JP2004226958A - Stereoscopic observation device - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a stereoscopic observation device of type not requiring wearing of spectacles a by which a bright image is obtained, the degree of freedom in terms of a position where observation is realized by an observer's pupils is large, the distortion of the image is not caused even if the pupils are swayed, and the stereoscopic observation is realized in easy observation attitude. <P>SOLUTION: The stereoscopic observation device is constituted of image projecting means 147 and 148 forming an image by nearly matching two images having parallax each other on the same plane through exit pupils 158 and 159, a hologram type diffraction optical device 155 having an action of diffusing and transmitting incident luminous flux and arranged at or near the image forming position of the image projecting means, and a Fresnel concave mirror 160 having an action of reflecting and condensing the diffused luminous flux transmitted through the hologram type diffraction optical device. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

  The present invention relates to a stereoscopic observation device of a type in which an individual performs 3D observation without using glasses.

  Conventionally, as this type of stereoscopic observation device, for example, an observation device described in Patent Document 1 has been proposed.

  As shown in FIG. 67, this observation device includes two display devices 51R and 51L, two concave mirrors 52R and 52L, and one concave mirror 53 provided to face the concave mirrors 52R and 52L. I have. Both the concave mirrors 52R and 52L are configured such that the radius of curvature and the center of curvature are matched. In the drawing, 54R and 54L are left and right pupils of the observer.

  FIG. 68 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 67. Note that FIG. 68 is shown upside down for convenience of description. The display device is not shown. In the drawing, 54R '(54L') and 54R "(54L") indicate positions conjugate with the pupil of the observer.

  The display device 51R (51L) shown in FIG. 67 is arranged in a range from a position PR (∞) (PL (∞)) at infinity to a focus position PR (f) (PL (f)) shown in FIG. ing.

  When the display device 51R (51L) is arranged at the position PR (∞) (PL (∞)) at infinity, the light emitted from the display device 51R (51L) is reflected by the concave mirror 52R (52L) and then reflected by the concave mirror. An image is formed at the front focal position A of 53, reflected by the concave mirror 53, converted into parallel light, and guided to the pupil 54R (54L) of the observer.

  When the display device 51R (51L) is arranged at the front focal point position PR (f) (PL (f)) of the concave mirror 52R (52L), the light emitted from the display device 51R (51L) is reflected by the concave mirror 52R (52L). After being reflected, it becomes parallel light, and after being reflected by the concave mirror 53, forms an image at the rear focal position B of the concave mirror 53. Thereafter, the image spreads and is guided to the pupil 54R (54L) of the observer.

According to such a conventional observation device, a bright 3D image can be obtained because the observation device is configured without using a half mirror.
JP-A-51-24116 (page 3, FIG. 3)

  In the stereoscopic observation apparatus as described above, since two concave mirrors that cause distortion in the image face each other, the arrangement of the two concave mirrors facing each other is limited to an arrangement that compensates for the distortion. In the configuration, the distortion of the image and the fluctuation of the focal position increase with respect to the mounting error of the concave mirror. In order to suppress such a problem, it is necessary to keep the surface accuracy of the concave mirror high. However, the cost of manufacturing and mounting the concave mirror becomes expensive.

  In addition, since the surface facing the observer is a concave mirror, image distortion is large even when the observation position is displaced, and the degree of freedom of observation is small, and the observation position and observation posture are limited. Was inconvenient.

  In order to increase the degree of freedom of observation, it is necessary to enlarge the exit pupil. However, in order to increase the exit pupil in the observation device having the above configuration, the concave mirror must be enlarged, and the display device The whole becomes large.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and provides a bright image, a large degree of freedom in the position observable by the observer's pupil, and no image distortion even when the pupil is shaken. It is an object of the present invention to provide a glasses-free type stereoscopic observation apparatus capable of performing stereoscopic observation in various observation postures.

In order to achieve the above object, the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention has the following features.
(1) image projection means for forming two images having parallax from each other on the same plane through the exit pupil so as to substantially coincide with each other;
A hologram-type diffractive optical element having an effect of diffusing and transmitting an incident light beam and being arranged at or near an image forming position of the image projecting means;
The hologram type diffractive optical element is constituted by a Fresnel concave mirror having an action of reflecting and condensing a diffused light beam transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element.
(2) In (1), the hologram type diffractive optical element has an action of separating an incident light beam into three light beams of zero-order light and ± first-order light, and diffusing only ± first-order light among them.
(3) In (2), visible wavelength dispersion (bending amount of a light beam having a wavelength of 450 nm transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element, which is caused by bending of the ± first-order light beams divided and transmitted by the hologram type diffractive optical element, The difference in the amount of bending of a light beam having a wavelength of 650 nm) is equal to or less than の of the light diffusion angle of ± first-order light.
(4) A stereoscopic observation device in which an observer directly observes an image display surface to perform stereoscopic observation,
The stereoscopic observation device includes image projection means, a hologram type diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel concave mirror,
The two images having parallax displayed on the image display unit of the image projection unit are projected and formed substantially coincident on the same plane through two exit pupils of the image projection unit,
An image of the two exit pupils of the image projecting means is an image formed by combining the hologram type diffractive optical element arranged at or near the image forming position of the image projecting means and a Fresnel concave mirror arranged behind the hologram type diffractive optical element. The display panel magnifies and projects near the positions of the left and right eyes of the observer,
An observer is configured to stereoscopically observe the image projected and formed on the image display panel by looking into the enlarged and projected images of the two exit pupils.
(5) In (4), the image display panel separates the image of the exit pupil into three exit pupil images of an image based on the 0th-order light and an image based on the ± first-order light. Has the effect of expanding,
The three images are arranged so as to be projected and formed substantially vertically with respect to the left and right eyes of the observer.
(6) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror move the exit pupil of the image projection means to a position near an observer who observes a stereoscopic observation device and to an observer who observes an image. On the other hand, it is projected in a shape that is substantially long in the vertical direction.
(7) In (6), when white light is radiated from the image projection means, a color inside a vertically long pupil formed by projecting an exit pupil of the image projection means by the hologram diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror. When the chromaticity (XYZ color system) is measured and the chromaticity at the center of the vertically long pupil is (x, y) = (X, Y),
(X, y) = (X ± 0.05, Y ± 0.05)
The area measured in the range of includes the central portion of the elongated pupil and has a diameter of φ50 mm or more.
(8) In (4), the power of the hologram type diffractive optical element as a lens function is 1/10 or less of the power of the Fresnel concave mirror as a lens function.
(9) In (4), the brightness of the image projection means is 200 ANSI lumen or less.
(10) In (4), the image projection means has two image display means and two image projection optical systems for projecting images displayed on the two image display means, and the hologram type diffractive optical element And the optical axes of the two image projection optical systems are substantially parallel to each other, and the image projection surface of the hologram type diffractive optical element and the image display surface of the two image display means are: Each is substantially parallel.
(11) In (4), when the image projection means projects an image for one eye only from one exit pupil, the luminance at the center of the projected image is measured from the center position of the projection pupil at which the observer can observe the image. The measured value and the measured value obtained by measuring the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the image cannot be observed satisfy the following conditions.

H2 / H1 <0.05
Here, H1 is a measurement value obtained by measuring the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projected pupil where the observer can observe the image, and H2 is the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projected pupil where the observer cannot observe the image. Is a measured value.
(12) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element includes a light-emitting surface center of one light source and an exposure surface normal of the hologram recording material among a plurality of light sources that are coherent with the hologram recording material. It is manufactured by arranging the light emitting surface centers of other light sources in the vicinity of the plane, and performing interference exposure of light beams from the respective light sources,
The hologram type diffractive optical element and the image projecting means may be configured such that a plane including the center of the light emitting surface of the one light source and the normal of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material connects a straight line connecting the centers of both eyes of the observer, The two exit pupils of the means are respectively arranged in the stereoscopic observation apparatus so as to be substantially orthogonal to a straight line connecting the centers of the two exit pupils.
(13) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from a plurality of light sources that are capable of interfering with the hologram recording material.
The distance from the center position of the recording surface of the hologram recording material to the center of each light-emitting surface of the plurality of coherent light sources is substantially constant.
(14) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources that are capable of interfering with the hologram recording material.
From any position on the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, the angle at which the center of each light emitting surface of the two light sources is seen is 20 ° or less.
(14) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources that are capable of interfering with the hologram recording material.
From any position on the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, the angle at which the center of each light emitting surface of the two light sources is seen is 20 ° or less.

Here, the angle at which the center of each light emitting surface of the two light sources is seen is the angle formed by a line segment connecting an arbitrary point on the hologram recording material and the center of the light emitting surface of each light source.
(15) In (4), the hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources that are capable of interfering with the hologram recording material, and one of the two light sources is used as a first light source. Assuming that the other light source is the second light source, the center of the light emitting surface of the first light source and the center of the light emitting surface of the second light source have a positional relationship satisfying the following condition.

0.9 <L1 / L2 <1.11
Here, L1 is the distance from the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the center of the first light source emission surface, and L2 is the distance from the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the center of the second light source emission surface.
(16) In the item (5), the hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of cohering a hologram recording material,
One of the two light sources is a first light source and the other is a second light source, and the longitudinal direction of the vertically long light emitting surface of the second light source connects the center of the first light emitting surface and the center of the second light emitting surface. The direction substantially coincides with the direction of the straight line, and the second light source has a vertically long light emitting surface shape, and satisfies the following conditions.

L / S> 1.3
Here, L is the length in the longitudinal direction of the vertically long light source light emitting surface, and S is the length of the vertically long light source light emitting surface in the short direction.
(17) In (16), a primary image of the second light source generated by applying a monochromatic light beam from the first light source to the hologram type diffractive optical element alone, and at least one of a primary image and a negative primary image, The intensity of the diffracted light is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the image in the longitudinal direction of the image. % Or more.
(18) In (16), for the hologram type diffractive optical element alone, at least one of a primary image of the second light source, which is generated by applying a monochromatic light beam from the first light source, and a minus primary image, The intensity of the diffracted light is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the image in the short direction of the image, and the intensity of the diffracted light at the center of the image is defined as 100%. Is 60% or more.
(19) In (4), the holographic diffractive optical element further has the following characteristics.
・ Integrated with a bag-shaped plastic bag,
・ Furthermore, it is sterilized with a bag-shaped plastic bag,
・ Can cover Fresnel concave mirror,
・ It is disposable.
(20) In (5), the center of the pupil (the center of the shape of the pupil) formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means by the primary light, and the exit pupil of the image projecting means may be the same as the minus primary. The center of the pupil (center of the shape of the pupil) formed by the light is the same as the center of the pupil (center of the shape of the pupil) formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projection means with the zero-order light. At least 50 mm or more apart at the image projection position of the pupil.
(21) In (20), of the pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means with the primary light and the pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means with the −1st order light, The observer observes the image only from the pupil far from the image projection means.
(22) In any one of (1) to (21), the hologram type diffractive optical element has a diffusion angle of 8 ° or less at a full width at half maximum of transmitted light intensity.
(23) In any one of the constitutions (1) to (21), the hologram type diffractive optical element has a diffusion angle of 12 ° or less over the entire width at which the transmitted light intensity becomes 1/10.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, a bright image is obtained, the degree of freedom of the position which can be observed by the observer's pupil is large, the image is not distorted even if the pupil is shaken, and the stereoscopic observation can be performed in an easy observation posture. It is possible to provide a stereoscopic observation apparatus without glasses.

Prior to the description of the embodiments, the basic concept and operation and effect of the present invention will be described.
According to the present invention, the two exit pupils of the image projection means are projected to the vicinity of the observer by the action of the hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror.

The observer observes the image for the right eye with the right eye and the image for the left eye with the left eye among the two images having parallax mutually projected by the image projection means from the two projected exit pupils. Thus, the observer can observe a stereoscopic image without wearing glasses having a shutter function on the face.
(Claims 2 and 5) A hologram type in which an incident light beam is mainly divided into three light beams of primary light, zero-order light, and -1st-order light, and in particular, the primary light and the -1st-order light are transmitted as scattered light. The diffractive optical element will be described with reference to FIG.

  The hologram type diffractive optical element 19 in FIG. 5 splits and vertically transmits the light beam incident on itself as a 0th order light 20, a 1st order light 21 and a -1st order light 22. The next light 22 is transmitted as diffused light. Furthermore, it is arranged in the stereoscopic observation apparatus so that the light beam dividing direction is substantially vertical to the observer who observes the image.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, the hologram type diffractive optical element 25 'and the Fresnel concave mirror 26 are located near the observer 27' with respect to the exit pupil 24 'of the image projecting means 23'. A primary light expanding pupil 28 'enlarged and projected by a primary diffused light beam 29' centered on a primary light 28 'and a -1 enlarged and projected by a primary diffused light beam 32' centered on a light ray 31 '. Divided projection is performed as three pupils of a next-order light pupil 33 ′ and a zero-order light pupil 35 ′ projected by the zero-order light 34 ′.

  Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7, the two exit pupils 37 and 37 'of the image projecting means 36 are projected vertically as a total of six pupils 38 near the observer 39.

  In FIG. 7, 36 is an image projection unit, 37 is an exit pupil corresponding to the right eye from which a light beam for projecting an image observed by the observer with the right eye is emitted from the image projection unit, and 37 'is an image projection unit that is used by the observer. An exit pupil corresponding to the left eye from which a light beam for projecting an image to be observed by the left eye is emitted, 40 is a panel in which a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror are integrated, 41 is an image projection means 36 and a holding means for holding the panel 40 It is.

  Reference numeral 42 denotes a right-eye primary light magnifying pupil in which the right-eye exit pupil 37 is projected by the hologram type diffractive optical element of the panel 40 and the Fresnel concave mirror, and 42 'denotes a left-eye corresponding exit pupil 37' in the same hologram type diffraction. A primary light magnifying pupil for the left eye projected by the optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror; a right-eye primary magnifying pupil 43 for the right eye, in which the right-eye-corresponding exit pupil 37 is also projected by the holographic diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror; Reference numeral 43 'denotes a left-eye-first-order light magnifying pupil whose left-eye-corresponding exit pupil 37' is similarly projected by a hologram-type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror; The 0th-order optical pupil for the right eye projected by the concave mirror, 44 'is the 0th-order optical pupil for the left eye whose exit pupil 37' corresponding to the left eye is similarly projected by the holographic diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror. They are shown, respectively.

According to the above configuration, the observer can obtain images from both the primary light magnifying pupils 42 and 42 'for the right eye and the left eye and the -1 primary light magnifying pupils 43 and 43' for the right and left eyes. Can be observed, and the degree of freedom of the posture when the observer observes the image can be increased. Therefore, fatigue during observation can be reduced.
(Claim 3) The visible light wavelength dispersion accompanying the light beam bending of the first-order light and the minus first-order light of the hologram type diffractive optical element is the amount of bending of the light beam having a wavelength of 450 nm transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element 6 shown in FIG. And the bending amount 7 of the light beam having a wavelength of 650 nm.

  According to the structure of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, the exit pupil 9 of the image projection means 8 is shifted by the wavelength of the hologram type diffractive optical element 10 'and the Fresnel concave mirror 11 in the vicinity of the observer 12 due to the wavelength. When viewed from the observer side, the projected exit pupil 13 having a wavelength of 450 nm, the projection exit pupil 14 having a wavelength of 550 nm, and the projection exit pupil 15 having a wavelength of 650 nm as shown in FIG. The displacement Q between the projection exit pupil 13 having a wavelength of 450 nm and the projection exit pupil 15 having a wavelength of 650 nm is equal to or less than の of the length P of the projection exit pupil measured in the direction in which the displacement occurs due to the wavelength of the projection exit pupil. can do.

  Therefore, the projection exit pupil 13 having a wavelength of 450 nm, the projection exit pupil 14 having a wavelength of 550 nm, and the wavelength 650 nm within a range of not less than の of the length P of the projection exit pupil measured in the direction in which the deviation due to the wavelength of the projection exit pupil occurs. Can be superimposed, and when an eye is placed at a position 17 inside the overlapping portion 16 for observation, an image can be observed in a correct color. However, when the eye is observed at a position 18 other than the portion 16 where the projection exit pupils of each wavelength overlap, the image cannot be observed in a correct color.

Therefore, in the present configuration, a wide portion where the projection pupils of each wavelength overlap can be ensured widely, so that the position at which the observer places his or her eyes can be given a degree of freedom, and fatigue during observation can be reduced.
(Claim 6) It is desirable that both projection pupils are large in order to increase the degree of freedom of the observer's observation position. However, if the projection pupil 73 is simply enlarged as shown in FIG. A phenomenon referred to as crosstalk occurs in that an image that falls on both eyes 75 and should normally be seen only with the right eye is seen with the left eye.

Therefore, according to the configuration of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 14, the shape of the projection pupil such as 76, which is substantially long in the vertical direction for the observer, increases the degree of freedom of the observer's observation position while preventing the occurrence of crosstalk. be able to.
(Claim 7) According to the structure of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 41, the observer 1002 can move his or her eyes 1005, 1005 'within the range 1004, 1004' of φ50 mm or more including the center of the vertically long pupils 1003, 1003 '. As long as you place the 'and move your eyes within this range to observe the image, you will not feel a strong change in the color of the observed image.

  From experiments, it has been found that the stereoscopic observation apparatus under the above-described conditions allows the user to feel a sufficiently wide degree of freedom in the position of the eye without much change in the color of the observed image.

  Therefore, it is possible to reduce the fatigue at the time of observation by giving a degree of freedom to the position where the observer places his or her eyes.

Further, under the condition that the area measured in the range of (x, y) = (X ± 0.03, Y ± 0.03) is φ60 mm or more including the central part of the vertically long pupil, the observer moves the eye. It has been found that the eyes can be moved widely without further changing the color of the observation image accompanying this. Therefore, the above conditions are even better.
(Claim 8) A holographic diffractive optical element manufactured under an exposure condition that does not satisfy the conditions of the present invention has a light-condensing function or a diverging function in addition to a light-beam bending action, and has a light-beam bending action. In addition to the accompanying chromatic dispersion, chromatic dispersion due to the light condensing action or the diverging action occurs.

  Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 23, the exit pupil of the image projecting means projected by the hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror is not only displaced for each wavelength but also different in size for each wavelength. Is projected. Therefore, the portion 118 where the projection pupils of each wavelength overlap is narrowed.

Therefore, the three-dimensional observation apparatus using the hologram type diffractive optical element satisfying the conditions of the present invention can be configured such that the exit pupil of the hologram type diffractive optical element and the image projection means for projecting with the Fresnel concave mirror does not greatly differ in size for each wavelength. Since the projection is performed, a wide portion where the projection pupils of the respective wavelengths overlap can be ensured widely, and the position at which the observer places his or her eyes can be given a degree of freedom to reduce fatigue during observation.
(Claim 9) In the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claims 1 and 4, the luminous flux emitted from the image projection means 119 is transmitted to the observer 122 by the action of the hologram type diffractive optical element 120 and the Fresnel concave mirror 121 as shown in FIG. Focuses near eyes. Therefore, a sufficiently bright image can be observed even with a dark image projection unit. Rather, an image projection means having a brightness of 800 ANSI lumens or more, such as a general projector, is too bright to observe an image.

  Experiments have shown that an image projection means having a brightness of 200 ANSI lumens or less can observe an image without dazzling.

  Therefore, the observer can comfortably observe the image by using the image projecting means according to the conditions of the present invention.

  ANSI is an abbreviation of American National Standards Institute, and the method of measuring ANSI lumens is based on “Guidelines on Projector Measurement Methods and Measurement Conditions” established in June 1999 by the Japan Office Machinery Manufacturers Association.

Further, an image projecting unit having 200 ANSI lumens or less may be used by using a dimming unit such as an ND filter for the image projecting unit having 200 ANSI lumens or more.
(Claim 10) Since the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present invention projects two images on one screen (hologram type diffractive optical element) from two different apertures (exit pupils), as shown in FIG. The optical axes 125 and 125 'of the image projection optical systems 124 and 124' of the two image projection means 123 and 123 'intersect on the hologram type diffractive optical element 126, and the image is displayed on each optical axis. If a method of arranging the centers 129 and 129 ′ of the images 128 and 128 ′ displayed by the means 127 and 127 ′ and projecting the images is adopted, the respective projected images 130 and 130 ′ are transferred to the hologram type diffractive optical element 126. It is inclined and projected.

  In this state, when images such as 131 and 131 'are displayed on both image display means, the two images projected on the holographic diffractive optical element 126 look like 132 and 132'. Will not match.

  Therefore, in order to solve this problem, according to the configuration described in the present claim, as shown in FIG. 26, each of the optical axes of the image projection optical systems 134 and 134 'of the two image projection means 133 and 133' has When the centers 138, 138 'of the images 137, 137' displayed by the image display means 136, 136 'are arranged outside of the 135, 135', respectively, the projected images 139, 139 'become holographic diffractive optical elements 140. Are projected parallel to.

  In this state, when images such as 141 and 141 'are displayed on both image display means, the two images projected on the hologram type diffractive optical element 140 become like 142 and 142'. Can be matched.

Therefore, the observer can observe the images satisfactorily without frustration or fatigue when the two images are fused.
(Claim 11) A measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer can observe the image, and the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer cannot observe the image. Will be described with reference to FIG.

  In the figure, reference numeral 36 denotes an image projecting means, which projects an image toward a panel 40 comprising a hologram diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror only from the side of the image projecting means which projects an image for the right eye. Accordingly, the projection pupil 37, which projects the image, is projected by the panel at 1006. 1006 'is a projection of the exit pupil 37' on which no image is projected.

  The luminance measurement value at the center of the projected image measured from the position of the eye that can observe the image of the observer is obtained by projecting the luminance pupil 1007 from the projection pupil 1006 where the exit pupil that is projecting the image is projected. A measurement value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center 1009 of the image 1008.

  Also, the luminance measurement value at the center of the projected image measured from the position of the eye that cannot observe the observer's image is the luminance meter from the inside of the projection pupil 1006 ′ where the exit pupil that is not projecting the image is projected. 1007 indicates a measurement value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center 1009 of the projection image 1008.

  When each of the measured luminance values satisfies the condition described in the present invention, crosstalk (for example, a phenomenon in which an image for the right eye is seen by the left eye) can be kept at a level that does not hinder stereoscopic observation.

  The crosstalk is caused by unnecessary diffracted light generated by the hologram type diffractive optical element. In order to prevent the generation of the unnecessary diffracted light, the number of exposures of the interference light to the hologram recording material is preferably 10 or less.

  Through experiments, it was confirmed that crosstalk was not noticeable and did not hinder stereoscopic observation within the range of the conditional expression of the present invention.

Further, the same experiment revealed that if H2 / H1 <0.02, crosstalk was not felt at all, and it is more preferable that the above condition be satisfied.
(Claim 12) The structure of this claim will be described with reference to FIG.

  Among a plurality of light sources that expose the hologram recording material 1010, a light emitting surface center 1011 of one light source and a light emitting surface center 1014 of another light source are arranged near a plane 1013 including a normal 1012 of the hologram recording material.

  The plane 1013 is substantially orthogonal to a straight line 1017 connecting the centers 1016 and 1016 'of both eyes 1015 and 1015' of the observer, and a straight line connecting two exit pupil centers 1019 and 1019 'of the image projection means 1018. It is also configured to be substantially orthogonal to 1020.

  According to this configuration, the direction in which the light beam is bent and diffused by the hologram-type diffractive optical element is the vertical direction with respect to the observer who observes the image. Therefore, as shown in FIG. An exit pupil 37 for projecting an image is enlarged and projected to the periphery of the right eye of an observer 39 who stands almost in front of the hologram type diffractive optical element and observes the image by a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror. Similarly, the exit pupil 37 'of the projection means 36 for projecting the image for the left eye is enlarged and projected around the left eye of the observer 39 to become 1001'.

Therefore, the observer can observe the stereoscopic image without wearing glasses having a shutter function on the face.
(Claim 13) Since the holographic diffractive optical element manufactured by exposure according to the constitution of the present invention has almost no power for condensing or diverging the transmitted light beam, the same operation and effect as in the above-mentioned claim 8 can be obtained. I can do it.
(Claim 14) The angle at which the center of each of the two light sources is viewed from the interference light recording surface of the hologram recording material will be described with reference to FIG.

  In FIG. 1, 1 is a hologram recording material, 2 is an exposure range of the hologram recording material, 3 is an interference light recording surface within the exposure range, 4, 4 ′ are two coherent light sources, and 5 and 5 ′ are coherent light sources. The angle at which the center of each of the two light sources is viewed from the interference light recording surface of the hologram recording material is defined as an arbitrary point on the hologram recording material. , Β, γ in the figure, for example.

  According to the structure shown in the present claim, as shown in FIG. 2, the light beam bending action of the hologram type diffractive optical element 6 can be weakened, so that the amount of wavelength dispersion of the light beam transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element 6 is generated. 7 can be reduced.

  Therefore, the same operation and effect as those of the third aspect can be obtained.

According to the present invention, the hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of interfering with the hologram recording material, but each of the two light sources includes a plurality of light sources, and each light emitting surface is formed. May be brought close to each other. At this time, the center of the light emitting surface refers to the center of a range in which the light emitting surfaces of the plurality of light sources are close to each other and are united.
(Claim 15) L1 and L2 in this claim will be described with reference to FIG.

  22, 114 is the hologram recording material, 115 is the center of the exposure range of the hologram recording material, 116 is the first light source, 116 'is the second light source, 117 is the center of the first light source light emitting surface, and 117' is the center of the second light source light emitting surface. L1 in the claims indicates a distance of a straight line connecting the center 115 of the exposure range of the hologram recording material 114 and the center 117 of the first light emitting surface of the light source.

  In the claims, L2 indicates the distance of a straight line connecting the center 115 of the exposure range of the hologram recording material 114 and the center 117 'of the light emitting surface of the second light source.

  Since the hologram type diffractive optical element exposed under the conditions shown in the present invention has almost no power as a lens function, it hardly performs a condensing or diverging function other than a function of bending a transmitted light beam. Similar functions and effects can be obtained.

According to the present invention, the hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of interfering with the hologram recording material, but each of the two light sources includes a plurality of light sources, and each light emitting surface is formed. May be brought close to each other. At this time, the center of the light emitting surface refers to the center of a range in which the light emitting surfaces of the plurality of light sources are close to each other and are united.
(Claim 16) When the hologram type diffractive optical element exposed according to the constitution of the present invention is used, the primary light magnifying pupils 71 and 71 'and the -1 order light magnifying pupils 72 and 72' are formed as shown in FIG. It can be vertically elongated. In order to increase the degree of freedom of the observation position of the observer, it is desirable that both the primary light-enlarged pupil and the negative primary-light-enlarged pupil are large. However, as shown in FIG. When 73 is increased, a phenomenon called crosstalk occurs in which one pupil covers both eyes 75 of the observer 74, and an image that should be originally viewed only with the right eye is viewed with the left eye.

  Therefore, the shape of the primary light or −1st order light expanding pupil 76 according to the present invention shown in FIG. 14 can increase the degree of freedom of the observer's observation position while preventing the occurrence of crosstalk.

  Further, according to the configuration of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 15, the longitudinal direction 77 of the vertically elongated enlarged pupil and the deviation direction 78 of the enlarged pupil projection position for each wavelength generated by the wavelength dispersion of the hologram type diffractive optical element 78. , The overlapping portion 82 of the enlarged projection pupils 79, 80, 81 of each wavelength can be widened. Therefore, it is possible to widen a range in which an observer can observe an image with a correct color.

  In order to obtain the above effects, it is desirable that the light emitting surface of the vertically long second light source has an area of 5000 mm 2 or more. Further, it is desirable that the light emitting surface of the first light source has an area of 100 mm2 or less so as not to generate unnecessary diffracted light.

Further, in the present invention, the hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of interfering with the hologram recording material. However, each of the two light sources includes a plurality of light sources, The light emitting surface may be close to the light emitting surface. At this time, the longitudinal direction of the light source light emitting surface refers to the longitudinal direction of a range in which the light emitting surfaces of the plurality of light sources are close to each other and are united.
(Claim 17) A primary image and a primary image of a rectangular light source according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.

  In the figure, reference numeral 83 denotes a hologram type diffractive optical element. When the hologram-type diffractive optical element is irradiated with a light beam from a light source 86 other than the rectangular light source 85 among the two coherent light sources 84 used for manufacturing the hologram-type diffractive optical element, A primary image 87 of the rectangular light source 85 and a primary image 88 are generated on the transmitting side.

  As shown in FIG. 17, at least one of the primary image and the primary image is a diffracted light intensity measuring instrument on a straight line 91 passing through the image center 90 in the long side direction of the image 89. When the diffracted light intensity distribution is measured at 92, in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 93, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 94 at the center of the image is 100%, the diffracted light intensity 95 at the periphery in the long side direction of the image is 40% or more. It has become.

  When the hologram type diffractive optical element according to this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 18, the primary light magnifying pupil 71 of the exit pupils 37 and 37 'of the image projection means projected by the hologram type diffractive optical element 96 and the Fresnel concave mirror 97. , 71 ′ or the −1st order light magnifying pupils 72, 72 ′ can suppress the diffracted light intensity at the peripheral portion 99 in the longitudinal direction to 40% or more of the diffracted light intensity at the central portion 98 of the rectangular pupil. In the figure, reference numeral 100 denotes a diffraction light intensity measuring device.

  As shown in FIG. 19, the projection positions of the magnifying pupils 101, 102, and 103 are shifted for each wavelength due to the wavelength dispersion of the hologram diffractive optical element. Since the portion has 40% or more with respect to the central portion, as shown in the diffraction light intensity distribution graph 106, the diffraction intensity of each wavelength is 60% or more at any position in the overlapping portion 107 of the enlarged pupil. No difference occurs.

  Experiments have shown that if the above conditions are satisfied, the observer's eye 105 can observe the color of the image to be observed regardless of the color of the portion 104 where the pupil of each wavelength overlaps.

Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area where the enlarged pupils of each wavelength overlap, and can observe the image with the optimal color without losing the degree of freedom.
(Claim 18) A primary image and a primary image of a rectangular light source according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.

  In the figure, reference numeral 83 denotes a hologram type diffractive optical element. When the hologram-type diffractive optical element is irradiated with a light beam from a light source 86 other than the rectangular light source 85 among the two coherent light sources 84 used for manufacturing the hologram-type diffractive optical element, A primary image 87 of the rectangular light source 85 and a primary image 88 are generated on the transmitting side.

  As shown in FIG. 20, at least one of the primary image and the primary image is measured by a diffracted light intensity measuring device 109 on a straight line 108 passing through an image center 107 in the short side direction of the image 106. When the diffracted light intensity distribution is measured, in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 110, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 111 at the center of the image is 100%, the diffracted light intensity 112 at the peripheral portion in the short side direction of the image is 60% or more. ing.

  When the hologram type diffractive optical element having this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 21, the primary light magnifying pupil 71 of the exit pupils 37 and 37 'of the image projection means projected by the hologram type diffractive optical element 96 and the Fresnel concave mirror 97. , 71 ′ or the −1st order light magnifying pupils 72, 72 ′ can suppress the diffracted light intensity at the peripheral portion 113 in the short side direction to the diffracted light intensity at the central portion 98 of the rectangular pupil to 60% or more. In the figure, reference numeral 100 denotes a diffraction light intensity measuring device.

  Experiments have shown that if the above conditions are satisfied, the observer's eyes can be observed regardless of the change in brightness of the image to be observed, regardless of where the observer's eye comes to the primary or magnified pupil.

Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area of the primary light magnifying pupil or the −1st light magnifying pupil, and can observe an image with appropriate brightness without losing the degree of freedom.
(Claim 19) According to the structure of this claim, especially when this stereoscopic observation apparatus is used in an operating room, a Fresnel concave mirror close to the operation site can be kept in a sterilized state. Further, it is not necessary to separately cover the hologram type diffractive optical element on which an image is projected by the image projection means with a sterile drape, and it is possible to prevent deterioration of the quality of an observed image caused by light rays passing through the sterile drape. .
(Claim 20) The center of the pupil projected by the primary light (the center of the shape of the pupil), the center of the pupil projected by the 0th-order light (the center of the shape of the pupil), and projected by the -1st-order light The center of the pupil (the center of the pupil shape) will be described with reference to FIG.

  In the drawing, reference numeral 45 denotes an image projecting means, 46 denotes an exit pupil of the image projecting means, 47 denotes a hologram type diffractive optical element, 48 denotes a Fresnel concave mirror, and 49 denotes a first order centered on a light ray 50 passing through the hologram type diffractive optical element. A primary light magnifying pupil magnified and projected by a diffused light beam, 51 is a −1st-order light magnifying pupil magnified and projected by a −1st-order diffused light beam centered on a light beam 52 transmitted through a holographic diffractive optical element, and 53 ”is a hologram The 0th-order optical pupil projected by the 0th-order light 53 'of the type diffractive optical element is shown, where the center of the pupil projected by the 1st-order diffused light is 54 in FIG. The center of the pupil is 55 in the figure, and the center of the pupil projected by the −1st-order diffused light is 57 in the figure.

  Here, if the center positions of the respective pupils do not satisfy the condition described in the present claim, as shown in FIG. 9, the primary light diffusion pupil 59, the −1 order light diffusion pupil 60 ′, The next light pupil 61 overlaps with each other, and the degree of freedom of the observer placing his or her eyes is reduced.

  In particular, when the observer's eye overlaps the 0th-order optical pupil 61, since the 0th-order optical pupil is not diffused with light, a bright image suddenly enters the eye and the user feels glare.

Therefore, according to the configuration of the present invention, it is possible to keep a wide degree of freedom for the observer to place his eyes, and to observe the image without being disturbed by the 0th-order light.
(Claim 21) In FIG. 10 (a), 62 is an image projecting means, 63 is a panel in which a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror are integrated, 64 is an image projecting means and holding means for holding the panel, and 65 is The exit pupil 68 of the image projecting means has a hologram type diffractive optical element constituting a panel, and a -1st order light magnifying pupil projected by a Fresnel concave mirror. 66 denotes a hologram type diffractive optical element and a 0th order light projected by a Fresnel concave mirror. An optical pupil 67 indicates a hologram type diffractive optical element, a primary light magnifying pupil projected by a Fresnel concave mirror, and 69 indicates an observer observing an image projected on the panel.

  Furthermore, the primary light magnifying pupil 67 is arranged in front of the projected image so that the observer can easily observe the image projected on the panel from the primary light magnifying pupil 67 far from the image projection means. .

  According to this configuration, as shown in FIG. 10B, when the observer 69 once moves his / her eyes away from the image projected on the panel 63 and lowers his / her gaze to look at the hand 70, the primary light magnifying pupil 67, Since the -1st-order light expansion pupil 65 and the 0th-order light pupil 66 do not cover the eyes of the observer, the hand 70 can be clearly confirmed.

  Here, with reference to FIG. 11, when the observer views the image projected on the panel, the -1st order light magnifying pupil 65 is easily viewed from the -1st order light magnifying pupil 65 closer to the image projecting means. The case where it is arranged in front of the projection image will be described.

  In FIG. 11A, the observer 69 observes the image projected on the panel from the −1st-order light magnifying pupil 65 closer to the image projecting means 62. According to this configuration, as shown in FIG. 11B, when the observer 69 once removes his / her eyes from the image projected on the panel 63 and lowers his / her gaze to look at the hand 70, the primary light magnifying pupil 67, The 0th-order optical pupil 66 foggs the observer's eyes, and the hand 70 cannot be clearly seen.

  Therefore, according to the configuration of the present invention, even when the observer moves his / her gaze away from the image projected on the panel and moves to the working space at hand, the working space at hand can be satisfactorily confirmed.

  FIG. 27 is a diagram of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the figure, reference numeral 143 denotes an observer; 144, a stereoscopic microscope for operation which captures two images having parallax; 145, a camera which controls a CCD built in the stereoscopic microscope for operation and transmits two images having parallax to a display device; The control unit 146 separates and transmits the two images having parallax transmitted from the camera control unit to the image projector 147 for the right eye and the image projector 148 for the left eye, and transmits the images to the image projectors 147 and 148 for the left and right eyes. LCD controller 149 for controlling a small LCD built in the hologram diffuser 155, which is a holographic diffractive optical element, and a panel composed of a Fresnel concave mirror 160, 150 is a stereoscopic microscope for operation 144, left and right image projectors 147, 148, and panel 149. And camera control unit 145 and LCD controller Respectively show a holding unit for holding the Ra 146.

  The panel 149 is an acrylic panel 152 having a Fresnel lens surface 151 formed on one surface, and the Fresnel lens surface 151 is provided with an aluminum mirror coat 153. Further, the surface 154 of the panel on which the Fresnel lens surface is not formed is a flat surface, and by directing this flat surface 154 toward the observer 143, the Fresnel lens surface coated with the aluminum mirror can function as a Fresnel concave mirror. have. Further, a hologram diffuser 155 is attached on the plane 154.

  The holding unit 150 also causes the exit pupil 158 of the right-eye image projector 147 to approximately match the position where the right eye 156 of the observer is projected by the panel 149, and projects the left eye 157 of the observer by the panel 149. The panel and the left and right image projectors are held so that the exit pupil 159 of the left eye image projector 148 substantially coincides with the position to be set.

  Further, the holding unit 150 holds the panel and the left and right eye image projectors so that the two images projected by the left and right eye image projectors 147 and 148 approximately coincide with each other on the surface of the panel 149.

  Therefore, the respective exit pupils 158 and 159 of the left and right eye image projectors are enlarged and projected near the left and right eyes of the observer by the hologram diffuser 155 and the Fresnel concave mirror 160 of the panel 149.

  According to the configuration, the observer can observe the image for the right eye captured by the stereoscopic microscope for surgery with the right eye and the image for the left eye with the left eye, and wears glasses having a shutter function on the face. Thus, a stereoscopic image can be observed as if watching a TV.

  FIG. 28 is a perspective view of the detailed layout of the optical system.

  In the figure, 161 indicates the exit pupil position of the right-eye image projector, 162 indicates the panel center position, 163 indicates the panel effective range, 164 indicates the Fresnel concave mirror center position, and 165 indicates the observer's right eye pupil position.

The lens data is described below.
Surface number Radius of curvature Eccentricity Refractive index Abbe number (right eye image projector exit pupil plane) ∞
1 (Hologram diffuser) Eccentricity (1) 1.49 57.4
2 (image projection plane) Eccentricity (2) 1.49 57.4
3 Aspherical surface [1] Eccentricity (3) 1.49 57.4
4 ∞ Eccentricity (1)
(Observer pupil plane) ∞ Eccentricity (4)

Aspheric surface [1]
Curvature radius -407.451 (Fresnel concave mirror surface)
k -58.103
a -7.513 × 10 ^-9 b 7.58 × 10 ^-14 c -3.148 × 10 ^-19

Eccentricity (1)
X 46.944 Y 0.00 Z 650
ANGLE 25 °
Eccentricity (2)
X 46.944 Y 0.423 Z 650.906
ANGLE 25 °
Eccentricity (3)
X 46.944 Y 157.23 Z 577.786
ANGLE 25 °
Eccentricity (4)
X 79.444 Y -190.178 Z 242.161
ANGLE 25 °
The aspherical surface is represented by the following equation, where z is the optical axis direction, x and y are the directions perpendicular to the optical axis, C is the curvature, k is the cone coefficient, and a, b, and c are the aspherical coefficients. .

^{z = Cr 2 / [1+ {} 1- (1 + k) C 2 r 2} 1/2]
+ Ar ⁴ + br ⁶ + cr ⁸
Here, r = (x ² + y ² ) ^1/2 .

  The eccentricity data has the origin at 161 in FIG. 28 and the direction shown in the figure is positive.

  FIG. 29 shows the exposure conditions of the hologram diffuser of this example.

  In the figure, 166 is the hologram recording material, 167 is the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, 168 is the first light source position, 169 is the second light source, 170 is the first light source center, and 171 is the second light source center.

  Here, assuming that the center of exposure surface 167 of the hologram recording material is the origin, the center position (X1, Y1, Z1) of the first light source is as follows, and is a point light source.

(X1, Y1, Z1) = (0,297.11, -578.12)
The center position (X2, Y2, Z2) of the second light source is as follows, and is assumed to be a diffusion surface light source.

(X2, Y2, Z2) = (0,435.317, -482.718)
Furthermore, the angles (α, β, γ in the figure) of the first light source center 170 and the second light source center 171 viewed from the exposure surface of the hologram recording material are all 15 ° or less.

  In the above configuration, since the hologram diffuser satisfies the conditions of claims 2 and 5, the light beam bending action of the hologram diffuser is weak, the amount of wavelength dispersion of light transmitted through the hologram diffuser can be made within 5 °, and the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel concave mirror can be used. The projection pupil of the image projector, which is projected by the panel composed of the panel, is projected in the vicinity of the observer with little deviation due to the wavelength, and the overlap of the projection pupils of each wavelength can be secured widely.

  Accordingly, the position at which the observer places his or her eyes can be given a degree of freedom, and fatigue during observation can be reduced.

  In FIG. 29, a length A of a straight line connecting the center 167 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the first light source center 170 and a length B of a straight line connecting the center 167 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material and the center 171 of the second light source. Since the hologram diffuser exposed and manufactured under these conditions has exactly the same length, the power as a lens action such as a condensing action and a diverging action other than the ray bending action is 0. A 0.0025 power Fresnel concave mirror is responsible.

  Since the above configuration satisfies the condition of claim 9, the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment provides a hologram type diffractive optical element and an exit pupil of image projection means for projecting with a Fresnel concave mirror as shown in FIG. Because the images are projected without any difference in size, a wide area where the projection pupils of each wavelength overlap can be secured widely, and the observer has more freedom in where to place his or her eyes to reduce fatigue during observation. Can be done.

  FIG. 30 is a diagram of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the figure, reference numeral 144 denotes a surgical stereomicroscope that captures two images having parallax with each other; 172, a surgical stereomicroscope holding unit that holds the surgical stereomicroscope 144; and 145, a parallax that controls a CCD built in the surgical stereomicroscope. The camera control unit 146 for transmitting the two images having the parallax to the display device separates the two images having the parallax transmitted from the camera control unit into the right-eye image projector 147 and the left-eye image projector 148. An LCD controller that transmits and controls a small LCD built in the left and right eye image projectors 147 and 148, 149 is a panel including a hologram diffuser, which is a holographic diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel concave mirror, and 150 is a left and right image projector 147, 148 And panel 149 and camera control unit 14 Respectively show a holding unit for holding the LCD controller 146 and.

  The panel 149 is an acrylic panel 152 having a Fresnel lens surface 151 formed on one surface, and the Fresnel lens surface 151 is provided with an aluminum mirror coat 153. Further, the surface 154 of the panel on which the Fresnel lens surface is not formed is a flat surface, and by directing this flat surface 154 toward the observer, the Fresnel lens surface coated with the aluminum mirror acts as a Fresnel concave mirror. Have.

  Further, the light beam 173 incident on the plane 154 is divided into three light beams of a first-order light 174, a zero-order light 175, and a -1st-order light 176. In particular, the first-order light and the -1st-order light are scattered light beams 177 and 178, respectively. A hologram diffuser 179 characterized in that the hologram diffuser 179 is attached.

  Accordingly, the respective exit pupils 158 and 159 of the image projectors for the left and right eyes are observed by the panel 149 as a first-order light magnifying pupil 180, a -1st-order light magnifying pupil 181, and a 0th-order light pupil 182 (not shown). Projected near the person.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 31, the hologram diffuser 184 forming a part of the panel 183 has a plane 188 including a normal line 187 and two light sources 185 and 186 when exposed and manufactured, and is formed by the two eyes of the observer. 189 and 190 are disposed so as to be substantially orthogonal to a straight line 193 connecting centers 191 and 192 of pupils and a straight line 502 connecting centers 500 and 501 of left and right exit pupils of the image projector.

  According to this configuration, as shown in FIG. 32, the exit pupil 195 of the right-eye image projector 194 is located on the right side 197 of the observer 196 by the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel concave mirror, It is projected as an ophthalmic-first order light magnifying pupil 199.

  The exit pupil 201 of the left-eye image projector 200 is also provided on the left side 202 of the observer 196 by a hologram diffuser and a Fresnel concave mirror, and a left-eye primary light magnifying pupil 203 and a left-eye primary light magnifying pupil 204 Projected as

  Therefore, the observer observes the image projected on the panel at two positions: the position of the left and right primary light magnifying pupils 198 and 203 and the position of the right and left primary light magnifying pupils 199 and 204. Can be. Therefore, the degree of freedom in posture during image observation can be increased, and fatigue during observation can be reduced. In the figure, reference numeral 205 denotes a panel, and reference numerals 206 and 207 denote zero-order optical pupils.

  Further, the distance between the center of the 0th-order optical pupil 206 and the center of the first-order optical pupil 198 in the figure is 105 mm, and the distance between the center of the 0th-order optical pupil 206 and the center of the −1st-order optical pupil 199 is also 105 mm. is there.

  Since this configuration satisfies the condition of claim 20, there is no overlap of the primary optical pupil, the zero-order optical pupil, and the −1-order optical pupil as shown in FIG. Therefore, the observer can fully utilize the inside of one of the primary optical pupil and the negative primary optical pupil, and can observe an image with appropriate brightness.

  FIG. 10 is a diagram of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In FIG. 10A, reference numeral 62 denotes an image projecting means, 63 denotes a panel in which a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror are integrated, 64 denotes an image projecting means and a holding means for holding the panel, and 65 denotes emission of the image projecting means. The pupil 68 is a hologram type diffractive optical element constituting the panel 63 and a -1st order light magnifying pupil projected by a Fresnel concave mirror, 66 is a hologram type diffractive optical element and a 0 order light pupil projected by a Fresnel concave mirror, and 67 is a same. A primary light magnifying pupil projected by the hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror, and 69 indicates an observer observing the image projected on the panel, and the observer looks at the image projected on the panel. In this case, each of the pupils is laid out so as to be easily observed from the primary light magnifying pupil 67 remote from the image projection means, and the observer can view the image from the primary light magnifying pupil 67. I understand.

  According to this configuration, as shown in FIG. 10B, when the observer 69 once removes his / her eyes from the image projected on the panel 63 and lowers his / her gaze to look at the hand 70, the primary light magnifying pupil 67. , The −1st order light magnifying pupil 65 and the 0th order light pupil 66 do not cover the eyes of the observer, so that the hand 70 can be clearly confirmed.

  FIG. 33 is a diagram of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the figure, 208 is an observer, 209 is a stereoscopic endoscope that captures two images having parallax, and 210 is a CCD that controls a built-in CCD of the stereoscopic endoscope and transmits two images having parallax to a display device. A camera control unit 211 that transmits two images having parallax transmitted from the camera control unit to the image projector 212 and controls a DMD (digital micromirror device) incorporated in the image projector 212; A hologram diffuser, which is a hologram type diffractive optical element, and a panel composed of a Fresnel concave mirror, 214 is a floor-stand type holding unit that holds the stereoscopic endoscope 209, the panel 213, the camera controller 210, and the DMD controller 211, and 215 is no shadow from the ceiling Light 216 and image projection The ceiling suspension type holding unit for holding machine 212 are shown, respectively.

  FIG. 34 shows the exposure conditions of the hologram diffuser of this embodiment.

  In the figure, 217 indicates the hologram recording material, 218 indicates the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, 219 indicates the position of the first light source, 220 indicates the second light source, and 221 indicates the center of the second light source.

  Here, assuming that the center 218 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material is the origin, the center position (X1, Y1, Z1) of the first light source is as follows, and is a point light source.

(X1, Y1, Z1) = (0,297.11, -578.12)
The center position (X2, Y2, Z2) of the second light source is as follows, and has an area of 250 mm × 90 mm having a longitudinal direction in a direction of a straight line 222 connecting the first light source position 219 and the second light source center position 221. And a rectangular diffused surface light source having

(X2, Y2, Z2) = (0,435.317, -482.718)
When the long side of the second light source is divided by the short side, the result is 2.78, which satisfies the condition of claim 9.

  Therefore, in the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment using the hologram diffuser manufactured under the above exposure conditions, the pupil projected near the observer is as shown in FIG. The degree can be increased.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 15, the longitudinal direction 77 of the rectangular enlarged pupil coincides with the deviation direction 78 of the enlarged pupil projection position for each wavelength generated by the wavelength dispersion of the hologram diffuser. The overlapping portion 82 of 79, 80, 81 can be widened. Therefore, the range in which the observer can observe the image with the correct color can be widened.

  Further, when a monochromatic light beam is applied to the hologram diffuser from the position of the first light source at the time of exposure, a primary image of the second light source and a primary image as shown in FIG. appear. In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 35, the diffraction light of each wavelength is diffracted by the diffracted light intensity measuring device 226 on the straight line 225 passing through the primary image center 224 in the long side direction of the primary image 223 of the second light source. When the light intensity distribution is measured, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 228 at the center of the image is 100% in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 227, the diffracted light intensity 229 at the peripheral portion in the long side direction of the image is 60% or more. I have.

  When the hologram diffuser according to this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 18, the primary light magnifying pupils 71 and 71 ′ of the exit pupils 37 and 37 ′ of the image projection means projected by the hologram diffuser 96 and the Fresnel concave mirror 97 are rectangular. The intensity of the diffracted light at the peripheral portion 99 in the longitudinal direction with respect to the intensity of the diffracted light at the center 98 of the shaped pupil can be suppressed to 60% or more.

  Therefore, when the hologram diffuser according to the present embodiment is used in a stereoscopic observation apparatus, the position of the pupil projected for each wavelength is shifted due to the wavelength dispersion of the hologram diffuser. However, as shown in FIG. Since the intensity is 60% or more with respect to the center even in the outermost peripheral portion in the longitudinal direction, the difference in the diffraction intensity of each wavelength by 40% or more at any position where the projected pupil of each wavelength overlaps. Does not occur.

  Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area where the enlarged pupils of each wavelength overlap, and can observe the image with the optimal color without losing the degree of freedom.

  Further, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 36, in the short side direction of the primary image 230 of the second light source, the diffracted light is measured by the diffracted light intensity measuring device 233 on the straight line 232 passing through the center 231 of the primary image. When the intensity distribution is measured, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 235 at the center of the image is 100% in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 234, the diffracted light intensity 236 at the peripheral portion in the short side direction of the image is 80% or more. .

  When the hologram diffuser according to this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 21, the primary light magnifying pupils 71 and 71 ′ of the exit pupils 37 and 37 ′ of the image projection means projected by the hologram diffuser 96 and the Fresnel concave mirror 97 are rectangular. The intensity of the diffracted light at the peripheral portion 113 in the short side direction with respect to the intensity of the diffracted light at the center 98 of the shaped pupil can be suppressed to 80% or more.

  Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area of the primary light magnifying pupil, and can observe the image with appropriate brightness without losing the degree of freedom.

  FIG. 37 is a diagram of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the figure, reference numeral 237 denotes a surgical stereo microscope that captures two images having parallax from each other, 238 denotes a camera controller that controls a CCD built in the surgical stereo microscope 237 and transmits two images having parallax to a display device, and 239 denotes a camera controller. The two images having the parallax transmitted from the camera controller are separated and transmitted to the right-eye image projector 240 and the left-eye image projector 241 and the DMD (digital micro DMD controller for controlling the mirror device), 242 is a panel composed of a hologram diffuser, which is a hologram type diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel concave mirror, 243 is a light source, 244 is a light source 243, and left and right image projectors 240, 241 and a stereo microscope for operation Light guide cable for transmitting illumination light to 237 245 video signal cable, 246 denotes a holding unit for holding a surgical stereo microscope 237 and the left and right image projector 240, 241 and the panel 242 and the camera controller 238 and the DMD controller 239 and the light source 243, respectively.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment further converts the light beam emitted from the image projector 119 into the vicinity of the eye of the observer 122 by the action of the hologram diffuser 120 which is a hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror 121 as shown in FIG. Focus on Therefore, an image projection unit having a brightness of 800 ANSI lumens or more like a general projector is too bright to observe an image.

  Therefore, the brightness of the image projector mounted on the stereoscopic display device of this embodiment is set to 100 ANSI lumens.

  Experiments have shown that an image projection means having a brightness of 200 ANSI lumens or less can observe an image without dazzling.

  Therefore, if the image projection means under the above conditions is used, the observer can comfortably observe the image.

  Further, since the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment does not independently arrange light sources in the image projector for the right eye, the image projector for the left eye, and the stereoscopic microscope for surgery, the image projection means and the surgical microscope are not used. It is possible to reduce the size, to make the portion of the stereoscopic observation device close to the observer slim, and to provide the observer with a wide working space.

  In this embodiment, the DMD is used as the image display means, but a transmissive liquid crystal display element or a reflective liquid crystal display element may be used. However, a display device that does not use polarized light for creating an image, such as a DMD, is desirable for adopting a stereoscopic display device in which the light sources are integrated into one and places a burden on the light sources as in this embodiment.

  Further, in this embodiment, the brightness of the image projector is set to 100 ANSI lumens. However, a neutral density filter (ND filter) may be arranged at the opening of the image projector having 200 ANSI lumens or more to have 100 ANSI lumens.

  FIGS. 38 and 39 are detailed views of the optical system of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  38 shows a side view, and FIG. 39 shows a top view. In the figure, 252 is a transmission type LCD for the right eye, 253 is a transmission type LCD for the left eye, 254 is an image projection optical system for the right eye, 255 is an image projection optical system for the left eye, and 250 is a panel composed of a hologram diffuser and a Fresnel concave mirror 256, the optical axis of the right-eye image projection optical system; 257, the optical axis of the left-eye image projection optical system; 258, the center of the image display surface of the transmissive liquid crystal display element for the right eye; The center of the image display surface of the liquid crystal display device is shown.

  The center 258 (259) of the image display surface of the transmission type LCD is arranged above the optical axis of the image projection optical system.

  Further, the optical axes 256 and 257 of the image projection optical system for the left and right eyes are arranged so as to be parallel to the normal line of the panel 250, and the center 258 of the image display surface of the transmissive liquid crystal display element for the left and right eyes. 259 is disposed outside the optical axes 256 and 257.

  Further, the image display surfaces of the transmissive LCDs 252 and 253 for the left and right eyes are arranged so as to be parallel to the image projection surface of the panel 250.

  According to the configuration described above, the left and right images projected on panel 250 can be matched with each other over the entire screen.

  Therefore, the observer can observe the images satisfactorily without frustration or fatigue when the two images are fused.

  FIG. 44 is a diagram illustrating the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the drawing, reference numerals 600 and 601 denote projection pupils 37 and 37 'of the image projector 36 projected by a panel 40 including a hologram diffuser and a Fresnel concave mirror.

  Here, in the case where the entire white image of chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31, 0.31) is projected from the image projector 36, in the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment, the centers of the projection pupils 600 and 601 are set. When the chromaticity of the center 605 of the image projected from 602 and 603 to the panel 40 is measured by the chromaticity meter 604, (x, y) = (0.31, 0.31). The chromaticity of the center 605 of the image similarly projected on the panel 40 from the inside of the 601 is measured, and the chromaticity (x, y) is within the range of (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2). 606 and 607 in the figure represent the areas measured by. The area measured within the range of this chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2) is a φ60 mm shape including the centers 602, 603 of the projection pupils 600, 601. have.

  In order to obtain this result, the hologram diffuser has the configuration of the fourth embodiment.

  As described above, the observer can view the region 606 within the range of chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2) inside the projection pupils 600 and 601. , 607 and observe the image while moving the eye within this range, there is no strong sense of color change in the observed image. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the fatigue at the time of observation by giving a degree of freedom to the position where the observer places his or her eyes.

  FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  In the figure, reference numeral 36 denotes an image projector, which projects an image toward a panel 40 composed of a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel concave mirror only from the side that projects an image for the right eye of the image projector. Accordingly, the projection pupil 37, which projects the image, is projected by the panel at 1006. 1006 'is a projection of the exit pupil 37' on which no image is projected.

  Further, the measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center 1009 of the projected image 1008 by the luminance meter 1007 from the inside of the projected pupil 1006 on which the exit pupil that is projecting the image is projected is 1580 cd / m2. The measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center 1009 of the projected image 1008 by the luminance meter 1007 from the inside of the projection pupil 1006 ′ on which the exit pupil is not projected is 50 cd / m 2.

  Here, the measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer can observe the image is H1, and the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer cannot observe the image. Assuming that the measured value is H2, in this embodiment, the value of H2 / H1 is 0.032, which satisfies the condition of claim 11.

  To obtain this result, the hologram diffuser is manufactured with one exposure. The hologram diffuser is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from a plurality of coherent light sources to the hologram recording material, and the hologram diffuser manufactured by a large number of exposures increases the number of unnecessary diffracted lights. Is desirably 10 times or less.

  With the above configuration, crosstalk can be kept at a level that does not hinder stereoscopic observation.

  The hologram diffuser, which is a hologram type diffractive optical element in this embodiment, is detachable from the Fresnel concave mirror, and is integrally formed with a bag-shaped vinyl (vinyl bag) as shown in FIG.

  In FIG. 69, X2 indicates a vinyl back, X1 indicates a hologram diffuser, and X3 indicates a button. The portion of the vinyl back X2 that overlaps with the hologram diffuser X1 is cut off, and the hologram diffuser is adhered so as to cover the cut-off portion.

  Hereinafter, the vinyl bag integrated with the hologram diffuser is referred to as an integrated drape.

  Further, the integrated drape is subjected to a sterilization treatment, and as shown in FIG. 70, is incorporated in a sterilization pack for keeping the internal components in a sterilized state.

  In FIG. 70, X4 indicates a sterilized pack, and X5 indicates a sterilized integrated drape built in the sterilized pack.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 71, the sterilization pack X6 is opened in the operating room, and the built-in sterilized drape X7 built therein completely covers the Fresnel concave mirror X9 of the stereoscopic observation device X8. At this time, the Fresnel concave mirror X9 is made of an acrylic material, and the surface is a mirror surface. Therefore, the hologram diffuser portion X10 of the integrated drape X7 is adhered by static electricity.

  In order to prevent the integrated drape from dropping, as shown in FIG. 72, the integrated drape X12 covering the Fresnel concave mirror X11 can be closed with the button X13 above the Fresnel concave mirror while covering the Fresnel concave mirror X11. It has a configuration.

  With the above configuration, as shown in FIG. 73, the portion X16 of the Fresnel concave mirror close to the operation portion X15 of the stereoscopic observation device X14 can be kept in a sterilized state in the operating room.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus does not take the configuration described in this embodiment, and as shown in FIG. 74, is a panel X19 in which a hologram diffuser X17 and a Fresnel concave mirror X18 are integrated, and this panel X19 is separately sterilized drape X20. If the light beam X21 passes through the sterilized drape X20, the reflected light X22 generated when the light beam X21 passes through the sterilized drape X20 causes deterioration in the image quality of the observed image.

  The hologram diffuser of the present embodiment is assumed to be used only once as the integrated drape, and is in the form of a disposable that is discarded after being used in an operating room. Each time the stereoscopic device is used in an operating room, a new sterile integrated drape is used. Therefore, a sterilized state can be always maintained.

  Further, since the disposable portion includes only the hologram diffuser and the vinyl bag, the cost can be reduced as compared with the case where the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel concave mirror are disposable.

FIG. 75 is a diagram illustrating the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.
In this embodiment, a Fresnel convex lens is used instead of the Fresnel concave mirror.

  In the figure, X26 is an observer, X25 is a panel composed of a hologram diffuser, which is a holographic diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel convex lens, X27 is a holding unit that holds the left and right image projectors X24, X24 'and the panel X, and X28 is a ceiling unit. Respectively shows a second holding unit that holds the holding unit X27.

  The panel X25 is an acrylic panel X30 having a Fresnel lens surface X29 formed on one surface, and has the function of a Fresnel convex lens that condenses transmitted light.

  Further, the surface X31 of the panel on which the Fresnel lens surface is not formed is a flat surface, and the hologram diffuser X32 is attached on this flat surface.

  Further, the holding unit X27 makes the exit pupil of the right-eye image projector X24 approximately coincide with the position where the right eye of the observer is projected by the panel X25, and the position where the left eye of the observer is projected by the panel X25. The panel and the left and right image projectors are held so that the exit pupils of the left eye image projector X24 'approximately coincide with each other.

  Further, the holding unit X27 holds the panel and the left and right eye image projectors so that the two images projected by the left and right eye image projectors X24 and X24 'approximately match each other on the panel X25.

  Therefore, the respective exit pupils of the left and right eye image projectors are enlarged and projected near the left and right eyes of the observer by the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel convex lens of panel X25.

  According to the configuration, the observer can observe the image for the right eye captured by the stereoscopic microscope for surgery with the right eye and the image for the left eye with the left eye, and wears glasses having a shutter function on the face. Thus, a stereoscopic image can be observed as if watching a TV.

  FIG. 29 shows exposure conditions of the hologram diffuser of this embodiment.

  In the figure, 166 is the hologram recording material, 167 is the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, 168 is the first light source position, 169 is the second light source, 170 is the first light source center, and 171 is the second light source center.

  Here, assuming that the center of exposure surface 167 of the hologram recording material is the origin, the center position (X1, Y1, Z1) of the first light source is as follows, and is a point light source.

(X1, Y1, Z1) = (0,297.11, -578.12)
The center position (X2, Y2, Z2) of the second light source is as follows, and is assumed to be a diffusion surface light source.

(X2, Y2, Z2) = (0,435.317, -482.718)
Furthermore, the angles (α, β, γ in the figure) of the first light source center 170 and the second light source center 171 viewed from the exposure surface of the hologram recording material are all 15 ° or less.

  In the above configuration, since the hologram diffuser satisfies the conditions of claims 2 and 5, the light beam bending action of the hologram diffuser is weak, the amount of chromatic dispersion of light transmitted through the hologram diffuser can be made within 5 °, and the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel convex lens The projection pupil of the image projector, which is projected by the panel composed of the panel, is projected in the vicinity of the observer with little deviation due to the wavelength, and the overlap of the projection pupils of each wavelength can be secured widely.

  Accordingly, the position at which the observer places his or her eyes can be given a degree of freedom, and fatigue during observation can be reduced.

  In FIG. 29, a length A of a straight line connecting the center 167 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the first light source center 170 and a length B of a straight line connecting the center 167 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material and the center 171 of the second light source. Since the hologram diffuser exposed and manufactured under these conditions has exactly the same length, the power as a lens action such as a condensing action and a diverging action other than the ray bending action is 0. Fresnel convex lens is responsible.

  Since the above configuration satisfies the condition of claim 9, in the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment, the exit pupil of the image projecting means for projecting with the hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel convex lens is different for each wavelength as shown in FIG. Because the images are projected without any difference in size, a wide area where the projection pupils of each wavelength overlap can be secured widely, and the observer has more freedom in where to place his or her eyes to reduce fatigue during observation. Can be done.

Further, the hologram diffuser divides the incident light beam into three light beams of primary light, zero-order light, and −1st-order light, and in particular, divides the primary light and the −1st-order light into scattered light beams. Each of the exit pupils of the image projectors for the left and right eyes is projected by the panel X25 as a primary optical pupil, a −1st optical pupil, and a 0th optical pupil near the observer.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 76, the hologram diffuser X33 forming a part of the panel has a plane X37 including a normal line X34 and two light sources X35 and X36 when exposed and manufactured, and a plane X37 of the observer's eyes. A straight line X40 connecting the centers X38 and X39 of the pupil, respectively, and a straight line X43 connecting the centers X41 and X42 of the left and right exit pupils of the image projector are respectively substantially orthogonal to each other.

  According to this configuration, as shown in FIG. 77, the exit pupil X45 of the right-eye image projector X44 is placed on the right side of the observer by the panel X46 including the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel convex lens, and the right-eye primary light magnifying pupil X47. , Right-primary light magnifying pupil X48 for the right eye.

  The exit pupil X50 of the left-eye image projector X49 is also provided on the left side of the observer by a panel X46 composed of a hologram diffuser and a Fresnel convex lens. Projected as pupil X50.

  Therefore, the observer can observe the image projected on the panel at two positions, that is, the position of the left and right eye primary light magnifying pupil and the position of the left and right eye primary light magnifying pupil. Therefore, the degree of freedom in posture during image observation can be increased, and fatigue during observation can be reduced.

  Further, the distance between the 0th-order light pupil center X51 and the first-order light expansion pupil center X52 in the figure is 105 mm, and the distance between the 0th-order light pupil center X51 and the -1st-order light expansion pupil center X53 is also 105 mm. is there.

  Since this configuration satisfies the condition of claim 20, there is no overlap of the primary optical pupil, the zero-order optical pupil, and the −1-order optical pupil as shown in FIG. Therefore, the observer can fully utilize the inside of one of the primary optical pupil and the negative primary optical pupil, and can observe an image with appropriate brightness.

  FIG. 34 shows the exposure conditions of the hologram diffuser of this embodiment in more detail.

  In the figure, 217 indicates the hologram recording material, 218 indicates the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material, 219 indicates the position of the first light source, 220 indicates the second light source, and 221 indicates the center of the second light source.

  Here, assuming that the center 218 of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material is the origin, the center position (X1, Y1, Z1) of the first light source is as follows, and is a point light source.

(X1, Y1, Z1) = (0,297.11, -578.12)
The center position (X2, Y2, Z2) of the second light source is as follows, and has an area of 250 mm × 90 mm having a longitudinal direction in a direction of a straight line 222 connecting the first light source position 219 and the second light source center position 221. And a rectangular diffused surface light source having

(X2, Y2, Z2) = (0,435.317, -482.718)
When the long side of the second light source is divided by the short side, the result is 2.78, which satisfies the condition of claim 9.

  Therefore, in the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment using the hologram diffuser manufactured under the above exposure conditions, the pupil projected near the observer is as shown in FIG. The degree can be increased.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 15, the longitudinal direction 77 of the rectangular enlarged pupil coincides with the deviation direction 78 of the enlarged pupil projection position for each wavelength generated by the wavelength dispersion of the hologram diffuser. The overlapping portion 82 of 79, 80, 81 can be widened. Therefore, the range in which the observer can observe the image with the correct color can be widened.

  Further, when a monochromatic light beam is applied to the hologram diffuser from the position of the first light source at the time of exposure, a primary image of the second light source and a primary image as shown in FIG. appear. In the present embodiment, as shown in FIG. 35, the diffraction light of each wavelength is diffracted by the diffracted light intensity measuring device 226 on the straight line 225 passing through the primary image center 224 in the long side direction of the primary image 223 of the second light source. When the light intensity distribution is measured, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 228 at the center of the image is 100% in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 227, the diffracted light intensity 229 at the peripheral portion in the long side direction of the image is 60% or more. I have.

  When the hologram diffuser according to this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 75, the primary light enlargement pupil of the exit pupil of the image projection means projected by the hologram diffuser and the Fresnel convex lens is a diffracted light at the center of the rectangular pupil. The intensity of the diffracted light at the peripheral portion in the longitudinal direction with respect to the intensity can be suppressed to 60% or more.

  Therefore, when the hologram diffuser according to the present embodiment is used in a stereoscopic observation apparatus, the position of the pupil projected for each wavelength is shifted due to the wavelength dispersion of the hologram diffuser. However, as shown in FIG. Since the intensity is 60% or more with respect to the center even in the outermost peripheral portion in the longitudinal direction, the difference in the diffraction intensity of each wavelength by 40% or more at any position where the projected pupil of each wavelength overlaps. Does not occur.

  Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area where the enlarged pupils of each wavelength overlap, and can observe the image with the optimal color without losing the degree of freedom.

  Further, in this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 36, in the short side direction of the primary image 230 of the second light source, the diffracted light is measured by the diffracted light intensity measuring device 233 on the straight line 232 passing through the center 231 of the primary image. When the intensity distribution is measured, assuming that the diffracted light intensity 235 at the center of the image is 100% in the diffracted light intensity distribution graph 234, the diffracted light intensity 236 at the peripheral portion in the short side direction of the image is 80% or more. .

  When the hologram diffuser according to this configuration is used in the configuration shown in FIG. 75, the primary light expansion pupil of the hologram diffuser and the exit pupil of the image projecting means projected by the Fresnel concave mirror is the diffracted light at the center of the rectangular pupil. The intensity of the diffracted light at the peripheral portion in the short side direction with respect to the intensity can be suppressed to 80% or more.

  Therefore, the observer can place his or her eyes on the entire area of the primary light magnifying pupil, and can observe the image with appropriate brightness without losing the degree of freedom.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment further condenses the light beam emitted from the image projector near the observer's eye by the action of a hologram diffuser, which is a hologram diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel convex lens. Therefore, an image projection unit having a brightness of 800 ANSI lumens or more like a general projector is too bright to observe an image.

  Therefore, the brightness of the image projector mounted on the stereoscopic display device of this embodiment is set to 100 ANSI lumens.

  Experiments have shown that an image projection means having a brightness of 200 ANSI lumens or less can observe an image without dazzling.

  Therefore, if the image projection means under the above conditions is used, the observer can comfortably observe the image.

    Further, in this embodiment, the brightness of the image projector is set to 100 ANSI lumens. However, a neutral density filter (ND filter) may be arranged at the opening of the image projector having 200 ANSI lumens or more to have 100 ANSI lumens.

  FIGS. 38 and 39 are detailed views of the optical system of the stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment.

  38 shows a side view, and FIG. 39 shows a top view. In the drawing, reference numeral 252 denotes a transmission type LCD for the right eye, 253 denotes a transmission type LCD for the left eye, 254 denotes an image projection optical system for the right eye, 255 denotes an image projection optical system for the left eye, and 250 denotes a panel comprising a hologram diffuser and a Fresnel convex lens. 256, the optical axis of the right-eye image projection optical system; 257, the optical axis of the left-eye image projection optical system; 258, the center of the image display surface of the transmissive liquid crystal display element for the right eye; The center of the image display surface of the liquid crystal display device is shown.

  The center 258 (259) of the image display surface of the transmission type LCD is arranged above the optical axis of the image projection optical system.

  Further, the optical axes 256 and 257 of the image projection optical system for the left and right eyes are arranged so as to be parallel to the normal line of the panel 250, and the center 258 of the image display surface of the transmissive liquid crystal display element for the left and right eyes. 259 is disposed outside the optical axes 256 and 257.

  Further, the image display surfaces of the transmissive LCDs 252 and 253 for the left and right eyes are arranged so as to be parallel to the image projection surface of the panel 250.

  According to the configuration described above, the left and right images projected on panel 250 can be matched with each other over the entire screen.

  Therefore, the observer can observe the images satisfactorily without frustration or fatigue when the two images are fused.

  Here, when the entire white image of chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31, 0.31) is projected from the image projectors X24 and X24 'in FIG. When the chromaticity of the center X56 of the image projected on the panel X25 from the center X55 of the projected pupil X54 is measured by a chromaticity meter, (x, y) = (0.31, 0.31), and the projection is further performed. The chromaticity of the center X56 of the image similarly projected on the panel X25 from the inside of the pupil is measured, and the chromaticity (x, y) is within the range of (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2). 606 and 607 in the figure represent the areas measured by. The area measured within the range of this chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2) is a φ60 mm shape including the centers 602, 603 of the projection pupils 600, 601. have.

  In order to obtain this result, the hologram diffuser has the configuration of the fourth embodiment.

  As described above, the observer can view the region 606 within the range of chromaticity (x, y) = (0.31 ± 0.2, 0.31 ± 0.2) inside the projection pupils 600 and 601. , 607 and observe the image while moving the eye within this range, there is no strong sense of color change in the observed image. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the fatigue at the time of observation by giving a degree of freedom to the position where the observer places his or her eyes.

  FIG. 78 is a diagram showing a stereoscopic observation apparatus according to this embodiment.

  In the figure, reference numeral 57 denotes an image projector, which projects an image toward a panel X58 composed of a hologram type diffractive optical element and a Fresnel convex lens only from the side of the image projector that projects an image for the right eye. Therefore, the projection of the exit pupil X59, which projects the image, by the panel is X60. The projection of the exit pupil X61 that is not projecting an image is X62.

  Further, the measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center X65 of the projection image X64 by the luminance meter X63 from the inside of the projection pupil X60 on which the exit pupil that is projecting the image is projected is 1580 cd / m2, and the image is projected. A measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center X65 of the projected image X64 by the luminance meter X63 from the inside of the projection pupil X62 on which the exit pupil is not projected is 50 cd / m2.

  Here, the measured value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer can observe the image is H1, and the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer cannot observe the image. Assuming that the measured value is H2, in this embodiment, the value of H2 / H1 is 0.032, which satisfies the condition of claim 11.

  To obtain this result, the hologram diffuser is manufactured with one exposure. The hologram diffuser is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from a plurality of coherent light sources to the hologram recording material, and the hologram diffuser manufactured by a large number of exposures increases the number of unnecessary diffracted lights. Is desirably 10 times or less.

With the above configuration, crosstalk can be kept at a level that does not hinder stereoscopic observation.

Next, another configuration example of the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention will be described.

  FIGS. 45A and 45B are explanatory diagrams of the principle of the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 45A is a schematic configuration diagram illustrating an embodiment of a transmission stereoscopic observation apparatus, and FIG. 45B is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a reflection stereoscopic observation apparatus. It is a block diagram. In FIG. 45B, only the configuration for the right eye is shown for convenience, and the configuration for the left eye is omitted.

  The stereoscopic observation device shown in FIGS. 45A and 45B includes projection optical systems 21R and 21L of the projection device, an imaging optical system 23, and a diffusion optical system (not shown in FIG. 45). It is configured.

  The projection optical systems 21R and 21L are provided so as to project an image from the two openings 22R and 22L to the same display surface.

  The imaging optical system 23 is provided so as to form images of the openings 22R and 22L of the projection optical system on the pupils 24R and 24L of the observer.

  The diffusion optical system has an action of enlarging the observation pupil.

  Further, the imaging optical system 23 and the diffusion optical system are arranged at the display surface position.

  The display surface position is an image formation position of an image projected from the projection device. In the transmission type stereoscopic observation apparatus, a Fresnel lens is provided, and in the reflection type stereoscopic observation apparatus, a Fresnel mirror is provided as the image forming optical system 23 arranged at the image forming position.

  The Fresnel mirror and the Fresnel lens form images of the two openings 22R and 22L on the pupil of the observer.

  Since these Fresnel surfaces are arranged on the image forming surface, the image quality does not deteriorate. Also, unlike a conventional concave mirror, it is arranged in a flat plate shape.

  FIG. 46 is an explanatory view showing the principle of the enlargement of the observation pupil by the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention. In FIG. 46, the configuration of a transmission type stereoscopic observation apparatus is used.

  At or near the planar display position, a diffusion optical system 25 is provided together with the imaging optical system 23.

  In FIG. 46, the imaging optical system 23 has the function of forming an image of the diameter φ20 of the observation pupil (exit pupil) from the left and right projection devices at the observation position with a size of φ20 ′.

  Here, the diffusion optical system 25 enlarges the diameter of the pupil for observation from the left and right projection devices to be formed into an image having the size of φ20 ′ to the size of φ21 by the diffusion action.

  Note that the left and right observation pupils enlarged by the diffusion optical system 25 are set so as not to overlap at an observation position at a distance L in order to prevent the occurrence of crosstalk.

  In the transmission type stereoscopic observation device, the diffusion operation by the diffusion optical system 25 is performed only once because the light passes through the diffusion optical system 25 provided at the display surface position only once in the transmission type stereoscopic observation device. 2), the light passes through the diffusing optical system provided at the display surface position twice, so that it acts twice.

  FIG. 47 is a view showing an embodiment of a stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present invention, wherein FIG. 47 (a) is a schematic configuration view from above, and FIG. 47 (b) is a side view of FIG.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present embodiment is of a transmission type. At the display surface position, a Fresnel lens with a Fresnel surface 23a facing the observation side is arranged as an imaging optical system 23 that forms the openings 22R and 22L of the projection device on the pupils 24R and 24L of the observer. In the vicinity, a diffusion plate is disposed as a diffusion optical system 25 for pupil enlargement, and these constitute a transmission type display panel.

  The diffusion surface 25 a of the diffusion plate 25 is provided on the Fresnel lens surface 23 a side of the Fresnel lens 23.

  In the present embodiment, the Fresnel lens surface 23a is arranged at a position where an image projected from the projection device is formed. Therefore, there is no deterioration in image quality due to the Fresnel lens surface 23a.

  The diffusing surface 25a is arranged close to the Fresnel lens surface 23a, thereby reducing blur and suppressing image quality deterioration.

  In this embodiment, the transmission type display panel is constituted by an eccentric optical system. That is, the Fresnel lens surface 23a is an eccentric Fresnel lens surface, and as shown in FIG. 47B, the optical axis of the Fresnel lens surface 23a is located below the center. The Fresnel lens surface 23a has a convex action.

  As in the present embodiment, when the display panel is configured by an eccentric optical system, the display panel surface itself does not need to be thick, and an arrangement that does not interfere with the display panel surface is possible.

  It is preferable to arrange the diffusion surface 25a and the Fresnel surface 23a as close as possible to the position of the image plane as in the present embodiment, because the image quality is less deteriorated.

  48 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of the stereoscopic observation device according to the present invention, wherein (a) is a perspective view and (b) is a side view.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus of this embodiment is of a reflection type, and the display panel includes a Fresnel mirror 23, which is an imaging optical system that forms the openings 22R and 22L of the projection apparatus on pupils 24R and 24L of the observer, and a pupil. A diffusion means 25 for enlargement is provided.

  By the way, in the case of the reflection type stereoscopic observation device, it is necessary to arrange each optical member so that the projection device does not interfere with the face of the observer. In addition, it is easier for the observer to look at the display panel from the front.

  Therefore, in the present embodiment, an angle θ is provided between the incident optical axis of the projection light entering the center of the display panel and the emission optical axis of the light beam emitted from the center of the display panel. The optical axis of the Fresnel mirror 23 is decentered in the vertical direction (upward in FIG. 48) with respect to the center of the display panel.

  FIG. 49 is a side view showing a more specific example of the embodiment of FIG.

  In the embodiment of FIG. 49, a spherical lens system is used for the projection optical system 21R (21L) of the projection apparatus, and the display element surfaces 21Ra and (21La) are arranged at positions decentered from the optical axis of the lens. The projection device does not interfere with the observer's face.

  The display panel is disposed perpendicular to the eyes of the observer and the projection device, and an aspherical Fresnel mirror is used for the display panel surface.

  In addition, as described above, it is preferable that the display panel is viewed from the front by the observer. However, in this embodiment, the display panel can be used from a position inclined by ± 30 °, and the display panel can be used at a position of ± 15 °. If it is tilted, a good image can be obtained.

  FIG. 50 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 49 as viewed from the side. In FIG. 50, the line of sight of the observer is shown fixed in the horizontal direction.

  In this embodiment, the position of the display panel and the pupil 24R (24L) of the observer are determined by the inclination angle of the display panel surface and the amount of eccentricity of the optical axis of the eccentric Fresnel lens surface having an image forming effect on the display panel surface. They are adjusted in combination so that they can be observed in an optimal state. The projection optical system 21R (21L) is arranged perpendicular to the display panel surface. In FIG. 50, reference numeral 27 denotes a support arm, and the support arm 27 supports two projection devices and a display panel.

  The inclination angle α of the display panel surface is an angle formed between a line connecting the center of the display panel and the pupil of the observer and a perpendicular from the center of the display panel. preferable.

  In the stereoscopic observation apparatus of FIG. 50A, the inclination angle α of the display panel surface is 0 °. 50 (b) and 50 (c), the inclination angle α of the display panel surface is 30 ° or less.

  In the embodiment of FIG. 50, the configuration of (a) or (b) is more natural than the configuration of (c) in terms of a natural viewability and a small eccentricity of the imaging action. It is advantageous.

  FIG. 51 is a schematic configuration diagram showing another embodiment of the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention as viewed from the side.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment is of a reflection type.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus shown in FIG. 51 (a) is equipped with two projection devices, and is provided with a Fresnel mirror 23 and a diffusing means 25 on a display panel. Image at the position of the observer's eye.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus of FIG. 51B is configured by adding the relay system to the projection optical system 21R (21L) of FIG. 51A. That is, the relay system 26R (26L) is provided inside the projection device and the support arm 27 that supports the display panel. In the example of FIG. 51B, the relay system 26R (26L) includes lenses 26Ra to 26Rc (26La to 26Lc), mirrors 26Rd and 26Re (26Ld and 26Le), a lens 26Rf (26Lf), and a mirror 26Rg (26Lg). ) And a lens 26Rh (26Lh). With this configuration, a sufficient distance can be provided between the projection apparatus and the observer, and interference between the projection apparatus and the observer can be avoided.

  Next, a specific configuration example of a display panel used in the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention will be described.

  FIGS. 52A and 52B are views showing an embodiment of a reflective display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention, wherein FIG. 52A is a perspective view, and FIG. 52B is a schematic configuration diagram viewed from a side.

  The display panel of this embodiment is configured by integrally forming a Fresnel surface 23a and a diffusion surface 25a on which concave surfaces are randomly arranged.

  Specifically, for example, a plastic resin such as polycarbonate or acrylic is pressed and molded integrally from both sides of a mold for Fresnel surface and a randomly arranged concave mold for scattering surface, and then the Fresnel surface 23a It is made by coating aluminum as a reflective film and further applying black paint as a protective film on it.

  Then, the Fresnel surface 23a of the display panel has an effect of forming images of the openings of the two projection devices at the position of the pupil for observation, and the diffusion surface 25a has an effect of enlarging the pupil for observation.

  The display panel of this embodiment shown in FIG. 52 is configured as an eccentric Fresnel back mirror.

  Here, the radius of curvature R of the Fresnel surface 23a between the front mirror and the rear mirror will be considered.

The radius of curvature R when configured as a back mirror is
R = 2n · f
The radius of curvature R when configured as a surface mirror is
R = 2f
(However, n is the refractive index, f is the focal length)
It becomes.

  Therefore, as in the display panel of the present embodiment, the back mirror is advantageous in that the curvature radius R of the Fresnel surface can be increased, and the occurrence of aberration during pupil imaging is small.

  Further, in the display panel of the present embodiment, the Fresnel surface 23a is configured as an aspherical Fresnel surface such that the radius of curvature increases toward the periphery. With this configuration, the aberration generated when the observation pupil forms an image can be further suppressed by the aspherical surface, which is advantageous.

  FIG. 53 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the reflection type display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention, (a) is a schematic configuration diagram viewed from the side, and (b) is an enlarged view of a diffusion unit. is there.

  The display panel of this embodiment is provided with a scattering surface 25a in which concave surfaces are randomly arranged as shown in FIG. 52 as a diffusing means, but a fine concave surface 25b is formed on a Fresnel surface 23a as shown in FIG. 53 (b). Are integrally formed. The Fresnel surface 23a is coated with a reflection film, and is configured as a back Fresnel reflection mirror.

  Further, in this embodiment, the surface of the display panel is flat, so that the antireflection film can be easily coated.

  In the reflection type display panel as shown in FIG. 52, the light normally passes through the diffusion surface twice, whereas according to the reflection type display panel of the present embodiment, the minute Fresnel surface 23a which forms the image and the minute surface which forms the diffusion are formed. Since the concave surface 25b and the concave surface 25b are formed on the same back surface, and the projection light passes through the diffusion surface only once and undergoes the diffusion operation only once, blurring is less likely to occur, and image quality degradation can be reduced.

  FIG. 54 is a schematic side view showing another embodiment of the reflective display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention.

  In the display panel of the present embodiment, the imaging optical system 23 is constituted by a Fresnel surface mirror, the diffusing means 25 is constituted by a diffusion plate, and the uneven surface formed on the Fresnel surface 23a and the surface of the diffusion plate has diffusibility. 25b 'face each other and are arranged in close proximity.

  According to the display panel of the present embodiment, the Fresnel mirror surface 23a is formed on the surface and can be brought into close contact with the uneven surface 25b 'having diffusivity. It can be minimized.

  The display panel of this embodiment may be configured such that a diffusible film is stuck to the surface Fresnel mirror instead of the diffusion plate in addition to the structure in which the surface Fresnel mirror and the diffusion plate are in close contact with each other.

  FIG. 55 is a schematic side view showing another embodiment of the reflective display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention.

  The display panel of this embodiment is configured by attaching a diffusive film 25c to the surface of the eccentric Fresnel back mirror shown in the embodiment of FIG. 52 instead of forming a fine uneven surface.

  As the diffusive film 25c, any of an internal scattering type and a type in which scattering is performed by unevenness formed on the surface may be used.

  FIG. 56 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the reflection type display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention, where (a) is a schematic configuration diagram viewed from the side, and (b) is a modification of (a). FIG. 3C is a diagram showing a diffusion structure inside the display panel.

  The display panel of this embodiment is configured as an internal diffusion type display panel using an internal diffusion type diffusion member for the diffusion means 25.

  As shown in FIG. 56 (c), the internal diffusion type diffusion member is formed by mixing transparent fine particles 25da, 25db... Having different refractive indices into a plastic material. Light is scattered by passing through.

  The display panel of FIG. 56 (a) is configured by mixing an optical member having a Fresnel surface 23a constituting an eccentric Fresnel back mirror with a plastic material and fine particles. The diffusion member is formed integrally.

  The display panel in FIG. 56 (b) is configured by joining or arranging an eccentric Fresnel back mirror and an internal scattering type diffusion plate formed by mixing fine particles into a plastic material.

  In the configuration of FIG. 56 (b), instead of the internal scattering type diffusion plate, an internal scattering type diffusing film is attached to the surface of the eccentric Fresnel rear surface mirror on the surface of the eccentric Fresnel back surface mirror. You may.

  FIG. 57 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the reflection type display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention, where (a) is a schematic configuration diagram viewed from the side, and (b) is a modification of (a). FIG. 3C is a diagram showing an internal diffusion structure.

  The display panel of this embodiment is configured as an internal diffusion type display panel using a polymerized liquid crystal for the diffusion means 25.

  When a polymer polymerized liquid crystal is used, the liquid crystal can be fixed. In this embodiment, this is applied.

  The polymerized polymer liquid crystal 25e has birefringence, and the light distribution direction fluctuates inside like a liquid crystal, and by photopolymerizing this, as shown in FIG. It is fixed in a state of being randomly oriented.

  In the display panel shown in FIG. 57 (a), an optical member having a Fresnel surface 23a of an eccentric Fresnel back mirror is integrally formed of a polymer polymerized liquid crystal.

  The display panel of FIG. 57 (b) is configured such that an eccentric Fresnel back mirror and a diffusion plate made of a polymer polymerized liquid crystal are joined or arranged close to each other. Instead of the diffusion plate composed of the polymer liquid crystal, a diffusible film composed of the polymer liquid crystal may be attached to the surface of the eccentric Fresnel back mirror.

  According to the display panel of this embodiment configured as described above, since the polymer liquid crystal 25e having birefringence is fixed in a state of being randomly oriented, light is refracted according to the polarization direction. Slightly affected. Then, as a whole, the polymerized liquid crystal layer has a diffusion effect due to internal scattering.

  According to the display panel of the present embodiment, the surface can be formed in a flat plate shape in order to utilize the diffusion effect due to internal scattering. For this reason, it becomes easy to wipe off stains, and it is easy to attach an antireflection film for preventing reflection of external light.

  As another embodiment, a diffusion plate made of a hologram can be used for the diffusion means 25. The diffusion plate composed of the hologram includes a transmission hologram and a reflection hologram. In general, it is known that a hologram recorded in a volume type photosensitive material has a low wavelength selectivity for a transmission hologram and a high wavelength selectivity for a reflection hologram. When used in the projection display apparatus of the present invention for displaying a color image, three hologram interference fringes are multiplex-recorded to diffuse light of three wavelengths of R (red), G (green) and B (blue). Therefore, it is desirable to use a transmission hologram having relatively low wavelength selectivity as the hologram.

  Hereinafter, a description will be given of a projection display device configured using a display panel including a diffusion plate 25 formed of such a transmission type hologram and a Fresnel concave mirror 23. In the projection display device having this configuration, the left and right optical systems will be described. Only one of them will be shown and the other will be omitted.

  FIG. 58 (a) shows a conceptual diagram of such a projection display device configured based on the present invention, and FIG. 58 (b) shows an example of arrangement of the projection display device.

  In FIG. 58B, the image displayed on the display element surface 21La (21Ra) is enlarged and projected by the projection optical system 21L (21R). A diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram and a display panel are arranged near the projected image. The display panel includes a Fresnel concave mirror 23 and forms an exit pupil of a projection optical system at a predetermined position. This predetermined position substantially coincides with the eyeball of the observer M. The exit pupil φ20 formed by the display panel 23 is enlarged by the diffusion plate 25 to an exit pupil image φ21 of a size that is easy to observe. Thus, even if the position of the eye 24L (24R) of the observer M is slightly shifted from the position of the image φ21 of the exit pupil, it is possible to observe the projected image as an observation elephant.

  Here, the feature of the present invention is that, as shown in FIG. 58 (a), the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission type hologram is arranged on the incident side of the Fresnel concave mirror 23 of the display panel, so that the projection optical system 21L (21R) The light beam reaching the position of the image φ21 of the exit pupil is transmitted through the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram twice in total in a reciprocating manner. Due to these features, the light is diffracted twice by the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram. Based on this, in the present invention, the angle of transmission through the transmission hologram 25 for the first time (before entering the Fresnel concave mirror 23) and the transmission angle of the transmission hologram 25 for the second time (after entering the Fresnel concave mirror 23). The angle is positively made different from that of the hologram, so that one of the holograms is prevented from diffracting.

  Also, when observing an image having binocular parallax as a left and right projection image as in a 3D display device, crosstalk occurs when the diffusion angle is large because the images observed by the left and right eyes are different. In this case, a three-dimensional image cannot be recognized and is observed as a double image. Therefore, it is preferable that the diffusion angle of the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram is 8 ° or less in full width at half maximum. The diffusion angle of the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram is preferably 12 ° or less over the entire width at which the light intensity becomes 1/10. Light rays that diffuse at least 12 ° or more are prevented from reaching the observer.

  From the above, it is preferable that the diffusion plate 25 made of the transmission hologram has such characteristics that the intensity of the diffused light suddenly decreases from the full width at half maximum.

  Next, the relationship between the bending action and the wavelength dispersion of the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram, and the positional relationship between the Fresnel concave mirror 23 of the display panel and the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram will be described. The diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission hologram is produced by interference recording between reference light and object light from a diffusion light source (secondary light source).

  At this time, if the reference light and the object light are recorded in the coaxial (in-line) arrangement, as shown in FIG. 59A, the axial chief ray 60 from the projection optical system 21L (21R) is diffused. The light is incident on the light diffuser 25 for the first time and directly passes through the diffusion plate 25 without being bent. Then, the principal ray that has passed directly through the diffusion plate 25 is reflected by the Fresnel concave mirror 23 to change its direction, enters from the back side of the diffusion plate 25, and passes directly through the diffusion plate 25. At this time, if the incident angle at the time of the first transmission satisfies the reproduction light incident angle (the angle at which the diffraction efficiency becomes near the peak) of the transmission hologram (diffusion plate 25), the first transmission The diffused light due to diffraction is distributed around the principal ray directly passing through, and the diffused light almost passes through at the time of the second transmission. On the other hand, if the incident angle of the incident light satisfies the incident angle of the reproduction light at the time of the second transmission, the axial principal ray 60 is almost not directly diffracted at the time of the first transmission, and the light is transmitted through the second transmission. Diffuse light due to diffraction is distributed around a principal ray that passes directly when light is transmitted.

  In any case, the zero-order light 610 and the principal ray 611 travel in the same direction. FIG. 59A shows this state, and diffused light is not shown. In this figure, only the 0th-order light 610 that is not diffracted by the diffusion plate 25 and the principal ray (center ray) 611 in the diffracted diffused light are shown, and the 0th-order light 610 and the principal ray 611 travel in the same direction. It reaches the center of the exit pupil φ21 of the projection display device. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 59 (a), when the diffusion plate 25 made of a transmission type hologram has only a diffusion effect and has no bending effect on the optical path, not only the diffused light but also the zero-order light 610 which is not diffused by the diffraction. It reaches the exit pupil φ21. As a result, a spot of the zero-order light 610 can be seen at the center of the observed image, which is not desirable.

  Therefore, as the diffusion plate 25 composed of a transmission type hologram, a recording plate in which the reference light and the object light are recorded in an off-line arrangement that is not coaxial with each other is used. When the diffusing plate 25 recorded in such an off-line arrangement satisfies the reproducing light incident angle and diffracts, wavelength dispersion occurs along with bending of the light beam. Depending on the bending direction, an optical path as shown in FIGS. 59 (b) and (c) and an optical path as shown in FIGS. 60 (a) and 60 (b) are taken. However, FIGS. 59 (b) and (c) show the case where the reproducing light incident angle condition of the diffusion plate 25 is satisfied at the time of the first incidence, and FIGS. 60 (a) and (b) show the case of the second incidence. This is when you are satisfied. FIGS. 59 (b) and 60 (a) show the case where the refraction direction of the diffusion plate 25 is a direction in which the diffraction angle becomes smaller than the incident angle with respect to the normal, and FIGS. 59 (c) and 60 (b). Is a case where the diffraction angle becomes larger with respect to the incident angle.

  In each figure, the illustration of the diffused light is omitted, and the principal rays (center rays) of the R, G, and B wavelengths diffracted and refracted by the diffuser plate 25 are indicated by 61R, 61G, and 61B, respectively. As is apparent from each drawing, when a transmission hologram having a light ray refracting action is used as the diffusion plate 25, the zero-order light 610 that is not diffracted by the hologram can be separated from the diffracted lights 61R, 61G, and 61B. As a result, it is possible to configure so as not to enter the exit pupil φ21 of the projection display device. Specifically, it is desirable that the zero-order light 610 be incident at a position of the exit pupil φ21 of the projection display device at a distance of at least half the pupil diameter from the center of the exit pupil φ21.

  By the way, when the diffusion plate 25 using the transmission hologram is used, it is desirable to use a light source configured by combining three colors of LEDs and LDs with high monochromaticity as the light source for illuminating the display element surface 21La (21Ra).

  FIGS. 61A and 61B are diagrams showing an example of the arrangement of a reflection type stereoscopic observation apparatus having the configuration shown in each of the above embodiments, wherein FIG. 61A is a perspective view and FIG.

  The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to the present embodiment is configured by arranging a projection apparatus and a display panel so as to observe an image projected from the front and the left and right of the display panel.

  The display panel is configured as a reflection type.

  The display panel and the two projectors are integrally attached to the holding member 28, and the two projectors are arranged on either side of the display panel (right side in FIG. 61).

  Further, the optical axis of the Fresnel reflection surface of the display panel having an image forming function is decentered in the left-right direction of the panel (right direction in FIG. 61B).

  Note that there is an angle between the optical axis of the light beam incident from the left and right projection devices at the center of the display panel and the optical axis of the light beam emitted from the display panel to the left and right eyes 24R (24L) of the observer. The projection device and the pupil 24R (24L) of the observer do not interfere with each other.

  FIG. 62 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of a stereoscopic observation system using the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. In this embodiment, the system using the reflection type stereoscopic observation apparatus is described, but the stereoscopic observation system of this embodiment is applicable to all the stereoscopic observation apparatuses of the present invention.

  In this embodiment, the left and right projection devices are connected to a projection device control device 29.

  The projection device control device 28 selectively inputs images captured by left and right cameras provided in a 3D image input device such as a 3D endoscope or a 3D microscope, and transmits the selected images to the left and right projection devices. It is configured to be sent and displayed.

  In this embodiment, the projection device controller 29 also inputs and projects a 3D image having parallax created through a personal computer as an input image of the display panel of this embodiment as another selectable input image. It is configured so that it can be displayed on the device.

  Next, an embodiment of a product to which the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention thus configured is applied will be described.

  FIG. 63 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of a product to which the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention is applied.

  The product of this embodiment includes a reflection type stereoscopic observation device in which a display panel and left and right projection devices are integrally attached to a holding member 28, a support arm 30 that supports the holding member 28, and a caster that supports the support arm 30. And the supporting portion main body 31.

  The stereoscopic observation device projects images with parallax from the left and right projection devices on the display panel, reflects the light from the display panel, and enlarges the observation pupil to the left and right eyes of the observer to form an image. Is configured.

  The holding member 28 is rotatably connected to the support arm 30 via a connecting portion 30a in the direction of the arrow, and the support arm 30 is connected to the supporting body 31 via the connecting portion 30b so as to be rotatable in the direction of the arrow. The observation posture of the observer can be changed by rotating the holding member 28 and the support arm 30 in desired directions. Further, the holding member 28 is provided with an operation section 28a, which makes it easy to rotate in a desired direction.

  Further, the support portion main body 31 is provided with casters 31a, and the observation position can be changed by moving the support portion main body 31.

  FIG. 64 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a product to which the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention is applied.

  The product of this embodiment is configured such that a support portion main body 31 that supports a support arm 30 that supports a stereoscopic observation device attached to a holding member similar to that shown in FIG. 63 is attached to a ceiling 32.

  With the configuration as in the present embodiment, the space for placing the stereoscopic observation device can be omitted.

  FIG. 65 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a product to which the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention is applied.

  The product of the present embodiment is configured by attaching the support arm 30 to a surgical chair 33.

  The display panel is attached to the holding member 28b, and the projection device is attached to the holding member 28c. The holding member 28b is rotatably attached to the holding member 28c, so that the direction of the display panel with respect to the projection device can be changed to a predetermined direction.

  The holding member 28c to which the projection device is attached is rotatably attached to the support arm 30 through the connecting portion 10c by 360 ° so that the orientation of the display panel and the projection device can be changed in a predetermined direction. I have.

  Further, handles 34 are provided on the left and right sides of the display panel, so that the direction can be easily adjusted without directly touching the display panel.

  Further, the operation chair 33 is provided with casters 33a, and the observation position can be changed by moving the operation chair.

  FIG. 66 is an explanatory view showing another embodiment of a product to which the stereoscopic observation apparatus of the present invention is applied.

  In the product of this embodiment, the projection device and the display panel are held by the image input unit 35 of the operating microscope having the support arm 30 rotatable via the support unit main body 31 with the casters 31a and the connection unit 30c. Two stereoscopic observation devices attached to the member 28 are attached via the holding member 28.

  Two cameras are built in the image input unit of the surgical microscope, and the input images are configured to be sent to the projection devices of the respective stereoscopic observation devices. Can be observed at the same time.

  The stereoscopic observation device for the product of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 63 to 66 is a display device of a surgical microscope, a display device of an endoscope, a display device of a medical-related stereoscopic information image, and a game machine using a computer. It can be applied to display devices for entertainment products, display devices for business-related 3D images such as various 3D CAD images, and the like.

  Further, the configuration shown as the reflection type stereoscopic observation device in each of the above embodiments can be applied to the transmission type stereoscopic observation device if the display panel is configured by a transmission type Fresnel lens.

  In addition, as the image display element arranged in the projection optical system, a DMD liquid crystal or a reflection type liquid crystal may be used. In addition, the object of the present invention can be achieved even with a display panel having no diffusion action.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating angles at which centers of two light sources are viewed from the interference light recording surface of the hologram recording material. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining wavelength dispersion accompanying light beam bending of the hologram type diffractive optical element. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a state in which an exit pupil of an image projection unit is projected near an observer. It is a figure showing the state where the projected exit pupil was seen from the observer side. It is a figure explaining a hologram type diffractive optical element which especially transmits primary light and -1st light as scattered light. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a state in which an exit pupil of an image projection unit is divided and projected in the vicinity of an observer as three pupils of a primary optical pupil, a primary optical pupil, and a zero-order optical pupil. FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a state in which two exit pupils of the image projection means are projected vertically as six pupils in the vicinity of an observer. It is a figure explaining the center of the pupil projected by each of 1st-order light, 0th-order light, and -1st-order light. It is a figure which shows the state where the 1st-order optical pupil, the -1st-order optical pupil, and the 0th-order optical pupil overlap. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a case where a −1st order light magnifying pupil is arranged in front of a projection image. It is a figure which shows the case where a 1st-order light expansion pupil and a -1st-order light expansion pupil are made into a vertically long shape. It is a figure showing the state where one pupil touches both eyes of an observer. It is a figure which shows the case where a projection pupil is made into the shape substantially long in the vertical direction with respect to the observer. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a state in which a longitudinal direction of a vertically elongated enlarged pupil coincides with a deviation direction of an enlarged pupil projection position for each wavelength. It is a figure explaining a primary image and a -1st image of a rectangular light source. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a situation where a diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the image in the long side direction of the image. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a fourth embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure showing the diffracted light intensity of the expansion pupil by each wavelength. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a situation where a diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the image in the short side direction of the image. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a fourth embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure explaining the definition of L1 and L2. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a state where an exit pupil of an image projection unit is projected in a state where the exit pupil is shifted for each wavelength and has a different size. FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the state in which the projection image is projected with inclination with respect to the hologram type diffractive optical element. It is a figure which shows the state in which a projection image is projected in parallel to a hologram type diffractive optical element. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an optical system layout according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating exposure conditions of the hologram diffuser according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of a hologram diffuser according to a second embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure showing a pupil projection effect of Example 2 of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating exposure conditions of a hologram diffuser according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a situation where a diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the primary image in the long side direction of the primary image of the second light source. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a situation in which a diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the primary image in the short side direction of the primary image of the second light source. FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a detailed view of an optical system according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 is a detailed view of an optical system according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure which shows a mode that a direction in which a light beam is bent and diffused by the hologram type diffractive optical element is a vertical direction with respect to an observer. It is a figure which shows a mode that the observer's eye was put in the circular range containing the center part of a vertically long pupil. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a situation in which the luminance of the center of the projected image is measured from the center positions of the projected pupils for those who can and cannot observe the image. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement relationship between a hologram recording material and a plurality of light sources. FIG. 14 is a detailed view of an optical system according to Example 7 of the present invention. It is a principle explanatory view of a stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the principle which the pupil for observation expands by the three-dimensional observation apparatus of this invention. It is a figure showing an example of a stereoscopic observation device by the present invention. FIG. 6 is a view showing another embodiment of the stereoscopic observation device according to the present invention. FIG. 49 is a side view showing a more specific example of the embodiment of FIG. 48. FIG. 50 is a schematic configuration diagram of a modification of the embodiment in FIG. 49 as viewed from the side. It is the schematic block diagram which looked at another Example of the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention from the side. It is a figure showing an example of a reflective display panel applicable to a stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. It is a figure showing other examples of a reflective display panel applicable to a stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. It is the schematic block diagram which looked at another Example of the reflective display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention from the side. It is the schematic block diagram which looked at another Example of the reflective display panel applicable to the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention from the side. It is a figure showing other examples of a reflective display panel applicable to a stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. It is a figure showing other examples of a reflective display panel applicable to a stereoscopic observation device of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an optical path diagram of a combination of a diffusion plate formed of a transmission hologram bent in a second pass and a concave mirror of an eyepiece optical system. FIG. 7 is an optical path diagram of a combination of a diffusion plate formed of a transmission hologram bent at the first passage and a concave mirror of an eyepiece optical system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of an optical system of a projection observation device configured based on the present invention and a diagram showing an example of arrangement of the projection observation device. It is a figure showing an example of arrangement of a reflection type stereoscopic observation device provided with composition shown in each example. It is a schematic structure figure showing an example of a three-dimensional observation system using a three-dimensional observation device of the present invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the Example of the product which applied the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the other Example of the product which applied the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the other Example of the product which applied the stereoscopic observation apparatus of this invention. It is an explanatory view showing another example of a product to which the stereoscopic observation device of the present invention is applied. It is a schematic block diagram of the conventional three-dimensional observation apparatus. FIG. 67 is a view of the apparatus in FIG. 67 as viewed from the side. It is a figure showing an integrated drape of Example 9 of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the sterilization pack which contained the integrated drape of Example 9 of this invention. It is a figure showing how to use an integrated drape of Example 9 of the present invention. It is a figure showing the state where an integrated drape of Example 9 of the present invention was attached to a Fresnel concave mirror. It is a figure which shows the use condition of the stereoscopic observation apparatus of Example 9 of this invention. It is a figure showing the comparative example of Example 9 of the present invention. It is a figure showing composition of Example 10 of the present invention. It is a figure showing arrangement of a hologram diffuser of Example 10 of the present invention. It is a figure showing the state where two exit pupils of the image projection means of Example 10 of the present invention are projected near the observer. FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a situation in which the luminance of the center of a projected image is measured from the center position of each projection pupil in the tenth embodiment of the present invention.

Explanation of reference numerals

143 Observer 144 Operating stereo microscope 145 Camera control unit 146 LCD controller 147 Right eye image projector 148 Left eye image projector 149 Panel 150 Holding unit 151 Fresnel lens surface 152 Acrylic panel 153 Aluminum mirror coat 154 Surface 155 Hologram diffuser 156 Right eye of observer 157 Left eye of observer 158 Exit pupil of image projector for right eye 159 Exit pupil of image projector for left eye 160 Fresnel concave mirror

Claims (23)

Image projection means for forming two images having parallax on the same plane through the exit pupil so as to substantially coincide with each other;
A hologram-type diffractive optical element having an effect of diffusing and transmitting an incident light beam and being arranged at or near an image forming position of the image projecting means;
A stereoscopic observation device comprising a Fresnel concave mirror having a function of reflecting and condensing a diffuse light beam transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element. The three-dimensional hologram type diffractive optical element according to claim 1, wherein the hologram type diffractive optical element has an action of separating an incident light beam into three light beams of a 0th order light and a ± 1st order light, and diffusing only the ± 1st order light. Observation device. Visible wavelength dispersion caused by the bending of the ± 1st order light beams split and transmitted by the hologram type diffractive optical element (the bending amount of the light beam having a wavelength of 450 nm transmitted through the hologram type diffractive optical element and the bending amount of the light beam having a wavelength of 650 nm). 3. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the difference is equal to or less than 1/2 of the light diffusion angle of the ± first-order light. A stereoscopic observation device in which an observer directly observes the image display surface to perform stereoscopic observation,
The stereoscopic observation device includes image projection means, a hologram type diffractive optical element, and a Fresnel concave mirror,
The two images having parallax displayed on the image display unit of the image projection unit are projected and formed substantially coincident on the same plane through two exit pupils of the image projection unit,
An image of the two exit pupils of the image projecting means is an image formed by combining the hologram type diffractive optical element arranged at or near the image forming position of the image projecting means and a Fresnel concave mirror arranged behind the hologram type diffractive optical element. The display panel magnifies and projects images near the positions of the left and right eyes of the observer,
A three-dimensional display device configured so that an observer looks at the enlarged and projected image of the two exit pupils and thus three-dimensionally observes the image projected and formed on the image display panel. The image display panel has an action of separating the image of the exit pupil into three exit pupil images of an image based on 0-order light and an image based on ± primary light, and of expanding only the image based on ± primary light,
The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the three images are arranged so as to project and form the three images substantially vertically with respect to the left and right eyes of the observer. The hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror have a shape in which the exit pupil of the image projection means is in the vicinity of the observer who observes the stereoscopic observation device, and is substantially longitudinally elongated with respect to the observer who observes the image. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the projection is performed on the stereoscopic observation apparatus. When white light is emitted from the image projection unit, the chromaticity (XYZ color system) inside the vertically long pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projection unit by the hologram type diffractive optical element and the Fresnel concave mirror is calculated. When the chromaticity at the center of the vertically elongated pupil is (x, y) = (X, Y),
(X, y) = (X ± 0.05, Y ± 0.05)
The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the area measured in the range of (5) includes the central portion of the elongated pupil and has a diameter of 50 mm or more. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a power of the hologram type diffractive optical element as a lens function is 1/10 or less of a power of the Fresnel concave mirror as a lens function. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the brightness of the image projection means is 200 ANSI lumens or less. The image projection unit has two image display units, and two image projection optical systems that project images displayed on the two image display units, and a normal line of an image projection surface of the hologram type diffractive optical element. The optical axes of the two image projection optical systems are substantially parallel to each other, and the image projection surface of the hologram type diffractive optical element and the image display surface of the two image display means are substantially parallel to each other. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein When the image projection unit projects an image for one eye from only one exit pupil, a measurement value obtained by measuring the luminance of the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil where the observer can observe the image, and observing the image The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a measured value obtained by measuring the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projection pupil that cannot be satisfied satisfies the following condition.
H2 / H1 <0.05
Here, H1 is a measurement value obtained by measuring the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projected pupil where the observer can observe the image, and H2 is the luminance at the center of the projected image from the center position of the projected pupil where the observer cannot observe the image. Is a measured value. The hologram-type diffractive optical element includes a plurality of light sources that are coherent with respect to the hologram recording material, and the other light sources are positioned near a center including a light emitting surface center of one light source and a normal to an exposure surface of the hologram recording material. It is manufactured by arranging the center of the light emitting surface and performing interference exposure of the light flux from each light source.
The hologram type diffractive optical element and the image projecting means may be configured such that a plane including the center of the light emitting surface of the one light source and the normal of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material connects a straight line connecting the centers of both eyes of the observer, The stereoscopic observation device according to claim 4, wherein the stereoscopic observation device is arranged in the stereoscopic observation device so as to be substantially orthogonal to a straight line connecting the centers of the two exit pupils of the means. The hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from a plurality of coherent light sources to the hologram recording material,
The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a distance from a center position of the recording surface of the hologram recording material to a center of each light emitting surface of the plurality of coherent light sources is substantially constant. The hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of cohering to the hologram recording material,
5. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein an angle at which the center of each of the two light sources is viewed from any position on the exposure surface of the hologram recording material is 20 ° or less. 6.
Here, the angle at which the center of each light emitting surface of the two light sources is seen is the angle formed by a line segment connecting an arbitrary point on the hologram recording material and the center of the light emitting surface of each light source. The hologram-type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources that are coherent to a hologram recording material. One of the two light sources is a first light source, and the other is a second light source. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the center of the light emitting surface of the first light source and the center of the light emitting surface of the second light source have a positional relationship satisfying the following condition.
0.9 <L1 / L2 <1.11
Here, L1 is the distance from the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the center of the first light source emission surface, and L2 is the distance from the center of the exposure surface of the hologram recording material to the center of the second light source emission surface. The hologram type diffractive optical element is manufactured by interference exposure of light beams from two light sources capable of cohering to the hologram recording material,
One of the two light sources is a first light source and the other is a second light source, and the longitudinal direction of the vertically long light emitting surface of the second light source connects the center of the first light emitting surface and the center of the second light emitting surface. The stereoscopic observation device according to claim 5, wherein the second light source has a light emitting surface shape that is substantially vertically elongated, and satisfies the following conditions.
L / S> 1.3
Here, L is the length in the longitudinal direction of the vertically long light source light emitting surface, and S is the length of the vertically long light source light emitting surface in the short direction. At least one of a primary image and a -primary image of the second light source generated by applying a monochromatic light beam from the first light source to the hologram type diffractive optical element alone is formed in the longitudinal direction of the image. The diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the central portion, and when the diffracted light intensity at the central portion of the image is set to 100%, the diffracted light intensity at the peripheral portion in the longitudinal direction of the image is 40% or more. The stereoscopic observation device according to claim 16. For the hologram type diffractive optical element alone, a primary image of the second light source generated by applying a monochromatic light beam from the first light source, and at least one image of the −1st order image, in the short direction of the image, The diffracted light intensity distribution is measured on a straight line passing through the center of the image, and when the intensity of the diffracted light at the center of the image is set to 100%, the intensity of the diffracted light at the peripheral portion in the lateral direction of the image is 60% or more. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 16, wherein: The stereoscopic observation device according to claim 4, wherein the hologram type diffractive optical element further has the following features.
・ Integrated with a bag-shaped plastic bag,
・ Furthermore, it is sterilized with a bag-shaped plastic bag,
・ Can cover Fresnel concave mirror,
・ It is disposable. The center of the pupil (center of the shape of the pupil) formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means by the primary light, and the pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means by the -1st light as well. (The center of the pupil shape) is the image projection position of the pupil with respect to the center of the pupil (center of the pupil shape) formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projection means with the zero-order light. 6. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the apparatus is separated by at least 50 mm. Of the pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means by the primary light and the pupil formed by projecting the exit pupil of the image projecting means by the -1st order light, 21. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 20, wherein an observer observes an image only from a pupil. 22. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the hologram type diffractive optical element has a diffusion angle of 8 [deg.] Or less at full width at half maximum of transmitted light intensity. 22. The stereoscopic observation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the hologram type diffractive optical element has a diffusion angle of 12 [deg.] Or less in a full width at which transmitted light intensity becomes 1/10.

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