JP2004228540A - Light emitting device - Google Patents

Light emitting device Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004228540A
JP2004228540A JP2003025147A JP2003025147A JP2004228540A JP 2004228540 A JP2004228540 A JP 2004228540A JP 2003025147 A JP2003025147 A JP 2003025147A JP 2003025147 A JP2003025147 A JP 2003025147A JP 2004228540 A JP2004228540 A JP 2004228540A
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Prior art keywords
layer
light emitting
metal layer
bonding
emitting device
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JP2003025147A
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JP3997523B2 (en
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Kazunori Hagimoto
和徳 萩本
Nobuhiko Noto
宣彦 能登
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Shin Etsu Handotai Co Ltd
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Shin Etsu Handotai Co Ltd
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Priority to JP2003025147A priority Critical patent/JP3997523B2/en
Priority to US10/718,789 priority patent/US20040104395A1/en
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a light emitting device which uses a reflective metal layer and has a high light extraction efficiency and a small wavelength dependence. <P>SOLUTION: This light emitting device uses one main surface of a light emitting layer portion 24 made of compound semiconductors as a light extraction surface, and has a device substrate 7 bonded to the other main surface of the light emitting layer portion 24. The device also has an Ag-base reflective metal layer 10a which is positioned between the device substrate 7 and the light emitting layer portion 24 and is intended for reflecting the light from the light emitting layer portion 24 toward the light extraction surface side. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
この発明は発光素子及び発光素子の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
【特許文献1】
特開平7−66455号公報
【特許文献2】
特開2001−339100号公報
【0003】
発光ダイオードや半導体レーザー等の発光素子に使用される材料及び素子構造は、長年にわたる進歩の結果、素子内部における光電変換効率が理論上の限界に次第に近づきつつある。従って、一層高輝度の素子を得ようとした場合、素子からの光取出し効率が極めて重要となる。例えば、AlGaInP混晶により発光層部が形成された発光素子は、薄いAlGaInP(あるいはGaInP)活性層を、それよりもバンドギャップの大きいn型AlGaInPクラッド層とp型AlGaInPクラッド層とによりサンドイッチ状に挟んだダブルへテロ構造を採用することにより、高輝度の素子を実現できる。このようなAlGaInPダブルへテロ構造は、AlGaInP混晶がGaAsと格子整合することを利用して、GaAs単結晶基板上にAlGaInP混晶からなる各層をエピタキシャル成長させることにより形成できる。そして、これを発光素子として利用する際には、通常、GaAs単結晶基板をそのまま素子基板として利用することも多い。しかしながら、発光層部を構成するAlGaInP混晶はGaAsよりもバンドギャップが大きいため、発光した光がGaAs基板に吸収されて十分な光取出し効率が得られにくい難点がある。この問題を解決するために、半導体多層膜からなる反射層を基板と発光素子との間に挿入する方法(例えば特許文献1)も提案されているが、積層された半導体層の屈折率の違いを利用するため、限られた角度で入射した光しか反射されず、光取出し効率の大幅な向上は原理的に期待できない。
【0004】
そこで、特許文献2をはじめとする種々の公報には、成長用のGaAs基板を剥離する一方、補強用の導電性基板を、反射層を兼ねたAu層を介して剥離面に貼り合わせる技術が開示されている。このAu層は反射率が高く、また、反射率の入射角依存性が小さい利点がある。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、本発明者らが検討したところによると、反射層としてAu層を用いると、発光層部の波長によっては十分な反射効果が得られず、光取出し効率が思ったほど顕著に向上しないことがわかった。
【0006】
本発明の課題は、反射金属層を用いた発光素子において、光取出効率が高く、しかも波長依存性が小さい発光素子及びその製造方法を提供することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段及び作用・効果】
上記の課題を解決するために、本発明の発光素子は、化合物半導体よりなる発光層部の一方の主表面を光取出面とし、該発光層部の他方の主表面側に素子基板が結合されるとともに、該素子基板と発光層部との間に、Ag、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtのいずれかを主成分に構成された、該発光層部からの光を光取出面側に反射させる反射金属層を介在させたことを特徴とする。なお、本明細書において「主成分」とは、最も質量含有率の高い成分のことをいう。
【0008】
上記金属元素を主成分とする反射金属層は、Au系金属よりなる反射金属層と比べて反射率の波長依存性が小さく、かつ反射率も高い。その結果、素子の発光波長によらず高い光取出効率を実現できる。具体的には、本発明にて採用するAg、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtは、可視光域(350nm以上700nm)の全域に渡って高い反射率を確保でき、また貴金属であるため、Alのような金属と比較すれば酸化皮膜等の形成による反射率低下も生じにくい。
【0009】
反射金属層は、Agを主成分とするAg系反射金属層とすることが特に望ましい。Agは比較的安価である上、可視光の略全波長域に渡って良好な反射率を示す。従って、反射光の波長依存性をより小さくすることができ、反射率も高くすることができる。
【0010】
図9は、鏡面研磨した種々の金属表面の反射スペクトルを示すものであり、プロット点「■」はAgの反射スペクトルを、プロット点「△」はAuの反射スペクトルを、プロット点「◆」はAlの反射スペクトル(比較例)である。また、プロット点「×」はAgPdCu合金である。Agの反射スペクトルは、350nm以上700nm以下(また、それより長波長側の赤外域)、特に、380nm以上700nm以下にて、可視光の反射率が特に良好である。
【0011】
他方、Auは有色金属であり、図9に示す反射スペクトルからも明らかなように、波長670nm以下の可視光域に強い吸収があり(特に650nm以下:600nm以下ではさらに吸収が大きい)、発光層部のピーク発光波長が670nm以下に存在する場合に反射率低下が著しくなる。その結果、総発光強度が低下しやすいほか、取り出される光のスペクトルが、吸収により本来の発光スペクトルとは異なるものとなり、発光色調の変化も招きやすくなる。しかしながら、本発明にて採用するAg、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtは、波長670nm以下の可視光域においても反射率は極めて良好である。すなわち、発光層部のピーク発光波長が670nm以下(特に650nm以下、さらには600nm以下)である場合、本発明の採用により、Auよりもはるかに高い光取出し効率を実現できる。
【0012】
他方、図9に示すように、Alの反射スペクトルにおいても吸収ピークは生じないが、酸化皮膜形成による反射率低下があるため、可視光域での反射率は多少低い値(例えば85〜92%)に留まっている。しかし、本発明にて採用する金属は貴金属であり、酸化皮膜が形成されにくいため、Alよりも高い反射率を可視光域に確保できる。例えば、図9に示すAgの場合、波長400nm以上(特に450nm以上)においてAlよりも良好な反射率を示していることがわかる。
【0013】
なお、図9のAlの反射スペクトルは、鏡面研磨と化学研磨により、表面酸化皮膜の形成を抑制した状態で調整したAl表面について測定したものであり、実際には酸化皮膜が厚く形成されることにより、図9に示すデータよりもさらに反射率が低下する可能性がある。例えば、Agの場合、図9においては、350nm〜400nmの短波長域ではAlより反射率が劣っているが、酸化皮膜がAlよりはるかに形成されにくい。従って、実際に発光素子上に反射金属層として形成した場合は、Ag系の反射金属層の採用により、この波長域においてもAlを上回る反射率を達成することが可能である。また、この波長域でも、Agの反射率はAuと比較すればはるかに高い。
【0014】
以上を総合すれば、350nm以上670nm以下(望ましくは400nm以上650nm以下、さらに望ましくは450nm以上600nm以下)の波長域にピーク発光波長を有する発光層部の場合、Ag系の反射金属層は、光取出効率の改善効果がAlやAuに勝って特に顕著になるといえる。Ag系の反射金属層は、例えば青色系あるいは緑色系の発光、つまりピーク波長が450nm以上580nm以下の光に対しても良好な反射率を示す。すなわち、発光層部のピーク発光波長が350nm以上670nm以下のとき、Ag系の反射金属層を採用することにより、青色系あるいは緑色系の発光に対して、光取出効率を顕著に向上させることができる。
【0015】
上記のようなピーク発光波長を有する発光層部は、例えば(AlGa1−xIn1−yP(ただし、0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1)又はInGaAl1−x−yN(0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1,x+y≦1)により、第一導電型クラッド層、活性層及び第二導電型クラッド層がこの順序にて積層されたダブルへテロ構造を有するものとして構成することができる(なお、適用対象となる反射金属層はAg系のものに限らず、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtのいずれかを主成分に構成されたものであってもよい)。
【0016】
また、上記構造の発光層部は、ピーク発光波長が450nm以上580nm以下、すなわち青色から緑色の発光を得るのに好都合であり、該発光層部と、Ag系の反射金属層の採用をすれば、発光効率の極めて高い青色系ないし緑色系の発光素子を実現することができる。
【0017】
反射金属層は、発光層部への通電経路の一部をなす。反射金属層をAg系反射金属層として形成する場合、これを化合物半導体よりなる発光層部に直接接合すると、接触抵抗が高くなり、直列抵抗が増加して発光効率が低下する場合がある。そこで、Ag系反射金属層は、Agを主成分とするAg系接合層を介して発光層部に接合することが、接触抵抗の低減を図る上で望ましい。なお、Ag系接合層は、Ag系反射金属層と比較すれば、化合物半導体層と合金化により反射率が劣る。そこで、Ag系接合層をAg系反射金属層の主表面上に分散形成しておけば、接合層の非形成領域ではAg系反射金属層による高い反射率を確保できる。
【0018】
また、Ag系接合層に代えて、Auを主成分としたAu系接合層(例えばAuGeNi接合層)を用いることも可能である。しかし、前述のAg系接合層は合金化を生ずるとはいえ、青色や緑色の光、具体的にはピーク発光波長が450nm以上580nm以下の光に対しての反射率が、Au系接合層と比較すればはるかに高い。従って、Ag系接合層の採用により、青色や緑色の光に対する光取出効率をより改善することができる。またAg系接合層はAu系接合層よりも安価である。
【0019】
なお、光取出効果を十分に高めるために、Ag系反射金属層に対するAg系接合層(あるいはAu系接合層)の形成面積率(Ag系反射金属層の全面積にて前記接合層の形成面積を除した値である)は1%以上25%以下とすることが望ましい。前記接合層の形成面積率が1%未満では接触抵抗の低減効果が十分でなくなり、25%を超えると反射強度が低下することにつながる。
【0020】
Ag系反射金属層は、Ag系接合層よりもAg含有率を高く設定しておくことで、Ag系接合層の非形成領域において、Ag系反射金属層の反射率を一層高めることができる。Ag系反射金属層の材質として、Ag含有率が95質量%以上の金属、より具体的には純Ag(ただし、1質量%以内であれば不可避不純物を含有してもよい)を採用することにより、上記の効果は一層高められる。一方、Ag系反射金属層は、Pdを含有したAg合金により構成することもできる。Pdを含有したAg合金は、耐硫化性及び耐酸化性が良好であり、硫化ないし酸化に由来した反射率の劣化の防止に効果がある。また、後述の結合用金属層との接合強度も高めることができる。
【0021】
Ag系接合層は、Agを主成分としてNiとGeを含有するAgGeNi合金を採用することにより、良好なオーミックコンタクトを特に容易に形成できる。また、AgGeNi合金よりなるAg系接合層は、Ag系反射金属層との密着性も高い。本発明に好適に採用できるAgGeNi合金の具体的な組成は、例えばGe:0.1質量%以上25質量%以下、Ni:0.1質量%以上20質量%以下、残部Agであり、この範囲外の組成では接触抵抗低減効果が十分に得られない場合がある。
【0022】
素子基板と発光層部とを反射金属層を挟んで接合する場合、反射金属層を素子基板側に形成しておいてから、その反射金属層に発光層部を接合してもよいし、発光層部側に反射金属層を形成しておいてから、これに素子基板を接合してもよい。また、発光層部側に反射金属層を含む第一金属層を形成し、素子基板に形成した第二金属層と該第一金属層とを接合することも可能である。金属層の具体的な形成方法としては、真空蒸着やスパッタリングなどの気相成膜法のほか、無電解メッキあるいは電解メッキなどの電気化学的な成膜法を採用することもできる。
【0023】
反射金属層をなすAg系反射金属層を発光層部に接合する製法を採用する場合、接合前のAg系反射金属層の表面が酸化や硫化により光沢が減少したり、あるいは着色したりすることがあり、いずれも、反射強度の低下につながる。そこで、Ag系反射金属層を、該Ag系反射金属層と接する保護金属層を介して発光層部に接合すれば、Ag系反射金属層の酸化や硫化が効果的に防止される。また、保護金属層を適度に薄く形成することで、発光層部からの光は、保護金属層が介在しているにもかかわらず、Ag系金属の特徴(高反射強度及び低波長依存性)を反映した良好な反射特性が得られる。該効果は、具体的には、保護金属層の厚さ調整により、層を島状に形成し、その島間領域にてAg系反射金属層を露出させる構造とするか、あるいは、トンネル効果による光透過効果が顕著となるように、保護金属層の厚みを反射すべき光の波長よりも十分小さい厚さとするかの、いずれかにより達成できる。
【0024】
該保護金属層は、化学的に安定なAuを主成分とするAu系金属層に構成すれば、Ag系反射金属層に対する保護効果が特に顕著である。なお、Agより貴な金属であれば、Au系金属以外にも、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtを主成分とする金属を保護金属層の材質として採用してもよい。
【0025】
保護金属層を過度に厚く形成すると、Ag系反射金属層よりも保護金属層の反射特性が優位となり、Ag系反射金属層特有の高反射率ないし低波長依存性の効果が損なわれることにつながる。また、保護金属層が薄すぎると、Ag系反射金属層を酸化や硫化から保護する効果が十分に得られなくなる。この観点から、保護金属層の厚みは0.5nm以上15nm以下とすることが望ましい。
【0026】
素子基板は導電性基板とすることにより、基板自体を、発光素子を駆動するための導通路の一部として利用でき、素子構造の簡略化を図ることができる。導電性基板としてはAlやCuないしそれらの合金よりなる金属基板を使用することもできるが、安価なSi基板(多結晶基板又は単結晶基板:前者は特に安価である)を用いるとより有利である。
【0027】
次に、反射金属層を素子基板に直接接合するのが困難な場合は、結合用金属層を介して反射金属層を素子基板に接合することができる。結合用金属層としては、Auを主成分とするAu系金属層が酸化等の影響を受けにくく、素子基板との結合力も確保しやすい。また、素子基板をSi基板にて構成する場合、Au系金属層を結合用金属層として用いれば、該Si基板との接合抵抗も概して低くできる。さらに、Ag系反射金属層を用いる場合は、Au系金属層よりなる結合用金属層を、Ag系反射金属層に容易に接合できる。
【0028】
この場合、反射金属層は、該反射金属層の側からこの順序で互いに接して配置される、結合用金属層をなす第一Au系層と第二Au系層とを介して素子基板と結合されたものとすることができる。また、本発明の発光素子の製造方法は、上記構成の発光素子を製造するためのものであって、
化合物半導体層の光取出面になるのと反対側の主表面を貼り合わせ側主表面として、該貼り合わせ側主表面に反射金属層を形成し、該反射金属層上にAuを主成分とする結合用金属層となる第一Au系層を配置し、
素子基板の、発光層部側に位置することが予定された主表面を貼り合わせ側主表面として、該貼り合わせ側主表面にAuを主成分とする結合用金属層となる第二Au系層を配置し、
それら第一Au系層と第二Au系層とを密着させて貼り合わせることを特徴とする。
【0029】
上記の発明によると、化合物半導体層側と素子基板側に第一及び第二の各Au系層を振り分けて形成し、これらを相互に密着させて貼り合せる。Au系層同士は比較的低温でも容易に一体化するので、貼り合せの熱処理温度が低くとも十分な貼り合せ強度が得られ、かつ、Au系層を含む金属反射層の反射面も良好な状態のものを容易に形成することができる。
【0030】
この場合、第一Au系層と第二Au系層とをいずれもAu含有率が95質量%以上のものとすれば、素子基板と化合物半導体層との貼り合わせが一層容易となり、かつ貼り合わせ強度もより高めることができる。Au系層(ひいては、第一Au系層と第二Au系層)の材質として、より具体的には純Au(ただし、1質量%以内であれば不可避不純物を含有してもよい)を採用することにより、上記の効果は一層高められる。
【0031】
このようにAu系層を用いつつも、上記の方法により貼り合せ熱処理の温度を低下させることができる効果は、素子基板としてSi基板を用いる場合に、特に顕著となる。すなわち、Si基板はAuとの共晶温度が低いが、Au系層同士の貼り合わせであれば、上記共晶温度よりも十分低い温度で貼り合わせ熱処理を行なうことが可能であり、良好な反射率と貼り合わせ強度とを確保することができる。また、貼り合せ熱処理温度の低下は、拡散阻止層が配置されていることとも相俟って、Au系層へのSiの拡散を一層効果的に抑制でき、最終的に得られる反射金属層が形成する反射面を、良好な反射率を有するものとして形成できる。
【0032】
なお、Au系層に対する基板側あるいは化合物半導体層側からの拡散や反応の影響を抑制するため、貼り合わせ熱処理温度の上限は360℃に設定することが望ましい。例えば、素子基板としてはSi基板を用いることができる。Si基板はドーピングにより発光素子として十分な導電性を容易に確保することができ、しかも安価である。しかし、SiはAu中へ拡散を起しやすく、また比較的低温で共晶反応を起しやすい(Au−Si二元系の共晶温度は363℃である)。従って、貼り合わせの熱処理温度が少しでも過度に高くなると、金属反射層中のAu系層へ素子基板をなすSiが多量に拡散したり共晶反応を起したりし、反射率の低下を極めて招きやすい。しかしながら本発明のごとく、Au系層同士の貼り合わせによりその熱処理温度を360℃以下に設定することで、上記共晶温度よりも十分低い温度で貼り合わせ熱処理を行なうことが可能であり、良好な反射率と貼り合わせ強度とを確保することができる。
【0033】
なお、III−V族化合物半導体よりなる化合物半導体層が用いられる場合は、上記貼り合わせ熱処理温度を180℃よりも高温に設定することが望ましい場合がある。第一Au系層と第二Au系層とを密着させて外部の熱源により貼り合わせ熱処理を行う際に、第一Au系層側へは化合物半導体層を介して熱が伝達されるが、III−V族化合物半導体は一般に、Siなどの他の半導体と比較すれば熱伝導率が低い。そのため、貼り合わせ熱処理温度が過度に低くなると、III−V族化合物半導体層により第一Au系層への熱伝達が阻害され、第二Au系層との強固な貼り合わせ状態を得ることができなくなる。そこで、貼り合わせ熱処理温度は180℃よりも高く設定することにより、III−V族化合物半導体層の熱伝導率がそれほど高くない場合でも、第一Au系層と第二Au系層を十分な強度にて貼り合わせることができるようになる。特に、化合物半導体層が、III族元素がAl、Ga及びInより選ばれる1種以上からなり、V族元素がP及びAsより選ばれる1種以上からなる場合(例えば、(AlGa1−xIn1−yP(ただし、0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1))に、該効果は特に顕著となる。
【0034】
化合物半導体層を(AlGa1−xIn1−yP(ただし、0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1)にて形成する場合、該化合物半導体層の貼り合わせ側主表面にAgGeNiコンタクト層を形成し、該AgGeNiコンタクト層を覆うようにAg系反射金属層を形成することが好ましい。この場合、AgGeNiコンタクト金属と化合物半導体層との合金化熱処理を例えば、350℃以上660℃以下にて行なうことにより、接触抵抗の低減効果が高められる。
【0035】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を添付の図面を参照して説明する。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態である発光素子100を示す概念図である。発光素子100は、素子基板をなす導電性基板であるn型Si(シリコン)単結晶よりなるSi基板7の一方の主表面上に、金属層10を介して発光層部24が貼り合わされた構造を有してなる。
【0036】
発光層部24は、ノンドープ(AlGa1−xIn1−yP(ただし、0≦x≦0.55,0.45≦y≦0.55)混晶からなる活性層5を、第一導電型クラッド層、本実施形態ではp型(AlGa1−zIn1−yP(ただしx<z≦1)からなるp型クラッド層6と、前記第一導電型クラッド層とは異なる第二導電型クラッド層、本実施形態ではn型(AlGa1−zIn1−yP(ただしx<z≦1)からなるn型クラッド層4とにより挟んだ構造を有し、活性層5の組成に応じて、発光波長を、緑色から赤色領域(発光波長(ピーク発光波長)が550nm以上670nm以下)にて調整できる。図1の発光素子100では、金属電極9側にp型AlGaInPクラッド層6が配置されており、金属層10側にn型AlGaInPクラッド層4が配置されている。従って、通電極性は金属電極9側が正である。なお、ここでいう「ノンドープ」とは、「ドーパントの積極添加を行なわない」との意味であり、通常の製造工程上、不可避的に混入するドーパント成分の含有(例えば1013〜1016/cm程度を上限とする)をも排除するものではない。
【0037】
また、発光層部24の基板7に面しているのと反対側の主表面上には、AlGaAsよりなる電流拡散層20が形成され、その主表面の略中央に、発光層部24に発光駆動電圧を印加するための金属電極(例えばAu電極)9が、該主表面の一部を覆うように形成されている。電流拡散層20の主表面における、金属電極9の周囲の領域は、発光層部24からの光取出領域をなす。また、Si単結晶基板7の裏面にはその全体を覆うようにAu系接合層であるAuSb接合層16が形成され、これと接して金属電極(裏面電極)15が形成されている。
【0038】
Si単結晶基板7は、Si単結晶インゴットをスライス・研磨して製造されたものであり、その厚みは例えば100μm以上500μm以下である。そして、発光層部24に対し、金属層10を挟んで貼り合わされている。
【0039】
金属層10は、発光層部24側の反射金属層10aと、Si基板7側の結合用金属層10bとからなり、反射金属層10aと結合用金属層10b同士が互いに接している。反射金属層10aはAg層(以下、Ag系反射金属層10aという)であり、結合用金属層10bはAu層(以下、Au系結合用金属層10bという)である。発光層部24とAg系反射金属層10aとの間には、Ag系接合層としてのAgGeNi接合層32(Au系接合層としてのAuGeNi接合層であってもよい)が形成されており、素子の直列抵抗低減に貢献している。AgGeNi接合層32は、Ag系反射金属層10aの主表面上に分散形成され、その形成面積率は1%以上25%以下である。また、Si基板7とAu系結合用金属層10bとの間にはAu系接合層であるAuSb接合層31が形成されている。
【0040】
発光層部24からの光は、光取出面側に直接放射される光に、Ag系反射金属層10aによる反射光が重畳される形で取り出される。Au系金属反射層を用いた従来の発光素子は、AlGaInPを用いた発光層部の場合、550nm以上600nm以下、特に、580nmまでの緑系の発光波長のとき、Au系金属反射層による吸収が大きくなり、反射率が低下しやすい欠点がある。しかしながら、本実施形態の発光素子100のようにAg系反射金属層10aを用いると、上記のような発光波長の発光層部24を形成した場合も反射率が低下せず、素子の光取出し効率を著しく高めることができる。
【0041】
なお、Ag系反射金属層10aの厚さは、反射効果を十分に確保するため、80nm以上とすることが望ましい。また、厚さの上限には制限は特にないが、反射効果が飽和するため、コストとの兼ね合いにより適当に定める(例えば1μm程度)。
【0042】
以下、図1の発光素子100の製造方法について説明する。
まず、図2の工程1に示すように、発光層成長用基板をなす半導体単結晶基板であるGaAs単結晶基板1の主表面に、p型GaAsバッファ層2を例えば0.5μm、AlAsからなる剥離層3を例えば0.5μm、さらにp型AlGaAsよりなる電流拡散層20を例えば5μm、この順序にてエピタキシャル成長させる。また、その後、発光層部24として、1μmのp型AlGaInPクラッド層6、0.6μmのAlGaInP活性層(ノンドープ)5、及び1μmのn型AlGaInPクラッド層4を、この順序にエピタキシャル成長させる。
【0043】
次に、工程2に示すように、発光層部24の主表面に、AgGeNi接合層32を分散形成する。AgGeNi接合層32を形成後、次に、350℃以上500℃以下の温度域でシンター処理を行ない、その後、AgGeNi接合層32を覆うようにAg系反射金属層10aを形成する。発光層部24とAgGeNi接合層32との間には、上記シンター処理によりアロイ層が形成され、オーミック接触が形成されて直列抵抗が大幅に低減される。他方、工程3に示すように、別途用意したSi単結晶基板7(n型)の両方の主表面にAuSb接合層31,16を形成し、250℃以上500℃以下の温度域でシンター処理を行なう。そして、AuSb接合層31上にはAu系結合用金属層10bを、AuSb接合層16上には裏面電極層15(例えばAu系金属よりなるもの)をそれぞれ形成する。以上の工程で各金属層は、スパッタリングあるいは真空蒸着等を用いて行なうことができる。なお、Si単結晶基板の表面に高濃度の不純物(例えばSb)をドープした基板を用いる場合は、Au又は上記不純物を含有するAu合金(例えばAuSb)を基板表面に蒸着すれば、シンター処理を敢えて実施しなくともオーミック接触を形成できる。
【0044】
そして、工程4に示すように、Si単結晶基板7のAu系結合用金属層10bを、発光層部24上に形成されたAg系反射金属層10aに重ね合わせて圧迫して熱処理することにより、基板貼り合わせ体50を作る。Si単結晶基板7は、Ag系反射金属層10a及びAu系結合用金属層10bを介して発光層部24に貼り合わせられる。
【0045】
上記の貼り合わせ工程では、熱処理時に、Au系結合用金属層10bのAuと、Ag系反射金属層10aのAgと、Si基板のSiとの3元共晶反応が介在する。例えば、熱処理温度が高すぎたり、あるいはAg系金属反射層10aが薄すぎたりすると、共晶液相が過剰に生じ、Ag系反射金属層10aの大部分が共晶化して良好な反射面を形成できなくなる。これを防止するために、貼り合わせの熱処理温度は50℃以上360℃以下に設定することが望ましい。熱処理温度が360℃を超えると共晶液相が過剰に生じて良好な反射面を形成できなくなり、50℃未満では貼り合わせ強度が不十分となる。また、共晶液相が過剰に生じないためには、Ag系反射金属層10aよりもAu系結合用金属層10bの厚さを小さくしておくこと(例えば1/5以下)が望ましい。なお、より確実な貼り合わせ強度を得るために、貼り合わせの熱処理温度は、望ましくは180℃を超え、かつ360℃以下に設定するのがよい。
【0046】
次に、工程5に進み、上記基板貼り合わせ体50を、例えば10%フッ酸水溶液からなるエッチング液に浸漬し、バッファ層2と発光層部24との間に形成したAlAs剥離層3を選択エッチングすることにより、GaAs単結晶基板1(発光層部24からの光に対して不透明である)を、発光層部24とこれに接合されたSi単結晶基板7との積層体50aから剥離する。
【0047】
そして、工程6に示すように、GaAs単結晶基板1の剥離により露出した電流拡散層20の主表面の一部を覆うように、ワイヤボンディング用の電極9(ボンディングパッド:図1)を形成する。以下、通常の方法によりダイシングして半導体チップとし、これを支持体に固着してリード線のワイヤボンディング等を行なった後、樹脂封止をすることにより最終的な発光素子が得られる。
【0048】
以下、本発明の種々の変形例について説明する。
反射金属層10a(ここではAg層)と結合用金属層10b(ここではAu層)とは、これらを直接接合するのではなく、図3に示すように、ろう材層10sを介して接合することもできる。この場合、反射金属層10aと結合用金属層10bとをろう材ペースト(あるいはろう材箔)層10s’を介して重ね合わせ、ろう付け熱処理することにより接合可能である。ろう材としては、Sn系あるいはSn−Pb系など、液相線温度が363℃以下の半田を用い、ろう付け熱処理を該温度以下にて行なうと、Au−Siの共晶形成を回避しつつ、反射金属層10aと結合用金属層10bとを接合することができる。また、図4に示すように、反射金属層10aと結合用金属層10bとを、導電性接着層10d(例えば、高分子材料に溶剤とAg粉末等の導電性粉末を分散・配合した導電性接着剤の塗布により形成されるもの)を介して粘着接合することも可能である。いずれの場合も、結合用金属層10bをAu層ではなく、Ag系金属層として形成することもできる。
【0049】
また、図5に示すように、基板7と発光層部24との双方にAg系金属層(例えばAg層)10’,10’を形成し、これらを直接拡散熱処理により接合することも可能である。基板7側の接合層31’は例えばAgSbで構成する。この場合、2つのAg系金属層は接合により一体化し、金属層10の全体が単一のAg系反射金属層となる。なお、この熱処理は、Si基板を用いる場合、Ag−Siの共晶温度(840℃)以下にて行なうことが望ましく、例えば前述のアロイ層形成のための熱処理と同じ温度域(250℃以上500℃以下)を採用することができる。Ag系金属層10’ではなくAu系金属層を用いる場合は、AuとSiとの共晶温度が低いため、図5の接合層32をアロイ層とするためのシンター処理を、Au系金属層の形成前に行なう必要があったが、Ag系金属層10’の場合は、上記のようにAgとSiとの共晶温度が高いので、Ag系金属層10’の形成後にシンター処理を行なうことも十分可能である。さらに、2つのAg系金属層10’,10’を接合する熱処理を、シンター処理に兼用させてもよい。
【0050】
さらに、図6に示すように、Ag系反射金属層10aを、該Ag系反射金属層10aと接する保護金属層10eを介して発光層部24に接合することもできる。具体的には、発光層部24側にAgGeNi接合層32を形成しておき、他方、基板7の主表面には、Ag系反射金属層10aとAu層よりなる保護金属層10eとを、この順序にて形成する。そして、発光層部24の主表面に、保護金属層10eで覆われたAg系反射金属層10aを重ね合わせて熱処理し、接合を行なう。Si基板を用いる場合、該熱処理はAg−Siの共晶温度(840℃)以下にて行なうことが望ましく、AgGeNi接合層32によるアロイ層形成の熱処理に兼用させることも可能である。保護金属層10eの厚さtを0.5nm以上15nm以下にすることで、発光層部24からの光は、保護金属層10eが介在しているにもかかわらず、Ag系反射金属層10aにて良好な反射率にて反射され、保護金属層10による吸収の影響も小さい。なお、AgGeNi接合層32上にAu層32cをごく薄く、例えば1nm以上10nm以下に形成しておけば、Au系の保護金属層10eとの接合強度を高めることができる。
【0051】
また、図1に一点鎖線で示すように、反射金属層10aと発光層部24とを、透明導電性酸化物層(例えばITO(Indium Tin Oxide)層)30を介して接合することもできる。この場合、AgGeNi接合層32を省略することもできる。
【0052】
次に、図7に示すように、Ag系反射金属層10aを、該Ag系反射金属層10aの側からこの順序で互いに接して配置される、結合用金属層をなす第一Au系層10bと第二Au系層10cとを介してSi基板(素子基板)7と結合した構造とすることもできる。この場合の製造工程を図8に示す。工程1は、既に説明済みの図2と同じである。次に、工程2に示すように、発光層部24の主表面に、AgGeNi接合層32を分散形成し、さらに350℃以上660℃以下の温度域で合金化熱処理を行なった後、Ag系反射金属層10aをAgGeNi接合層32を覆うように形成する。また、該Ag系反射金属層10a上に重ねてAu系結合用金属層となる第一Au系層10bを形成する。
【0053】
他方、工程3に示すように、別途用意したSi単結晶基板7(n型)の両方の主表面に基板側接合層となるAuSb接合層31,16(AuSn接合層でもよい)を形成し、250℃以上359℃以下の温度域で合金化熱処理を行なう。そして、AuSb接合層31上にはAu系結合用金属層となる第二Au系層10cを、AuSb接合層16上には裏面電極層15(例えばAu系金属よりなるもの)をそれぞれ形成する。以上の工程で各金属層は、スパッタリングあるいは真空蒸着等を用いて行なうことができる。
【0054】
そして、工程4に示すように、Si単結晶基板7側の第二Au系層10cを、発光層部24上に形成された第一Au系層10bに重ね合わせて圧迫して、180℃よりも高温かつ360℃以下、例えば250℃にて貼り合せ熱処理することにより、基板貼り合わせ体50を作る。Si単結晶基板7は、第一Au系層10b及び第二Au系層10cを介して発光層部24に貼り合わせられる。また、第一Au系層10bと第二Au系層10cとは、上記貼り合せ熱処理を採用することにより十分な強度にて結合される。第一Au系層10b及び第二Au系層10cは、いずれも酸化しにくいAuを主体に構成されているため、上記貼り合せ熱処理は、例えば大気中でも問題なく行なうことができる。
【0055】
続く工程5における、基板貼り合わせ体50からのGaAs単結晶基板1の剥離は、図2と同様の工程にて行なうことができる。他方、AlAs剥離層3に代えてAlInPよりなるエッチストップ層を形成しておき、GaAsに対して選択エッチング性を有する第一エッチング液(例えばアンモニア/過酸化水素混合液)を用いてGaAs単結晶基板1(発光層成長用基板)をGaAsバッファ層2とともにエッチング除去し、次いでAlInPに対して選択エッチング性を有する第二エッチング液(例えば塩酸:Al酸化層除去用にフッ酸を添加してもよい)を用いてエッチストップ層をエッチング除去する工程を採用することもできる。このように、発光層成長用基板を全てエッチングにより除去することも、「剥離」の概念に属するものとする。
【0056】
上記のように発光層成長用基板をエッチングにより剥離(除去)する際に、そのエッチング液によりAg系反射金属層10aが腐食を受ける可能性がある場合は、次のようにするとよい。すなわち、工程3に示すように、反射金属層をなすAg系反射金属層10aと接する第一Au系層10bを、第一Au系層10bの外周縁よりもAg系反射金属層10aの外周縁が内側に位置するように、Ag系反射金属層10aよりも大面積にて形成する。これにより、Ag系反射金属層10aは第一Au系層10bに包まれる形となり、Ag系反射金属層10aの外周面が、耐食性の高い第一Au系層10bの外周縁部10eにより保護されるので、工程5において、発層成長用基板(GaAs単結晶基板1)をエッチングしても、その影響がAg系反射金属層10aに及びにくくなる。GaAs単結晶基板1を発光層成長用基板として用い、これをアンモニア/過酸化水素混合液をエッチング液として用いて溶解・除去する場合、Agは該エッチング液に特に腐食されやすいが、上記の構造を採用すれば、問題なくGaAs単結晶基板1を溶解除去できる。
【0057】
以上の実施形態ではAg系反射金属層10aを用いていたが、Ag系反射金属層10aに代えて、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtのいずれかを主成分とする反射金属層(例えばPt系反射金属層)を形成してもよい。さらに、電流拡散層20に代えて、ITO層等の透明導電性酸化物層を形成し、その上に電極9(ボンディングパッド)を配置してもよい。
【0058】
また、以上の実施形態では、発光層部24の各層をAlGaInP混晶にて形成していたが、該各層(p型クラッド層6、活性層5及びn型クラッド層4)をAlGaInN混晶により形成することもできる。発光層部24を成長させるための発光層成長用基板は、GaAs単結晶基板に代えて、例えばサファイア基板(絶縁体)が使用される。サファイア基板上にGaNバッファ層を介してAlGaInN混晶よりなる発光層部が形成されている場合、サファイア基板の裏面側からエキシマレーザーを照射することによりGaNバッファ層が溶解し、サファイア基板を剥離除去することができる。発光層部24の発光波長が450nm以上580nm以下のとき、Ag系反射金属層10aとAgGeNi接合層32とを採用することによる、青色ないし緑色系の光の反射率向上効果が大きい。
【0059】
また、発光層部24の各層は、上記実施形態では、基板側からn型クラッド層4、活性層5及びp型クラッド層6の順になっていたが、これを反転させ、基板側からp型クラッド、活性層及びn型クラッド層の順に形成してもよい。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の発光素子の一実施形態を積層構造にて示す模式図。
【図2】本発明の発光素子の製造工程の一例を示す説明図。
【図3】本発明の発光素子の製造工程の第一変形例を、それにより得られる発光素子の構造の要部と共に示す説明図。
【図4】本発明の発光素子の製造工程の第二変形例を、それにより得られる発光素子の構造の要部と共に示す説明図。
【図5】本発明の発光素子の製造工程の第三変形例を、それにより得られる発光素子の構造の要部と共に示す説明図。
【図6】本発明の発光素子の製造工程の第四変形例を、それにより得られる発光素子の構造の要部と共に示す説明図。
【図7】本発明の発光素子の変形例を積層構造にて示す模式図。
【図8】図7の発光素子の製造工程の一例を示す説明図。
【図9】種々の金属の反射スペクトルを示す図。
【符号の説明】
1 GaAs単結晶基板(発光層成長用基板)
4 n型クラッド層(第二導電型クラッド層)
5 活性層
6 p型クラッド層(第一導電型クラッド層)
7 Si単結晶基板(素子基板)
9 金属電極
10 金属層
10a Ag系反射金属層(反射金属層)
10b,10c Au系結合用金属層(結合用金属層)
24 発光層部
32 AgGeNi接合層
100 発光素子
[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a light emitting device and a method for manufacturing the light emitting device.
[0002]
[Prior art]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-7-66455
[Patent Document 2]
JP 2001-339100 A
[0003]
Materials and device structures used for light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers have been developed over many years, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency inside the devices is gradually approaching the theoretical limit. Therefore, when an element with higher luminance is to be obtained, the light extraction efficiency from the element is extremely important. For example, in a light emitting device having a light emitting layer portion formed of AlGaInP mixed crystal, a thin AlGaInP (or GaInP) active layer is sandwiched between an n-type AlGaInP cladding layer having a larger band gap and a p-type AlGaInP cladding layer. By adopting the double hetero structure sandwiched therebetween, a high-luminance element can be realized. Such an AlGaInP double hetero structure can be formed by epitaxially growing each layer made of an AlGaInP mixed crystal on a GaAs single crystal substrate, utilizing the fact that the AlGaInP mixed crystal lattice-matches with GaAs. When this is used as a light emitting element, a GaAs single crystal substrate is often used as it is as an element substrate. However, the AlGaInP mixed crystal constituting the light emitting layer has a band gap larger than that of GaAs, so that the emitted light is absorbed by the GaAs substrate and it is difficult to obtain sufficient light extraction efficiency. In order to solve this problem, a method of inserting a reflective layer composed of a semiconductor multilayer film between the substrate and the light emitting element (for example, Patent Document 1) has been proposed, but the difference in the refractive index of the stacked semiconductor layers has been proposed. Is used, only light incident at a limited angle is reflected, and a significant improvement in light extraction efficiency cannot be expected in principle.
[0004]
Therefore, various publications including Patent Literature 2 disclose a technique in which a growth GaAs substrate is peeled off, and a reinforcing conductive substrate is bonded to a peeled surface via an Au layer also serving as a reflective layer. It has been disclosed. This Au layer has the advantage that the reflectance is high and the dependency of the reflectance on the incident angle is small.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, according to studies by the present inventors, when an Au layer is used as a reflective layer, a sufficient reflection effect cannot be obtained depending on the wavelength of the light-emitting layer portion, and light extraction efficiency does not improve remarkably as expected. I understood.
[0006]
An object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting device using a reflective metal layer, which has a high light extraction efficiency and a small wavelength dependency, and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems and Functions / Effects]
In order to solve the above problems, the light emitting element of the present invention is configured such that one main surface of a light emitting layer portion made of a compound semiconductor is a light extraction surface, and an element substrate is coupled to the other main surface side of the light emitting layer portion. In addition, between the element substrate and the light-emitting layer portion, light from the light-emitting layer portion, which is mainly composed of Ag, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt, is provided as a light extraction surface. A reflective metal layer for reflecting light is interposed on the side. In this specification, the “main component” refers to a component having the highest mass content.
[0008]
The reflective metal layer containing the above-described metal element as a main component has a smaller reflectance wavelength dependence and a higher reflectance than the reflective metal layer made of an Au-based metal. As a result, high light extraction efficiency can be realized regardless of the emission wavelength of the element. Specifically, Ag, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt employed in the present invention can ensure high reflectance over the entire visible light range (350 nm or more and 700 nm) and are precious metals. Therefore, compared with metals such as Al, the reflectance is less likely to decrease due to the formation of an oxide film or the like.
[0009]
It is particularly desirable that the reflective metal layer be an Ag-based reflective metal layer containing Ag as a main component. Ag is relatively inexpensive and exhibits good reflectivity over substantially the entire wavelength range of visible light. Therefore, the wavelength dependence of the reflected light can be reduced, and the reflectance can be increased.
[0010]
FIG. 9 shows reflection spectra of various mirror-polished metal surfaces. A plot point “■” represents an Ag reflection spectrum, a plot point “△” represents an Au reflection spectrum, and a plot point “◆” represents a reflection spectrum. It is a reflection spectrum of Al (comparative example). The plot point “x” is an AgPdCu alloy. The reflectance of Ag is particularly good when the reflection spectrum of Ag is 350 nm or more and 700 nm or less (and in the infrared region on the longer wavelength side), particularly 380 nm or more and 700 nm or less.
[0011]
On the other hand, Au is a colored metal, and as is clear from the reflection spectrum shown in FIG. 9, it has strong absorption in the visible light region having a wavelength of 670 nm or less (especially 650 nm or less: absorption is even greater at 600 nm or less), and the light-emitting layer When the peak emission wavelength of the portion exists at 670 nm or less, the reflectance is significantly reduced. As a result, the total emission intensity tends to decrease, and the spectrum of the extracted light is different from the original emission spectrum due to absorption, and the emission color tone is likely to change. However, the reflectivity of Ag, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir and Pt used in the present invention is extremely good even in a visible light region having a wavelength of 670 nm or less. That is, when the peak emission wavelength of the light emitting layer is 670 nm or less (especially 650 nm or less, and furthermore, 600 nm or less), the adoption of the present invention can realize a much higher light extraction efficiency than Au.
[0012]
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 9, no absorption peak occurs even in the reflection spectrum of Al, but the reflectance in the visible light range has a slightly lower value (for example, 85 to 92%) because the reflectance is reduced due to the formation of the oxide film. ). However, the metal used in the present invention is a noble metal, and an oxide film is not easily formed, so that a higher reflectance than Al can be secured in the visible light region. For example, it can be seen that Ag shown in FIG. 9 shows a better reflectance than Al at a wavelength of 400 nm or more (especially 450 nm or more).
[0013]
The reflection spectrum of Al in FIG. 9 was measured on the Al surface adjusted by mirror polishing and chemical polishing in a state where the formation of the surface oxide film was suppressed. Therefore, the reflectance may be further reduced as compared with the data shown in FIG. For example, in the case of Ag in FIG. 9, in the short wavelength region of 350 nm to 400 nm, the reflectance is lower than that of Al, but the oxide film is much less likely to be formed than Al. Therefore, when the reflective metal layer is actually formed on the light emitting element, it is possible to achieve a reflectance higher than Al even in this wavelength region by employing the Ag-based reflective metal layer. Also in this wavelength range, the reflectivity of Ag is much higher than that of Au.
[0014]
In summary, in the case of a light emitting layer portion having a peak emission wavelength in a wavelength range of 350 nm or more and 670 nm or less (preferably 400 nm or more and 650 nm or less, more preferably 450 nm or more and 600 nm or less), the Ag-based reflective metal layer It can be said that the effect of improving the extraction efficiency is particularly remarkable over Al and Au. The Ag-based reflective metal layer exhibits good reflectivity for, for example, blue or green light, that is, light having a peak wavelength of 450 nm or more and 580 nm or less. That is, when the peak emission wavelength of the light emitting layer portion is 350 nm or more and 670 nm or less, the light extraction efficiency can be remarkably improved with respect to blue or green light emission by employing an Ag-based reflective metal layer. it can.
[0015]
The light emitting layer portion having the above peak light emission wavelength is, for example, (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y P (however, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1) or In x Ga y Al 1-xy N (0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1, x + y ≦ 1) has a double heterostructure in which the first conductivity type clad layer, the active layer, and the second conductivity type clad layer are laminated in this order. (Note that the reflective metal layer to be applied is not limited to the Ag-based reflective metal layer, but may be a layer mainly composed of any of Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt. May be).
[0016]
In addition, the light emitting layer portion having the above structure has a peak emission wavelength of 450 nm or more and 580 nm or less, that is, it is convenient to obtain blue to green light emission. If the light emitting layer portion and the Ag-based reflective metal layer are used, Thus, a blue-based or green-based light-emitting element having extremely high luminous efficiency can be realized.
[0017]
The reflective metal layer forms a part of a current supply path to the light emitting layer. When the reflective metal layer is formed as an Ag-based reflective metal layer, if this is directly joined to the light emitting layer portion made of a compound semiconductor, the contact resistance increases, the series resistance increases, and the luminous efficiency may decrease. Therefore, it is desirable to join the Ag-based reflective metal layer to the light emitting layer portion via an Ag-based joining layer containing Ag as a main component in order to reduce the contact resistance. The Ag-based bonding layer has an inferior reflectance due to alloying with the compound semiconductor layer as compared with the Ag-based reflective metal layer. Therefore, if the Ag-based bonding layer is dispersedly formed on the main surface of the Ag-based reflective metal layer, high reflectivity of the Ag-based reflective metal layer can be secured in a region where the bonding layer is not formed.
[0018]
Further, instead of the Ag-based bonding layer, an Au-based bonding layer containing Au as a main component (for example, an AuGeNi bonding layer) can be used. However, although the above-described Ag-based bonding layer causes alloying, its reflectance with respect to blue or green light, specifically light having a peak emission wavelength of 450 nm or more and 580 nm or less, is different from that of the Au-based bonding layer. Much higher by comparison. Therefore, by employing the Ag-based bonding layer, the light extraction efficiency for blue or green light can be further improved. Also, the Ag-based bonding layer is less expensive than the Au-based bonding layer.
[0019]
In order to sufficiently enhance the light extraction effect, the formation area ratio of the Ag-based bonding layer (or Au-based bonding layer) to the Ag-based reflection metal layer (the formation area of the bonding layer in the total area of the Ag-based reflection metal layer) Is preferably 1% or more and 25% or less. If the formation area ratio of the bonding layer is less than 1%, the effect of reducing the contact resistance will not be sufficient, and if it exceeds 25%, the reflection intensity will decrease.
[0020]
By setting the Ag-based reflective metal layer to have a higher Ag content than the Ag-based junction layer, the reflectivity of the Ag-based reflective metal layer can be further increased in a region where the Ag-based junction layer is not formed. As the material of the Ag-based reflective metal layer, a metal having an Ag content of 95% by mass or more, more specifically, pure Ag (however, may contain unavoidable impurities within 1% by mass) Thereby, the above effect is further enhanced. On the other hand, the Ag-based reflective metal layer can be made of an Ag alloy containing Pd. Ag alloys containing Pd have good sulfuration resistance and oxidation resistance, and are effective in preventing the deterioration of reflectance due to sulfuration or oxidation. In addition, the bonding strength with a bonding metal layer described later can be increased.
[0021]
A good ohmic contact can be particularly easily formed for the Ag-based bonding layer by employing an AgGeNi alloy containing Ag and Ni and Ge as main components. Further, the Ag-based bonding layer made of an AgGeNi alloy has high adhesion to the Ag-based reflective metal layer. The specific composition of the AgGeNi alloy that can be suitably employed in the present invention is, for example, Ge: 0.1% by mass to 25% by mass, Ni: 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass, and the balance of Ag. In other compositions, the effect of reducing the contact resistance may not be sufficiently obtained.
[0022]
When the element substrate and the light-emitting layer are joined with the reflective metal layer interposed therebetween, the reflective metal layer may be formed on the element substrate side, and then the light-emitting layer may be joined to the reflective metal layer. After forming the reflective metal layer on the layer portion side, the element substrate may be joined to this. Further, it is also possible to form a first metal layer including a reflective metal layer on the light emitting layer portion side, and join the second metal layer formed on the element substrate and the first metal layer. As a specific method for forming the metal layer, an electrochemical film forming method such as electroless plating or electrolytic plating can be adopted in addition to a vapor phase film forming method such as vacuum evaporation or sputtering.
[0023]
In the case of employing a manufacturing method in which the Ag-based reflective metal layer forming the reflective metal layer is joined to the light emitting layer, the surface of the Ag-based reflective metal layer before joining is reduced in gloss or colored due to oxidation or sulfurization. All of them lead to a decrease in reflection intensity. Therefore, if the Ag-based reflective metal layer is joined to the light emitting layer portion via a protective metal layer in contact with the Ag-based reflective metal layer, oxidation and sulfuration of the Ag-based reflective metal layer can be effectively prevented. In addition, by forming the protective metal layer appropriately thin, light from the light emitting layer portion is characterized by the characteristics of the Ag-based metal (high reflection intensity and low wavelength dependency) despite the interposition of the protective metal layer. And good reflection characteristics reflecting the above. Specifically, this effect is achieved by adjusting the thickness of the protective metal layer so that the layer is formed in an island shape and the Ag-based reflective metal layer is exposed in an inter-island region, or a light effect due to a tunnel effect. This can be achieved by either setting the thickness of the protective metal layer to be sufficiently smaller than the wavelength of the light to be reflected so that the transmission effect becomes remarkable.
[0024]
If the protective metal layer is composed of a chemically stable Au-based metal layer mainly composed of Au, the effect of protecting the Ag-based reflective metal layer is particularly remarkable. As long as the metal is nobler than Ag, a metal mainly composed of Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt may be used as the material of the protective metal layer in addition to the Au-based metal.
[0025]
If the protective metal layer is formed to be too thick, the reflective characteristics of the protective metal layer are superior to the Ag-based reflective metal layer, and the high reflectivity or low wavelength dependence characteristic of the Ag-based reflective metal layer is impaired. . On the other hand, if the protective metal layer is too thin, the effect of protecting the Ag-based reflective metal layer from oxidation and sulfurization cannot be sufficiently obtained. From this viewpoint, it is desirable that the thickness of the protective metal layer be 0.5 nm or more and 15 nm or less.
[0026]
When the element substrate is a conductive substrate, the substrate itself can be used as a part of a conduction path for driving the light-emitting element, and the element structure can be simplified. Although a metal substrate made of Al, Cu, or an alloy thereof can be used as the conductive substrate, it is more advantageous to use an inexpensive Si substrate (polycrystalline substrate or single crystal substrate: the former is particularly inexpensive). is there.
[0027]
Next, when it is difficult to directly join the reflective metal layer to the element substrate, the reflective metal layer can be joined to the element substrate via the bonding metal layer. As the bonding metal layer, an Au-based metal layer containing Au as a main component is hardly affected by oxidation or the like, and it is easy to secure a bonding force with the element substrate. When the element substrate is formed of a Si substrate, the bonding resistance with the Si substrate can be generally reduced by using the Au-based metal layer as the bonding metal layer. Further, when the Ag-based reflective metal layer is used, the bonding metal layer made of the Au-based metal layer can be easily joined to the Ag-based reflective metal layer.
[0028]
In this case, the reflective metal layer is bonded to the element substrate via the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer which are arranged in contact with each other in this order from the side of the reflective metal layer. It can be assumed that. Further, a method for manufacturing a light emitting device of the present invention is for manufacturing a light emitting device having the above configuration,
A main surface on the side opposite to the light extraction surface of the compound semiconductor layer is defined as a bonding-side main surface, a reflective metal layer is formed on the bonding-side main surface, and Au is a main component on the reflective metal layer. A first Au-based layer serving as a bonding metal layer is arranged,
A second Au-based layer serving as a bonding metal layer containing Au as a main component on the bonding-side main surface, with the main surface of the element substrate that is to be located on the light-emitting layer portion side as the bonding-side main surface. And place
It is characterized in that the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer are adhered and adhered to each other.
[0029]
According to the above invention, the first and second Au-based layers are separately formed on the compound semiconductor layer side and the element substrate side, and these are adhered to each other in close contact with each other. Since the Au-based layers can be easily integrated even at a relatively low temperature, sufficient bonding strength can be obtained even when the heat treatment temperature for bonding is low, and the reflection surface of the metal reflective layer including the Au-based layer is also in a good state. Can be easily formed.
[0030]
In this case, when both the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer have an Au content of 95% by mass or more, the bonding between the element substrate and the compound semiconductor layer is further facilitated and the bonding is performed. Strength can be further increased. More specifically, pure Au (which may contain unavoidable impurities within 1% by mass) is used as a material for the Au-based layer (and thus the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer). By doing so, the above effect is further enhanced.
[0031]
The effect that the temperature of the bonding heat treatment can be reduced by the above-described method while using the Au-based layer is particularly remarkable when the Si substrate is used as the element substrate. That is, although the Si substrate has a low eutectic temperature with Au, if the Au-based layers are bonded to each other, the heat treatment for bonding can be performed at a temperature sufficiently lower than the eutectic temperature. The ratio and the bonding strength can be ensured. In addition, the lowering of the bonding heat treatment temperature, combined with the provision of the diffusion blocking layer, can more effectively suppress the diffusion of Si into the Au-based layer, and the final reflection metal layer can be obtained. The reflection surface to be formed can be formed as having a good reflectance.
[0032]
Note that the upper limit of the bonding heat treatment temperature is desirably set to 360 ° C. in order to suppress the influence of diffusion and reaction from the substrate side or the compound semiconductor layer side to the Au-based layer. For example, a Si substrate can be used as the element substrate. The Si substrate can easily secure sufficient conductivity as a light emitting element by doping, and is inexpensive. However, Si easily diffuses into Au and easily causes a eutectic reaction at a relatively low temperature (the eutectic temperature of a binary Au-Si system is 363 ° C.). Therefore, if the heat treatment temperature for bonding becomes excessively high, the Si forming the element substrate diffuses in a large amount into the Au-based layer in the metal reflection layer or a eutectic reaction occurs, and the decrease in reflectance is extremely reduced. Easy to invite. However, as in the present invention, by setting the heat treatment temperature to 360 ° C. or lower by bonding the Au-based layers, it is possible to perform the bonding heat treatment at a temperature sufficiently lower than the eutectic temperature. The reflectance and the bonding strength can be ensured.
[0033]
When a compound semiconductor layer made of a group III-V compound semiconductor is used, it may be desirable to set the bonding heat treatment temperature to a temperature higher than 180 ° C. When the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer are brought into close contact with each other and heat-bonded by an external heat source, heat is transmitted to the first Au-based layer via the compound semiconductor layer. -V group compound semiconductors generally have lower thermal conductivity than other semiconductors such as Si. Therefore, when the bonding heat treatment temperature is excessively low, heat transfer to the first Au-based layer is inhibited by the group III-V compound semiconductor layer, and a strong bonding state with the second Au-based layer can be obtained. Disappears. Therefore, by setting the bonding heat treatment temperature higher than 180 ° C., even if the thermal conductivity of the III-V group compound semiconductor layer is not so high, the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer have sufficient strength. Can be attached together. In particular, when the compound semiconductor layer is made of at least one group III element selected from Al, Ga, and In, and made at least one group V element selected from P and As (for example, (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y The effect is particularly remarkable for P (however, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1).
[0034]
Compound semiconductor layer (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y When P (0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1) is formed, an AgGeNi contact layer is formed on the main surface of the compound semiconductor layer on the bonding side, and an Ag-based layer is formed so as to cover the AgGeNi contact layer. It is preferable to form a reflective metal layer. In this case, by performing the alloying heat treatment of the AgGeNi contact metal and the compound semiconductor layer at, for example, 350 ° C. or more and 660 ° C. or less, the effect of reducing the contact resistance is enhanced.
[0035]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing a light emitting device 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The light emitting device 100 has a structure in which a light emitting layer portion 24 is bonded via a metal layer 10 on one main surface of an Si substrate 7 made of n-type Si (silicon) single crystal, which is a conductive substrate serving as an element substrate. Having.
[0036]
The light emitting layer portion 24 is made of a non-doped (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y An active layer 5 made of a mixed crystal of P (0 ≦ x ≦ 0.55, 0.45 ≦ y ≦ 0.55) is formed as a first conductivity type clad layer, in this embodiment, a p-type (Al z Ga 1-z ) y In 1-y P (where x <z ≦ 1), a p-type cladding layer 6 and a second conductivity-type cladding layer different from the first conductivity-type cladding layer. z Ga 1-z ) y In 1-y It has a structure sandwiched by an n-type cladding layer 4 composed of P (where x <z ≦ 1), and emits light in a green to red region (emission wavelength (peak emission wavelength)) according to the composition of the active layer 5. Is 550 nm or more and 670 nm or less). 1, the p-type AlGaInP cladding layer 6 is disposed on the metal electrode 9 side, and the n-type AlGaInP cladding layer 4 is disposed on the metal layer 10 side. Therefore, the polarity of the conduction is positive on the metal electrode 9 side. Here, “non-doped” means “does not actively add a dopant”, and contains a dopant component that is inevitably mixed in a normal manufacturing process (for example, 10%). Thirteen -10 16 / Cm 3 Is not excluded).
[0037]
A current diffusion layer 20 made of AlGaAs is formed on the main surface of the light emitting layer portion 24 on the side opposite to the surface facing the substrate 7, and the light emitting layer portion 24 has a light emission layer substantially at the center of the main surface. A metal electrode (for example, an Au electrode) 9 for applying a driving voltage is formed so as to cover a part of the main surface. The area around the metal electrode 9 on the main surface of the current diffusion layer 20 forms a light extraction area from the light emitting layer section 24. An AuSb bonding layer 16 which is an Au-based bonding layer is formed on the back surface of the Si single crystal substrate 7 so as to cover the entire surface, and a metal electrode (back surface electrode) 15 is formed in contact with the AuSb bonding layer 16.
[0038]
The Si single crystal substrate 7 is manufactured by slicing and polishing a Si single crystal ingot, and has a thickness of, for example, 100 μm or more and 500 μm or less. Then, it is bonded to the light emitting layer portion 24 with the metal layer 10 interposed therebetween.
[0039]
The metal layer 10 includes a reflective metal layer 10a on the light emitting layer portion 24 side and a coupling metal layer 10b on the Si substrate 7 side, and the reflective metal layer 10a and the coupling metal layer 10b are in contact with each other. The reflection metal layer 10a is an Ag layer (hereinafter, referred to as an Ag-based reflection metal layer 10a), and the coupling metal layer 10b is an Au layer (hereinafter, referred to as an Au-based coupling metal layer 10b). An AgGeNi bonding layer 32 as an Ag-based bonding layer (or an AuGeNi bonding layer as an Au-based bonding layer) is formed between the light emitting layer portion 24 and the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a. Contributes to the reduction of series resistance. The AgGeNi bonding layer 32 is dispersedly formed on the main surface of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a, and the formation area ratio is 1% or more and 25% or less. An AuSb bonding layer 31, which is an Au-based bonding layer, is formed between the Si substrate 7 and the Au-based bonding metal layer 10b.
[0040]
The light from the light emitting layer portion 24 is extracted in a form in which light reflected directly by the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is superimposed on light emitted directly to the light extraction surface side. In the case of a conventional light emitting element using an Au-based metal reflective layer, in the case of a light-emitting layer portion using AlGaInP, when the green-based emission wavelength is 550 nm or more and 600 nm or less, particularly up to 580 nm, the absorption by the Au-based metal reflective layer is reduced. There is a drawback that the reflectance increases and the reflectance tends to decrease. However, when the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is used as in the light-emitting device 100 of the present embodiment, the reflectance does not decrease even when the light-emitting layer portion 24 having the above-described emission wavelength is formed, and the light extraction efficiency of the device is reduced. Can be significantly increased.
[0041]
The thickness of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is desirably 80 nm or more in order to secure a sufficient reflection effect. The upper limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, but is determined appropriately in consideration of cost (for example, about 1 μm) because the reflection effect is saturated.
[0042]
Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing the light emitting device 100 of FIG. 1 will be described.
First, as shown in Step 1 of FIG. 2, a p-type GaAs buffer layer 2 of, for example, 0.5 μm, AlAs is formed on a main surface of a GaAs single crystal substrate 1 which is a semiconductor single crystal substrate forming a light emitting layer growth substrate. The release layer 3 is epitaxially grown, for example, 0.5 μm, and the current diffusion layer 20 made of p-type AlGaAs, for example, 5 μm, in this order. Thereafter, a 1 μm p-type AlGaInP cladding layer 6, a 0.6 μm AlGaInP active layer (non-doped) 5, and a 1 μm n-type AlGaInP cladding layer 4 are epitaxially grown in this order.
[0043]
Next, as shown in Step 2, the AgGeNi bonding layer 32 is dispersedly formed on the main surface of the light emitting layer section 24. After the formation of the AgGeNi bonding layer 32, a sintering process is performed in a temperature range of 350 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less, and then, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is formed so as to cover the AgGeNi bonding layer 32. An alloy layer is formed between the light emitting layer portion 24 and the AgGeNi bonding layer 32 by the above-described sintering process, and an ohmic contact is formed, thereby greatly reducing the series resistance. On the other hand, as shown in Step 3, AuSb bonding layers 31 and 16 are formed on both main surfaces of separately prepared Si single crystal substrate 7 (n-type), and sintering is performed in a temperature range of 250 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less. Do. The Au-based bonding metal layer 10b is formed on the AuSb bonding layer 31, and the back electrode layer 15 (for example, made of Au-based metal) is formed on the AuSb bonding layer 16. In the above steps, each metal layer can be formed by using sputtering or vacuum evaporation. Note that in the case of using a substrate in which a high-concentration impurity (for example, Sb) is doped on the surface of the Si single crystal substrate, Au or an Au alloy containing the above impurity (for example, AuSb) is deposited on the substrate surface to perform sintering. Ohmic contact can be formed without dare to carry out.
[0044]
Then, as shown in Step 4, the Au-based bonding metal layer 10b of the Si single crystal substrate 7 is overlaid on the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a formed on the light emitting layer portion 24, pressed, and heat-treated. Then, a substrate bonded body 50 is formed. The Si single crystal substrate 7 is bonded to the light emitting layer unit 24 via the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a and the Au-based coupling metal layer 10b.
[0045]
In the above bonding step, a ternary eutectic reaction between Au of the Au-based bonding metal layer 10b, Ag of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a, and Si of the Si substrate is interposed during the heat treatment. For example, if the heat treatment temperature is too high or the Ag-based metal reflective layer 10a is too thin, an excessive eutectic liquid phase is generated, and most of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a becomes eutectic to form a good reflective surface. It cannot be formed. In order to prevent this, it is desirable that the heat treatment temperature for the bonding be set to 50 ° C. or more and 360 ° C. or less. If the heat treatment temperature exceeds 360 ° C., a eutectic liquid phase is excessively generated and a good reflection surface cannot be formed. If the heat treatment temperature is lower than 50 ° C., the bonding strength becomes insufficient. In order to prevent the eutectic liquid phase from being excessively generated, it is desirable that the thickness of the Au-based coupling metal layer 10b be smaller than that of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a (for example, 1/5 or less). In order to obtain more secure bonding strength, the heat treatment temperature for bonding is desirably set to be higher than 180 ° C. and not higher than 360 ° C.
[0046]
Next, proceeding to step 5, the substrate bonded body 50 is immersed in an etching solution composed of, for example, a 10% hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution, and the AlAs release layer 3 formed between the buffer layer 2 and the light emitting layer portion 24 is selected. By etching, the GaAs single crystal substrate 1 (which is opaque to light from the light emitting layer portion 24) is peeled off from the stacked body 50a of the light emitting layer portion 24 and the Si single crystal substrate 7 bonded thereto. .
[0047]
Then, as shown in Step 6, an electrode 9 for wire bonding (bonding pad: FIG. 1) is formed so as to cover a part of the main surface of the current diffusion layer 20 exposed by peeling of the GaAs single crystal substrate 1. . Thereafter, a semiconductor chip is diced by an ordinary method, and the semiconductor chip is fixed to a support, wire-bonded to a lead wire, and then sealed with a resin, thereby obtaining a final light emitting element.
[0048]
Hereinafter, various modifications of the present invention will be described.
The reflective metal layer 10a (here, an Ag layer) and the bonding metal layer 10b (here, an Au layer) are not directly joined, but are joined via a brazing material layer 10s as shown in FIG. You can also. In this case, the reflection metal layer 10a and the bonding metal layer 10b can be joined by laminating via a brazing material paste (or brazing material foil) layer 10s' and performing a brazing heat treatment. As a brazing material, a solder having a liquidus temperature of 363 ° C. or less, such as a Sn-based or Sn—Pb-based solder, is used. When the brazing heat treatment is performed at the temperature or lower, the eutectic formation of Au—Si is avoided. The reflection metal layer 10a and the bonding metal layer 10b can be joined. Further, as shown in FIG. 4, a reflective metal layer 10a and a bonding metal layer 10b are combined with a conductive adhesive layer 10d (for example, a conductive material obtained by dispersing and blending a solvent and a conductive powder such as an Ag powder in a polymer material). Adhesive bonding is also possible via an adhesive formed). In any case, the bonding metal layer 10b can be formed not as an Au layer but as an Ag-based metal layer.
[0049]
Further, as shown in FIG. 5, it is also possible to form Ag-based metal layers (for example, Ag layers) 10 ', 10' on both the substrate 7 and the light emitting layer portion 24, and join them by direct diffusion heat treatment. is there. The bonding layer 31 'on the substrate 7 side is made of, for example, AgSb. In this case, the two Ag-based metal layers are integrated by bonding, and the entire metal layer 10 becomes a single Ag-based reflective metal layer. In the case where a Si substrate is used, this heat treatment is desirably performed at a temperature lower than the eutectic temperature of Ag-Si (840 ° C.). For example, the same temperature range (250 ° C. to 500 ° C.) as the heat treatment for forming the alloy layer is performed. C. or lower). When an Au-based metal layer is used instead of the Ag-based metal layer 10 ', the eutectic temperature of Au and Si is low, so that the sintering process for forming the bonding layer 32 of FIG. However, in the case of the Ag-based metal layer 10 ', since the eutectic temperature of Ag and Si is high as described above, a sintering process is performed after the formation of the Ag-based metal layer 10'. It is also possible. Further, the heat treatment for joining the two Ag-based metal layers 10 ', 10' may be used also for the sintering.
[0050]
Further, as shown in FIG. 6, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a can be joined to the light emitting layer section 24 via a protective metal layer 10e in contact with the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a. Specifically, an AgGeNi bonding layer 32 is formed on the light emitting layer portion 24 side, and on the other hand, an Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a and a protective metal layer 10e made of an Au layer are formed on the main surface of the substrate 7. Form in order. Then, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a covered with the protective metal layer 10e is overlaid on the main surface of the light emitting layer section 24, and heat-treated to perform bonding. When a Si substrate is used, the heat treatment is preferably performed at a temperature lower than the eutectic temperature of Ag-Si (840 ° C.), and can also be used for the heat treatment for forming the alloy layer by the AgGeNi bonding layer 32. By setting the thickness t of the protective metal layer 10e to be 0.5 nm or more and 15 nm or less, light from the light emitting layer portion 24 is transmitted to the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a despite the presence of the protective metal layer 10e. Reflected at a good reflectance, and the influence of absorption by the protective metal layer 10 is small. If the Au layer 32c is formed to be extremely thin, for example, 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less on the AgGeNi bonding layer 32, the bonding strength with the Au-based protective metal layer 10e can be increased.
[0051]
Further, as shown by a dashed line in FIG. 1, the reflective metal layer 10a and the light emitting layer portion 24 can be joined via a transparent conductive oxide layer (for example, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) layer) 30. In this case, the AgGeNi bonding layer 32 can be omitted.
[0052]
Next, as shown in FIG. 7, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is disposed in contact with the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a in this order from the first Au-based layer 10b serving as a coupling metal layer. A structure in which it is bonded to a Si substrate (element substrate) 7 via the second Au-based layer 10c and the second Au-based layer 10c can also be used. FIG. 8 shows a manufacturing process in this case. Step 1 is the same as that of FIG. 2 already described. Next, as shown in Step 2, an AgGeNi bonding layer 32 is dispersedly formed on the main surface of the light emitting layer portion 24, and an alloying heat treatment is performed in a temperature range of 350 ° C. or more and 660 ° C. or less. The metal layer 10a is formed so as to cover the AgGeNi bonding layer 32. Further, a first Au-based layer 10b to be an Au-based coupling metal layer is formed on the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a.
[0053]
On the other hand, as shown in Step 3, AuSb bonding layers 31 and 16 (which may be AuSn bonding layers) serving as substrate-side bonding layers are formed on both main surfaces of a separately prepared Si single crystal substrate 7 (n-type), The alloying heat treatment is performed in a temperature range from 250 ° C. to 359 ° C. Then, a second Au-based layer 10c to be an Au-based bonding metal layer is formed on the AuSb bonding layer 31, and a back electrode layer 15 (for example, made of Au-based metal) is formed on the AuSb bonding layer 16. In the above steps, each metal layer can be formed by using sputtering or vacuum evaporation.
[0054]
Then, as shown in Step 4, the second Au-based layer 10c on the side of the Si single crystal substrate 7 is overlaid and pressed on the first Au-based layer 10b formed on the light emitting layer portion 24, and the pressure is reduced to 180 ° C. The substrate bonded body 50 is formed by performing a bonding heat treatment at a high temperature and 360 ° C. or less, for example, 250 ° C. The Si single crystal substrate 7 is bonded to the light emitting layer section 24 via the first Au-based layer 10b and the second Au-based layer 10c. Further, the first Au-based layer 10b and the second Au-based layer 10c are bonded with a sufficient strength by employing the above-described bonding heat treatment. Since both the first Au-based layer 10b and the second Au-based layer 10c are mainly composed of Au which is hardly oxidized, the bonding heat treatment can be performed without any problem in the air, for example.
[0055]
The peeling of the GaAs single crystal substrate 1 from the bonded substrate 50 in the subsequent step 5 can be performed in the same step as in FIG. On the other hand, an etch stop layer made of AlInP is formed instead of the AlAs peeling layer 3, and a GaAs single crystal is formed using a first etching solution (for example, a mixed solution of ammonia / hydrogen peroxide) having a selective etching property with respect to GaAs. The substrate 1 (substrate for growing the light-emitting layer) is etched away together with the GaAs buffer layer 2, and then a second etching solution having a selective etching property with respect to AlInP (for example, hydrochloric acid: even if hydrofluoric acid is added to remove the Al oxide layer) Good) to remove the etch stop layer by etching. As described above, the removal of the entire light emitting layer growth substrate by etching also belongs to the concept of “peeling”.
[0056]
When the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is likely to be corroded by the etchant when the light emitting layer growth substrate is peeled (removed) by etching as described above, the following method may be used. That is, as shown in Step 3, the first Au-based layer 10b that is in contact with the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a that forms the reflective metal layer is set so that the outer peripheral edge of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is larger than the outer peripheral edge of the first Au-based layer 10b. Is formed in an area larger than that of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a so that is located inside. As a result, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is surrounded by the first Au-based layer 10b, and the outer peripheral surface of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is protected by the outer peripheral edge 10e of the first Au-based layer 10b having high corrosion resistance. Therefore, even if the layer growth substrate (GaAs single crystal substrate 1) is etched in step 5, the influence is less likely to reach the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a. When the GaAs single crystal substrate 1 is used as a substrate for growing a light emitting layer and dissolved and removed using a mixed solution of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide as an etchant, Ag is particularly susceptible to corrosion by the etchant. Is adopted, the GaAs single crystal substrate 1 can be dissolved and removed without any problem.
[0057]
In the above embodiment, the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a is used. However, instead of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a, a reflective metal layer containing any of Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt as a main component ( For example, a Pt-based reflective metal layer) may be formed. Further, instead of the current diffusion layer 20, a transparent conductive oxide layer such as an ITO layer may be formed, and the electrode 9 (bonding pad) may be disposed thereon.
[0058]
In the above embodiment, each layer of the light emitting layer portion 24 is formed of AlGaInP mixed crystal. However, each layer (the p-type cladding layer 6, the active layer 5, and the n-type cladding layer 4) is formed of AlGaInN mixed crystal. It can also be formed. As a light emitting layer growth substrate for growing the light emitting layer portion 24, for example, a sapphire substrate (insulator) is used instead of a GaAs single crystal substrate. When a light emitting layer portion made of an AlGaInN mixed crystal is formed on a sapphire substrate via a GaN buffer layer, the GaN buffer layer is dissolved by irradiating an excimer laser from the back side of the sapphire substrate, and the sapphire substrate is separated and removed. can do. When the emission wavelength of the light-emitting layer portion 24 is 450 nm or more and 580 nm or less, the use of the Ag-based reflective metal layer 10a and the AgGeNi bonding layer 32 has a large effect of improving the reflectance of blue or green light.
[0059]
Further, in the above embodiment, the layers of the light emitting layer portion 24 are arranged in the order of the n-type cladding layer 4, the active layer 5, and the p-type cladding layer 6 from the substrate side. The cladding, the active layer, and the n-type cladding layer may be formed in this order.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing one embodiment of a light-emitting element of the present invention in a laminated structure.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory view illustrating an example of a manufacturing process of the light emitting element of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory view showing a first modification of the manufacturing process of the light emitting device of the present invention, together with the main part of the structure of the light emitting device obtained thereby.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing a second modification of the manufacturing process of the light emitting device of the present invention, together with the main parts of the structure of the light emitting device obtained thereby.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing a third modification of the manufacturing process of the light emitting device of the present invention, together with the main part of the structure of the light emitting device obtained thereby.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing a fourth modification of the manufacturing process of the light emitting device of the present invention, together with the main parts of the structure of the light emitting device obtained thereby.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view illustrating a modified example of the light emitting element of the present invention in a laminated structure.
FIG. 8 is an explanatory view showing an example of a manufacturing process of the light-emitting element of FIG.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing reflection spectra of various metals.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 GaAs single crystal substrate (substrate for light emitting layer growth)
4 n-type cladding layer (second conductivity type cladding layer)
5 Active layer
6 p-type cladding layer (first conductivity type cladding layer)
7 Si single crystal substrate (element substrate)
9 Metal electrode
10 Metal layer
10a Ag-based reflective metal layer (reflective metal layer)
10b, 10c Au-based metal layer for bonding (metal layer for bonding)
24 Light emitting layer
32 AgGeNi bonding layer
100 light emitting element

Claims (21)

化合物半導体よりなる発光層部の一方の主表面を光取出面とし、該発光層部の他方の主表面側に素子基板が結合されるとともに、該素子基板と前記発光層部との間に、Ag、Ru、Rh、Re、Os、Ir及びPtのいずれかを主成分に構成された、該発光層部からの光を前記光取出面側に反射させる反射金属層を介在させたことを特徴とする発光素子。One main surface of the light emitting layer portion made of a compound semiconductor is a light extraction surface, and an element substrate is coupled to the other main surface side of the light emitting layer portion, between the element substrate and the light emitting layer portion, A reflective metal layer composed of any of Ag, Ru, Rh, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt as a main component and reflecting light from the light emitting layer toward the light extraction surface is interposed. A light emitting element. 前記発光層部はピーク発光波長が670nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light emitting layer has a peak emission wavelength of 670 nm or less. 前記反射金属層はAgを主成分とするAg系反射金属層であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the reflective metal layer is an Ag-based reflective metal layer containing Ag as a main component. 前記発光層部はピーク発光波長が350nm以上670nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 3, wherein the light emitting layer has a peak emission wavelength of 350 nm or more and 670 nm or less. 前記発光層部はピーク発光波長が450nm以上580nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項4記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 4, wherein the light emitting layer has a peak emission wavelength of 450 nm or more and 580 nm or less. 前記発光層部は、(AlGa1−xIn1−yP(ただし、0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1)又はInGaAl1−x−yN(0≦x≦1,0≦y≦1,x+y≦1)により、第一導電型クラッド層、活性層及び第二導電型クラッド層がこの順序にて積層されたダブルへテロ構造を有するものとして構成されていることを特徴とする請求項5記載の発光素子。The light emitting layer portion, (Al x Ga 1-x ) y In 1-y P ( However, 0 ≦ x ≦ 1,0 ≦ y ≦ 1) or In x Ga y Al 1-x -y N (0 ≦ x ≦ 1, 0 ≦ y ≦ 1, x + y ≦ 1), the first conductivity type clad layer, the active layer, and the second conductivity type clad layer are configured as having a double heterostructure laminated in this order. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein: 前記Ag系反射金属層を、AuGeNi接合層を介して前記発光層部に接合したことを特徴とする請求項3ないし6のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the Ag-based reflective metal layer is bonded to the light emitting layer via an AuGeNi bonding layer. 前記AuGeNi接合層を前記Ag系反射金属層の主表面上に分散形成したことを特徴とする請求項7記載の発光素子。8. The light emitting device according to claim 7, wherein said AuGeNi bonding layer is dispersedly formed on a main surface of said Ag-based reflective metal layer. 前記Ag系反射金属層に対する前記AuGeNi接合層の形成面積率が1%以上25%以下であることを特徴とする請求項8記載の発光素子。9. The light emitting device according to claim 8, wherein a formation area ratio of the AuGeNi bonding layer to the Ag-based reflective metal layer is 1% or more and 25% or less. 前記Ag系反射金属層を、Agを主成分とするAg系接合層を介して前記発光層部に接合したことを特徴とする請求項3ないし6のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein the Ag-based reflective metal layer is joined to the light-emitting layer via an Ag-based joining layer containing Ag as a main component. 前記Ag系接合層を前記Ag系反射金属層の主表面上に分散形成したことを特徴とする請求項10記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 10, wherein the Ag-based bonding layer is dispersedly formed on a main surface of the Ag-based reflective metal layer. 前記Ag系反射金属層に対する前記Ag系接合層の形成面積率が1%以上25%以下であることを特徴とする請求項11記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 11, wherein a formation area ratio of the Ag-based bonding layer to the Ag-based reflective metal layer is 1% or more and 25% or less. 前記Ag系反射金属層は、前記Ag系接合層よりもAg含有率が高く設定されてなることを特徴とする請求項10ないし請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。13. The light emitting device according to claim 10, wherein the Ag-based reflective metal layer has a higher Ag content than the Ag-based bonding layer. 前記Ag系接合層は、Agを主成分としてNiとGeを含有するAgGeNi合金であることを特徴とする請求項7ないし請求項10記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 7, wherein the Ag-based bonding layer is an AgGeNi alloy containing Ag as a main component and containing Ni and Ge. 前記Ag系反射金属層が、該Ag系反射金属層と接する保護金属層を介して前記発光層部に接合されていることを特徴とする請求項3ないし請求項14のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。The said Ag type | system | group reflection metal layer is joined to the said light emitting layer part via the protective metal layer which contacts this Ag type | system | group reflection metal layer, The Claims 1 thru | or 14 characterized by the above-mentioned. Light emitting element. 前記保護金属層がAuを主成分とするAu系金属層とされることを特徴とする請求項15記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to claim 15, wherein the protective metal layer is an Au-based metal layer containing Au as a main component. 前記保護金属層の厚みが0.5nm以上15nm以下とされることを特徴とする請求項15又は請求項16に記載の発光素子。17. The light-emitting device according to claim 15, wherein the thickness of the protective metal layer is 0.5 nm or more and 15 nm or less. 前記反射金属層が、結合用金属層を介して前記素子基板に接合されていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項17のいずれか1項に記載の発光素子。The light emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the reflective metal layer is bonded to the element substrate via a bonding metal layer. 前記結合用金属層がAuを主成分とするAu系金属層であることを特徴とする請求項18記載の発光素子。19. The light emitting device according to claim 18, wherein the bonding metal layer is an Au-based metal layer containing Au as a main component. 前記反射金属層が、該反射金属層の側からこの順序で互いに接して配置される、前記結合用金属層をなす第一Au系層と第二Au系層とを介して前記素子基板と結合されてなることを特徴とする請求項19記載の発光素子。The reflective metal layer is bonded to the element substrate via a first Au-based layer and a second Au-based layer that constitute the bonding metal layer and are disposed in contact with each other in this order from the side of the reflective metal layer. The light emitting device according to claim 19, wherein the light emitting device is formed. 請求項20記載の発光素子の製造方法であって、
前記化合物半導体層の前記光取出面になるのと反対側の主表面を貼り合わせ側主表面として、該貼り合わせ側主表面に前記反射金属層を形成し、該反射金属層上にAuを主成分とする前記結合用金属層となる第一Au系層を配置し、
前記素子基板の、前記発光層部側に位置することが予定された主表面を貼り合わせ側主表面として、該貼り合わせ側主表面にAuを主成分とする前記結合用金属層となる第二Au系層を配置し、
それら第一Au系層と第二Au系層とを密着させて貼り合わせることを特徴とする発光素子の製造方法。
A method for manufacturing a light emitting device according to claim 20, wherein
The reflective metal layer is formed on the bonding-side main surface, with the main surface of the compound semiconductor layer opposite to the light extraction surface as the bonding-side main surface, and Au is mainly formed on the reflective metal layer. A first Au-based layer serving as the binding metal layer as a component is disposed,
The main surface of the element substrate, which is to be located on the light emitting layer portion side, is a bonding-side main surface, and the bonding-side main surface is the second bonding metal layer mainly composed of Au. Arrange Au system layer,
A method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, wherein the first Au-based layer and the second Au-based layer are closely adhered and bonded.
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