JP2004231977A - Method of leaching noble metal - Google Patents

Method of leaching noble metal Download PDF

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JP2004231977A
JP2004231977A JP2003018345A JP2003018345A JP2004231977A JP 2004231977 A JP2004231977 A JP 2004231977A JP 2003018345 A JP2003018345 A JP 2003018345A JP 2003018345 A JP2003018345 A JP 2003018345A JP 2004231977 A JP2004231977 A JP 2004231977A
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acid
leaching
alkali metal
metal salt
mol
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JP3938909B2 (en
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Toyohisa Fujita
豊久 藤田
Katsutoshi Ryu
克俊 劉
Atsushi Shibayama
敦 柴山
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
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Japan Science and Technology Agency
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of leaching desired noble metals from a sample containing a plurality of noble metals. <P>SOLUTION: In the method of leaching noble metals consisting of at least two stages, halogenated oxoacids respectively different in oxidation stages are used, or halogenated oxoacid of the same type is used in the two stages, and the concentration thereof is changed. Namely, the method consists of a first stage where a sample containing a plurality of noble metals is leached with a leach liquor mainly consisting of the alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid or halous acid and the alkali metal salt of the acid of the halogen, and a second stage where solid which has not been dissolved in the first stage is leached with a leach liquor mainly consisting of the alkali metal salt of halogen acid or perhalogen acid and the acid of the halogen. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は、貴金属の浸出方法に関し、より詳細には、複数種の貴金属が含まれる試料から所望の貴金属を浸出回収する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
金、白金、パラジウムなどの貴金属類は、高い宝飾性と特有の物理・化学性質を持つことから、宝飾品や歯科材料、また、電気・機械産業やIT産業など、各種の産業界で幅広く使用されている。それに伴って、廃棄物として発生する貴金属が膨大に発生するため、それら貴金属を廃棄物から回収することや再資源化していくことが社会的に要求されてきた。ところが、貴金属は、物理的、化学的性質が類似していることから、貴金属類同士が混在する条件下では、これまで相互分離を行うことが極めて難しいとされてきた(非特許文献1)。また、比較となる従来技術においても、貴金属の浸出・溶解方法が幾つか提案されてきたが、効率性や工程の複雑さなどの課題が残されていた。
【0003】
金、パラジウム、白金などの貴金属をリサイクルする方法は、これまで幾つも提案されてきた。例えば、浸出処理方法を用いるものでは、貴金属の溶解技術として、王水等の無機酸により貴金属を溶解する方法が知られ、その他、シアン化物による溶解方法、塩酸中に塩素を吹き込むことで白金族を溶解する方法、及び塩酸中にHを添加して白金族を溶解する方法などが提案されている(非特許文献2、特許文献1)。ところが、これらの方法では、ほとんどの場合、加熱処理が必要であり、処理工程の複雑さも指摘されてきた。また、ハロゲン単体、可溶性ハロゲン化塩、及び水や有機溶媒の溶解液で貴金属を溶解・浸出させる方法が報告されてきたが(特許文献2)、貴金属の中でもパラジウム、白金に限定した浸出処理法の研究報告は現在も極めて少ないのが実状である。例えば、金については次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを用いた金の浸出回収法に関する研究が報告されているが(非特許文献3、非特許文献4)、パラジウムと白金については塩素酸類などを用いた浸出回収法は未だ報告されていない。このような状況のため、現在の貴金属に関連した産業からは、金、パラジウム、白金などを容易に浸出回収し、さらに、貴金属類が共存した状態から、目的金属を選択的に回収できる技術の開発が強く望まれてきた。
【0004】
【特許文献1】
特開平08−53720
【特許文献2】
特開平7−157832
【非特許文献1】
清水 進:防錆・防食技術総論, 第五章材料の耐環境性,第一節金属材料, 貴金属とその合金, p.404−549 (2000)
【非特許文献2】
芝田 隼次・奥田 晃彦:資源と素材, Vol.118,No.1, p.1−8 (2002)
【非特許文献3】
T.Fujita et. al., Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on EastAsian Resources Recycling Technology, p. 36−45, (Kunming, China, 1997)
【非特許文献4】
Marcel Pourbaix et. al., Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions , p. 357−377 (First English edition 1966) (Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press, 1966)
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、複数種の貴金属が含まれる試料から所望の貴金属をハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩を含む溶液を用いて浸出回収する方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムと塩素酸ナトリウムを用いて、これまで選択浸出が困難であったパラジウム及び白金の浸出条件を明らかにし、さらに実際の廃棄物を対象に多段型浸出試験を行うことにより得た知見を基に、ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩を用いて貴金属相互の選択回収を可能とする方法を見出し、本発明を完成させた。
本発明の方法は、少なくとも2段階から成る貴金属の浸出方法であって、この2段階において、浸出液としてそれぞれ酸化段階の異なるハロゲン化オキソ酸塩を用るか、又は同種のハロゲン化オキソ酸塩を用いてその濃度を変えることにより、その浸出力の差を利用する。
【0007】
即ち、本発明の第1の方法は、複数の貴金属を含む試料を、次亜ハロゲン酸又は亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩及びこのハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第1段階、及び、この第1段階で溶解しない固体を、ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第2段階から成る、貴金属の浸出方法である。
本発明の第2の方法は、複数の貴金属を含む試料を、ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸又はそのアルカリ金属塩を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第3段階、及び、この段階で溶解しない固体を、この第3段階と成分を同じくする浸出液であって、前記ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸又はそのアルカリ金属塩の濃度がいずれも前段階より高濃度である浸出液により浸出する第4段階から成る、貴金属の浸出方法である。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明の方法の分離対象は貴金属を含む試料である。貴金属には、金、銀及び白金族金属が含まれる。この試料は、1)少なくともPd及びPtを含むもの、2)少なくともAu及びPtを含むもの、又は3)少なくともAu、Pd及びPtを含むものが好ましい。本発明の方法はこの中で従来分離が困難であったPd及びPtを分離することができる点に特徴がある。
また、この試料には貴金属以外の金属が含まれていてもよい。この場合には、本発明の処理を行う前に、適当な酸、例えば、後述の実施例2のように4.5モル/リットルの濃度の塩酸により処理することが望ましい。この処理により貴金属以外の金属をほぼ除去することができるので、その残渣について本発明の方法を施せばよい。
【0009】
本発明において用いるハロゲン化オキソ酸は次亜ハロゲン酸、亜ハロゲン酸、ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸であるが、過ハロゲン酸は酸化力が強く危険であるため使用を避けることが好ましい。このハロゲンは塩素、臭素又はヨウ素であり、好ましくは塩素である。このアルカリ金属は好ましくはナトリウム又はカリウム、より好ましくはナトリウムである。
【0010】
本発明の第1の方法においては、ハロゲン化オキソ酸として、第1段階では次亜ハロゲン酸、第2段階ではハロゲン酸を用いることが好ましい。次亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClが好ましい。ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、ハロゲンの酸としてはHClが好ましい。
【0011】
また次亜ハロゲン酸又は亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは1モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは更に3.0モル/リットル以下、最も好ましくは1.5〜2モル/リットルであり、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属の塩の濃度は好ましくは0.05モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは0.05〜2.0モル/リットルであり、ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは0.01モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは更に1.8モル/リットル以下、最も好ましくは0.02〜1.5モル/リットルであり、ハロゲンの酸の濃度は好ましくは5.0モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは5.0〜15モル/リットルである。
【0012】
本発明の第2の方法においては、ハロゲン化オキソ酸として、次亜ハロゲン酸、亜ハロゲン酸、ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸のいずれを用いてもよいが、好ましくは次亜ハロゲン酸、亜ハロゲン酸又はハロゲン酸、より好ましくは亜ハロゲン酸又はハロゲン酸、最も好ましくはハロゲン酸である。またハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩よりもハロゲンの酸が好ましい。更に、次亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClO、ハロゲンの酸としてはHCl、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩としてはNaClが好ましい。
【0013】
また第3段階において、ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは0.001モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは1.0モル/リットル以下、最も好ましくは0.002〜0.8モル/リットル、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは0.05モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは0.05〜2.0モル/リットルであり、ハロゲンの酸の濃度は好ましくは5.0モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは5.0〜15モル/リットルである。第4段階において、ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは0.01モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは1.8モル/リットル以下、最も好ましくは0.02〜1.5モル/リットルであり、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度は好ましくは0.05モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは0.05〜2.0モル/リットルであり、ハロゲンの酸の濃度は好ましくは5.0モル/リットル以上、より好ましくは5.0〜30モル/リットルである。
浸出液の媒体は水であり、上記成分以外に金属の無機イオンなどを浸出液の性能を害さない範囲で含んでもよい。
また、いずれの方法とも浸出液のpHは2.0以下が好ましい。
【0014】
本発明の方法によれば、パラジウムと白金をはじめとする貴金属種を選択的に浸出回収することができる。本発明の方法の各段階における浸出液の成分及びその濃度は、対象に混在する貴金属その他の金属及び浸出しようとする貴金属により、これらが各段階で分離できるよう適宜選択すればよい。例えば、白金とパラジウムとが混在する試料を対象とした場合、最初の段階で白金の溶解が小さい溶液条件下でパラジウムを溶解させ、次段階で白金を溶解させれば、両者を選択的に浸出できる。
次亜塩素酸ナトリウム(NaClO)と塩素酸ナトリウム(NaCLO)によるパラジウムと白金の浸出特性を表1に示す。
【表1】

Figure 2004231977
【0015】
次亜塩素酸ナトリウムと塩素酸ナトリウムとの組み合わせ、あるいは塩素酸ナトリウムの添加量を変えることで、PdとPtを選択的に浸出回収できる。例えば、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを1.34mol/L用いることで、Pdの浸出率が100%になり、このときPtは回収されなかったため、Pdの選択的な浸出回収が可能である。一方、塩素酸ナトリウムを用いると、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度が0.005 mol/LのときにPdが選択的に浸出され、浸出率は100%になるが、Ptはほとんど溶出しない。また、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度が0.47mol/Lのときには、PdとPtのどちらも回収することができる。おそらく、Ptの耐酸性による影響(酸に対する安定性)で、より強い酸であるNaClOの濃度が濃い状態でないとPtは浸出されないものと考えられる。
【0016】
また、本発明の方法により分離した後に、実施例2のようにAuとPdとが分離されない場合には、金(I)イオンを含むチオ硫酸塩の水溶液を水相とし、トリオクチルメチルアンモニウムなどの四級アンモニウムを含む有機溶媒を有機溶媒相とした水相−有機溶媒相の溶媒抽出を行うと(特願2002−22809参照)、Pdはほとんど浸出されず、Auのみ浸出することができる。
また、銀については、硝酸を用いるなどして、他の金属成分もある程度段階的に浸出分離することができる。
更に、本発明の方法の次亜塩素酸ナトリウムあるいは塩素酸ナトリウム以外に、塩酸、硝酸、チオ硫酸アンモニウムなどを段階的に使用することで、目的金属類を各条件で回収できる。
【0017】
一方、浸出した溶液から貴金属を回収する方法については、有機溶剤を使用した溶媒抽出法があり、浸出した金属を浸出液である水相から有機相に移行させて回収することができる。これを多段に併用しながら目的金属をそれぞれ回収することができる。
また、この他の回収方法としては、浸出溶液中の金属類を還元処理することで、粗金属粉とし、精製処理を加える方法や、pH調整・試薬投入等で沈殿物を形成させ、熱溶解処理することで同じく粗金属粉とし、精製してもよい。さらに、浸出液を電解処理することで、電析させてもよい。この方法においては、金属を浸出させた溶液を電解浴とし電極へ析出させる。
【0018】
【実施例】
以下、実施例にて本発明を例証するが、本発明を限定することを意図するものではない。
以下の試験例及び実施例では、ナカライテスク株式会社製の次亜塩素酸ナトリウム溶液(活性塩素; 5〜10%)、塩素酸ナトリウム(99%NaClO)、及び塩酸を浸出剤として用いた。浸出用のサンプルとしては、ナカライテスク株式会社製のパラジウム粉末(品位99.9%)と、横浜金属株式会社より提供された純度99%以上の粉状白金を使用した。なお試料であるパラジウムと白金はSEM(走査型電子顕微鏡JSM−5900LV)で観察し、表面観察を行った。その結果、パラジウムは2μm程度の凝集粉末で形成されており、白金は1μm以下の微細粒子が凝集した海綿状構造を有する粒子群であることが確認された。なお、白金プレートの塩素酸ナトリウム溶液による浸出状態確認には、白金プレートとして示差熱天秤用の白金パンを切断したものを使用し、浸出後のプレート表面を走査プローブ顕微鏡SPI3800N (セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社製)で観察した。
【0019】
浸出は以下の方法で行った。各種条件下で浸出液を作成し、300mlの三角フラスコに浸出液100mlを入れ、パラジウム又は白金サンプルを投入した直後から、加温式マグネチックスターラーで加熱攪拌し、所定時間ごとに浸出液を2mlずつ採取した。
浸出率については、まず、浸出をしている溶液を定量採取した。その採取溶液(浸出液)についてICP発光分光分析装置(セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社製、SPS3000)を用いて、浸出液中のパラジウム及び白金の濃度を測定し、浸出率を次式に従って算出した。
浸出率(%)=(浸出液中のPd又はPtのモル濃度(mol/L)× 浸出液の容積(L)/浸出前のPd又はPtのモル数(mol))×100
【0020】
以下の試験例では、それぞれ品位99%以上の粉末状のパラジウム又は白金を用いて、浸出に必要となる次亜塩素酸ナトリウム、塩素酸ナトリウムの各濃度、HClやNaClの添加濃度のよる影響、pHの依存性、浸出温度などの各種条件を調べた。
試験例1
本試験例ではパラジウム(濃度10g/L)を用いて、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム濃度を0〜2.67 mol/Lと変化させて、NaCl 濃度0.034 mol/L、pH1.2、温度298Kの条件で浸出を行った。その結果を図1に示す。
次亜塩素酸ナトリウム濃度が増加するにつれてパラジウムの浸出率は増大し、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムが1.34 mol/Lの場合(■印)、浸出開始3時間後に、パラジウム浸出率が約100%に達した。また、濃度2.67 mol/Lの場合には、浸出開始40分後に浸出率が100%になった。一方、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しない場合(◆印)にはパラジウムはほとんど浸出されないことが確認された。
【0021】
試験例2
本試験例では、NaClの添加濃度がパラジウムの浸出率に及ぼす影響を調べた。そのため、Pd濃度を10g/L、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム濃度を1.34 mol/Lとして、NaCl濃度を0〜0.17 mol/Lまで変化させて、pH1.2、温度298Kの条件で浸出を行った。その結果を図2に示す。なお、このときの次亜塩素酸ナトリウム濃度は、図1の結果を参考に1.34 mol/Lに調整した。
図2より、NaCl濃度の増加に伴ってパラジウムの浸出率が上昇する一方、本浸出処理ではNaClを添加しない場合(◆印)にパラジウムの浸出率が低くなった。NaCl濃度が0.068 mol/L及び0.17 mol/Lのとき、浸出を開始してから1.5時間後に99%以上の浸出率が得られた。このことからNaClは、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム溶液によってパラジウムを浸出する際に、浸出率を向上させる有効な添加剤であることが分かった。
【0022】
試験例3
本試験例では、浸出液のpHの影響を調べた。pHを0.4〜4と変化させて、Pd濃度を10g/L、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム1.34 mol/L、 NaCl 0.068 mol/L、温度298Kという条件で浸出を行った.その結果を図3に示す。
pH0.4(◆印)又は1.2(▲印)では、高い浸出率を示すが、pHの上昇とともにパラジウムの浸出率は大きく減少した。特にpH 2.0以上になるとパラジウムの浸出率が急激に低下し、パラジウムはほとんど浸出されず、pH 1前後の強酸性領域でなければパラジウムの酸化溶解が促進されないことがわかった。
【0023】
試験例4
本試験例では、浸出温度の影響を調べた。そのため、Pd濃度を10g/L、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム1.34 mol/L、 NaCl 0.068 mol/L、pH1.2の条件下で、浸出温度を298K、 323K、373Kとしてパラジウム浸出率の変動を調べた。その結果を図4に示す。
温度による影響は明確には確認されなかったが、浸出液の温度を373Kにしたときは、やや高い浸出率を示す傾向が確認された。
【0024】
試験例5
本試験例では、パラジウムを浸出するために塩素酸ナトリウムを用いた。Pd濃度を10g/Lとして、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度を0〜0.018 mol/Lに変化させて、HCl濃度12 mol/L、温度298K、pH<1の条件でパラジウムの浸出を行った。その結果を図5に示す。
塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しない場合(◆印)は、浸出開始後、2時間を経過してもパラジウムの浸出率が極めて低いが、塩素酸ナトリウムを微量添加すると、パラジウムの浸出率が急に上昇することがわかった。以上のことから、微量の塩素酸ナトリウムを用いることで極めて効率的なパラジウム浸出が可能であることが明らかになった。
【0025】
試験例6
本試験例では、HCl濃度の影響を調べた。そのため、Pd濃度10g/L、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度0.005 mol/L、温度298Kの条件で、HCl濃度を0〜12 mol/Lと変化させてパラジウムの浸出を行った。その結果を図6に示す。
HCl濃度が増加するにつれてパラジウムの浸出率が増大した。また、HCl濃度が3 mol/L(■印)のとき、浸出を開始してから2時間後に浸出率が100%になった。これに対し、HClを添加しない場合(◆印)は、パラジウムの浸出率が低く浸出反応が促進されていないことがわかる。以上のことから、パラジウムの浸出プロセスにHClは不可欠な添加剤であり、塩素酸ナトリウム溶液にHClを添加することでパラジウムの浸出が効果的に行われることが明らかになった。
【0026】
試験例7
本試験例では、白金の浸出について調べた。そのため、最初にHCl濃度を12 mol/L、温度298Kとし塩素酸ナトリウム濃度を変化させて白金の浸出を行った。その結果を図7に示す。
塩素酸ナトリウム濃度が0.09 mol/L (●印)から0.47mol/L (▼印)までは濃度の増加に伴って白金の浸出率は上昇した。ところが、それ以上添加濃度が増えると浸出率は低下し、1.88 mol/L(■印)になると、白金の浸出率は著しく低下することが確認された。この原因については、過量のNa+イオンは、水溶液中で塩素酸ナトリウムの解離を抑制する可能性があり、このことが白金の浸出を抑制し、浸出率を低下させる原因のひとつになったと考えられる。一方、塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しない場合には(◆印)、ほとんど溶解しないことが確認された。
【0027】
試験例8
本試験例では、HCl濃度の影響を調べた。そのため、HCl濃度を0〜12 mol/L に変化させて、塩素酸ナトリウム0.47 mol/L、温度298Kの条件で白金の浸出を行った。その結果を図8に示す。
HCl濃度が0,3,6,12 mol/Lと増加するにつれて白金の浸出率は増大するが、濃度6mol/L以下では白金の浸出率は低く、HClを添加しない状態(●印)では白金はほとんど浸出されないことが確認された。
【0028】
試験例9
本試験例では、浸出温度について調べた。そのため、異なる塩素酸ナトリウム濃度において、浸出温度が白金の浸出率にどのような影響を与えるのかを調べた。その結果を図9に示す。パラジウムの時と同様、浸出温度は白金の浸出率に明確な影響を及ぼさず、室温状態で充分浸出できることがわかった。
HCl の濃度を12 mol/L とし、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度0mol/L〜1.88 mol/Lの条件下で、温度を298K、323K、343K、373Kと変化させた場合(図では反応開始2時間後の白金の浸出率を示す)、塩素酸ナトリウムを添加しない場合(◆印)は温度が上昇しても白金が溶解しないことが確認された。一方、温度が343K以下の場合は、塩素酸ナトリウム濃度が0.47 mol/Lの場合(▼印)に浸出率が最も高く、以下0.94 mol/L、1.88 mol/Lと濃度が高くなるにつれ、浸出率は低下した。一方、温度343K以上になると塩素酸ナトリウム濃度による影響はみられず、いずれもほぼ100%の浸出率が得られた。
【0029】
試験例10
本試験例では、白金の浸出特性を見出すために、浸出サンプルとして白金プレートを用い、走査プローブ顕微鏡によるAFM(原子間力顕微鏡)を利用して白金表面の浸出状態を観察した。この際、温度298Kで白金プレートを0.47 mol/Lの塩素酸ナトリウム浸出液に浸してから、0, 0.5, 8時間後に採取し、純水で洗浄後、浸出したプレート表面の状態を測定を行った。
図10 は浸出前の白金プレート表面を10μm区間で示した状態図を示し、図11は浸出開始0.5時間後、図12は8時間後のプレート表面を示している。浸出前の図10ではプレート表面の凹凸がなく、ほぼ一様な表面を有しているが、浸出0.5時間後の図11では表面に凹凸がみられ、プレート表面から塩素酸ナトリウムによる浸出の進行が確認される。図12ではさらに表面の凹凸が激しく、かつ微細で鋭利な凹凸になり、表面の浸出が著しく進んでいることが確認される。以上のAFM像観察結果から、塩素酸ナトリウムによる白金表面の浸出プロセスが確認でき、白金の浸出状態を段階的に検証することが可能であることが分かる。
【0030】
実施例1
本実施例では、0.01gのパラジウムと0.015g白金を混合した0.025gのサンプルを使って浸出を行った。
このサンプルを、次亜塩素酸ナトリウム(1.34mol/L)及び塩化ナトリウム(0.068mol/L)を水に溶解させた浸出液(pH 1.2) 20mlで浸出を行うと、その浸出液にはパラジウムが99%以上浸出されたが、白金はほとんど浸出されなかった。
次に、浸出後の固形残渣を塩素酸ナトリウム(0.47mol/L)及び塩酸(12.0mol/L)を水に溶解させた浸出液 20mlで浸出すると、2時間後には白金の浸出率が約99%に達した。
最初の段階を、塩素酸ナトリウム(0.005 mol/L)及び塩酸(3.0mol/L)を水に溶解させた浸出液 20mlを用いて同じ操作を行ったが、同じ結果が得られた。
以上の結果を図13にまとめる。
以上より、本発明の方法を用いて、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムと塩素酸ナトリウムの濃度、あるいはHCl濃度などの浸出条件を制御することで、パラジウムと白金をそれぞれ選択的に回収できることが分かる。
【0031】
実施例2
本実施例では、実際の歯科廃棄物に対する浸出処理を行った。用いた歯科廃棄物の粒度は−200mesh、合計質量が2.204gであり、主な金属成分は表2に示すように銅、亜鉛が高濃度に含まれる他、貴金属として金、パラジウム、白金などを含んでいる。
【表2】
Figure 2004231977
【0032】
本実施例では、第一段階としてHCl 4.5mol/Lを40ml使用し、第二段階として塩素酸ナトリウム(0.005 mol/L)及び塩酸(6.0mol/L)を水に溶解させた浸出液 40mlを使用し、ついで第三段階として塩素酸ナトリウム(0.47 mol/L)及び塩酸(12.0mol/L)を水に溶解させた浸出液 20mlを使用して多段浸出を行った。各段階とも、前段の浸出が終わってから純水で洗浄を繰り返してろ過し、ろ過した残渣を次の浸出のサンプルとして用いた。なお、それぞれろ過液を採取し、分析して回収率を求めた。浸出工程と浸出結果を図14に示す。
銅、亜鉛、鉄、ニッケルなどの金属はほとんど最初の塩酸に溶解し、金、パラジウムは二段目の塩素酸ナトリウム0.005 mol/Lの浸出液で浸出され、金が98%、パラジウムが97%回収された。一方、白金は第一段及び第二段処理で使用したHClや0.005 mol/Lの塩素酸ナトリウム浸出液にはほとんど溶解せず、最終段階の0.47mol/Lの塩素酸ナトリウム浸出液に99%溶解した。
以上のように実際の歯科廃材を用いて本発明の浸出処理を行うと、塩素酸ナトリウムやHClの濃度を制御することにより、各浸出段階で銅、亜鉛、鉄、ニッケルなどの金属と金、パラジウム及び白金などの貴金属をそれぞれ選択的に回収することができた。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及び次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図2】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及びNaCl濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図3】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及び浸出液のpHとの関係を示す図である。
【図4】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及び浸出温度との関係を示す図である。
【図5】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及び塩素酸ナトリウムの濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図6】パラジウムの浸出率と浸出時間及びHCl濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図7】白金の浸出率と浸出時間及び塩素酸ナトリウムの濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図8】白金の浸出率と浸出時間及びHCl濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図9】白金の浸出率と浸出温度及び塩素酸ナトリウムの濃度との関係を示す図である。
【図10】塩素酸ナトリウムで浸出する前の白金の表面の原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)像を示す図である。
【図11】塩素酸ナトリウムで浸出して0.5時間後の白金の表面のAFM像を示す図である。
【図12】塩素酸ナトリウムで浸出して8時間後の白金の表面のAFM像を示す図である。
【図13】PdとPtの混合物からPdとPtとを分離するフローシートを示す図である。
【図14】歯科廃棄物から貴金属を分離するフローシートを示す図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for leaching a noble metal, and more particularly, to a method for leaching and recovering a desired noble metal from a sample containing a plurality of types of noble metals.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Precious metals such as gold, platinum and palladium have high jewelry and unique physical and chemical properties, so they are widely used in jewelry and dental materials, and in various industries such as the electrical and mechanical industries and the IT industry. Have been. Along with this, precious metals generated as wastes are enormously generated, and there has been a social demand for recovering and recycling these precious metals from wastes. However, since noble metals have similar physical and chemical properties, it has been considered that it is extremely difficult to separate them under the condition that noble metals are mixed (Non-Patent Document 1). In the comparative prior art, several methods of leaching and dissolving noble metals have been proposed, but problems such as efficiency and complexity of the process remain.
[0003]
A number of methods for recycling precious metals such as gold, palladium and platinum have been proposed. For example, in a method using a leaching treatment method, as a noble metal dissolving technique, a method of dissolving a noble metal with an inorganic acid such as aqua regia is known.Other methods include a dissolution method using cyanide, and a platinum group by blowing chlorine into hydrochloric acid. And dissolving H in hydrochloric acid2O2Has been proposed to dissolve the platinum group by addition of Pt (Non-Patent Document 2, Patent Document 1). However, in these methods, heat treatment is required in most cases, and the complexity of the treatment steps has been pointed out. A method of dissolving and leaching a noble metal with a simple halogen, a soluble halide salt, and a solution of water or an organic solvent has been reported (Patent Document 2), but a leaching treatment method limited to palladium and platinum among noble metals. In fact, there are very few research reports at present. For example, for gold, research has been reported on a method for leaching and recovering gold using sodium hypochlorite (Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4), but for palladium and platinum, leaching using chloric acids and the like has been reported. Recovery methods have not yet been reported. Due to this situation, the current industry related to precious metals can easily extract and recover gold, palladium, platinum, etc., and furthermore, a technology that can selectively recover the target metal from the state where noble metals coexist. Development has been strongly desired.
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-08-53720
[Patent Document 2]
JP-A-7-157732
[Non-patent document 1]
Susumu Shimizu: General Rust and Corrosion Protection Technology, Chapter 5 Environmental Resistance of Materials, Section 1 Metal Materials, Precious Metals and Their Alloys, p. 404-549 (2000)
[Non-patent document 2]
Junji Shibata and Akihiko Okuda: Resources and Materials, Vol. 118, no. 1, p. 1-8 (2002)
[Non-Patent Document 3]
T. Fujita et. al. , Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on East Asian Resources Recycling Technology, p. 36-45, (Kunming, China, 1997)
[Non-patent document 4]
Marcel Pourbaix et. al. , Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibrium in Aqueous Solutions, p. 357-377 (First English edition 1966) (Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press, 1966)
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a method for leaching and recovering a desired noble metal from a sample containing a plurality of types of noble metals using a solution containing an alkali metal salt of a halogenated oxo acid.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Using sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorate, the present inventors clarified the leaching conditions of palladium and platinum, which had been difficult to selectively leaching, and furthermore, conducted a multistage leaching test on actual waste. Based on the knowledge obtained by carrying out the above, a method for enabling selective recovery of noble metals using an alkali metal salt of a halogenated oxo acid was found, and the present invention was completed.
The method of the present invention is a method for leaching a noble metal comprising at least two stages, in which, in the two stages, a halogenated oxoacid salt having a different oxidation stage is used as a leaching solution, or a halogenated oxoacid salt of the same type is used. The difference in the immersion power is used by changing the immersion power.
[0007]
That is, the first method of the present invention is a method of leaching a sample containing a plurality of noble metals with a leach solution containing hypohalous acid or an alkali metal salt of a halogenous acid and an alkali metal salt of an acid of the halogen as a main component. A leaching method for a noble metal, comprising a first step and a second step of leaching a solid that is not dissolved in the first step with a leaching solution mainly containing an alkali metal salt of a halogen acid or perhalogen acid and the acid of the halogen. is there.
The second method of the present invention is a third step of leaching a sample containing a plurality of noble metals with an alkali metal salt of a halogenated oxo acid and a leach solution containing the acid of the halogen or the alkali metal salt thereof as a main component, and A leachate having the same components as in the third step, wherein the solid which does not dissolve in this step is the same as that in the third step, wherein the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid and the acid of the halogen or the alkali metal salt are higher than those in the previous step. This is a method for leaching precious metals, comprising a fourth stage of leaching with a leaching solution having a concentration.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The sample to be separated in the method of the present invention is a sample containing a noble metal. Noble metals include gold, silver and platinum group metals. The sample is preferably 1) containing at least Pd and Pt, 2) containing at least Au and Pt, or 3) containing at least Au, Pd and Pt. The method of the present invention is characterized in that it can separate Pd and Pt, which were conventionally difficult to separate.
Further, this sample may contain a metal other than the noble metal. In this case, it is desirable to treat with an appropriate acid, for example, hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 4.5 mol / liter as in Example 2 described below, before performing the treatment of the present invention. Since metal other than noble metal can be almost removed by this treatment, the residue may be subjected to the method of the present invention.
[0009]
The halogenated oxo acid used in the present invention is hypohalous acid, hypohalous acid, halogen acid or perhalic acid, but it is preferable to avoid using perhalic acid because it has a strong oxidizing power and is dangerous. The halogen is chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine. The alkali metal is preferably sodium or potassium, more preferably sodium.
[0010]
In the first method of the present invention, it is preferable to use hypohalous acid in the first step and halogen acid in the second step as the halogenated oxo acid. NaClO as an alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid, NaClO as an alkali metal salt of halogenous acid2The alkali metal salt of a halogen acid is preferably NaCl. NaClO is used as an alkali metal salt of a halogen acid.3NaClO is used as an alkali metal salt of perhalic acid.4As a halogen acid, HCl is preferable.
[0011]
The concentration of hypohalous acid or the alkali metal salt of halogenous acid is preferably 1 mol / L or more, more preferably 3.0 mol / L or less, and most preferably 1.5 to 2 mol / L. The concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogen acid is preferably at least 0.05 mol / l, more preferably 0.05 to 2.0 mol / l, and the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogen acid or perhalic acid is preferably It is preferably 0.01 mol / L or more, more preferably 1.8 mol / L or less, most preferably 0.02 to 1.5 mol / L, and the concentration of the halogen acid is preferably 5.0 mol / L. / L or more, more preferably 5.0 to 15 mol / l.
[0012]
In the second method of the present invention, any of hypohalous acid, halogenous acid, halogenic acid or perhalic acid may be used as the halogenated oxoacid, but it is preferable that hypohalous acid or halogenous acid be used. Or a halogen acid, more preferably a halogenous acid or a halogen acid, most preferably a halogen acid. Further, a halogen acid is preferable to an alkali metal salt of a halogen acid. Further, NaClO is used as an alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid, and NaClO is used as an alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid.2And NaClO as an alkali metal salt of a halogen acid.3And NaClO as an alkali metal salt of perhalic acid4Preferably, the halogen acid is HCl, and the halogen acid alkali metal salt is NaCl.
[0013]
In the third step, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid is preferably 0.001 mol / L or more, more preferably 1.0 mol / L or less, and most preferably 0.002 to 0.8 mol / L. Liter, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogen acid is preferably 0.05 mol / l or more, more preferably 0.05 to 2.0 mol / l, and the concentration of the halogen acid is preferably 5.0 mol / l. / L or more, more preferably 5.0 to 15 mol / l. In the fourth step, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid is preferably 0.01 mol / L or more, more preferably 1.8 mol / L or less, and most preferably 0.02 to 1.5 mol / L. The concentration of the alkali metal salt of a halogen acid is preferably 0.05 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.05 to 2.0 mol / L, and the concentration of the halogen acid is preferably 5.0 mol / L. Mol / l or more, more preferably 5.0 to 30 mol / l.
The medium of the leaching solution is water, and may contain inorganic ions of metals and the like in addition to the above components in a range that does not impair the performance of the leaching solution.
Further, the pH of the leaching solution is preferably 2.0 or less in any method.
[0014]
According to the method of the present invention, noble metal species including palladium and platinum can be selectively leached and recovered. The components of the leaching solution and the concentrations thereof in each step of the method of the present invention may be appropriately selected depending on the noble metal and other metals mixed in the object and the noble metal to be leached, so that these can be separated in each step. For example, if the target is a sample in which platinum and palladium are mixed, palladium is dissolved in the first stage under a solution condition in which the dissolution of platinum is small, and if the platinum is dissolved in the next stage, both are selectively leached. it can.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium chlorate (NaCLO)3Table 1 shows the leaching characteristics of palladium and platinum according to (1).
[Table 1]
Figure 2004231977
[0015]
Pd and Pt can be selectively leached and recovered by changing the combination of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorate, or the amount of sodium chlorate added. For example, when 1.34 mol / L of sodium hypochlorite is used, the leaching rate of Pd becomes 100%. At this time, Pt was not recovered. Therefore, the leaching and recovery of Pd can be selectively performed. On the other hand, when sodium chlorate is used, Pd is selectively leached when the concentration of sodium chlorate is 0.005 mol / L, and the leaching rate becomes 100%, but Pt hardly elutes. When the concentration of sodium chlorate is 0.47 mol / L, both Pd and Pt can be recovered. Probably due to the acid resistance effect of Pt (stability to acid), the stronger acid NaClO3It is considered that Pt is not leached unless the concentration of Pt is high.
[0016]
When Au and Pd are not separated after separation by the method of the present invention as in Example 2, an aqueous solution of a thiosulfate containing gold (I) ion is used as an aqueous phase, and trioctylmethyl ammonium or the like is used. When the aqueous phase-organic solvent phase solvent extraction is performed using an organic solvent containing quaternary ammonium as the organic solvent phase (see Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-22809), Pd is hardly leached, and only Au can be leached.
In addition, with respect to silver, other metal components can be leached and separated to some extent by using nitric acid or the like.
Further, by using hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ammonium thiosulfate and the like in stages other than sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorate in the method of the present invention, target metals can be recovered under various conditions.
[0017]
On the other hand, as a method for recovering a noble metal from a leached solution, there is a solvent extraction method using an organic solvent, and the leached metal can be recovered by transferring the leached metal from an aqueous phase as a leaching solution to an organic phase. The target metal can be recovered while using this in multiple stages.
Other methods of recovery include reducing the metals in the leaching solution to obtain a coarse metal powder, purifying it, or forming a precipitate by pH adjustment, reagent injection, etc. By processing, it may be made into a coarse metal powder and purified. Further, the leachate may be electrodeposited by performing an electrolytic treatment. In this method, a solution in which a metal has been leached is used as an electrolytic bath and deposited on an electrode.
[0018]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention is illustrated by examples, but is not intended to limit the present invention.
In the following test examples and examples, sodium hypochlorite solution (active chlorine; 5 to 10%) manufactured by Nacalai Tesque, Inc., sodium chlorate (99% NaClO)3) And hydrochloric acid were used as leaching agents. As a sample for leaching, palladium powder (grade 99.9%) manufactured by Nacalai Tesque Co., Ltd. and powdered platinum having a purity of 99% or more provided by Yokohama Metals Co., Ltd. were used. The samples, palladium and platinum, were observed with an SEM (scanning electron microscope JSM-5900LV) to observe the surface. As a result, it was confirmed that palladium was formed of an agglomerated powder of about 2 μm, and platinum was a group of particles having a spongy structure in which fine particles of 1 μm or less were aggregated. To check the state of leaching of the platinum plate with the sodium chlorate solution, a platinum plate obtained by cutting a platinum pan for a differential thermal balance was used, and the plate surface after leaching was scanned with a scanning probe microscope SPI3800N (manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.). ).
[0019]
Leaching was performed by the following method. Leachate was prepared under various conditions, 100 ml of the leachate was placed in a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask, and immediately after the palladium or platinum sample was charged, the mixture was heated and stirred with a heated magnetic stirrer, and 2 ml of the leachate was collected every predetermined time. .
Regarding the leaching rate, first, the leaching solution was quantitatively sampled. The concentration of palladium and platinum in the leaching solution was measured for the collected solution (leaching solution) using an ICP emission spectrometer (SPS3000, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.), and the leaching rate was calculated according to the following equation.
Leaching rate (%) = (molar concentration of Pd or Pt in leaching solution (mol / L) × volume of leaching solution (L) / mol number of Pd or Pt before leaching (mol)) × 100
[0020]
In the following test examples, each of the concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorate required for leaching using powdery palladium or platinum having a grade of 99% or more, and the effects of the added concentrations of HCl and NaCl, Various conditions such as pH dependence and leaching temperature were examined.
Test example 1
In this test example, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite was changed from 0 to 2.67 mol / L using palladium (concentration 10 g / L), the NaCl concentration was 0.034 mol / L, the pH was 1.2, and the temperature was 298K. Leaching was performed under the following conditions. The result is shown in FIG.
As the concentration of sodium hypochlorite increases, the leaching rate of palladium increases, and when sodium hypochlorite is 1.34 mol / L (marked with ■), the leaching rate of palladium is about 100% after 3 hours from the start of leaching. Reached. When the concentration was 2.67 mol / L, the leaching rate became 100% 40 minutes after the start of leaching. On the other hand, it was confirmed that palladium was hardly leached when sodium hypochlorite was not added (marked with ◆).
[0021]
Test example 2
In this test example, the effect of the addition concentration of NaCl on the leaching rate of palladium was examined. Therefore, the Pd concentration was 10 g / L, the sodium hypochlorite concentration was 1.34 mol / L, the NaCl concentration was changed from 0 to 0.17 mol / L, and the leaching was performed at pH 1.2 at a temperature of 298K. Was done. The result is shown in FIG. The concentration of sodium hypochlorite at this time was adjusted to 1.34 mol / L with reference to the results of FIG.
2, the leaching rate of palladium increased with an increase in the NaCl concentration, while the leaching rate of palladium decreased when NaCl was not added in this leaching treatment (marked with ◆). When the NaCl concentrations were 0.068 mol / L and 0.17 mol / L, a leaching rate of 99% or more was obtained 1.5 hours after the start of leaching. This indicates that NaCl is an effective additive for improving the leaching rate when leaching palladium with a sodium hypochlorite solution.
[0022]
Test example 3
In this test example, the effect of the pH of the leachate was examined. The pH was changed from 0.4 to 4, and leaching was performed under the conditions of a Pd concentration of 10 g / L, sodium hypochlorite of 1.34 mol / L, NaCl of 0.068 mol / L, and a temperature of 298K. The result is shown in FIG.
At a pH of 0.4 (又 は) or 1.2 (▲), a high leaching rate was exhibited, but the leaching rate of palladium decreased significantly as the pH increased. In particular, it was found that when the pH reached 2.0 or more, the leaching rate of palladium decreased sharply, palladium was hardly leached, and the oxidative dissolution of palladium was not promoted in a strongly acidic region around pH 1.
[0023]
Test example 4
In this test example, the influence of the leaching temperature was examined. Therefore, under the conditions of a Pd concentration of 10 g / L, sodium hypochlorite of 1.34 mol / L, NaCl of 0.068 mol / L, and pH of 1.2, the leaching temperature was set to 298K, 323K, and 373K, and the palladium leaching rate was reduced. The variation was examined. The result is shown in FIG.
Although the influence of the temperature was not clearly confirmed, when the temperature of the leaching solution was set to 373K, a tendency to show a slightly higher leaching rate was confirmed.
[0024]
Test example 5
In this test example, sodium chlorate was used for leaching palladium. The Pd concentration was 10 g / L, the sodium chlorate concentration was changed from 0 to 0.018 mol / L, and palladium leaching was performed under the conditions of an HCl concentration of 12 mol / L, a temperature of 298 K and a pH <1. The result is shown in FIG.
When sodium chlorate is not added (marked with ◆), the leaching rate of palladium is extremely low even after 2 hours from the start of leaching, but when a small amount of sodium chlorate is added, the leaching rate of palladium sharply increases. I understand. From the above, it became clear that extremely efficient palladium leaching was possible by using a small amount of sodium chlorate.
[0025]
Test Example 6
In this test example, the effect of the HCl concentration was examined. Therefore, under the conditions of a Pd concentration of 10 g / L, a sodium chlorate concentration of 0.005 mol / L, and a temperature of 298 K, the HCl concentration was changed from 0 to 12 mol / L to perform leaching of palladium. FIG. 6 shows the result.
As the HCl concentration increased, the leaching rate of palladium increased. When the HCl concentration was 3 mol / L (marked with ■), the leaching rate became 100% two hours after the start of leaching. On the other hand, when HCl was not added (marked with ◆), the leaching rate of palladium was low and the leaching reaction was not promoted. From the above, it has been clarified that HCl is an indispensable additive in the process of leaching palladium, and the leaching of palladium is effectively performed by adding HCl to the sodium chlorate solution.
[0026]
Test example 7
In this test example, the leaching of platinum was examined. Therefore, the HCl concentration was 12 mol / L, the temperature was 298 K, and the sodium chlorate concentration was changed to perform the leaching of platinum. FIG. 7 shows the result.
From the concentration of sodium chlorate of 0.09 mol / L (marked with ●) to 0.47 mol / L (marked with ▼), the leaching rate of platinum increased with the concentration. However, it was confirmed that the leaching rate was lowered when the added concentration was further increased, and that when the concentration became 1.88 mol / L (marked with 濃度), the leaching rate of platinum was significantly lowered. Regarding the cause, excessive Na + ions may suppress the dissociation of sodium chlorate in the aqueous solution, which is considered to be one of the causes of suppressing the leaching of platinum and lowering the leaching rate. . On the other hand, when sodium chlorate was not added (marked with ◆), it was confirmed that almost no dissolution occurred.
[0027]
Test Example 8
In this test example, the effect of the HCl concentration was examined. Therefore, the HCl concentration was changed to 0 to 12 mol / L, and platinum was leached under the conditions of sodium chlorate 0.47 mol / L and a temperature of 298K. FIG. 8 shows the result.
The leaching rate of platinum increases as the HCl concentration increases to 0, 3, 6, 12 mol / L. However, the leaching rate of platinum is lower at a concentration of 6 mol / L or less, and the platinum leaching rate is lower when HCl is not added (marked with ●). It was confirmed that almost no leaching occurred.
[0028]
Test example 9
In this test example, the leaching temperature was examined. Therefore, it was examined how the leaching temperature affects the leaching rate of platinum at different sodium chlorate concentrations. The result is shown in FIG. As in the case of palladium, it was found that the leaching temperature did not clearly affect the leaching rate of platinum, and leaching could be sufficiently performed at room temperature.
When the concentration of HCl was 12 mol / L and the temperature was changed to 298 K, 323 K, 343 K, and 373 K under the conditions of the sodium chlorate concentration of 0 mol / L to 1.88 mol / L (in the figure, 2 hours from the start of the reaction). In the case of not adding sodium chlorate (marked with ◆), it was confirmed that platinum did not dissolve even when the temperature was increased. On the other hand, when the temperature was 343 K or lower, the leaching rate was highest when the sodium chlorate concentration was 0.47 mol / L (marked with ▼), and the leaching rate was 0.94 mol / L and 1.88 mol / L. The leaching rate decreased as the value increased. On the other hand, when the temperature was 343 K or more, the effect of the sodium chlorate concentration was not observed, and almost 100% of the leaching rate was obtained in each case.
[0029]
Test example 10
In this test example, in order to find out the leaching characteristics of platinum, a platinum plate was used as a leaching sample, and the leaching state of the platinum surface was observed using an AFM (atomic force microscope) with a scanning probe microscope. At this time, the platinum plate was immersed in a 0.47 mol / L sodium chlorate leaching solution at a temperature of 298 K, collected after 0, 0.5, and 8 hours, washed with pure water, and the state of the leached plate surface was measured. A measurement was made.
FIG. 10 is a state diagram showing the platinum plate surface before leaching in a section of 10 μm, FIG. 11 shows the plate surface 0.5 hour after the start of leaching, and FIG. 12 shows the plate surface after 8 hours. In FIG. 10 before leaching, the surface of the plate had no irregularities and had a substantially uniform surface, but in FIG. 11 0.5 hours after leaching, the surface was uneven, and leaching with sodium chlorate from the plate surface was performed. Progress is confirmed. In FIG. 12, it is confirmed that the unevenness of the surface is more severe and the shape becomes fine and sharp, and the leaching of the surface is significantly advanced. From the above AFM image observation results, it can be seen that the leaching process of the platinum surface with sodium chlorate can be confirmed, and that the state of leaching of platinum can be verified stepwise.
[0030]
Example 1
In this example, leaching was performed using a 0.025 g sample obtained by mixing 0.01 g of palladium and 0.015 g of platinum.
When this sample was leached with 20 ml of a leachate (pH 1.2) in which sodium hypochlorite (1.34 mol / L) and sodium chloride (0.068 mol / L) were dissolved in water, the leachate contained Although palladium was leached over 99%, platinum was hardly leached.
Next, the solid residue after leaching was leached with 20 ml of a leaching solution obtained by dissolving sodium chlorate (0.47 mol / L) and hydrochloric acid (12.0 mol / L) in water. Reached 99%.
The same operation was performed in the first step using 20 ml of a leachate obtained by dissolving sodium chlorate (0.005 mol / L) and hydrochloric acid (3.0 mol / L) in water, and the same result was obtained.
The above results are summarized in FIG.
From the above, it can be seen that palladium and platinum can be selectively recovered by controlling the leaching conditions such as the concentration of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorate or the concentration of HCl using the method of the present invention.
[0031]
Example 2
In this embodiment, leaching treatment was performed on actual dental waste. The particle size of the dental waste used was -200 mesh, the total mass was 2.204 g, and the main metal components contained copper and zinc in high concentrations as shown in Table 2, and gold, palladium, platinum, and the like as precious metals. Includes
[Table 2]
Figure 2004231977
[0032]
In this example, 40 ml of HCl 4.5 mol / L was used as the first step, and sodium chlorate (0.005 mol / L) and hydrochloric acid (6.0 mol / L) were dissolved in water as the second step. 40 ml of the leaching solution was used, and as a third step, multistage leaching was performed using 20 ml of a leaching solution in which sodium chlorate (0.47 mol / L) and hydrochloric acid (12.0 mol / L) were dissolved in water. In each step, after the previous leaching was completed, washing with pure water was repeated and filtration was performed, and the filtered residue was used as a sample for the next leaching. In addition, each filtrate was sampled and analyzed to determine the recovery rate. The leaching process and the leaching results are shown in FIG.
Almost all metals such as copper, zinc, iron and nickel are dissolved in the first hydrochloric acid, and gold and palladium are leached with the second stage of a leach solution of 0.005 mol / L of sodium chlorate. % Recovered. On the other hand, platinum hardly dissolves in the HCl used in the first and second stage treatments or in the 0.005 mol / L sodium chlorate leachate, and 99% in the final stage 0.47 mol / L sodium chlorate leachate. % Dissolved.
As described above, when the leaching treatment of the present invention is performed using actual dental waste material, by controlling the concentration of sodium chlorate or HCl, copper, zinc, iron, nickel and other metals and gold at each leaching stage, Noble metals such as palladium and platinum could be selectively recovered.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the leaching rate of palladium, the leaching time, and the concentration of sodium hypochlorite.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship among the leaching rate of palladium, the leaching time, and the NaCl concentration.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the leaching rate of palladium, the leaching time, and the pH of the leaching solution.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the leaching rate of palladium, leaching time and leaching temperature.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the leaching rate of palladium, the leaching time, and the concentration of sodium chlorate.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship among the leaching rate of palladium, the leaching time and the HCl concentration.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the leaching rate of platinum, the leaching time, and the concentration of sodium chlorate.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the leaching rate of platinum, the leaching time and the HCl concentration.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship among the leaching rate of platinum, the leaching temperature, and the concentration of sodium chlorate.
FIG. 10 shows an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of the surface of platinum before leaching with sodium chlorate.
FIG. 11 is an AFM image of the surface of platinum 0.5 hours after leaching with sodium chlorate.
FIG. 12 is an AFM image of the surface of platinum 8 hours after leaching with sodium chlorate.
FIG. 13 is a view showing a flow sheet for separating Pd and Pt from a mixture of Pd and Pt.
FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a flow sheet for separating precious metals from dental waste.

Claims (10)

複数の貴金属を含む試料を、次亜ハロゲン酸又は亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩及びこのハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第1段階、及び、この第1段階で溶解しない固体を、ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第2段階から成る、貴金属の浸出方法。A first step of leaching a sample containing a plurality of noble metals with a leach solution mainly composed of hypohalous acid or an alkali metal salt of a halogenous acid and an alkali metal salt of this halogen acid, and dissolving in the first step A method for leaching a noble metal comprising a second step of leaching solids not to be treated with a leaching solution containing a halogen acid or perhalic acid as an alkali metal salt and the acid of the halogen as a main component. 前記ハロゲンが塩素、臭素又はヨウ素であり、前記アルカリ金属がナトリウム又はカリウムである請求項1に記載の方法。The method according to claim 1, wherein the halogen is chlorine, bromine or iodine, and the alkali metal is sodium or potassium. 前記次亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClO、亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClO、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClO、過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClO、ハロゲンの酸がHCl、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClである請求項2に記載の方法。The alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid is NaClO, the alkali metal salt of halogen acid is NaClO 2 , the alkali metal salt of halogen acid is NaClO 3 , the alkali metal salt of perhalic acid is NaClO 4 , and the acid of halogen is HCl The method according to claim 2, wherein the alkali metal salt of the acid of the halogen is NaCl. 前記次亜ハロゲン酸又は亜ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が1モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属の塩の濃度が0.05モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲン酸又は過ハロゲン酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が0.01モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸の濃度が5.0モル/リットル以上である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。The concentration of the alkali metal salt of hypohalous acid or halogenous acid is 1 mol / L or more, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of halogen acid is 0.05 mol / L or more, The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the concentration of the alkali metal salt is 0.01 mol / L or more, and the concentration of the halogen acid is 5.0 mol / L or more. 複数の貴金属を含む試料を、ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸又はそのアルカリ金属塩を主成分とする浸出液により浸出する第3段階、及び、この段階で溶解しない固体を、この第3段階と成分を同じくする浸出液であって、前記ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩及び該ハロゲンの酸又はそのアルカリ金属塩の濃度がいずれも前段階より高濃度である浸出液により浸出する第4段階から成る、貴金属の浸出方法。A third step of leaching a sample containing a plurality of noble metals with an leaching solution containing an alkali metal salt of a halogenated oxo acid and an acid of the halogen or an alkali metal salt thereof as a main component, and A fourth leaching solution having the same components as the third stage, wherein the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxoacid and the concentration of the acid of the halogen or the alkali metal salt thereof is higher than that of the previous stage; A method for leaching precious metals consisting of stages. 前記ハロゲンが塩素、臭素又はヨウ素であり、前記アルカリ金属がナトリウム又はカリウムである請求項5に記載の方法。The method according to claim 5, wherein the halogen is chlorine, bromine or iodine, and the alkali metal is sodium or potassium. 前記ハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClO、NaClO、NaClO又はNaClOであり、ハロゲンの酸がHCl、ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩がNaClである請求項6に記載の方法。The method according to claim 6, wherein the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid is NaClO, NaClO 2 , NaClO 3 or NaClO 4 , the acid of the halogen is HCl, and the alkali metal salt of the acid of the halogen is NaCl. 前記第3段階におけるハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が0.001モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が0.05モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸の濃度が5.0モル/リットル以上、前記第4段階におけるハロゲン化オキソ酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が0.01モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸のアルカリ金属塩の濃度が0.05モル/リットル以上、前記ハロゲンの酸の濃度が5.0モル/リットル以上である請求項5〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。In the third step, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid is 0.001 mol / L or more, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogen acid is 0.05 mol / L or more, and the concentration of the halogen acid is 5.0 mol / L or more, the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogenated oxo acid in the fourth step is 0.01 mol / L or more, and the concentration of the alkali metal salt of the halogen acid is 0.05 mol / L or more. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein the concentration of the halogen acid is 5.0 mol / L or more. 前記貴金属が、少なくともPd及びPtを含む、少なくともAu及びPtを含む、又は少なくともAu、Pd及びPtを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the noble metal comprises at least Pd and Pt, comprises at least Au and Pt, or comprises at least Au, Pd and Pt. 前記浸出液のpHが2.0以下である請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the pH of the leachate is 2.0 or less.
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