である。
【図3】本発明の第1の実施形態例の監視制御装置の構成を示した図である。
【図4】本発明の第1の実施形態例の空調設備シミュレータの計算手順を説明するフローチャート図である。
【図5】本発明の第1の実施形態例の最適化方法を示した図である。
【図6】本発明の第2の実施形態例の最適計算用計算機の構成を示した図である。
【図7】本発明の第2の実施形態例の監視制御装置の構成を示した図である。
【図8】本発明の第3の実施形態例の冷水温度の制御目標値の決定方法を説明するフローチャート図である。
【図9】本発明の第4の実施形態例の冷水温度の制御目標値の決定方法を説明するフローチャート図である。
【符号の説明】
1・・・最適計算用計算機、2・・・監視制御装置、3・・・通信ネットワーク、11・・・冷却塔、12・・・冷却水ポンプ、14・・・吸収式冷凍機、16・・・冷水ポンプ、17・・・冷水往ヘッダ、18・・・冷水還ヘッダ、19・・・空気調和機、20・・・冷水コイル、21・・・加湿器、22ファン、31〜34・・・インバータ、41〜46・・・温度センサ、51〜58・・・温湿度センサ、61〜62・・・流量センサ、65・・・圧力センサ、71〜72・・・流量調整バルブ、81〜83・・・VAVユニット、91〜93・・・温度目標値設定ユニット。
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an air conditioner.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-98358 discloses a primary pump type heat source variable flow rate system for circulating and supplying cold and hot water only from a heat source side to air-condition a building. The system includes a cold / hot water generator that supplies cold / hot water to the air conditioner, a cooling tower that supplies cooling water to the cold / hot water generator, and circulates and supplies the cold / hot water and the cooling water according to the air conditioning load. It is composed of a pump variable flow control device that performs variable control and the like, and the power consumption of the cooling water pump and the chilled water pump is reduced by changing the flow rates of the cold and hot water and the cooling water (see Patent Document 1).
[0003]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-2002-98358
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the air conditioning method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-98358 is a method of reducing the power consumption of the cooling water pump and the chilled water pump by changing only the flow rate of the cold / hot water or the cooling water. Therefore, it is not possible to reduce the power consumption of the entire air conditioning equipment.
The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide an air conditioner capable of reducing energy consumption, operation cost, or carbon dioxide emission of the entire air conditioner.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention solves the above problems by the following means and methods.
For air conditioning equipment that circulates and supplies cold water to provide air conditioning, a simulation model of equipment such as refrigerators and pumps that make up the air conditioning equipment is provided, and the optimal control target value that minimizes or maximizes the evaluation function is determined by simulation. Operate the air conditioner with the control target value.
Further, in an air conditioner that circulates and supplies chilled water to perform air conditioning, a device information database in which device characteristic data of devices constituting the air conditioner is stored, and a device characteristic data of component devices stored in the device information database. An air conditioner simulator that calculates power consumption and fuel consumption at partial load and calculates an evaluation function using a conversion factor, and an optimization that calculates the optimal control target value of each device of the air conditioner using the air conditioner simulator Means for operating each device of the air conditioner according to the optimal control target value.
[0006]
Further, a differential pressure gauge for measuring the differential pressure of the chilled water coil is provided, and the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil is obtained by measuring the differential pressure of the chilled water coil.
In addition, a differential pressure gauge for measuring the differential pressure between the cooling water inlet and the outlet of the refrigerator is provided, and by measuring the differential pressure between the cooling water inlet and the outlet of the refrigerator, the flow rate of the cooling water flowing through the refrigerator is measured. Ask for.
[0007]
Further, a differential pressure gauge for measuring a differential pressure between the cold water inlet and the outlet of the refrigerator is provided, and a flow rate of the cold water flowing through the refrigerator is obtained by measuring a differential pressure between the cold water inlet and the outlet of the refrigerator.
In an air conditioner that changes the flow rate of chilled water according to the load, the chilled water flow rate is the lower limit of the chilled water flow rate. Increase the chilled water outlet set temperature.
In addition, a contamination coefficient or a heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is identified based on the measured value of the sensor, and a simulation calculation of the air conditioning equipment is performed using the identified parameters.
[0008]
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram illustrating an air conditioner according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a central air-conditioning type air-conditioning system including a cooling tower 11, a cooling water pump 12, an absorption refrigerator 14, a chilled water pump 16, a chilled water outgoing header 17, a chilled water return header 18, and air conditioners 19a and 19b. Equipment.
First, the detailed configuration of the equipment on the cold water production side will be described. An inverter 31 is connected to the fan of the cooling tower 11 in order to change the air volume of the cooling tower 11. An inverter 42 is connected to the cooling water pump 12 to change the flow rate of the cooling water. An inverter 33 is connected to the chilled water pump 16 to change the flow rate of the chilled water. The absorption refrigerator 14 is an absorption refrigerator capable of changing the control target value of the chilled water outlet temperature by an external command. The absorption chiller 14 is an absorption chiller that can reduce the flow rate of both cooling water and cold water to half the rated flow rate.
[0009]
In the cooling water pipe, a differential pressure sensor 66 for measuring a pressure loss between a cooling water inlet / outlet of the absorption refrigerator 14 and a temperature sensor 41 for measuring a cooling water inlet temperature of the absorption refrigerator 14, A temperature sensor 42 for measuring a cooling water outlet temperature of the refrigerator 14 is connected. In the chilled water primary pipe, a differential pressure sensor 67 for measuring the pressure loss between the chilled water inlet / outlet of the absorption chiller 14, a temperature sensor 43 for measuring the chilled water inlet temperature of the absorption chiller 14, an absorption chiller A temperature sensor 44 for measuring the temperature of the chilled water outlet 14 is connected. A temperature / humidity sensor 51 for measuring the temperature and humidity of the outside air flowing into the cooling tower 11 is installed near the outdoor cooling tower 11.
[0010]
From the differential pressure measured by the differential pressure sensors 66 and 67, the cooling water of the absorption refrigerator 14 and the cooling water and the cooling water passing through the absorption refrigerator 14 using the pressure loss characteristics (resistance coefficient) of the inlet / outlet of the cold water. Calculate the flow rate. Here, the effect of connecting the differential pressure sensors 66 and 67 without connecting the flow rate sensor is that the initial cost of the differential pressure sensor is smaller than that of the flow rate sensor. In addition, the reason why the pressure loss at the inlet / outlet of the cooling water and the chilled water of the absorption chiller 14 was measured was that the resistance coefficient of the inlet / outlet of the cooling water and the chilled water of the absorption chiller 14 was larger than that of the piping. This is because the characteristics of pressure loss (pressure loss at the rated flow rate) are measured in the performance test.
[0011]
Therefore, by connecting a differential pressure sensor for measuring the pressure loss between the inlet / outlet of the cooling water and the cooling water of the absorption refrigerator 14, the cooling water and the flow rate of the cooling water can be accurately obtained at a small initial cost. .
As the characteristics of the cooling water of the absorption refrigerator 14 and the pressure loss at the inlet / outlet of the cold water, the values described in the performance test sheet of the absorption refrigerator 14 may be used. At the time of test operation or periodically, a flowmeter such as an ultrasonic flowmeter that can be easily attached and detached is attached to determine the relationship between the flow rate and the differential pressure.
In addition, since the cooling water pipe is a single circulation flow path, a flow meter that can be easily attached and detached, such as an ultrasonic flow meter, is attached at the time of trial operation or periodically, and the relationship between the frequency of the inverter 32 and the flow rate is measured. Is obtained, the flow rate of the cooling water can be converted from the frequency of the inverter 32. Therefore, the differential pressure sensor 66 does not need to be attached if the above operation is performed.
[0012]
Next, a detailed configuration of the equipment on the load side will be described. The air conditioner 19a includes a cold water coil 20a, a humidifier 21a, and a fan 22a. An inverter 24a is connected to the fan 22a to change the amount of air passing through the air conditioner 19a.
Differential pressure sensors 68a and 68b for measuring a pressure loss between the cold water inlet / outlet of the cooling coils 20a and 20b are connected to the cold water secondary pipe.
From the differential pressure measured by the differential pressure sensors 68a and 68b, the cooling water of the cooling coils 20a and 20b, the cooling water passing through the cooling coils 20a and 20b, and the cooling water Calculate the flow rate. Here, the effect of connecting the differential pressure sensors 68a and 68b without connecting the flow rate sensor is that the initial cost of the differential pressure sensor is smaller than that of the flow rate sensor. The reason why the pressure loss at the inlet / outlet of the cooling water of the cooling coils 20a, 20b was measured is that the resistance coefficient of the inlet / outlet of the cooling water of the cooling coils 20a, 20b is larger than that of the piping.
Therefore, by connecting a differential pressure sensor that measures the pressure loss between the inlet and outlet of the chilled water of the cooling coils 20a and 20b, the chilled water flow rate can be accurately obtained at a small initial cost.
[0013]
In addition, regarding the characteristics of the pressure loss at the inlet / outlet of the cooling coils 20a and 20b, the relationship between the flow rate and the differential pressure is obtained for the cooling coils 20a and 20b alone. Alternatively, the characteristics of the pressure loss at the inlet / outlet of the cooling coils 20a and 20b can be determined by installing a simple flow meter such as an ultrasonic flow meter at the time of a trial operation or periodically, and measuring the relationship between the flow rate and the differential pressure. Ask for.
A VAV (Variable Air Volume) unit 81a is installed in the outside air intake duct of the air conditioner 19a so that a set amount of outside air can be taken in, and a temperature and humidity sensor 53a that measures the temperature and humidity of the taken outside air is provided. It is connected. The VAV unit 81a includes a flow rate sensor that measures the amount of air passing through the VAV unit 81a, a damper for changing the amount of air, a damper opening sensor that measures the opening of the damper, and control means. PID control is performed so that the air volume passing through the VAV unit becomes the air volume target value commanded from the outside. The other VAV units 82a, 83a, 81b, 82b, 83b have the same configuration.
The inside air suction duct that sucks the air in the room 25a is connected to a flow rate sensor 62a that measures the flow rate of the air sucked into the inside air suction duct and a temperature and humidity sensor 54a that measures the temperature and humidity. A temperature and humidity sensor 55a that measures the temperature and humidity of the air blown out of the air conditioner 19a is connected to the blow duct. VAV units 82a and 83a are installed at the outlets of the outlet ducts so that the amount of air blown from the outlets is controlled.
[0014]
The air volume at each outlet is VAV controlled by the VAV units 82a and 83a and the inverter 34a of the fan 22a. Next, a method of VAV control will be described.
The room 25a is provided with a temperature / humidity sensor 52a for measuring the temperature and humidity of indoor air and a target temperature setting unit 91a for setting a target indoor temperature of the room 25a. In the VAV unit 82a, the temperature of the room 25a is determined by the target temperature of the room 25a set by the target temperature setting unit 91a, the temperature of the room air in the room 25a measured by the temperature and humidity sensor 52a, and the temperature and humidity. Based on the air temperature in the blow-out duct measured by the sensor 55a, the target value of the blow-off air amount to the room 25a is calculated by PID control, and the damper in the VAV unit 81a is set to the PID control so that the blow-off air amount target value is obtained. Controlled. The rooms 26a and 27a have the same configuration as the room 25a, and the temperature of each room is controlled.
[0015]
When the frequency of the inverter 34a of the fan 22a is set to the target value of the blow-off air volume, the damper of the VAV unit installed at the outlet of the blow-off duct path having the largest pressure loss is fully opened, PID control is performed to obtain a value.
The flow rate of the chilled water is VWV controlled by the flow rate adjusting valves 71, 72a, 72b and the inverter 33 of the chilled water pump 16. Next, a method of VWV control will be described.
The outlet temperature of the air conditioner 19a is controlled by the flow rate of chilled water flowing into the chilled water coil 20a controlled by the flow rate adjustment valve 72a. In the flow rate adjusting valve 71, the flow rate adjusting valve 72a is PID-controlled based on a blow-off temperature target value given from the outside and the blow-out temperature measured by the temperature and humidity sensor 55a. The system of the air conditioner 19b for air-conditioning the rooms 25b, 26b, 27b has the same configuration as the system of the air conditioner 19a for air-conditioning the rooms 25a, 26a, 27a, and is controlled by the same method. Is done.
[0016]
The flow control valve 71 is a flow control valve that controls the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the absorption refrigerator 14 so as not to become smaller than the rated flow rate 1 /. The flow rate of the cold water flowing through the absorption refrigerator 14 is calculated from the differential pressure measured by the differential pressure sensor 67. When the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the absorption chiller 14 is equal to or more than the rated flow rate of the chilled water flow rate of the absorption chiller 14, the flow control valve of the flow control valve 71 is fully closed, and the flow rate of the chilled water is reduced. When the chilled water flow rate of the chiller 14 is smaller than the rated flow rate 1 /, the flow rate adjusting valve 71 is controlled so that the chilled water flow rate of the absorption chiller 14 becomes 定 格.
When the frequency of the inverter 33 of the chilled water pump 26 is set to the chilled water flow rate target value, the flow rate adjustment valve of the flow rate adjustment valve installed in the piping path having the largest pressure loss is fully opened, and the chilled water flow rate of the flow rate adjustment valve is equal to the chilled water flow rate. PID control is performed so as to reach the target value.
[0017]
Use of the differential pressure sensors 67, 68a, 68b has the following effects. Since the differential pressure is measured using the differential pressure sensors 66, 67, 68a, and 68b, and the flow rate flowing through each of the differential pressures is calculated from the measured differential pressure, the initial cost can be reduced as compared with the case where a flow meter is used. In addition, the place where the differential pressure is measured is between the inlet and outlet of the refrigerator and between the inlet and outlet of the chilled / hot water coil. Since the measurement is performed at a place where the resistance coefficient is large, the flow rate can be accurately obtained. is there.
[0018]
Next, the communication network of the air conditioner will be described. Absorption refrigerator 14, inverters 31, 32, 33, 34a, 34b, temperature sensors 41, 42, 43, 44, temperature and humidity sensors 51, 53a, 53b, 54a, 54b, 55a, 55b, 56a, 56b, 57a, 57b, flow sensors 62a, 62b, pressure sensor 65, differential pressure sensors 66, 67, 68a, 68b, flow control valves 71, 72a, 72b, VAV units 81a, 81b, 82a, 82b, 83a, 83b, temperature target value setting Each of the units 91a and 91b, the computer for optimum calculation 1, and the monitoring and control device 2 includes a communication unit.
Absorption refrigerator 14, inverters 31, 32, 33, 34a, 34b, temperature sensors 41, 42, 43, 44, temperature and humidity sensors 51, 53a, 53b, 54a, 54b, 55a, 55b, 56a, 56b, 57a, 57b, flow sensors 61, 62a, 62b, pressure sensor 65, flow control valves 71, 72a, 72b, VAV units 81a, 81b, 82a, 82b, 83a, 83b, target temperature setting units 91a, 91b, and a computer for optimal calculation 1. The monitoring control device 2 is connected to a communication network 3 and can transmit and receive data via the communication network 3.
[0019]
Next, the details of the optimal calculation computer 1 will be described. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of the computer 1 for optimal calculation. The computer 1 for optimal calculation is required for communication means 101 for communicating with devices connected to the communication network 3 and for simulation of characteristic data of air conditioners used for simulation of air conditioning equipment and resistance coefficients of pipes and ducts. An equipment characteristic database 104 in which simulation parameters and the like are stored, an air conditioning simulator 103 that simulates air conditioning equipment using data in the equipment characteristic database 104, and an optimal control target value of the air conditioning equipment calculated using the air conditioning equipment simulator 103 Optimization means 102 and parameter identification means 105 for identifying simulation parameters such as resistance coefficients of pipes and ducts using measurement data of sensors.
The computer 1 for optimal calculation includes temperature and humidity measured by the temperature and humidity sensors 51, 53a, 53b, 54a, 54b, 55a, and 55b, flow rates measured by the flow sensors 62a and 62b, and VAV units 82a, 82b, and 83a. , 83b via the communication network 3 to control the cooling water temperature control target value, the cooling water flow control target value, the chilled water temperature control target value, and the air conditioning that minimize the running cost of the entire air conditioner. Calculate the air outlet temperature control target value. Hereinafter, a combination of the cooling water temperature control target value, the cooling water flow control target value, the chilled water temperature control target value, and the air conditioner outlet temperature control target value that minimizes the running cost of the entire air conditioner is referred to as an optimum control target value. .
[0020]
The computer for optimal calculation 1 is a cooling tower 11, a cooling water pump 12, an absorption chiller 14, a chilled water pump 15, an air conditioner 19a, 19b, an air conditioner simulator 103 in which simulation models of VWV control, VAV control and the like are described. Cooling tower 11, cooling water pump 12, absorption chiller 14, chilled water pump 15, air conditioners 19a, 19b, equipment characteristic data, control parameters such as VWV control, VAV control, and resistance coefficients of pipes and ducts And a device characteristic database 104 in which simulation parameters and the like necessary for a simulation such as the above are stored. The air-conditioning equipment simulator 103 calculates the measured values of the temperature sensor and the humidity sensor, the control target value of the cooling water temperature, the control target value of the cooling water flow rate, the control target value of the cold water temperature, and the control target value of the blowout temperature of the air conditioner. When input, the entire evaluation function is calculated using the data of the device characteristic database 104 and the simulation model. Here, the evaluation function will be described as a running cost.
[0021]
As a simulation model of the air-conditioning equipment simulator 103, simulation models of the cooling tower 11, the cooling water pump 12, the absorption chiller 14, the chilled water pump 15, the air conditioners 19a and 19b, the VWV control, the VAV control, etc. It is modularized and built as a program. For example, a program for calculating the cooling water temperature and the power consumption at the cooling water outlet of the cooling tower 11 based on the theory using the enthalpy difference-based overall heat transfer coefficient of the cooling tower 11, the cooling water pump 12, the cooling water pump 16 A program for calculating the discharge flow rate and power consumption of the cooling water pump 12 and the cooling water pump 16 from the characteristic curve and the resistance coefficient of the pipe, and the temperature and gas consumption of the cooling water outlet of the absorption refrigerator 14 by the cycle simulation of the absorption refrigerator 14. A program for calculating the amount and the like, a program for calculating the flow rate of the chilled water required for the chilled water coils 20a and 20b of the air conditioners 19a and 19b, the chilled water temperature at the chilled water outlet of the chilled water coils 20a and 20b, and the power consumption by the fan 22a, Program for calculating pipe pressure loss during control, program for calculating duct pressure loss during VAV control Beam or the like is built as a modular program.
[0022]
In the program of the air conditioning equipment simulator 103, the measurement values of the temperature sensor and the humidity sensor and the control target value of the cooling water temperature, the control target value of the cooling water flow rate, the control target value of the cooling water temperature, and the control target value of the blowout temperature of the air conditioner are provided. Is input, the gas consumption of the absorption refrigerator 14 and the fan 22a, 22b, the inverters 34a, 34b, the chilled water pump 16, the inverter 33, the cooling water pump 12, the inverter 32, the fan of the cooling tower 11, and the inverter 31 Calculate the power consumed. Then, the sum of the gas consumption and the power consumption is calculated, the gas rate and the power rate are calculated using the gas unit price and the power rate, and the running cost as an evaluation function is calculated by summing the gas rate and the power rate. .
[0023]
The optimization means 102 uses the air-conditioning equipment simulator 103 to control a cooling water temperature control target value, a cooling water flow control target value, a cooling water temperature control target value, and an air conditioner that minimize the running cost, which is an evaluation function. Means for calculating the control target value of the blowout temperature.
The operation of the air conditioner simulator 103 will be described with reference to FIG. In the air-conditioning equipment simulator 103, each calculation program is constructed in an object-oriented manner for each component device in order to have versatility and expandability. Then, by sequentially calling and calculating each object, the running cost of the entire air conditioner, which is an evaluation function, and the constraint condition function representing the operable range of the air conditioner are calculated. The details of the constraint function will be described later.
[0024]
First, at input 401, values of operating state parameters (including optimization parameters) are given. The operating state parameters are the outside air temperature, humidity, outside air intake air volume, return air temperature returning from indoors, humidity, air volume, blowout temperature control target value, cooling water set temperature control target value, chilled water set temperature control target value, and cooling. It is a water pump inverter frequency control target value. Among these, the cooling water set temperature control target value, the chilled water set temperature control target value, the cooling water pump inverter frequency control target value, and the outlet temperature control target value calculate the optimum control target values as optimization parameters. Further, in the operation control system, operation state parameters other than the optimization parameters are automatically input by communication from sensors and control devices of constituent devices.
[0025]
Next, the VAV control object 402 calculates VAV control. The amount of air flowing to each of the VAV modules 82a, 82b, 83a, 83b, 84a, 84b is calculated by VAV control. Then, the pressure loss of the duct is calculated.
Next, the fan object 403 calculates the power consumption and the like of the fan. The inverter frequency of the inverters 34a and 34b connected to the fans 22a and 22b for flowing the air volume calculated by the VAV control 702 is calculated, and the power consumption of the inverters 34a and 34b connected to the fans 22a and 22b is calculated. Calculate etc.
Next, the cooling coil object 404 calculates the temperature, humidity, and cooling load of the air at the inlet of the air conditioner from the mixture of the outside air and the return air, and calculates the required cooling water flow rate of the cooling coils 20a and 20b to realize the target value of the blown air temperature control. And the chilled water outlet temperature of the cooling coils 20a and 20b at that time are calculated by solving a nonlinear equation of heat transfer.
Next, the VWV object 405 calculates the temperature of the cold water return header 18, the flow rate of the cold water, the loss head of each cold water pipe between the cold water outflow header 17 and the cold water return header 18, and the like.
Next, the chilled water pump object 406 solves a nonlinear equation created by using the characteristics of the chilled water pump 16, the maximum loss head of the piping on the air conditioner side, and the piping resistance characteristics of the piping on the absorption chiller 14 side. , The frequency of the inverter 33 connected to the chilled water pump 16 and the like.
[0026]
Next, the cooling water pump object 407 solves a nonlinear equation created by using the characteristics of the cooling water pump 12 and the pipe resistance characteristics, thereby obtaining the cooling water flow rate, the power consumption of the inverter 32 connected to the cooling water pump 12, and the like. Is calculated.
Next, the cooling tower object 408 assumes that the local exchanged heat quantity is proportional to the enthalpy difference between the saturated air at the water temperature and the actual air, and solves the nonlinear equation created using the theory that ignores the flow rate change due to evaporation. Calculate the frequency of the inverter 31 connected to the fan of the cooling tower 11, the power consumption of the inverter 31 connected to the fan of the cooling tower 11, and the like.
Next, the refrigerator object 409 calculates the cooling water outlet temperature, the power consumption, the gas consumption, and the like of the absorption refrigerator 14 by solving the simultaneous nonlinear equations of the refrigeration cycle using the absorption chiller / heater simulator.
[0027]
Next, at the output 410, the running cost of the entire air conditioner, which is an evaluation function, is calculated from the power consumption and gas consumption of each device. In addition, the constraint condition function representing the range in which the air conditioner can be operated is calculated in the same manner.
Next, the optimizing means will be described with reference to FIG. The evaluation function is the running cost of the entire air conditioner. The constraint condition function is a function representing an executable area in which the air conditioner can operate. In an actual air-conditioning system, the operation is restricted due to the capacity limit of the component devices or a safety device for safe operation of the component devices. There are also restrictions from the laws of physics.
For example, the upper and lower limits of the cooling water outlet temperature 11 of the cooling tower 11, the lower and upper limits of the cooling water outlet temperature of the absorption refrigerator 14, the lower limit of the cooling water inlet temperature of the absorption refrigerator 14, the absorption The upper limit of the cooling water outlet temperature of the refrigerator 14, the cooling water of the absorption refrigerator 14, the upper and lower limits of the gas flow rate of the absorption refrigerator 14, the lower limit of the cooling water flow rate, and the blowing temperatures of the cooling coils 20a and 20b. , And the lower and upper limit values of the inverters 31, 32, 33, 34a, and 34b. Such a constraint is represented as a constraint condition function.
[0028]
The constraint condition function is set for all the constraint conditions so as to have a negative value when the constraint condition is satisfied and a positive value when the constraint condition is not satisfied. These constraint condition functions are calculated by the above-described air conditioning equipment simulator in the same manner as the running cost of the evaluation function. A nonlinear optimization problem with constraints that satisfies the constraint function and minimizes the nonlinear evaluation function. Then, the constrained nonlinear optimization problem is converted into an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem by the penalty function shown in FIG. Then, the optimum control target value is calculated by using the quasi-Newton method, the conjugate gradient method, and the steepest descent method.
Further, the optimal control target value of the constrained nonlinear programming problem may be calculated using a sequential quadratic programming method. Alternatively, the optimal control target value may be obtained by calculating all the combinations while changing the control target value, and selecting a combination of the control target values that satisfy the constraint conditions and have the smallest running cost among them.
[0029]
By doing so, it is possible to obtain an optimal control target value that allows the air conditioning equipment to operate (executable area) and minimizes the running cost of the entire air conditioning equipment, which is an evaluation function.
In the above, the optimal value for minimizing the running cost was determined using the evaluation function as the running cost. However, the evaluation function can be changed to another value. For example, the conversion of the primary energy consumption to crude oil and the amount of carbon dioxide emission can be minimized by changing the conversion coefficient. It is also possible to create an evaluation function by multiplying the running cost, the crude energy conversion of the primary energy consumption, the carbon dioxide emission amount, and the like by respective weighting factors, and obtain an optimum value that minimizes the evaluation function.
The parameter identification means 105 includes a pipe resistance coefficient, a duct resistance coefficient, a fouling coefficient (or heat transfer coefficient) of the cooling coils 20a and 20b, an enthalpy difference reference heat transfer coefficient 11 of the cooling tower, and inverters 31, 32, 33, 34a and 34b. Simulation parameters, such as the inverter efficiency, are identified.
[0030]
The pipe resistance coefficient and the duct resistance coefficient can be calculated from the shape of the pipe and the duct. However, in most cases, the actual pipe resistance coefficient and the duct resistance coefficient slightly differ from each other. Therefore, a method of identifying simulation parameters such as a pipe resistance coefficient and a duct resistance coefficient by using the least squares method based on sensor measurement values is used. The heat transfer performance of the cooling coils 20a and 20b deteriorates due to contamination. Therefore, the contamination coefficient (or heat transfer coefficient) of the cooling coils 20a and 20b is identified based on the measurement value of the sensor. For example, in the case of the cooling coil 20a, the inlet temperature of the cold water of the cooling coil 20a is calculated based on the measured values of the temperature sensors 45a and 46a, the differential pressure gauge 68a, the temperature and humidity sensors 53a, 54a and 55a, and the VAV units 81a, 82a, 83a and 84b. The outlet temperature, the flow rate, the inlet temperature humidity, the outlet temperature humidity, and the flow rate of the air are obtained, and the dirt coefficient (or heat transfer coefficient) of the cooling coil 20a is identified from these values using the least square method. When the temperature sensor 45a is not provided, the temperature measured by the temperature sensor 43 is used as the inlet temperature of the cooling coil 20a. Similarly, other parameters are identified.
[0031]
The monitoring and control device 2 includes a communication unit 121 that communicates with a device connected to the communication network 3, a recording unit 122 that records sensor measurement data, an operation status of the device, a control target value commanded to the device, and the like. The optimum control target value storage means 123 for storing the optimum control target value calculated by the calculation computer 1, and the optimum control target value calculated by the optimum calculation computer 1 stored in the optimum control target value storage means 123 With reference to the above, it is further monitored whether or not the air conditioner is normally processing the cooling load based on the measurement value of the sensor and the like. A control target value generating means 124 for generating a final control target value to be sent is provided.
The control target value generating means 124 receives the new optimum control target value calculated by the optimum calculation computer 1 stored in the optimum control target value storage means 123, and rapidly changes from the current control target value to the new control target value. The control target value is sent to the air-conditioning equipment so that the control target value gradually changes by interpolating the interval.
[0032]
The control target value generation means 124 monitors whether the air conditioner is processing the cooling load normally based on the measurement value of the sensor or the like, and takes a countermeasure when an abnormality occurs. Since the optimal calculation computer 1 calculates the optimal control target value based on the temperature and humidity immediately before, when the temperature and humidity of the outside air change rapidly, the cooling water flow rate, the chilled water flow rate, or the blowing air flow rate is changed. It turned out that there was a risk of running out. In order to prevent such a problem, the control target value generating means 124 prevents the problem from occurring by adjusting the optimum control target value calculated by the optimum calculation computer in accordance with the following rule.
"If the cooling water outlet temperature exceeds the upper limit, the cooling water inlet temperature target value is lowered by a predetermined value and the cooling water flow rate is raised by a predetermined value.""If the frequency of the inverter 34a of the air conditioner fan 22a becomes the maximum value." If the air volume is not enough, the outlet temperature target value is lowered by a default value. "" If the flow rate of the chilled water is insufficient even if the frequency of the inverter 33 of the chilled water pump 16 reaches the maximum value, the chilled water temperature target value is lowered by the default value. In the control target value generating means 124, the situation and the countermeasure are described in the IF and THEN format as described above, and it is possible to cope with a trouble due to a change in the situation.
The monitoring control device 2 does not perform an optimization calculation that requires a large amount of calculation, and performs control using a simple rule as described above, so that the processing cycle can be shortened. Therefore, it is possible to respond quickly and safely to sudden changes in the situation. Further, when a sudden change in the situation occurs, the monitoring control device 2 adjusts the change based on the load condition and the like with the optimum control target value calculated by the optimum calculation computer 1 as a center. Although it does not reach the control target value, it becomes possible to control the air conditioner with the sub-optimal control target value.
[0033]
In the present embodiment, the system of the absorption chiller on the chilled water production side is one system, and the system of the air conditioner on the load side is two systems. There is no limitation, and any number of systems may be used. Further, instead of the absorption chiller 14, another type of chiller such as a centrifugal chiller or a screw chiller may be used, or an absorption chiller / heater capable of heating may be used. Further, a fan coil unit or other heat exchanger may be used instead of the air conditioners 19a and 19b. Further, although the inverter is used to change the flow rate of the cooling water pump 12, the chilled water pump 16, and the fans 22a and 22b, the flow rate may be controlled by changing the number of revolutions using a transmission or the like. Also, the flow rate can be changed by using a flow control valve, a damper, a VWV unit, or a VAV unit. In this case, the running cost is higher than the case of the inverter, but the initial cost is lower.
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. The basic configuration of the system is as shown in FIG. 1 as in the first embodiment. However, since the computer 1 for optimal calculation does not frequently communicate, it need not be connected to the network 3. Data exchange between the computer 1 for optimal calculation and the supervisory control device 2 is performed by another medium. May be passed through.
[0034]
In the second embodiment, the optimum calculation computer 1 creates control target value generation table data, and the monitoring control device 2 uses the control target value generation table data generated by the optimum calculation computer 1 to perform optimal control. Generate target values.
FIG. 6 shows the computer 1 for optimal calculation. The parameter identification unit 105 identifies the simulation parameters using the operation data 128 that is the operation record of the air conditioning system recorded by the recording unit 122 of the monitoring and control device 2, and records the simulation parameters in the equipment characteristic database. In addition, table data of the optimal control target value is generated using the equipment characteristic database 104, the air conditioner simulator 103, and the optimizing means 102. The table data is tabulated by the cooling load of each of the air conditioners 19a and 19b and the wet bulb temperature of the outside air.
[0035]
FIG. 7 shows the monitoring control device 2. The control target value generation means 124 of the monitoring control device 2 generates an optimum control target value by interpolation based on the control target value generation table data created by the optimum calculation computer 1. The recording means 12 of the monitoring control device 2 records operation data 128 which is an operation record of the air conditioning system.
Next, a third embodiment will be described. In the third embodiment, the air blowing temperature of the air conditioner is fixed, and the air blowing flow rate is controlled by the same VAV control as in the first embodiment. The flow rate of the cold water is controlled by the same VWV control as in the first embodiment.
FIG. 8 shows a method for determining the cold water temperature and the cold water temperature. Hereinafter, a method for determining the control target values of the chilled water temperature, the chilled water temperature, and the cooling water flow rate will be described. First, a method of determining the cold water temperature will be described with reference to FIG.
First, the state quantities of the air conditioner such as the flow rate of the chilled water coil, the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the bypass valve, the chilled water temperature, the inlet temperature and the outlet temperature of the chilled water coil are measured (601). Next, the total value of the chilled water flow rate flowing through the chilled water coil is obtained. If the total value of the chilled water flow rate flowing through the chilled water coil is equal to or less than the lower limit of the chilled water flow rate, the process proceeds to step 603. If it is larger than the lower limit value, the process proceeds to step 607 (602). Here, the lower limit of the chilled water flow rate is the larger of the lower limit value of the chilled water flow rate of the absorption chiller 14 and the lower limit value when the flow rate of the chilled water pump is reduced by decreasing the inverter frequency. It is the lower limit.
[0036]
Next, the operation when the total value of the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil is equal to or less than the lower limit value of the flow rate of the chilled water will be described. When the total value of the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil is equal to or less than the lower limit value of the flow rate of the chilled water, the value obtained by adding the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the bypass valve to the total value of the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil becomes the lower limit value of the chilled water flow rate. The opening of the bypass valve is controlled. If the bypass flow rate flowing through the bypass valve is equal to or less than the set value (here, 0), the process proceeds to step 605 (603), and the chilled water temperature is not changed (605). If the bypass flow rate flowing through the bypass valve is larger than the set value, the process proceeds to step 604 (603). Next, if the chilled water temperature is equal to or higher than the upper limit of the chilled water temperature (the upper limit of the chilled water temperature that can be controlled by the absorption refrigerator 14 is set to the upper limit of the chilled water temperature), the process proceeds to step 607 (604). An instruction is given to the absorption refrigerator 14 so as to reach the upper limit of the cold water temperature (607). If the chilled water temperature is smaller than the upper limit value of the chilled water temperature, the process proceeds to step 606 (604), and a command is issued to the absorption refrigerator 14 to increase the chilled water temperature by the set step width (606). Here, the width of increasing the chilled water temperature may be a value obtained by multiplying the bypass flow rate by a proportional gain using the proportional control.
[0037]
Next, an operation in the case where the total value of the flow rate of the cold water flowing through the cold water coil is larger than the lower limit value of the flow rate of the cold water will be described. If the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil is larger than the lower limit value of the chilled water flow rate, a command is given to the absorption refrigerator 14 at the chilled water temperature of the table data with reference to the table data (608). Here, the table data is table data for inputting a cooling load and outputting a chilled water temperature. The cooling load is calculated from the measured state quantities, and the chilled water temperature is determined based on the table data. Note that the table data is created based on simulation or operation test results.
Next, table data for the cooling water temperature and flow rate based on the wet bulb temperature of the outside air and the cooling water cooling calorie is created. The wet-bulb temperature of the outside air and the cooling water cooling calorie are obtained from the measured values of the sensor, the cooling water temperature and the flow rate are obtained from the table data, and the cooling water temperature and the flow rate are controlled. Note that the table data is created based on simulation or operation test results.
[0038]
Further, since the power consumption of the cooling tower fan is relatively small in the whole, the following control may be performed. The cooling water temperature is controlled so as not to fall below the lower limit value only when it falls below the lower limit value. Otherwise, the cooling tower fan is operated at the frequency of the power supply, and the cooling water temperature is not controlled. Further, the cooling tower may be ON / OFF controlled without installing the cooling tower fan inverter. In this case, the control accuracy of the cooling water temperature is reduced, but there is an advantage that the initial cost is reduced.
In the third embodiment, as in the second embodiment, the optimal calculation computer 1 does not need to be connected to the network 3 because it does not frequently communicate. The data exchange with the monitoring and control device 2 may be performed via another medium. When the table data is created based on the operation test results and the like and the simulation of the air conditioning equipment is not performed, the computer 1 for optimal calculation may be omitted.
Next, a fourth embodiment will be described. In the fourth embodiment, the air blowing temperature of the air conditioner is fixed, and the air blowing flow rate is controlled by the same VAV control as in the first embodiment. The flow rate of the cold water is controlled by the same VWV control as in the first embodiment.
[0039]
In the fourth embodiment, table data is not used as a configuration that does not use the computer 1 for optimal calculation.
The difference from the third embodiment is the processing when the flow rate of the chilled water is larger than the lower limit and the result of step 602 is No. Hereinafter, the processing method will be described. When the cold water flow rate is larger than the lower limit value and the result of step 602 is No, the process first proceeds to step 610.
If the chilled water temperature is equal to or lower than the lower limit of the chilled water temperature (the lower limit of the chilled water temperature that can be controlled by the absorption refrigerator 14 is set as the lower limit of the chilled water temperature), the process proceeds to step 612 (610). A command is issued to the absorption refrigerator 14 to set the lower limit (612). If the chilled water temperature is higher than the lower limit value of the chilled water temperature, the process proceeds to step 611 (610), and a command is issued to the absorption refrigerator 14 to lower the chilled water temperature by the set step width (611). Here, the width of decreasing the chilled water temperature may be a value obtained by multiplying the difference between the chilled water flow rate and the lower limit of the chilled water flow rate by a proportional gain using proportional control.
[0040]
In the fourth embodiment, since the computer 1 for optimal calculation is not used, the initial cost is small but the running cost is large as compared with the third embodiment.
【The invention's effect】
It is possible to provide a practical air-conditioning system with a small initial cost that can operate the refrigeration air-conditioning system in an optimal operation method that minimizes the total running cost of the entire air-conditioning system.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram illustrating an air conditioner according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of a computer for optimal calculation according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a monitoring control device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a calculation procedure of the air conditioner simulator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an optimization method according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a computer for optimal calculation according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a monitoring control device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining a control target value of a chilled water temperature according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method of determining a control target value of a chilled water temperature according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Computer for optimal calculation, 2 ... Monitoring and control apparatus, 3 ... Communication network, 11 ... Cooling tower, 12 ... Cooling water pump, 14 ... Absorption refrigerator, 16 ..Cold water pump, 17 ... Chilled water outgoing header, 18 ... Cold water return header, 19 ... Air conditioner, 20 ... Cold water coil, 21 ... Humidifier, 22 fans, 31-34. .. Inverters, 41 to 46 temperature sensors, 51 to 58 temperature and humidity sensors, 61 to 62 flow rate sensors, 65 pressure sensors, 71 to 72 flow rate adjustment valves, 81 83 to VAV unit, 91 to 93 ... temperature target value setting unit.

Claims (9)

冷水を循環供給して空調を行う空調設備において、空調設備を構成する冷凍機、ポンプ等の機器のシミュレーションモデルを備え、シミュレーションにより制約条件を満たし、かつ評価関数を最小あるいは最大とする最適制御目標値を決定し、最適制御目標値で空調設備を運転することを特徴とする空調設備In air conditioning equipment that circulates and supplies cold water to provide air conditioning, simulation models of equipment such as refrigerators and pumps that make up the air conditioning equipment are provided, and optimal control targets that satisfy constraints and minimize or maximize the evaluation function by simulation Air conditioner characterized by determining the value and operating the air conditioner with the optimal control target value 冷水を循環供給して空調を行う空調設備において、空調設備を構成する機器の機器特性データが記憶されている機器情報データベースと、機器情報データベースに記憶されている構成機器の機器特性データから部分負荷における消費電力、燃料消費量を計算し、そして換算係数を用いて評価関数を計算する空調設備シミュレータと、空調設備シミュレータを用いて制約条件を満たし、かつ評価関数を最小あるいは最大とする空調設備の構成機器の最適制御目標値を計算する最適化手段を備え、最適制御目標値により空調設備の構成機器を運用することを特徴とする空調設備In an air conditioner that circulates and supplies chilled water to perform air conditioning, a partial load is calculated based on a device information database in which device characteristic data of devices constituting the air conditioner are stored, and device characteristic data of component devices stored in the device information database. Air-conditioning equipment simulator that calculates the power consumption and fuel consumption of the air conditioner and calculates the evaluation function using the conversion coefficient, and the air-conditioning equipment that satisfies the constraints using the air-conditioning equipment simulator and minimizes or maximizes the evaluation function. An air conditioner comprising an optimizing means for calculating an optimal control target value of a component, and operating the component of the air conditioner based on the optimal control target. 冷水コイルの差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷水コイルの差圧を計測することにより、冷水コイルを流れる冷水の流量を求めることを特徴とする請求項1あるいは請求項2の空調設備The air conditioning system according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a differential pressure gauge for measuring a differential pressure of the chilled water coil, wherein a flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the chilled water coil is obtained by measuring a differential pressure of the chilled water coil. 冷凍機の冷却水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷凍機の冷却水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測することにより、冷凍機を流れる冷却水の流量を求めることを特徴とする請求項1あるいは請求項2の空調設備Equipped with a differential pressure gauge that measures the differential pressure between the cooling water inlet and outlet of the refrigerator, and measures the differential pressure between the cooling water inlet and outlet of the refrigerator to determine the flow rate of the cooling water flowing through the refrigerator. The air conditioning equipment according to claim 1 or 2, wherein 冷凍機の冷水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測する差圧計を備え、冷凍機の冷水入口と出口の間の差圧を計測することにより、冷凍機を流れる冷水の流量を求めることを特徴とする請求項1あるいは請求項2の空調設備Equipped with a differential pressure gauge that measures the differential pressure between the chilled water inlet and outlet of the refrigerator, and measures the differential pressure between the chilled water inlet and outlet of the refrigerator to determine the flow rate of the chilled water flowing through the refrigerator. The air conditioning equipment according to claim 1 or claim 2. 制約条件を満たし、かつ評価関数を最小あるいは最大とする空調設備の構成機器の最適制御目標値を出力するテーブルデータである制御目標値生成用テーブルデータを作成し、前記制御目標値生成用テーブルデータを用いて最適な制御目標値を生成することを特徴とする請求項1あるいは請求項2の空調設備The control target value generation table data, which is the table data for outputting the optimal control target value of the components of the air conditioning equipment that satisfies the constraint conditions and minimizes or maximizes the evaluation function, is created. The air conditioner according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an optimal control target value is generated by using (1). 制御目標値生成用テーブルデータは、空調機の冷却負荷と外気の湿球温度を入力とし、構成機器の最適制御目標値を出力するテーブルデータであることを特徴とする請求項6の空調設備7. The air-conditioning equipment according to claim 6, wherein the control target value generation table data is table data for inputting a cooling load of an air conditioner and a wet bulb temperature of outside air and outputting an optimum control target value of a component device. 負荷に応じて冷水の流量を変化させる空調設備において、冷水流量が冷水流量の下限値であり、バイパスを冷水が流れている場合、バイパス流量が設定値以下になるように、冷凍機の冷水出口設定温度を上昇させることを特徴とする空調設備In an air conditioner that changes the flow rate of chilled water according to the load, when the chilled water flow rate is the lower limit value of the chilled water flow rate and the chilled water flows through the bypass, the chilled water outlet of the refrigerator is set so that the bypass flow rate is equal to or less than the set value. Air conditioning equipment characterized by raising the set temperature 熱交換器の汚れ係数あるいは伝熱係数をセンサの計測値を基に同定して、同定した熱交換器の汚れ係数あるいは伝熱係数を用いて空調設備のシミュレーション計算を行うことを特徴とした請求項1あるいは2の空調設備Identifying the fouling coefficient or heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger based on the measured value of the sensor, and performing a simulation calculation of the air conditioning equipment using the identified fouling coefficient or heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger. Item 1 or 2 air conditioning equipment
JP2003084432A 2003-03-26 2003-03-26 Air conditioning equipment Expired - Lifetime JP4134781B2 (en)

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