JP2004107771A - Hard coated film excellent in adhesion and its forming process - Google Patents

Hard coated film excellent in adhesion and its forming process Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004107771A
JP2004107771A JP2002274916A JP2002274916A JP2004107771A JP 2004107771 A JP2004107771 A JP 2004107771A JP 2002274916 A JP2002274916 A JP 2002274916A JP 2002274916 A JP2002274916 A JP 2002274916A JP 2004107771 A JP2004107771 A JP 2004107771A
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Prior art keywords
adhesion
metal
hard coating
phase
nitride
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Inventor
Hisashi Watanabe
渡邊 久
Saburo Otani
大谷三郎
Akiro Ando
安藤 彰朗
Tomotsugu Nie
聶 朝胤
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Ion Engineering Research Institute Corp
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Ion Engineering Research Institute Corp
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  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
  • Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Gears, Cams (AREA)

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a hard coated film showing an excellent adhesion, even under severe conditions employed for applying direct fuel injection or EGR (exhaust gas recirculation), etc. for reducing Co<SB>2</SB>and No<SB>x</SB>in exhaust gas and improving fuel consumption of an automobile engine, etc. or under conditions for using tools, and its forming process. <P>SOLUTION: The obtained hard coating film comprises a mixed structure comprising 95-99.5% crystalline phase comprising a nitride, carbide or carbonitride of a metal and the balance being an amorphous phase. The hard coating film is formed through PVD method by contacting a substrate with metal vapor and a reactive gas. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、各種産業機械、輸送機器等のエンジン、自動車エンジンの摺動部材、特にカム・シムのシム(カムフォロア)、ピストンリングおよび工具を対象とする。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
往復動内燃機関に使用されるピストンリングには高度な耐摩耗特性が要求される。それ故、ピストンリングに耐摩耗特性を付与することを目的として、摺動面に硬質クロムめっき層を形成させたピストンリングが内燃機関用ピストンリングとして従来から多用されてきた。ところで、近年、内燃機関がますます高速化、高出力化する趨勢にあり、したがってピストンリングの使用条件もますます過酷なものとなってきている。そのため、たとえば特開平7−286261号公報ではCrNとCr2Nの混合からなる被膜が開示されており、耐摩耗性の観点から適切なピストンリング用被覆層を提示している。また、特願2001−064998号においては金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物よりなる結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織よりなる被膜を基材上に被覆してなる摺動部材を好適とし、特に該被膜の結晶相の割合が5%から95%で、残部を非晶質相であることを特徴とする上記混合組織よりなる被膜を有する摺動部材としている。この被膜は耐摩耗性に優れているが、密着力について十分とはいえないことがわかった。
【0003】
一方、内燃機関の動弁機構であるカム・シムについてはカムでは合金鋳鉄、シムでは合金鋼の浸炭焼入れ材が一般には使用されている。表面粗さの低減を図るため、シムに高硬度薄膜をコーティングした例が特開平5−163909号公報に開示されている。これはシムに形成された高硬度の被膜により相手側のカム面を鏡面化して摩擦抵抗を低減するものである。該高硬度薄膜としてTiNが好適である旨記載されている。
【0004】
また、工具については耐摩耗性を向上するため各種成分系被膜が検討されている。たとえば特開平7−18416号公報ではTiN層とその上にTiAlN層を設けた2層構造の被膜を開示しているが、密着力の記述はない。
【0005】
このように、ピストンリング、シム等の耐摩耗性を向上するためピストンリングではクロムめっきに加え、CrN被膜等、シムではTiN被膜等、工具ではTiAlN被膜等が検討されてきた。
【特許文献1】特開平7−286261号公報
【特許文献2】特開平5−163909号公報
【特許文献3】特開平7−18416号公報
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
ところが、これらの被膜は環境保全および省エネルギーの観点から重要な、自動車排気ガス中のCO、NO低減及び燃費向上のための燃料直接噴射やEGR(排ガス再循環)が適用されたときの過酷な条件、および工具の使用条件に必要な密着力が見込めなかった。そこで本発明は自動車排気ガス中のCO、NO低減及び燃費向上のための燃料直接噴射やEGR(排ガス再循環)等の過酷な摩耗条件や工具使用条件でも密着性よく基材に被覆できる硬質被膜を得ることを目的とするものである。なお、自動車以外の内燃機関でも同様に過酷な条件が求められており、そのためにも十分な密着性のある硬質被膜を得ることを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、第1に金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物よりなる結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織よりなり、結晶相の割合が95%〜99.5%で、残部が非晶質相である密着性にすぐれた硬質被膜、第2に上記硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とするピストンリング、第3に上記硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とするカム・シムのシム、第4に上記硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とする工具、第5に上記記載の硬質被膜においてPVD法により金属蒸気、反応ガスと基材を接触させることにより形成することを特徴とする硬質被膜の製造方法を提供することで上記課題を解決する。
【0008】
【実施の形態】
金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物よりなる結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織よりなる被膜においては被膜の破壊で重要な転位の移動は結晶相内で起こる。転位が結晶粒界に移動したとしても結晶粒界が非晶質相であるため転位の移動がそこで阻止される。したがって硬度(強度)が上昇する。その他の破壊に関わる重要な要素としてはクラックの発生が挙げられるが、クラックの発生は非晶質相で起こると考えられ、その大きさは結晶粒界のため限定される。このようにして高硬度(高強度)の被膜が得られる。
【0009】
ところで、金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物よりなる結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織よりなる被膜においては、結晶相の割合が95%〜99.5%で、残部が非晶質相である被膜を基材上に被覆してなる硬質被膜は密着性がよく、上記課題を解決できる。結晶相が95%未満では非晶質相が多すぎて密着力が十分ではない。また、結晶相が99.5%より大きいと結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織の上述の効果が十分でなくなり、硬度が低下し、摩耗しやすくなる。
【0010】
より好ましくは結晶相としてCrまたはTiの窒化物または炭化物または炭窒化物、非晶質相としてSiの窒化物または炭化物または炭窒化物を選択すれば効果的である。
【0011】
これらの被膜は自動車エンジン用摺動部材、特にピストンリング、カム・シムのシムおよび工具に適用すると効果が顕著に現われる。
【0012】
これらの被膜の作製方法については、PVD法、好ましくは減圧された窒素ガス雰囲気中あるいはメタン等炭化水素ガス雰囲気中で金属クロムまたは金属チタンまたはシリコン等を混合した金属蒸気の蒸着過程で結晶相である金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物、非晶質相である金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物の混合組織を生成させることにより形成できる。
【0013】
以下に本発明の実施例を示すが、本発明はそれらによりなんら束縛されるものではない。
【0014】
【実施例1】
金属の窒化物として、Crの窒化物とSiの窒化物を選び、Cr−Siの混合金属を用い、PVD法の1種であるイオンプレーティング法にて成膜した。具体的にはCrとSiを混合したターゲットを用意し、アーク式イオンプレーティング法にて以下の条件で成膜した。
【0015】
アーク電流:150A
バイアス電圧:100V
圧力:2.66Pa
【0016】
ここで、ターゲットのCr、Siの混合割合を適当に変え、結晶相、非晶質相の割合を変えてみた。そのときの結晶相の割合を変化させた被膜の密着性をクロムめっき材、TiNコーティング材を100として評価した相対密着力の関係を表1に示す。その結果、結晶相の割合が94.5%であると、相対密着力が90以下となり、通常用いられているクロムめっき、TiNコーティングの密着力よりも小さくなり適当ではない。一方、結晶相の割合が95.5%であると、相対密着力が110以上となり、十分な密着力があるとわかった。したがって密着力の観点から、結晶相の割合は95%以上必要である。
【0017】
【表1】

Figure 2004107771
【0018】
また、結晶相の割合と相対摩耗量の関係を表1に示す。摩擦摩耗試験条件および方法をそれぞれ表2、図1に示す。試験の結果、結晶相の割合が95%以下で相対摩耗量は20以下となる。他方、結晶相の割合が98%になると、相対摩耗量は50以上となるが、相対密着力は115以上で密着力は優れていた。また、結晶相の割合が99.5%では相対摩耗量は60以上となるが、相対密着力は115以上であり、高密着力である。さらに、結晶相の割合が99.8%では、相対摩耗量はクロムめっき、TiN被膜以上に大きくなるため不適とした。
【0019】
【表2】
Figure 2004107771
【0020】
【実施例2】
金属の窒化物として、Tiの窒化物とSiの窒化物を選び、PVD法の1種であるイオンプレーティング法にて成膜した。その結果、Tiの窒化物が結晶相、Siの窒化物が非晶質相の複合被膜を得ることができた。結晶相の割合は96%であった。密着力を測るとクロムめっきに対して112、TiN被膜に対して108であり、従来材よりも高い密着力が得られた。
【0021】
【実施例3】
金属の炭窒化物として、Tiの炭窒化物とSiの窒化物を選び、PVD法の1種であるイオンプレーティング法にて成膜した。その結果、TiCNが結晶相、Siの窒化物が非晶質相の複合被膜を得ることができた。結晶相の割合は97%であった。この被膜の密着力を測定したところ、クロムめっきに対して115、TiN被膜に対して110であり、従来材よりも高い密着力が得られた。
【0022】
【実施例4】
金属の炭窒化物として、Crの炭窒化物とSiの窒化物を選び、PVD法の1種であるイオンプレーティング法にてCrSiCN被膜を成膜した。その結果、CrCNが結晶相、Siの窒化物が非晶質相の複合被膜を得ることができた。結晶相の割合は97.5%であった。この被膜を実施例1と同様にして密着力を測定した。その結果、クロムめっきに対して117、TiN被膜に対して113であり、従来材よりも高い密着力が得られた。
【0023】
【発明の効果】
本発明により自動車排気ガス中のCO、NO低減のための燃料直接噴射やEGR(排ガス再循環)等が適用された場合の過酷な摩耗条件や工具使用条件でも従来以上の密着性が得られる被膜を得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】図1は摩擦摩耗試験方法を示す図である。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a sliding member of an engine of various industrial machines, transportation equipment, etc., an automobile engine, in particular, a shim (cam follower) of a cam shim, a piston ring and a tool.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A piston ring used in a reciprocating internal combustion engine is required to have high wear resistance. Therefore, for the purpose of imparting wear resistance to the piston ring, a piston ring having a hard chromium plating layer formed on a sliding surface has been frequently used as a piston ring for an internal combustion engine. By the way, in recent years, internal combustion engines have been trending toward higher speeds and higher powers, and thus the use conditions of piston rings have become increasingly severe. Therefore, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-286261 discloses a coating made of a mixture of CrN and Cr2N, and proposes a coating layer for a piston ring that is appropriate from the viewpoint of wear resistance. Also, in Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-064998, there is disclosed a sliding method in which a coating made of a mixed structure of a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase made of a metal nitride, a metal carbide, or a metal carbonitride is coated on a substrate. The sliding member is preferably a member having a coating composed of the above-mentioned mixed structure, characterized in that the ratio of the crystal phase of the coating is 5% to 95% and the remainder is an amorphous phase. It was found that this coating was excellent in abrasion resistance, but was not sufficient in adhesion.
[0003]
On the other hand, for cams and shims which are valve mechanisms of internal combustion engines, alloy cast iron is generally used for cams, and carburized and quenched material of alloy steel is generally used for shims. JP-A-5-163909 discloses an example in which a shim is coated with a high-hardness thin film in order to reduce the surface roughness. This is to reduce the frictional resistance by mirror-finishing the cam surface on the other side with a high hardness film formed on the shim. It is described that TiN is suitable as the high hardness thin film.
[0004]
For the tool, various component-based coatings have been studied to improve wear resistance. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 7-18416 discloses a coating having a two-layer structure in which a TiN layer and a TiAlN layer are provided thereon, but there is no description of adhesion.
[0005]
As described above, in order to improve the wear resistance of piston rings, shims, etc., in addition to chromium plating for piston rings, CrN coatings and the like, TiN coatings and the like for shims, and TiAlN coatings and the like for tools have been studied.
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-7-286261 [Patent Document 2] JP-A-5-163909 [Patent Document 3] JP-A-7-18416
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, severe when these coatings which important from the viewpoint of environmental conservation and energy conservation, direct fuel injection and EGR for the CO 2, NO x reduction and improved fuel economy in automotive exhaust gas (exhaust gas recirculation) is applied The adhesion required for the various conditions and tool use conditions could not be expected. The present invention can direct fuel injection and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) coating with good adhesion substrates even under severe wear conditions or tools used condition such as for CO 2, NO x reduction and improved fuel economy in automotive exhaust gas The purpose is to obtain a hard coating. It should be noted that harsh conditions are similarly required for internal combustion engines other than automobiles, and for that purpose, it is an object to obtain a hard coating with sufficient adhesion.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention firstly comprises a mixed structure of a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase comprising a metal nitride or a metal carbide or a metal carbonitride, wherein the proportion of the crystalline phase is 95% to 99.5%, A hard coating having excellent adhesion, the remainder being an amorphous phase, a piston ring using the second hard coating, and a cam shim using a third hard coating third. The fourth is a tool characterized by using the above-mentioned hard coating, and the fifth is to form the above-mentioned hard coating by contacting a metal vapor or a reaction gas with a base material by a PVD method in the above-mentioned hard coating. The above-mentioned problem is solved by providing a method for producing a hard coating.
[0008]
Embodiment
In a film composed of a mixed structure of a crystal phase and an amorphous phase composed of a metal nitride or a metal carbide or a metal carbonitride, dislocation movement important in the destruction of the film occurs in the crystal phase. Even if dislocations move to the grain boundaries, the dislocations are stopped there because the grain boundaries are in an amorphous phase. Therefore, hardness (strength) increases. Other important factors related to fracture include the generation of cracks. The generation of cracks is considered to occur in the amorphous phase, and the size is limited due to crystal grain boundaries. In this way, a coating having high hardness (high strength) is obtained.
[0009]
By the way, in a film composed of a mixed structure of a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase composed of a metal nitride or a metal carbide or a metal carbonitride, the proportion of the crystalline phase is 95% to 99.5%, and the balance is A hard film formed by coating a film which is an amorphous phase on a substrate has good adhesion and can solve the above-mentioned problems. If the crystal phase is less than 95%, the amount of the amorphous phase is too large and the adhesion is not sufficient. On the other hand, if the crystal phase is more than 99.5%, the above-mentioned effect of the mixed structure of the crystal phase and the amorphous phase is not sufficient, and the hardness is reduced, and the material is easily worn.
[0010]
More preferably, it is effective to select a nitride or carbide or carbonitride of Cr or Ti as the crystal phase and a nitride or carbide or carbonitride of Si as the amorphous phase.
[0011]
These coatings have a remarkable effect when applied to sliding parts for automobile engines, in particular, piston rings, cam shims and shims.
[0012]
Regarding the method of forming these coatings, PVD method, preferably in a reduced pressure nitrogen gas atmosphere or in a hydrocarbon gas atmosphere such as methane, in the vapor phase of metal vapor mixed with metal chromium or metal titanium or silicon, etc. It can be formed by forming a mixed structure of a certain metal nitride or metal carbide or metal carbonitride, an amorphous phase of metal nitride or metal carbide or metal carbonitride.
[0013]
Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
[0014]
Embodiment 1
As the metal nitride, a nitride of Cr and a nitride of Si were selected, and a mixed metal of Cr-Si was used to form a film by an ion plating method, which is a kind of PVD method. Specifically, a target in which Cr and Si were mixed was prepared, and a film was formed by an arc ion plating method under the following conditions.
[0015]
Arc current: 150A
Bias voltage: 100V
N 2 pressure: 2.66 Pa
[0016]
Here, the mixing ratio of Cr and Si of the target was appropriately changed, and the ratio of the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase was changed. Table 1 shows the relationship between the relative adhesion and the adhesion of the coating film in which the proportion of the crystal phase was changed, where the chromium plating material and the TiN coating material were evaluated as 100. As a result, when the ratio of the crystal phase is 94.5%, the relative adhesion becomes 90 or less, which is smaller than the adhesion of the chromium plating or TiN coating which is usually used, which is not appropriate. On the other hand, when the proportion of the crystal phase was 95.5%, the relative adhesion was 110 or more, indicating that there was sufficient adhesion. Therefore, from the viewpoint of adhesion, the proportion of the crystal phase needs to be 95% or more.
[0017]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004107771
[0018]
Table 1 shows the relationship between the ratio of the crystal phase and the relative wear amount. Table 2 and FIG. 1 show the frictional wear test conditions and methods, respectively. As a result of the test, the relative wear amount is 20 or less when the proportion of the crystal phase is 95% or less. On the other hand, when the proportion of the crystal phase was 98%, the relative wear amount was 50 or more, but the relative adhesion was 115 or more, and the adhesion was excellent. Further, when the proportion of the crystal phase is 99.5%, the relative wear amount is 60 or more, but the relative adhesion is 115 or more, which is a high adhesion. Further, when the proportion of the crystal phase was 99.8%, the relative wear was larger than that of the chromium plating or TiN film, so that it was unsuitable.
[0019]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004107771
[0020]
Embodiment 2
Ti nitrides and Si nitrides were selected as metal nitrides, and films were formed by ion plating, which is one type of PVD method. As a result, a composite film in which the nitride of Ti was in a crystalline phase and the nitride of Si was in an amorphous phase could be obtained. The proportion of the crystal phase was 96%. The adhesion was 112 for chromium plating and 108 for TiN coating, indicating that the adhesion was higher than that of the conventional material.
[0021]
Embodiment 3
Ti carbonitrides and Si nitrides were selected as metal carbonitrides, and were formed by ion plating, which is one type of PVD method. As a result, a composite film having a crystalline phase of TiCN and an amorphous phase of Si nitride could be obtained. The proportion of the crystalline phase was 97%. When the adhesion of this film was measured, it was 115 for the chromium plating and 110 for the TiN film, and a higher adhesion than the conventional material was obtained.
[0022]
Embodiment 4
Cr carbonitrides and Si nitrides were selected as metal carbonitrides, and a CrSiCN film was formed by an ion plating method, which is one type of PVD method. As a result, a composite film having a crystalline phase of CrCN and an amorphous phase of Si nitride could be obtained. The ratio of the crystal phase was 97.5%. The adhesion of this film was measured in the same manner as in Example 1. As a result, the value was 117 for the chromium plating and 113 for the TiN film, and higher adhesion than the conventional material was obtained.
[0023]
【The invention's effect】
Direct fuel injection and EGR harsh adhesion even over conventionally wear conditions and tool operating conditions when exhaust gas recirculation () or the like is applied to obtain for the CO 2, NO x reduction of automobile exhaust gas according to the present invention The resulting coating can be obtained.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a friction and wear test method.

Claims (5)

金属の窒化物または金属の炭化物または金属の炭窒化物よりなる結晶相および非晶質相の混合組織よりなり、結晶相の割合が95%〜99.5%で、残部が非晶質相である密着性にすぐれた硬質被膜。It is composed of a mixed structure of a crystal phase and an amorphous phase composed of a metal nitride or a metal carbide or a metal carbonitride. Hard coating with excellent adhesion. 請求項1に記載の硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とするピストンリング。A piston ring using the hard coating according to claim 1. 請求項1に記載の硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とするカム・シムのシム。A cam shim using the hard coating according to claim 1. 請求項1に記載の硬質被膜を用いたことを特徴とする工具。A tool using the hard coating according to claim 1. 請求項1ないし4の何れかに一項記載の硬質被膜においてPVD法により金属蒸気、反応ガスと基材を接触させることにより形成することを特徴とする硬質被膜の製造方法。The method for producing a hard coating according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the hard coating is formed by bringing a metal vapor or a reactive gas into contact with a substrate by a PVD method.
JP2002274916A 2002-09-20 2002-09-20 Hard coated film excellent in adhesion and its forming process Pending JP2004107771A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008014228A (en) * 2006-07-06 2008-01-24 Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd Piston ring for internal-combustion engine

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008014228A (en) * 2006-07-06 2008-01-24 Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd Piston ring for internal-combustion engine

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