JP2004191406A - Fixing device and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fixing device having a cleaning member that exhibits satisfactory, steady cleaning performance. <P>SOLUTION: A cleaning roller 25 is constructed by forming spiral grooves 27 in the peripheral face of a roller main body 26 from the middle C of the main body 26 outward in the directions of both its ends. The cleaning roller 25 rotates in pressure contact with the pressure roller (not shown) of the fixing device. Offset toner removed from the surface of the pressure roller by the cleaning roller 25 is guided toward one of the ends of the cleaning roller along the spiral groove 27. The toner is discharged from the end. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a fixing device in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a facsimile, a printer, and the like, and more particularly, to improvement in cleaning performance of a fixing member or a pressing member.
[0002]
[Prior art]
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-113736 In recent years, environmental protection and resource saving have been called for, and efforts to address environmental issues have become increasingly important issues. For this reason, various OA devices used in offices have also been proposed. The response is required without exception. For example, in an image forming apparatus such as a copier, a facsimile, a printer, etc., it is most effective to reduce the temperature of a fixing device that uses a large amount of electric power, so that the greatest power saving effect is achieved. In addition, lowering the melting point of the toner has been promoted.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, as the melting point of the toner lowers, although the power saving of the apparatus and the fixability to the paper are improved, as a side effect, the background dirt toner and a small amount of offset toner are collected to prevent the toner from adhering to the paper. The toner removed and accumulated by the cleaning member does not solidify and is kept in a molten state, so that the toner retaining ability of the cleaning member is reduced, and the removed and accumulated toner is re-transferred to paper. Occurs.
[0004]
As a technique for improving the performance of the cleaning member, Patent Document 1 discloses that a spiral projection or groove is provided on the peripheral surface of the cleaning roller.
[0005]
However, in order to more reliably prevent the toner from being re-transferred to the paper, it is necessary to further improve the cleaning property of the cleaning roller.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to solve the above-described problems in the conventional fixing device and to provide a fixing device and an image forming apparatus provided with a cleaning member exhibiting good and stable cleaning performance.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, there is provided a fixing device that includes a fixing member and a pressing member that are pressed against each other, and performs fixing by passing a recording medium carrying an unfixed image between the two members. Alternatively, a cleaning roller that takes in toner adhered to the fixing member or the pressing member by rotating in contact with the pressing member is attached to at least one of the fixing member and the pressing member, and a cleaning roller is provided on a peripheral surface of the cleaning roller. A spiral groove is provided, and the spiral groove has a direction of a screw in a reverse direction in the middle, and a direction of each screw is a direction toward both ends outward when the cleaning roller rotates. Will be resolved.
[0007]
Further, in order to solve the above problem, the present invention proposes that a scraper member is provided in contact with the surface of the cleaning roller outside an area corresponding to the maximum sheet size in the fixing device.
[0008]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention proposes that the cleaning roller has a circumferential groove on a peripheral surface thereof.
Further, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention proposes that the circumferential groove is provided at a position corresponding to a sheet size.
[0009]
Further, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention proposes that the width of the groove is larger at the bottom than at the opening.
Moreover, in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the present invention proposes that the groove has a rough surface from the opening to the bottom.
[0010]
According to the present invention, the above-mentioned object is achieved by an image forming apparatus including the fixing device according to any one of claims 1 to 6.
[0011]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration of an example of a fixing device according to the present invention. In the fixing device 20 shown in this figure, a pressing roller 22 is pressed against a fixing roller 21 as a fixing member by a pressing means (not shown) with a constant pressing force. The pressure roller 22 has an elastic layer such as silicone rubber. A heater 23 is built in the fixing roller 21. The heater 23 generates heat when supplied with electric power, and heats the fixing roller 21 from the inside. Further, a temperature sensor 24 is arranged in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the fixing roller 21 to detect the surface temperature of the fixing roller 1. A temperature sensor for detecting the fixing temperature may be provided on the pressure roller 22 side. A recording medium P such as a transfer paper carrying an unfixed toner image is passed through a nip where the fixing roller 21 and the pressure roller 22 are pressed against each other. Settled on top.
[0012]
The pressure roller 22 is provided with a cleaning roller 25 for removing offset toner, paper dust and the like. The cleaning roller 25 is driven to rotate in the same direction as the pressure roller 22 (counterclockwise in the drawing) by a driving unit (not shown), and at a contact portion with the pressure roller 22, both move in the counter direction. become. A spiral (spiral) groove, which will be described later, is provided on the peripheral surface of the cleaning roller 25. The offset toner removed from the peripheral surface of the pressure roller 22 by the cleaning roller 25 is removed by the cleaning roller 25 through the spiral groove. The toner is discharged from the end of the guide 25 toward the end.
[0013]
FIG. 2 is a front view and a side view showing the configuration of the cleaning roller.
As shown in the front view of FIG. 2B, the cleaning roller 25 of the present example has a spiral groove 27 provided on a peripheral surface of a roller body 26. In the groove 27, the direction of the spiral is reversed in the middle, and the direction of each spiral is determined when the cleaning roller 25 rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow in the side view of FIG. Each screw is provided at both ends of the roller so as to advance. In this example, the direction of the spiral is symmetrical with respect to the center line C in the roller axis direction, and when the cleaning roller 25 rotates, the collected toner gradually moves from the center in the roller axis direction to both ends. It is swept away. Therefore, the center line C is also the transport center of the collected toner.
[0014]
In the cleaning roller 25 of the present example, since the spiral groove 27 is provided on the peripheral surface, the roller surface area is increased (compared to a roller having the same outer diameter and the peripheral surface is flat), and the cleaning performance is improved. I do. Further, at the time of cleaning, the collected toner flows into the groove portion 27, so that the cleaning performance is large. Further, since the collected toner also has a function of transporting and discharging the collected toner, even if a large amount of toner is present on the pressure roller 22, the cleaning performance is stable. Can be demonstrated. Even if the toner is a low-melting toner, the cleaning property of the cleaning roller and the toner holding power are large, and the collected toner is gradually moved to both ends of the roller. Can be. Since the collected toner is conveyed from the center of the cleaning roller to both ends, the conveyance of the collected toner is quicker, and the toner retransfer to the pressure roller and the paper can be more effectively reduced.
[0015]
FIG. 3 is a front view showing another example of the cleaning roller.
In the cleaning roller 25B of the present embodiment, the spiral groove 27 provided on the peripheral surface thereof is arranged only in a portion corresponding to the maximum sheet size (in this embodiment, the sheet conveyance reference is set as the center reference). Spiral grooves 27 are not provided in both outer portions 26a of the paper size. A scraper 28 is arranged in contact with the portions 26a. The scraper 28 is a member for scraping off dirt such as toner and paper powder from the surface of the cleaning roller, and may be made of metal, a film material such as Mylar (trade name), a rubber blade, a nonwoven fabric, or the like. The direction in which the scraper 28 contacts the roller body 26 may be either the counter direction or the non-counter direction. However, in the case of a nonwoven fabric, the nonwoven fabric is provided so as to have a certain area so as to be in sliding contact with the roller body 26.
[0016]
In this example, the scraper 28 is placed in contact with both ends of the cleaning roller 25B, so that the toner collected by the cleaning roller 25B and guided to both ends of the roller can be scraped off, and the collected toner can be removed by the cleaning roller 25B. Contamination (toner retransfer or toner drop, etc.) due to stagnation at the end can be prevented. Since the scraper 28 is located at both outer portions 26a, 26a of the maximum sheet size, even when the cleaning roller circumferential surface is slid by the scraper, the influence (re-transfer) of the collected toner on the sheet can be prevented.
[0017]
When the scraper is brought into contact with the entirety of the cleaning roller in the axial direction, the load due to the scraper increases. In the case of this example, the scraper 28 comes into contact with only the both ends of the cleaning roller. Absent. In addition, a long scraper requires high accuracy of parts, which leads to an increase in cost. However, the scraper 28 in this embodiment is low in cost. Furthermore, compared to the case where the toner is scraped off over the entire width of the roller, the processing of the scraped-off toner (discharge to the outside of the fixing device) is easier.
[0018]
In the cleaning roller 25B of this example, the spiral groove 27 is provided only in the area corresponding to the maximum paper size. However, as in the cleaning roller 25 of FIG. 2, the spiral groove 27 is formed over the entire area in the roller axis direction. It may be provided (a scraper may be placed in contact with both ends of a cleaning roller provided with a spiral groove 27 over the entire area in the roller axis direction).
[0019]
FIG. 4 is a front view showing still another example of the cleaning roller.
As shown in this figure, the cleaning roller 25C of this example has a circumferential groove (hereinafter referred to as a circumferential groove) 29 at a predetermined location (a predetermined number) in addition to the spiral groove 27 on the peripheral surface thereof. Only) provided. As a result, the amount of retained toner collected by the cleaning roller 25C can be increased. Therefore, even when the amount of toner collected from the pressure roller 22 is large, the circumferential groove 29 is used as a place for temporarily holding the collected toner when the collected toner is conveyed to the cleaning roller ends by the spiral groove 27. Can be made to function, and toner overflow can be prevented when the amount of collected toner is large. The circumferential groove 29 can be provided also in the cleaning roller 25 described in FIG. 1 and the cleaning roller 25B described in FIG.
[0020]
In the cleaning roller 25C of the present example, the circumferential groove 29 is provided at a position corresponding to the sheet size used in the apparatus. FIG. 4 shows a state in which a circumferential groove 29 is provided at a position corresponding to A3, B4, A4, and B5 sizes (in this case, all vertical papers). Although only one side portion is shown in the drawing, a circumferential groove 29 is provided at a position corresponding to each size on the opposite side with respect to the center in the roller axis direction. By providing the circumferential groove 29 at a position corresponding to the paper size in this manner, paper dust coming out of the paper end (paper cutting portion) can be effectively collected and held by the cleaning roller, It is possible to prevent clogging and sticking due to mixing of toner and paper powder in a member (a pressure roller or a fixing roller).
[0021]
In the cleaning rollers 25, 25B, and 25C shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 described above, the groove 27 and the circumferential groove 29 have the same rectangular cross section from the opening to the groove bottom. As the spiral groove 27 or the circumferential groove 29, a groove having a sectional shape in which the groove width is wider at the bottom than at the opening can be used.
[0022]
For example, as shown in FIG. 5, a groove is formed in a trapezoidal cross section in which the bottom groove width Wt is larger than the opening groove width Wo (Wo> Wt). This makes it possible to increase the holding amount of the collected toner in the spiral groove 27 and the circumferential groove 29. Further, the toner solidifies in a cooled state, but since the width of the groove opening is narrower than the groove bottom, the solidified toner is less likely to jump out (than in the case of a rectangular cross section), and image stains due to toner fall (ground stains) are caused. ) Can be prevented.
[0023]
When the groove width Wt at the bottom is larger than the groove width Wo at the opening, the groove cross-section does not necessarily have to be trapezoidal (the wall is straight). For example, the wall portions on both sides in the groove cross section may be curved, as long as the bottom groove width Wt is larger than the opening groove width Wo.
[0024]
Further, it is preferable that the spiral groove 27 or the circumferential groove 29 is formed such that the roughness of the groove surface increases from the opening to the bottom. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the surface of the groove 27 is provided by blasting so that the groove surface is gradually roughened from the opening to the bottom. Blasting is also applied to the bottom of the groove. By doing this, in each groove, the surface property is smoother near the opening and rougher at the bottom, so the coefficient of friction near the bottom is higher, the adhesion of the collected toner is higher, and the cleaning roller collects the toner. The collected toner flows (moves) from the opening of the groove to the bottom, and the retransfer of the collected toner can be more effectively prevented.
[0025]
In FIG. 6, a description has been given of a configuration in which the groove width Wt at the bottom is larger than the groove width Wo at the opening. However, for a groove having a rectangular cross section, the roughness of the groove surface increases from the opening to the bottom. The same effect can be obtained also when forming in the following.
[0026]
In addition, as a method of roughening the groove surface, in addition to the blasting treatment, a fine streak may be formed (a difference in the number of streaks is provided), or a treatment for raising the groove surface may be performed.
[0027]
In each of the cleaning rollers 25, 25B, and 25C described above with reference to FIGS. 2, 3, and 4, when the cleaning roller is pressed against the pressure roller, the elastic layer on the surface of the pressure roller is deformed. The surface will bite into the spiral groove 27 or the circumferential groove 29 of the cleaning roller. However, as shown in FIG. 7, the material of the pressure roller is set such that the depth Dm of each groove is larger (Dk <Dm) than the bite amount (deformation amount) Dk of the surface of the pressure roller into the groove. Further, the pressure contact force between the pressure roller and the cleaning roller is set. For this reason, when the pressure roller and the cleaning roller are pressed against each other, the surface of the pressure roller cut into each groove does not contact the bottom surface of the groove, and there is a gap between the two. Thereby, the collected toner can be effectively held in the spiral groove 27 or the circumferential groove 29, and the collected toner accumulated in the groove does not contact the pressure roller, thereby preventing the toner from being retransferred. it can. Similar effects can be obtained by setting the relationship of Dk <Dm also in the groove configuration described with reference to FIGS.
[0028]
FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing an example of a cleaning roller in which a spiral groove 127 (the direction of a spiral line is not reversed in the middle) that advances in one direction is provided on the roller peripheral surface. The cleaning roller 125 shown in this figure has a single spiral groove 127 that moves in one direction.
[0029]
FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a cleaning roller 125B having two spiral grooves (127a, 127b) that move in one direction. In this cleaning roller 125B, two spiral grooves 127a and 127b that advance in one direction are provided on the roller peripheral surface at symmetrical positions with respect to the roller axis (in a positional relationship of 180 degrees). Since the cleaning roller 125B has two spiral grooves 127a and 127b, the amount of collected toner that can be held in the grooves can be increased. Further, since there are two paths for guiding the collected toner to the roller end, the conveyance of the collected toner is quick, and the retransfer of the collected toner can be more effectively prevented. The number of spiral grooves is not limited to two, but may be three or more.
[0030]
In the cleaning rollers 125 and 125B described in FIGS. 8 and 9, the configuration described in FIG. 5, that is, the configuration in which the bottom groove width Wt is larger than the opening groove width Wo can be adopted. Further, the configuration described with reference to FIG. 6, that is, the configuration in which the roughness of the groove surface is increased from the opening to the bottom can be adopted. Further, the pressure roller is configured such that the depth Dm of each groove is larger than the amount (deformation amount) Dk of the groove of the surface of the pressure roller described in FIG. 7 (Dk <Dm). And the pressure contact force between the pressure roller and the cleaning roller can be set.
[0031]
Next, another embodiment of the fixing device will be described with reference to FIG.
The fixing device 20B shown in this figure uses a fixing belt 35 which is an endless belt as a fixing member. In this example, the fixing belt 35 is stretched between the heating roller 21 and the support roller 34. The heating roller 21 has a built-in heater 23. The heater 23 generates heat when supplied with electric power, and heats the fixing belt 35 via the heating roller 21. The pressure roller 22 is pressed against the support roller 34 with the fixing belt 35 interposed therebetween. A cleaning roller 25 is pressed against the pressure roller 22. The cleaning roller 25 is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 2, and the description of the configuration and the operation and effect will be omitted. The cleaning roller may be the cleaning roller 25B described in FIG. 3 or the cleaning roller 25C described in FIG. Further, the cleaning roller 125B described with reference to FIG. 9 can be used. Each of the cleaning rollers can adopt the configuration described with reference to FIGS.
[0032]
In the example of FIG. 10, the support roller 34 is rotated by a driving mechanism (not shown) to rotate the fixing belt 35. The sheet P carrying the unfixed toner image is passed between the nips where the support roller 34 and the pressure roller 22 are pressed against each other. At this time, the sheet P is heated and pressed to fix the toner image on the sheet P. .
[0033]
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of a printer including the fixing device 20 of FIG. 1 as an example of an image forming apparatus including the fixing device according to the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, a charging unit 2, a developing device 3, a transfer unit 4, a cleaning unit 5, and the like are arranged around a photosensitive drum (image carrier) 1. An exposure position is located between the charging unit 2 and the developing device 3, and the writing light L from the exposure device 6 is applied to the photosensitive drum 1.
[0034]
During image formation, the surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is uniformly charged to a predetermined potential by the charging means 2. The charged surface of the photosensitive drum 1 is exposed by the irradiation light L to form an electrostatic latent image. The toner is applied from the developing device 3 to the electrostatic latent image to form a toner image.
[0035]
On the other hand, a paper feed cassette 7 is provided at a lower position of the apparatus. The paper feed cassette 7 includes a middle plate 8, and a sheet bundle placed on the middle plate is pressed against a feed roller 9 by a push-up mechanism (not shown). The recording paper is fed from above in the cassette by the rotation of the paper feed roller 9, separated into one by a separation pad 10, and sent out.
[0036]
The recording paper once stopped by the registration roller 11 is sent out at a timing synchronized with the toner image on the photosensitive drum 1. The transfer unit 4 transfers the toner image on the photosensitive drum 1 onto the recording paper. The recording paper to which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to the upper fixing device 20, and the toner image is fixed on the recording paper by heat and pressure. Thereafter, the paper is discharged by a paper discharge roller pair 16 to a paper discharge tray 17 provided on the upper surface of the apparatus, and is stacked with the image side down. Further, the toner remaining on the photoconductor drum 1 is removed by the cleaning unit 5 in contact with the photoconductor drum 1, and the electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor drum 1 is erased by a non-illustrated static elimination unit. 1 is returned to the initial state.
[0037]
In the figure, a manual feed tray 14 is provided on the right side of the apparatus. Reference numeral 15 denotes a paper feed roller of a manual tray. An operation panel 12 is provided on an upper surface of the apparatus exterior unit 13. Further, in a case 30 adjacent to the exposure device 6, an electric device and a control device such as a power supply circuit 31, an engine driver board 32, and a controller board 33 are housed.
[0038]
The fixing device 20 has the same configuration as that described with reference to FIG. 1, and includes a cleaning roller 25 that is pressed against a pressure roller. The cleaning roller 25 is the same as that described with reference to FIG. Further, the cleaning roller may be the cleaning roller 25B described in FIG. 3 or the cleaning roller 25C described in FIG. Further, the cleaning roller 125B described with reference to FIG. 9 can be used. Each of the cleaning rollers can adopt the configuration described with reference to FIGS. The configuration and operation of the cleaning roller will not be described because they are redundant.
[0039]
As described above, the present invention has been described with reference to the illustrated examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and can be appropriately changed.
For example, the pressure roller provided with the cleaning roller may have a built-in heater. Further, a cleaning roller can be provided for the fixing roller. In that case, the fixing roller preferably has an elastic layer on the surface layer. The method of heating the fixing roller or the pressure roller is not limited to the method using a built-in heater, but may be any method, for example, a method in which a roller core is directly heated by a resistor, or an induction heating method.
[0040]
Further, the cleaning roller according to the present invention can be provided for the fixing belt of the belt fixing device. For example, in the belt fixing device of FIG. 6, a cleaning roller 25 (25B, 25C) can be provided so as to be in pressure contact with the fixing belt 35 so as to face the support roller 34.
[0041]
The cleaning roller according to the present invention may be provided for both the pressure roller and the fixing roller (the fixing member including the fixing belt).
[0042]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the fixing device and the image forming apparatus of the present invention, the cleaning roller attached to at least one of the fixing member and the pressing member is provided with a spiral groove on the peripheral surface, Since the direction of the spiral is reversed in the middle of the groove, and the direction of each spiral is directed toward the outside of both ends when the cleaning roller is rotated, the surface area of the cleaning roller is increased and removed. By the toner flowing into the spiral groove, excellent cleaning performance can be obtained. Further, since the toner holding ability is high and the removed toner can be quickly moved to both ends of the roller, retransfer of the toner can be prevented even if the toner has a low melting point.
[0043]
According to the configuration of claim 2, since the scraper member is provided in contact with the surface of the cleaning roller outside the area corresponding to the maximum paper size in the fixing device, it is possible to scrape off the toner and paper dust removed by the cleaning roller. it can.
[0044]
According to the configuration of the third aspect, since the cleaning roller has a circumferential groove on the peripheral surface, the circumferential groove can function as a temporary holding place when the collected toner is conveyed to both ends of the cleaning roller, and the toner can be collected. It is possible to prevent toner overflow when the amount is large.
[0045]
According to the configuration of the fourth aspect, since the circumferential groove is provided at a position corresponding to the sheet size, the paper dust coming out of the sheet end (sheet cutting section) can be effectively collected and held by the cleaning roller. Thus, clogging and sticking due to mixing of toner and paper powder can be prevented.
[0046]
According to the configuration of the fifth aspect, the width of the bottom portion is larger than the width of the opening portion, so that the holding amount of the collected toner in the spiral groove and the circumferential groove can be increased. Further, the solidified toner is less likely to fly out, and it is possible to prevent the occurrence of image stains due to toner drop.
[0047]
According to the configuration of claim 6, since the surface of the groove is roughened from the opening to the bottom, the adhesion of the collected toner is increased at the groove bottom, and the collected toner flows from the opening of the groove to the bottom. (Moved), and retransfer of the recovered toner can be more effectively prevented.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a main configuration of an example of a fixing device according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view and a front view showing a cleaning roller attached to a pressure roller of the fixing device.
FIG. 3 is a front view showing another example of the cleaning roller.
FIG. 4 is a partial front view showing still another example of the cleaning roller.
FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view for explaining a cross-sectional shape of a spiral groove.
FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view showing blasting of a groove surface.
FIG. 7 is a front view for explaining biting of a pressure roller into a groove of a cleaning roller.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating an example of a cleaning roller provided with a spiral groove that advances in one direction.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a cleaning roller having two spiral grooves extending in one direction.
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a main part showing another embodiment of the fixing device.
11 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a schematic configuration of a printer including the fixing device of FIG.
[Explanation of symbols]
20, 20B Fixing device 21 Fixing roller 22 Pressure roller 23 Heater 25, 25B, 25C Cleaning roller 26 Roller body 27 Spiral groove 28 Scraper 29 Circular groove 34 Support roller 35 Fixing belt 125, 125B Cleaning roller P Paper

Claims (7)

A fixing device having a fixing member and a pressing member that are pressed against each other, and performing fixing by passing a recording medium carrying an unfixed image between the two members,
A cleaning roller for taking in toner adhered to the fixing member or the pressing member by rotating in contact with the fixing member or the pressing member is attached to at least one of the fixing member or the pressing member,
Spiral grooves are provided on the peripheral surface of the cleaning roller, and the spiral grooves have the directions of the spirals reversed in the middle, and the directions of the spirals are both outer ends when the cleaning roller rotates. The fixing device is directed in a direction toward the fixing device. 2. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein a scraper member is provided in contact with a surface of the cleaning roller outside an area corresponding to a maximum sheet size in the fixing device. The fixing device according to claim 1, further comprising a circumferential groove on a peripheral surface of the cleaning roller. The fixing device according to claim 3, wherein the circumferential groove is provided at a position corresponding to a sheet size. The fixing device according to claim 1, wherein the width of the bottom of the groove is larger than the width of the opening. The fixing device according to any one of claims 1, 3, 4, and 5, wherein a surface roughness of the groove is increased from an opening toward a bottom. An image forming apparatus comprising the fixing device according to claim 1.

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