JP2004071361A - Fluorine-based ion exchange membrane - Google Patents

Fluorine-based ion exchange membrane Download PDF

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JP2004071361A
JP2004071361A JP2002229265A JP2002229265A JP2004071361A JP 2004071361 A JP2004071361 A JP 2004071361A JP 2002229265 A JP2002229265 A JP 2002229265A JP 2002229265 A JP2002229265 A JP 2002229265A JP 2004071361 A JP2004071361 A JP 2004071361A
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ion exchange
fluorine
exchange membrane
film
based ion
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JP4601243B2 (en
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Yuichi Inoue
井上 祐一
Takuya Hasegawa
長谷川 卓也
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Asahi Kasei Corp
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Asahi Kasei Corp
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane, stretched and oriented to have high mechanical strength, high conductivity, and low heat shrinkage. <P>SOLUTION: The fluorine-based ion exchange membrane is 1-500μm in thickness and 0.0005-0.0035 in film surface orientation (ΔP). <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、固体高分子型燃料電池の電解質かつ隔膜として使用されるフッ素系イオン交換膜に関するものであり、特に電解質かつ隔膜として性能が優れたフッ素系イオン交換膜に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
燃料電池は、水素やメタノール等の燃料を電気化学的に酸化することによって電気エネルギーを取り出す一種の発電装置であり、近年クリーンなエネルギー供給源として注目されている。燃料電池は用いる電解質の種類によって、リン酸型、溶融炭酸塩型、固体酸化物型、固体高分子電解質型等に分類されるが、このうち固体高分子電解質型燃料電池は標準的な作動温度が100℃以下と低く、かつエネルギー密度が高いことから電気自動車などの電源として幅広い応用が期待されている。
【0003】
固体高分子電解質型燃料電池の基本構成はイオン交換膜とその両面に接合された一対のガス拡散電極から成っており、一方の電極に水素、他方に酸素を供給し、両電極間を外部負荷回路に接続することによって発電を起こすものである。より具体的には、水素側電極でプロトンと電子が生成され、プロトンはイオン交換膜の内部を移動して酸素側電極に達した後、酸素と反応して水を生成する。一方、水素側電極から導線を伝って流れ出した電子は外部負荷回路において電気エネルギーが取り出された後、さらに導線を伝って酸素側電極に達し、前記水生成反応の進行に寄与する。イオン交換膜の要求特性としては、第一に高いイオン伝導性が挙げられるが、プロトンがイオン交換膜の内部を移動する際は水分子が水和することによって安定化すると考えられるため、イオン伝導性と共に高い含水性と水分散性も重要な要求特性となっている。また、イオン交換膜は水素と酸素の直接反応を防止するバリアとしての機能を担うため、ガスに対する低透過性が要求される。その他の要求特性としては、燃料電池運転中の強い酸化雰囲気に耐えるための化学的安定性や、更なる薄膜化に耐え得る機械強度を挙げることができる。
【0004】
固体高分子電解質型燃料電池に使用されるイオン交換膜の材質としては、高い化学的安定性を有することからフッ素系イオン交換樹脂が広く用いられており、中でも主鎖がパーフルオロカーボンで側鎖末端にスルホン酸基を有するデュポン社製の「ナフィオン(登録商標)」が広く用いられている。こうしたフッ素系イオン交換樹脂は固体高分子電解質材料として概ねバランスのとれた特性を有するが、当該電池の実用化が進むにつれて更なる物性の改善が要求されるようになってきた。
【0005】
例えば高電流密度化や膜内水分均一化を高いレベルで達成すべく、イオン交換膜の薄膜化は今後一層重要性を増すと考えられるが、このためにはイオン交換膜の機械強度を向上させる必要がある。同様に、長期耐久性改良の観点からも高強度化への要求が高まりつつある。延伸技術は膜やフィルムの機械強度を向上させるための有効な手段の一つであり、延伸によって高強度のイオン交換膜を得る方法は既に知られている。特開昭60−149631号公報にはイオン交換樹脂を液状有機化合物で膨潤させたもの、又は、イオン交換樹脂の溶融加工可能な前駆体を含フッ素液状有機化合物で膨潤させたもの、に対して少なくとも1つの平面方向に延伸する製造方法が開示されている。
【0006】
また、上記公報の実施例1では、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂を125℃で縦・横方向に2×2倍に延伸することにより、機械強度が2.8×107 Paから6.3×107 Paに上昇することが開示されている。しかしながら、当該実施例による延伸膜は熱収縮が大きいことが明らかになっており、例えば膜電極接合体(MEA)作成時の熱プレス相当温度に暴露すると大きな熱収縮が発生し配向が緩和する、熱水中において膜が収縮する、等の問題点が見出されている(本明細書比較例3参照)。このように、延伸配向したフィルムは高い機械強度を発現するが、多くの場合、熱収縮が大きいために高温加工を伴うような用途、特に燃料電池用途への適用に対して制限がある。また、上記公報の実施例13では、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を70℃で縦・横方向に2×2倍に延伸することにより、機械強度が3.3×107 Paから3.5×107 Paに上昇することが開示されている。これは延伸温度が高いため、延伸応力の発生を伴わない状態で延伸した、すなわち面配向度が小さいことが考えられ、機械強度の上昇は実施例1の延伸膜に比べて著しく小さく、高強度を達成できないという問題点が見出されている。
以上のように、高強度化に関する従来技術は単純な延伸への試みにとどまっており、特に熱収縮が大きいことから燃料電池用イオン交換膜として産業上有用な技術の開示とはなり得ていなかった。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、延伸配向させることで機械強度、伝導度が高く、かつ熱収縮の低いフッ素系イオン交換膜を提供することを目的とする。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
延伸配向させることで、機械強度が上昇するが、一方で熱収縮率も上昇し、問題となっている。本発明者らは前記課題を解決するため鋭意検討を重ねた結果、面配向度を0.0005〜0.0035の範囲に規定することで、機械強度、イオン伝導性、かつ耐熱寸法安定性に優れることを見出し本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜を完成させるに至った。
【0009】
すなわち本発明は、
(1)膜厚1〜500μm、フィルム面配向度(ΔP)が0.0005〜0.0035であることを特徴とするフッ素系イオン交換膜、
(2)80℃熱水による強度低下率が10%以下であることを特徴とする(1)に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜、
(3)フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体からフッ素系イオン交換膜を製造する方法において、
1)イオン交換基前駆体を有するフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を成膜する工程、
2)該前駆体の膜を配向させる工程、
3)該前駆体の膜の配向状態を維持しながら拘束下でイオン交換基前駆体を加水分解してイオン交換膜を得る工程、かつ前記工程のあとに該フッ素系イオン交換膜にα分散温度以上の熱履歴を与えないことを特徴とするフッ素系イオン交換膜の製造方法、
(4)(1)又は(2)に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜を備えることを特徴とする膜電極接合体、
(5)(1)又は(2)に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子電解質型燃料電池に関する。
【0010】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。
まず、本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜について説明する。
延伸配向したフィルムは高い機械強度を発現するが、多くの場合、熱収縮が大きいために高温加工を伴うような用途、特に燃料電池用途への適用に対して制限があった。これに対して本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜は、通常のフッ素系イオン交換膜の優れた特性を失うことなく、高い機械強度、イオン伝導性および良好な耐熱寸法安定性を有することから、例えば燃料電池用イオン交換膜として特に好適に使用することが可能である。
(膜厚)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の膜厚は、1μm以上が好ましく、より好ましくは5μm以上、さらに好ましくは10μm以上である。膜厚が1μmより小さい場合は水素や酸素の拡散により前記したような直接反応の不都合が発生しやすいとともに、燃料電池製造時の取り扱いや燃料電池運転中の差圧・歪み等によって膜の損傷等の不都合が発生しやすい。また、500μmより大きい膜厚を有する膜は一般にイオン透過性が低いため、イオン交換膜として十分な性能を持たない可能性がある。膜厚の好ましい上限は500μm以下が好ましく、より好ましくは100μm以下、さらに好ましくは50μm以下である。具体的に好ましい範囲としては、1〜500μm、より好ましくは5〜100μm、さらに好ましくは10〜50μmである。
【0011】
(面配向度)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の特徴として挙げられるのが面配向度であり、いくら配向を行ってもこの値が一定値以上を示さなければ、単なる薄膜化に過ぎず、機械強度の向上は望めない。一方で、一定値以上に延伸すると、熱収縮率が上昇し、実用性に欠ける。
また、イオン交換膜は燃料電池内で生成される水、あるいは供給される水による加湿の程度によって膨潤または収縮する。この膨潤収縮の寸法変化により機械的なダメージを受け強度が低下し、その結果、燃料電池運転が不安定になる。面配向度0.0005以上を示すイオン交換膜を用いた場合、寸法安定性に優れることから上記のような問題が解消され、良好な燃料電池運転が達成できるのではないかと考えられる。
【0012】
フッ素系イオン交換膜の面配向度は機械強度および耐熱寸法安定性と密接に関係している。本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の面配向度は、0.0005以上が好ましく、より好ましくは0.0010以上、さらに好ましくは0.0015以上、さらにより好ましくは0.0020以上である。面配向度が0.0005未満では機械強度が不十分であり、イオン交換膜として十分な性能を持たない可能性があるため好ましくない。一方面配向度が0.0035より大きい場合は、熱収縮が起こりやすくなり、例えばMEA作成時などに不都合が発生しやすい。面配向度の好ましい上限は0.0035以下、より好ましくは0.0032以下、さらに好ましくは0.0030以下である。具体的に面配向度の好ましい範囲は0.0005〜0.0035、より好ましくは0.001〜0.0032、よりさらに好ましくは0.0015〜0.0030である。
【0013】
(80℃熱水における強度低下率)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の80℃熱水における強度低下率は、好ましくは10%以下、より好ましくは5%以下である。熱水による強度低下率が20%より大きい場合は高温で燃料電池を運転した際に強度低下が起きる場合があるため好ましくない。
(当量重量)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の当量重量(EW)は特に限定されないが、当量重量が低すぎると強度の低下が起きるため好ましくない。400以上が好ましく、より好ましくは600以上、さらに好ましくは700以上である。一方、当量重量が大きくなると未配向膜でも機械強度が向上するが、同時にイオン交換基の密度が低くなるためにイオン伝導性が低下する。EWの好ましい上限は、1400以下であり、より好ましくは1200以下、さらに好ましくは1000以下である。具体的にEWの好ましい範囲は、400〜1400が好ましく、より好ましくは600〜1200であり、更に好ましくは700〜1000である。
【0014】
(換算突刺強度)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の換算突刺強度(乾燥状態での突刺強度を25μmあたりに換算)は特に限定されないが、300g以上が好ましく、より好ましくは350g以上、さらに好ましくは400g以上である。換算突刺強度が300gより小さい場合は薄膜化のために必要な機械強度が不十分であり、膜を厚くする必要があるため好ましくない。本発明においては換算突刺強度の上限は特に設けないが、3000g以上の強度を有する膜は一般的に含水率が低いことが予想されるため、イオン交換膜として十分な性能を持たない可能性がある。
【0015】
(160℃における熱収縮率)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の160℃における熱収縮率は、50%以下、好ましくは45%以下、より好ましくは40%以下である。熱収縮率が50%より大きい場合、高温加工を伴うような用途において熱収縮が起こりやすく、例えばMEAの製造時などに大きな支障をきたす場合がある。
(25℃水中における水平イオン伝導度)
本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の25℃水中における水平イオン伝導度は、0.05S/cm以上が好ましく、0.07S/cm以上がより好ましく、0.10S/cm以上がさらに好ましい。水平イオン伝導度が0.05S/cmより小さい場合は、燃料電池用イオン交換膜として使用する場合に内部抵抗が上昇するため好ましくない。
【0016】
次に、本発明のフッ素系イオン交換膜の製造方法について説明する。
イオン交換膜は、一般的にイオン交換樹脂前駆体を膜状に成形した後、高温で加水分解を行うことによって作成される。
(フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体の延伸)
本発明における好ましい延伸の形態は、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体に対して為されるものである。フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体の延伸において特に重視されるべき点は、延伸終了に伴なう配向緩和の防止である。これは次のような理由による。
【0017】
一般的に、フィルムの延伸温度は粘弾性測定におけるα分散温度を参考にして設定されることが多い。ここでいうα分散温度とはポリマー主鎖が熱運動を開始すると考えられる温度であり、延伸のようにポリマーに対して大きな歪みを与えながら加工する際の指標として、広く用いられている。 フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体のα分散温度は室温近辺に存在するため、延伸状態から拘束を外すと急速に収縮して延伸配向を失うことが多かった。本発明者らは、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体の配向緩和に関して鋭意検討を重ねた結果、当該前駆体に特有な製造工程である加水分解に着目することによって、α分散温度に依らない新規な延伸固定方法を見出した。すなわち、本発明においては、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を延伸した後延伸配向を拘束した状態で加水分解することを特徴とする。
このような方法によって延伸固定が達成できる理由は明らかではないが、加水分解によって生成するフッ素系イオン交換樹脂のα分散温度は当該前駆体よりもはるかに高く、120℃近辺に存在すると考えられているので、延伸配向を維持しながら加水分解を行うことによってその進行と共に配向膜のα分散温度が上昇する過程で主鎖の熱運動が減少し、延伸固定を達成できたのではないかと考えられる。こうした延伸固定の方法を本発明においては「ケン化固定」と呼称する。
【0018】
ケン化固定が達成できる理由としては、さらに次のように考えることもできる。フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を加水分解すると多量の水を吸水するようになるが、こうした水は樹脂内部に均一に存在するのではなく、微視的な水滴を形成しつつ局所的に存在すると考えられている。このような水滴はクラスターと呼ばれ、小角X線回折や透過型電子顕微鏡によって具体的に観察することができる。
1つのクラスターには複数の側鎖末端が含まれると予想されるが、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を延伸した後、拘束を維持した状態でクラスターを形成させると、これらの側鎖末端同士が互いに水を介して結びつく一種の架橋点として機能することが期待できる。すなわち、α分散温度の上昇に加えて、延伸配向後に形成されるクラスターが疑似架橋点として機能することにより、ケン化固定がより良好に機能するものと考えられる。
【0019】
一方、ケン化固定を施さない配向膜は、拘束を解いた時、及び高温のケン化液に触れた時、において延伸配向が大きく開放されるため、強い延伸配向を維持できずに未配向膜と同程度にまで機械強度が低下する。また、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂に対して延伸配向を行ったものは、含水時、特に高温含水時に収縮や機械強度の低下が起こりやすく、またイオン伝導性も低下しやすいという傾向がある。
この理由は明らかではないが、加水分解後の延伸によって歪みを受けたクラスターが、高温湿潤下で歪みを開放するためではないかと考えられる。
なお、配向膜の配向を緩和させないために、α分散温度以上の熱履歴を与えないことが好ましい。
【0020】
(原料ポリマー)
本発明で使用されるフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体は、一般式CF2 =CF−O(CF2 CFXO)n −(CF2 m −Wで表されるフッ化ビニル化合物と、一般式CF2 =CFZで表されるフッ化オレフィンとの、少なくとも二元共重合体からなる。ここでXはF原子又は炭素数1〜3のパーフルオロアルキル基、nは0〜3の整数、mは1〜3の整数、ZはH、Cl、F又は炭素数1〜3のパーフルオロアルキル基である。また、Wは加水分解によりCO2 H又はSO3 Hに転換し得る官能基であり、このような官能基としてはSO2 F、SO2 Cl、SO2 Br、COF、COCl、COBr、CO2 CH3 、CO2 2 5 が通常好ましく使用される。このようなフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体は従来公知の手段により合成可能なものである。例えば、上記フッ化ビニル化合物をフロン等の溶媒に溶かした後、フッ化オレフィンのガスと反応させ重合する方法(溶液重合)や、フッ化ビニル化合物を界面活性剤とともに水中に仕込んで乳化させた後、フッ化オレフィンのガスと反応させ重合する方法(乳化重合)、更には懸濁重合などが知られているが、いずれも好適な方法として用いることができる。
【0021】
(成膜工程)
フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を膜状に成形する方法としては、溶融成形法(Tダイ法、インフレーション法、カレンダー法など)やキャスト法など、成形法として一般的に知られている方法であればいずれも好適に用いることができる。
キャスト法としては、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂を適当な溶媒に分散させたもの、又は重合反応液そのものをシート状に成形した後、分散媒を除去する方法を挙げることができる。Tダイ法による溶融成形を行う際の樹脂温度の下限は、100℃以上が好ましく、さらに好ましくは200℃以上である。上限温度については、樹脂の耐熱性を考慮して、300℃以下が好ましく、さらに好ましくは280℃以下である。具体的には、100〜300℃が好ましく、さらに好ましくは200〜280℃である。その下限は、100℃以上が好ましく、さらに好ましくは160℃以上である。上限温度については、樹脂の耐熱性を考慮して、300℃以下が好ましく、さらに好ましくは240℃以下である。具体的には、100〜300℃が好ましく、さらに好ましくは160〜240℃である。これらの方法で溶融成形されたシートは、冷却ロール等を用いることによって溶融温度以下の温度にまで冷却される。前駆体膜の膜厚は、配向工程における膜厚減少を見越した上で最適の膜厚に調整することが好ましい。たとえば配向工程で4×4倍延伸を行うとき、配向膜の膜厚を25μmとするためには前駆体膜の膜厚を400μm付近で調整する必要がある。
【0022】
(加水分解工程)
加水分解の方法としては、例えば日本特許第2753731号公報に記載のように水酸化アルカリ溶液を用いて配向膜のイオン交換基前駆体を金属塩型のイオン交換基に変換し、次にスルホン酸又は塩酸のような酸を用いて酸型(SO3 H又はCOOH)のイオン交換基に変換する従来公知の方法を使用することができる。このような変換は当業者には周知であり、本発明の実施例に記載している。
【0023】
(配向工程)
延伸の方法としては、フィルムの延伸方法として一般的に知られている方法であればいずれも好適に用いることができるが、このうちテンターによる横1軸延伸、テンター及び縦延伸ロールによる逐次2軸延伸、同時2軸テンターによる同時2軸延伸、インフレーション製膜装置によるブロー延伸がより好ましく、同時2軸延伸又はブロー延伸が更に好ましい。好適な延伸倍率は面積倍率で、下限については1.1倍以上、好ましくは2倍以上、さらに好ましくは4倍以上、上限については50倍以下、好ましくは16倍以下、さらに好ましくは9倍以下である。このうち、横方向(機械方向に対して直角な方向)の延伸倍率が下限については1.1倍以上、好ましくは1.5倍以上、さらに好ましくは2倍以上、上限については50倍以下、好ましくは9倍以下、さらに好ましくは3倍以下である。具体的には1.1〜50倍、好ましくは2〜16倍、更に好ましくは4〜9倍、横方向の延伸倍率ついては1.1〜50倍、好ましくは1.5〜9倍、更に好ましくは2〜3倍である。好適な延伸温度は前駆体膜の溶融温度以下であり、下限については(α分散温度−100℃)以上、好ましくは(α分散温度−80℃)以上、さらに好ましくは(α分散温度−50℃)以上、上限については(α分散温度+100℃)以下、好ましくは(α分散温度+80℃)以下、さらに好ましくは(α分散温度+50℃)以下である。具体的には、(α分散温度−100℃)〜(α分散温度+100℃)、好ましくは(α分散温度−80℃)〜(α分散温度+80℃)さらに好ましくは(α分散温度−50℃)〜(α分散温度+50℃)である。
なお、本発明における延伸とは延伸応力の発生を伴う伸長を意味しており、延伸応力の発生を伴わない伸長は拡幅と呼称される。たとえば加水分解工程の前に配向工程を実施しない場合は加水分解に伴う吸水によって膜が水平方向に大きく膨潤するが、この変化に追従して膜を伸長する場合は拡幅と考えることができる。
【0024】
(熱処理工程)
より熱収縮を低減させたい場合は、必要に応じて熱処理を行うことによってフッ素系イオン交換膜の熱収縮を低減させることができる。熱処理の方法は、フィルムの熱処理方法として一般的に知られている方法であればいずれも好適に用いることができるが、フッ素系イオン交換膜を拘束した状態で熱処理することが好ましい。熱処理温度としてはα分散温度以上であることが好ましく、MEA製造時のプレス温度のように高温加工を伴うような用途において暴露される最高温度が明確である場合は、それよりも高温であることがより好ましい。フッ素系イオン交換樹脂を300℃以上に加熱すると変質することがあるため、熱処理温度としては300℃以下にすることが好ましい。より具体的には、熱処理温度の上限は、プレス温度等の膜使用温度を基準として、その温度よりも50℃高い温度以下の温度が好ましく、より好ましくは30℃高い温度以下の温度、更に好ましくは20℃高い温度以下の温度、更により好ましくは10℃高い温度以下の温度である。また、熱処理温度の下限は、プレス温度等の膜使用温度を基準として、その温度よりも50℃低い温度以上の温度が好ましく、より好ましくは30℃低い温度以上の温度、更に好ましくは20℃低い温度以上の温度、更により好ましくは10℃低い温度以上の温度である。熱処理時間は熱処理温度に依存するが、概ね1秒〜1時間の範囲で好適に熱処理を実施することができる。熱処理時間が長く、熱処理温度が高いほど熱収縮率を低減させることが可能であるが、機械強度の低下やイオン伝導度の低下といった不都合が生じやすい。
【0025】
(洗浄工程)
熱処理工程によってイオン伝導性が大きく低下する場合は、必要に応じてフッ素系イオン交換膜を洗浄することによってこれを回復させることができる。洗浄は、例えばフッ素系イオン交換膜を拘束下又は非拘束下で酸性水溶液に浸漬又は噴霧することによって行うことができる。使用する酸性水溶液の濃度はイオン伝導性の低下状況や洗浄温度、洗浄時間にも依存するが、例えば0.001〜5規定の酸性水溶液が好適に用いることができる。洗浄温度は多くの場合は室温であれば、十分な洗浄効果を得ることができ、洗浄時間を短縮したい場合は酸性水溶液を加熱してもかまわない。洗浄処理が終了したら余分の酸性水溶液を除くためによく水洗した後、乾燥する。洗浄の効果は、例えば交換容量やイオン伝導度の回復として数値的に確認することが可能である。
【0026】
(膨潤工程)
より高いイオン伝導性を発現させたい場合は、必要に応じて加水分解工程の後に膨潤処理を行うことによってフッ素系イオン交換膜の含水率を向上させることができる。例えば特開平6−342665号公報のようにフッ素系イオン交換膜を水又は水と水に可溶な有機溶剤の混合物中で加温することによって膨潤処理を行い、その後、酸型に戻すことによって高含水率のフッ素系イオン交換膜とすることができる。
【0027】
(膜電極接合体の製造方法)
次に、膜電極接合体(MEA)の製造方法について説明する。MEAはフッ素系イオン交換膜に電極を接合することにより作成される。電極は触媒金属の微粒子とこれを担持した導電剤から構成され、必要に応じて撥水剤が含まれる。電極に使用される触媒としては、水素の酸化反応及び酸素による還元反応を促進する金属であれば特に限定されず、白金、金、銀、パラジウム、イリジウム、ロジウム、ルテニウム、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、クロム、タングステン、マンガン、バナジウム又はそれらの合金が挙げられる。この中では主として白金が用いられる。導電剤としては電子電導性物質であればいずれでもよく、例えば各種金属や炭素材料を挙げることができる。炭素材料としては、例えばファーネスブラック、チャンネルブラック、アセチレンブラック等のカーボンブラック、活性炭、黒鉛等が挙げられ、これらを単独又は混合して使用される。撥水剤としては撥水性を有するような含フッ素樹脂が好ましく、耐熱性、耐酸化性に優れたものがより好ましい。例えばポリテトラフルオロエチレン、テトラフルオロエチレン−パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体を挙げることができる。このような電極としては、例えばE−TEK社製の電極が広く用いられている。
【0028】
前記電極とイオン交換膜からMEAを作成するには、例えば次のような方法が行われる。フッ素系イオン交換樹脂をアルコールと水の混合溶液に溶解したものに電極物質となる白金担持カーボンを分散させてペースト状にする。これをPTFEシートに一定量塗布して乾燥させる。次に当該PTFEシートの塗布面を向かい合わせにしてその間にイオン交換膜を挟み込み、熱プレスにより接合する。
熱プレス温度はイオン交換膜の種類によるが、通常は100℃以上であり、好ましくは130℃以上、より好ましくは150℃以上である。
前記以外のMEAの製作方法としては、「J.Electrochem.Soc.Vo.l139,No2,L28−L30(1992)」に記載の方法がある。これによれば、フッ素系イオン交換樹脂をアルコールと水の混合溶液に溶解した後、SO3 Naに変換した溶液を作成する。次にこの溶液に一定量の白金担持カーボンを添加してインク状の溶液とする。別途SO3 Na型に変換しておいたイオン交換膜の表面に前記インク状の溶液を塗布し、溶媒を除去する。最後に全てのイオン交換基をSO3 H型に戻す事によりMEAを作成する。本発明はこのようなMEAにも適用することができる。
【0029】
(燃料電池の製造方法)
次に、固体高分子電解質型燃料電池の製造方法について説明する。固体高分子電解質型燃料電池は、MEA、集電体、燃料電池フレーム、ガス供給装置等から構成される。このうち集電体(バイポーラプレート)は、表面などにガス流路を有するグラファイト製又は金属製のフランジのことを言い、電子を外部負荷回路に伝達する他に、水素や酸素をMEA表面に供給する流路としての機能を持っている。こうした集電体の間にMEAを挿入して複数積み重ねることにより、燃料電池を作成することができる。燃料電池の作動は、一方の電極に水素を、他方の電極に酸素又は空気を供給することによって行われる。燃料電池の作動温度は高温であるほど触媒活性が上がるために好ましいが、通常は水分管理が容易な50℃〜100℃で作動させることが多い。一方、本発明のような補強されたイオン交換膜については高温高湿強度の改善によって100℃〜150℃で作動できる場合がある。酸素や水素の供給圧力については高いほど燃料電池出力が高まるため好ましいが、膜の破損等によって両者が接触する確率も増加するため適当な圧力範囲に調整することが好ましい。
【0030】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を実施例に基づいて更に詳細に説明するが、本発明は実施例に制限されるものではない。実施例において行われる評価方法は次の通りである。
(1)膜厚
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を23℃・65%の恒温室で1時間以上放置した後、膜厚計(東洋精機製作所:B−1)を用いて測定する。
(2)面配向度
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を23℃・65%の恒温室で12時間以上放置した後、王子計測機器社製の自動複屈折計KOBRA−21ADHを用い、それぞれ3方向の屈折率を測定する。
【化1】

Figure 2004071361
【0031】
(3)80℃熱水における強度低下率
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を80℃の熱水中に1時間放置した後、23℃・65%の恒温室で1時間以上放置し、次いで換算突刺強度を測定した。熱水に放置する前後の換算突刺強度の比から、80℃熱水における強度低下率(%)を測定した。
(4)当量重量
酸型のイオン交換膜およそ2〜10cm2 を30mlの25℃飽和NaCl水溶液に浸漬し、攪拌しながら30分間放置した後、フェノールフタレインを指示薬として0.01N水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を用いて中和滴定する。中和後得られたNa型イオン交換膜を純水ですすいだ後、真空乾燥して秤量する。中和に要した水酸化ナトリウムの当量をM(mmol)、Na型イオン交換膜の重量をW(mg)とし、下記式より当量重量EW(g/eq)を求める。
EW=(W/M)−22
【0032】
(5)メルトインデックス
JIS K−7210に基づき、温度270℃、荷重2.16kgで測定したフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体のメルトインデックスをMI(g/10分)とした。
(6)実延伸倍率
延伸前前駆体膜の膜厚Tb と換算突刺強度測定時の膜厚Ta から、下記式を用いて実延伸倍率を求める。
実延伸倍率=(Tb /Ta 0.5 
(7)換算突刺強度
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を23℃・65%の恒温室で12時間以上放置した後、ハンディー圧縮試験器(カトーテック社製:KES−G5)を用いて針先端の曲率半径0.5mm、突き刺し速度2mm/secの条件で突き刺し試験を行い、最大突き刺し荷重を突き刺し強度(g)とした。また、突き刺し強度に25(μm)/膜厚(μm)を乗じることによって換算突き刺し強度(g/25μm)とした。
【0033】
(8)160℃における熱収縮率
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を23℃・65%の恒温室で12時間以上放置したあと、加熱前の膜面積を測定する。その後、160℃に加熱したシリコンオイルバスの中に10秒間浸漬したあと取り出し、吸湿しないように注意しながら加熱後の膜面積を測定する。これらより、下記式を用いて160℃における熱収縮率Ha (%)を求める。
a =((A1 −A2 )/A1 )×100
1 :加熱前の膜面積(cm2 )、A2 :加熱後の膜面積(cm2 
(9)25℃水中におけるイオン伝導度
酸型にしたイオン交換膜を25℃の水中に30分間浸漬した後、幅1cmの短冊状に切り出し、その表面に直径0.5mmの電極線を1cm間隔で平行に6本接触させる。25℃98%に調節した恒温恒湿槽に2時間以上保持したあと、交流インピーダンス法(10kHz)による抵抗測定を行い、電極間距離と抵抗から単位長さ当たりの抵抗値を測定する。これから、下記式を用いて25℃における水平イオン伝導度Z(S/cm)を求める。
Z=1/膜厚(cm)/膜幅(cm)/単位長さ当たりの抵抗値(Ω/cm)
【0034】
【実施例1】(イオン交換樹脂前駆体の延伸−面配向度0.0029)
上記(原料ポリマー)で述べた一般式のフッ化ビニル化合物とフッ化オレフィンとの共重合体(但し、XはCF3 であり、nは1であり、mは2であり、ZはFであり、WはSO2 Fである。)からなるフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体(EW:950、MI:20)をTダイ法を用いて成膜し、厚さ110μmの前駆体膜とした。当該前駆体膜を簡易式小型延伸機を用いて延伸温度25℃で2×2倍に同時二軸延伸し配向膜とした。延伸後、簡易式小型延伸機に拘束したままの状態で当該配向膜を95℃に加温した加水分解浴(DMSO:KOH:水=5:30:65)に1時間浸漬し、金属塩型のイオン交換基を有するフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。これをよく水洗した後、65℃に加温した2Nの塩酸浴に15分間浸漬し、酸型のイオン交換基を有するフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。これをよく水洗した後、膜を乾燥した。当該乾燥膜を拘束から外して、厚さ25μmの乾燥膜を得た。得られたフッ素系イオン交換膜について上記(1)〜(9)の特性試験を行った。その測定結果を表1に示す。
【0035】
【比較例1】(未延伸)
実施例1と同様のフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体(EW:950、MI:20)をTダイ法を用いて成膜し、未配向の状態で加水分解を行うことによって厚さ31.7μmのフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。当該フッ素系イオン交換膜の上記測定結果を表1に示す。
【比較例2】(イオン交換樹脂前駆体の延伸−面配向度0.0040)
実施例1と同様のフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体(EW:950、MI:20)をTダイ法を用いて成膜し、延伸条件を表1のようにした以外は実施例1と同様の方法を用いてフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。得られた膜の上記測定結果を表1に示す。
【0036】
【比較例3】(イオン交換樹脂の延伸)
実施例1と同様のフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体(EW:950、MI:20)をTダイ法を用いて成膜し、厚さ110μmの前駆体膜とした。当該前駆体膜を95℃に加温した加水分解浴(DMSO:KOH:水=5:30:65)に1時間浸漬し、金属塩型のイオン交換基を有するフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。これをよく水洗した後、65℃に加温した2Nの塩酸浴に16時間以上浸漬し、酸型のイオン交換基を有するフッ素系イオン交換膜を得た。これをよく水洗した後、膜を乾燥した。当該乾燥膜を簡易式小型延伸機を用いて延伸温度125℃で2×2倍に同時二軸延伸し、厚さ30μmの乾燥膜を得た。得られたフッ素系イオン交換膜の上記測定結果を表1に示す。なお、表中の「−」は測定せずの意味である。
【0037】
【表1】
Figure 2004071361
【0038】
【発明の効果】
本発明では、分子鎖を引き延ばし、フィルム面配向度(ΔP)を0.0005〜0.0035に配向させることで高強度、低膜抵抗、低熱収縮を可能にすることができる。このため、ハンドリング性が良好であり、大量生産における歩留まり向上に対して効果が著しく、また高強度、かつ高耐久性、高性能の固体高分子電解質型燃料電池運転を実現することが出来る。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane used as an electrolyte and a membrane of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and more particularly to a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane having excellent performance as an electrolyte and a membrane.
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art A fuel cell is a kind of power generation device that extracts electric energy by electrochemically oxidizing a fuel such as hydrogen or methanol, and has recently attracted attention as a clean energy supply source. Fuel cells are classified into phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid oxide type, solid polymer electrolyte type, etc., depending on the type of electrolyte used. Among them, solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells have standard operating temperatures. Is low as 100 ° C. or lower and has a high energy density, so that it is expected to be widely applied as a power source for electric vehicles and the like.
[0003]
The basic structure of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell consists of an ion-exchange membrane and a pair of gas diffusion electrodes joined to both sides of the membrane, supplying hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen to the other, and applying an external load between the two electrodes. The power is generated by connecting to a circuit. More specifically, protons and electrons are generated at the hydrogen side electrode, and the protons move inside the ion exchange membrane and reach the oxygen side electrode, and then react with oxygen to generate water. On the other hand, the electrons flowing out of the hydrogen-side electrode through the lead wire, after electric energy is extracted in the external load circuit, further travels through the lead wire to reach the oxygen-side electrode, and contributes to the progress of the water generation reaction. One of the required characteristics of ion exchange membranes is high ion conductivity, but protons move inside the ion exchange membrane and are thought to be stabilized by hydration of water molecules. High water content and water dispersibility as well as properties are important required characteristics. In addition, since the ion exchange membrane functions as a barrier for preventing a direct reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, low permeability to gas is required. Other required characteristics include chemical stability for withstanding a strong oxidizing atmosphere during operation of the fuel cell and mechanical strength for withstanding further thinning.
[0004]
As a material of the ion exchange membrane used in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a fluorine-based ion exchange resin is widely used because of its high chemical stability. Among them, a main chain is perfluorocarbon and a side chain terminal is used. "Nafion (registered trademark)" manufactured by DuPont having a sulfonic acid group is widely used. Such a fluorine-based ion exchange resin has generally well-balanced properties as a solid polymer electrolyte material, but further improvement in physical properties has been required as the battery has been put to practical use.
[0005]
For example, in order to achieve high current density and uniformity of moisture in the membrane at a high level, it is considered that thinning of the ion exchange membrane will become even more important in the future, but for this purpose, the mechanical strength of the ion exchange membrane will be improved. There is a need. Similarly, demands for higher strength are increasing from the viewpoint of improving long-term durability. The stretching technique is one of the effective means for improving the mechanical strength of a membrane or a film, and a method for obtaining a high-strength ion exchange membrane by stretching is already known. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 60-149631 discloses an ion exchange resin swelled with a liquid organic compound, or a melt processable precursor of an ion exchange resin swelled with a fluorine-containing liquid organic compound. A manufacturing method for stretching in at least one planar direction is disclosed.
[0006]
Further, in Example 1 of the above publication, the mechanical strength was increased from 2.8 × 10 7 Pa to 6.3 × 10 7 by stretching the fluorine-based ion exchange resin 2 × 2 times in the vertical and horizontal directions at 125 ° C. It is disclosed to rise to 7 Pa. However, it has been revealed that the stretched film according to this example has a large heat shrinkage. For example, when the film is exposed to a temperature equivalent to a hot press at the time of producing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a large heat shrinkage is generated and the orientation is relaxed. Problems such as shrinkage of the film in hot water have been found (see Comparative Example 3 in this specification). As described above, the stretch-oriented film exhibits high mechanical strength, but in many cases, the heat shrinkage is large, and therefore, there is a limitation in applications involving high-temperature processing, particularly in applications to fuel cells. Further, in Example 13 of the above publication, the mechanical strength was increased from 3.3 × 10 7 Pa to 3.5 by stretching the fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor 2 × 2 in the longitudinal and transverse directions at 70 ° C. It is disclosed that the pressure rises to × 10 7 Pa. This is because the stretching temperature is high, and it is considered that the film is stretched without generation of stretching stress, that is, the degree of plane orientation is small. The increase in mechanical strength is significantly smaller than that of the stretched film of Example 1, Has not been achieved.
As described above, the prior art relating to the enhancement of strength is merely an attempt to elongate, and cannot be disclosed as an industrially useful technique as an ion exchange membrane for a fuel cell because of particularly large heat shrinkage. Was.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to provide a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane having high mechanical strength and conductivity and low heat shrinkage by stretching and orientation.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Stretching orientation increases mechanical strength, but also increases heat shrinkage, which is a problem. The present inventors have conducted intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as a result, by defining the degree of plane orientation in the range of 0.0005 to 0.0035, mechanical strength, ionic conductivity, and heat resistance dimensional stability have been improved. They found that they were excellent and completed the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention.
[0009]
That is, the present invention
(1) a fluorine-based ion-exchange membrane, wherein the film thickness is 1 to 500 μm and the degree of film plane orientation (ΔP) is 0.0005 to 0.0035;
(2) The fluorine-based ion-exchange membrane according to (1), wherein the strength reduction rate by hot water at 80 ° C. is 10% or less.
(3) In a method for producing a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane from a fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor,
1) forming a film of a fluorinated ion exchange resin precursor having an ion exchange group precursor,
2) a step of orienting the precursor film;
3) a step of obtaining an ion exchange membrane by hydrolyzing the ion exchange group precursor under constraint while maintaining the orientation state of the precursor membrane, and the α-dispersion temperature of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane after the step. A method for producing a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane, characterized by not giving the above heat history,
(4) A membrane / electrode assembly comprising the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane according to (1) or (2),
(5) A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane according to (1) or (2).
[0010]
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
First, the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention will be described.
Stretch-oriented films exhibit high mechanical strength, but are often limited in applications involving high-temperature processing due to their large heat shrinkage, especially in fuel cell applications. On the other hand, the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention has high mechanical strength, ion conductivity, and good heat-resistant dimensional stability without losing the excellent characteristics of a normal fluorine-based ion exchange membrane. It can be particularly suitably used as an ion exchange membrane for a fuel cell.
(Thickness)
The thickness of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention is preferably 1 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more, and still more preferably 10 μm or more. If the film thickness is smaller than 1 μm, the above-described disadvantages of the direct reaction are likely to occur due to diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen, and the film may be damaged due to a difference in pressure and strain during handling during fuel cell operation and fuel cell operation. Disadvantages are likely to occur. Further, a membrane having a thickness greater than 500 μm generally has low ion permeability, and thus may not have sufficient performance as an ion exchange membrane. The preferable upper limit of the film thickness is preferably 500 μm or less, more preferably 100 μm or less, and still more preferably 50 μm or less. Specifically, a preferable range is 1 to 500 μm, more preferably 5 to 100 μm, and further preferably 10 to 50 μm.
[0011]
(Plane orientation degree)
It is the degree of plane orientation that is cited as a feature of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention, and if this value does not show a certain value or more even if the orientation is performed, it is merely a thin film, and the improvement in mechanical strength is not improved. I can't hope. On the other hand, if the film is stretched to a certain value or more, the heat shrinkage increases, which is not practical.
Further, the ion exchange membrane swells or contracts depending on the degree of humidification by water generated in the fuel cell or supplied water. The dimensional change of the swelling and shrinkage causes mechanical damage and lowers the strength, and as a result, the operation of the fuel cell becomes unstable. It is considered that when an ion exchange membrane having a degree of plane orientation of 0.0005 or more is used, the above-mentioned problem is solved because of excellent dimensional stability, and good fuel cell operation can be achieved.
[0012]
The degree of plane orientation of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane is closely related to mechanical strength and dimensional stability under heat. The plane orientation degree of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention is preferably 0.0005 or more, more preferably 0.0010 or more, further preferably 0.0015 or more, and still more preferably 0.0020 or more. When the degree of plane orientation is less than 0.0005, the mechanical strength is insufficient and the ion exchange membrane may not have sufficient performance, which is not preferable. On the other hand, when the degree of plane orientation is larger than 0.0035, thermal shrinkage is likely to occur, and for example, inconvenience is likely to occur when, for example, MEA is formed. The preferred upper limit of the degree of plane orientation is 0.0035 or less, more preferably 0.0032 or less, and even more preferably 0.0030 or less. Specifically, the preferred range of the degree of plane orientation is 0.0005 to 0.0035, more preferably 0.001 to 0.0032, and even more preferably 0.0015 to 0.0030.
[0013]
(Decrease in strength at 80 ° C hot water)
The strength reduction rate of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention in hot water at 80 ° C. is preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less. If the strength reduction rate due to hot water is greater than 20%, strength reduction may occur when the fuel cell is operated at a high temperature, which is not preferable.
(Equivalent weight)
The equivalent weight (EW) of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention is not particularly limited. However, if the equivalent weight is too low, the strength is reduced, which is not preferable. It is preferably 400 or more, more preferably 600 or more, and still more preferably 700 or more. On the other hand, when the equivalent weight is increased, the mechanical strength is improved even in the non-oriented film, but at the same time, the ion conductivity is reduced due to the reduced density of the ion exchange groups. The preferred upper limit of the EW is 1400 or less, more preferably 1200 or less, and even more preferably 1000 or less. Specifically, the preferable range of EW is preferably 400 to 1400, more preferably 600 to 1200, and still more preferably 700 to 1000.
[0014]
(Converted puncture strength)
The converted puncture strength of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention (the puncture strength in a dry state is calculated per 25 μm) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 300 g or more, more preferably 350 g or more, and further preferably 400 g or more. When the reduced puncture strength is less than 300 g, the mechanical strength required for thinning is insufficient, and the film needs to be thick, which is not preferable. In the present invention, the upper limit of the converted piercing strength is not particularly set, but a membrane having a strength of 3000 g or more is generally expected to have a low moisture content, and thus may not have sufficient performance as an ion exchange membrane. is there.
[0015]
(Thermal shrinkage at 160 ° C)
The heat shrinkage at 160 ° C. of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention is 50% or less, preferably 45% or less, more preferably 40% or less. When the heat shrinkage ratio is larger than 50%, heat shrinkage is likely to occur in applications involving high-temperature processing, which may cause a great hindrance in, for example, the production of MEA.
(Horizontal ionic conductivity in 25 ° C water)
The horizontal ion conductivity of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention in water at 25 ° C. is preferably 0.05 S / cm or more, more preferably 0.07 S / cm or more, and further preferably 0.10 S / cm or more. When the horizontal ionic conductivity is smaller than 0.05 S / cm, the internal resistance increases when used as an ion exchange membrane for a fuel cell, which is not preferable.
[0016]
Next, a method for producing a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane of the present invention will be described.
Generally, an ion exchange membrane is formed by forming an ion exchange resin precursor into a membrane and performing hydrolysis at a high temperature.
(Stretching of fluorinated ion exchange resin precursor)
The preferred form of stretching in the present invention is performed on a fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor. A point that should be particularly emphasized in the stretching of the fluorine-based ion-exchange resin precursor is the prevention of the relaxation of the orientation accompanying the completion of the stretching. This is for the following reasons.
[0017]
Generally, the stretching temperature of a film is often set with reference to the α dispersion temperature in viscoelasticity measurement. The α-dispersion temperature mentioned here is a temperature at which the polymer main chain is considered to start thermal motion, and is widely used as an index when processing while giving a large strain to the polymer such as stretching. Since the α-dispersion temperature of the fluorinated ion-exchange resin precursor is near room temperature, when the constraint is removed from the stretched state, it often shrinks rapidly and loses the stretch orientation. The present inventors have conducted intensive studies on the relaxation of the orientation of the fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor, and as a result, by focusing on hydrolysis, which is a production process unique to the precursor, a novel method independent of the α dispersion temperature. A stretching fixation method was found. That is, the present invention is characterized in that after the fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor is stretched, the precursor is hydrolyzed in a state where the stretching orientation is restricted.
It is not clear why stretching and fixing can be achieved by such a method, but the α-dispersion temperature of the fluorine-based ion exchange resin generated by hydrolysis is much higher than that of the precursor, and it is considered that the α-dispersion temperature is around 120 ° C. Therefore, it is thought that by performing the hydrolysis while maintaining the stretch orientation, the thermal motion of the main chain was reduced in the process of increasing the α dispersion temperature of the orientation film as the progress proceeded, and it was thought that the stretch fixation could be achieved. . Such a method of stretching and fixing is referred to as "saponification fixing" in the present invention.
[0018]
The reason why the saponification fixation can be achieved can be further considered as follows. Hydrolysis of the fluorinated ion-exchange resin precursor causes a large amount of water to be absorbed.However, such water does not exist uniformly inside the resin, but rather exists locally while forming microscopic water droplets. It is considered. Such water droplets are called clusters and can be specifically observed by small-angle X-ray diffraction or a transmission electron microscope.
One cluster is expected to contain a plurality of side chain terminals. However, after stretching the fluorinated ion-exchange resin precursor and forming a cluster while maintaining the constraint, these side chain terminals may be connected to each other. It can be expected to function as a kind of cross-linking point linked to each other via water. That is, in addition to the increase in the α dispersion temperature, the cluster formed after the stretching orientation functions as a pseudo-crosslinking point, so that the saponification fixation functions more favorably.
[0019]
On the other hand, the alignment film without saponification fixation, when the restraint is released, and when exposed to a high-temperature saponification solution, the stretched orientation is greatly opened, so that the strong stretched orientation cannot be maintained and the unoriented film cannot be maintained. The mechanical strength is reduced to the same degree as the above. Further, when a fluorine-based ion-exchange resin is stretched and oriented, it tends to easily shrink and reduce mechanical strength when hydrated, particularly when hydrated at high temperature, and also tends to easily decrease ionic conductivity.
Although the reason for this is not clear, it is considered that the clusters which were distorted by the stretching after the hydrolysis release the distortions under high temperature and wet conditions.
In order to prevent the orientation of the alignment film from being relaxed, it is preferable not to give a heat history higher than the α dispersion temperature.
[0020]
(Raw polymer)
Fluorinated ion exchange resin precursor used in the present invention have the general formula CF 2 = CF-O (CF 2 CFXO) n - (CF 2) m and fluorinated vinyl compound represented by -W formula CF 2 = at least a binary copolymer with a fluorinated olefin represented by CFZ. Here, X is an F atom or a C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl group, n is an integer of 0-3, m is an integer of 1-3, Z is H, Cl, F or C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl. It is an alkyl group. W is a functional group that can be converted to CO 2 H or SO 3 H by hydrolysis. Examples of such a functional group include SO 2 F, SO 2 Cl, SO 2 Br, COF, COCl, COBr, and CO 2. CH 3 and CO 2 C 2 H 5 are usually preferably used. Such a fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor can be synthesized by a conventionally known means. For example, a method of dissolving the above-mentioned vinyl fluoride compound in a solvent such as chlorofluorocarbon and then reacting with a fluorinated olefin gas to carry out polymerization (solution polymerization), or emulsifying the vinyl fluoride compound in water together with a surfactant and emulsifying the same. Thereafter, a method of reacting with a fluorinated olefin gas to carry out polymerization (emulsion polymerization), and furthermore, suspension polymerization and the like are known, and any of them can be used as a suitable method.
[0021]
(Deposition process)
As a method of forming the fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor into a film, any method generally known as a forming method such as a melt forming method (T-die method, inflation method, calendering method, etc.) and a casting method can be used. Any of them can be suitably used.
Examples of the casting method include a method in which a fluorine-based ion exchange resin is dispersed in an appropriate solvent, and a method in which a polymerization reaction liquid itself is formed into a sheet and the dispersion medium is removed. The lower limit of the resin temperature at the time of performing the melt molding by the T-die method is preferably 100 ° C. or higher, more preferably 200 ° C. or higher. The upper limit temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or lower, more preferably 280 ° C. or lower, in consideration of the heat resistance of the resin. Specifically, the temperature is preferably from 100 to 300C, more preferably from 200 to 280C. The lower limit is preferably 100 ° C. or higher, more preferably 160 ° C. or higher. The upper limit temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or lower, more preferably 240 ° C. or lower, in consideration of the heat resistance of the resin. Specifically, the temperature is preferably from 100 to 300C, more preferably from 160 to 240C. The sheet melt-formed by these methods is cooled to a temperature lower than the melting temperature by using a cooling roll or the like. It is preferable to adjust the thickness of the precursor film to an optimum thickness in anticipation of a decrease in the thickness in the alignment step. For example, when 4 × 4 stretching is performed in the alignment step, it is necessary to adjust the thickness of the precursor film to around 400 μm in order to make the thickness of the alignment film 25 μm.
[0022]
(Hydrolysis step)
As a method of hydrolysis, for example, as described in Japanese Patent No. 2737531, an ion-exchange group precursor of an alignment film is converted into a metal salt-type ion-exchange group using an alkali hydroxide solution, and then sulfonic acid is used. Alternatively, a conventionally known method for converting an ion-exchange group of an acid form (SO 3 H or COOH) using an acid such as hydrochloric acid can be used. Such transformations are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in embodiments of the present invention.
[0023]
(Orientation step)
As the stretching method, any method generally known as a method for stretching a film can be suitably used, and among these, transverse uniaxial stretching with a tenter and sequential biaxial stretching with a tenter and a longitudinal stretching roll are preferred. Stretching, simultaneous biaxial stretching with a simultaneous biaxial tenter, and blow stretching with an inflation film forming apparatus are more preferred, and simultaneous biaxial stretching or blow stretching is more preferred. A suitable stretching magnification is an area magnification. The lower limit is 1.1 or more, preferably 2 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and the upper limit is 50 or less, preferably 16 or less, more preferably 9 or less. It is. Of these, the stretching ratio in the transverse direction (the direction perpendicular to the machine direction) is 1.1 times or more, preferably 1.5 times or more, more preferably 2 times or more, and the upper limit is 50 times or less. Preferably it is 9 times or less, more preferably 3 times or less. Specifically, 1.1 to 50 times, preferably 2 to 16 times, more preferably 4 to 9 times, and the transverse stretching ratio is 1.1 to 50 times, preferably 1.5 to 9 times, more preferably. Is 2-3 times. A suitable stretching temperature is equal to or lower than the melting temperature of the precursor film, and the lower limit is equal to or higher than (α dispersion temperature −100 ° C.), preferably equal to or higher than (α dispersion temperature −80 ° C.), and more preferably equal to (α dispersion temperature −50 ° C.). The upper limit is (α dispersion temperature + 100 ° C) or less, preferably (α dispersion temperature + 80 ° C) or less, and more preferably (α dispersion temperature + 50 ° C) or less. Specifically, (α dispersion temperature −100 ° C.) to (α dispersion temperature + 100 ° C.), preferably (α dispersion temperature −80 ° C.) to (α dispersion temperature + 80 ° C.), and more preferably (α dispersion temperature −50 ° C.) ) To (α dispersion temperature + 50 ° C.).
In the present invention, the term “stretching” means elongation accompanied by the occurrence of stretching stress, and elongation without the occurrence of stretching stress is referred to as “widening”. For example, when the orientation step is not performed before the hydrolysis step, the film swells largely in the horizontal direction due to water absorption accompanying the hydrolysis. However, when the film is stretched following this change, it can be considered that the film is widened.
[0024]
(Heat treatment process)
When it is desired to further reduce the heat shrinkage, the heat shrinkage of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane can be reduced by performing a heat treatment as needed. As the heat treatment method, any method generally known as a heat treatment method for a film can be suitably used, but it is preferable that the heat treatment be performed with the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane restrained. The heat treatment temperature is preferably equal to or higher than the α-dispersion temperature. If the maximum temperature to be exposed in applications involving high-temperature processing such as the press temperature during MEA production is clear, it should be higher than that. Is more preferred. If the fluorinated ion exchange resin is heated to 300 ° C. or more, it may be degraded. Therefore, the heat treatment temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or less. More specifically, the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature is preferably 50 ° C. or higher, more preferably 30 ° C. or lower, more preferably 30 ° C. higher, based on the film operating temperature such as the pressing temperature. Is a temperature not higher than 20 ° C., still more preferably a temperature not higher than 10 ° C. Further, the lower limit of the heat treatment temperature is preferably a temperature of 50 ° C. or lower, more preferably a temperature of 30 ° C. lower, more preferably 20 ° C. lower, based on the film operating temperature such as a pressing temperature. The temperature is not lower than the temperature, still more preferably not lower than 10 ° C. Although the heat treatment time depends on the heat treatment temperature, the heat treatment can be suitably performed in a range of about 1 second to 1 hour. Although the heat treatment time is long and the heat treatment temperature is high, the heat shrinkage can be reduced, but disadvantages such as a decrease in mechanical strength and a decrease in ionic conductivity are likely to occur.
[0025]
(Washing process)
When the ion conductivity is greatly reduced by the heat treatment step, it can be recovered by washing the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane as needed. The washing can be performed, for example, by immersing or spraying the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane in an acidic aqueous solution with or without constraint. The concentration of the acidic aqueous solution to be used depends on the state of decrease in ion conductivity, the washing temperature, and the washing time. For example, a 0.001 to 5N acidic aqueous solution can be suitably used. In many cases, if the washing temperature is room temperature, a sufficient washing effect can be obtained. If the washing time is to be shortened, the acidic aqueous solution may be heated. After the completion of the washing treatment, the substrate is thoroughly washed with water in order to remove excess acidic aqueous solution, and then dried. The effect of the cleaning can be numerically confirmed, for example, as the recovery of the exchange capacity and the ionic conductivity.
[0026]
(Swelling process)
When a higher ion conductivity is desired to be exhibited, the water content of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane can be improved by performing a swelling treatment after the hydrolysis step, if necessary. For example, a swelling treatment is performed by heating a fluorine-based ion-exchange membrane in water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent soluble in water, as in JP-A-6-342665, and then returning to an acid form. A fluorine-based ion exchange membrane having a high water content can be obtained.
[0027]
(Method for producing membrane electrode assembly)
Next, a method for manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) will be described. The MEA is made by bonding an electrode to a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane. The electrode is composed of catalytic metal fine particles and a conductive agent supporting the fine particles, and contains a water repellent as needed. The catalyst used for the electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is a metal that promotes the oxidation reaction of hydrogen and the reduction reaction by oxygen, and platinum, gold, silver, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, cobalt, nickel, Chromium, tungsten, manganese, vanadium or alloys thereof are mentioned. Among them, platinum is mainly used. Any conductive agent may be used as long as it is an electron conductive material, and examples thereof include various metals and carbon materials. Examples of the carbon material include carbon black such as furnace black, channel black, and acetylene black, activated carbon, and graphite. These may be used alone or in combination. As the water repellent, a fluorine-containing resin having water repellency is preferable, and one having excellent heat resistance and oxidation resistance is more preferable. For example, polytetrafluoroethylene, a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer can be mentioned. As such an electrode, for example, an electrode manufactured by E-TEK is widely used.
[0028]
In order to form an MEA from the electrode and the ion exchange membrane, for example, the following method is performed. Platinum-supporting carbon serving as an electrode material is dispersed in a solution in which a fluorine-based ion exchange resin is dissolved in a mixed solution of alcohol and water to form a paste. A predetermined amount of this is applied to a PTFE sheet and dried. Next, the application surfaces of the PTFE sheet are faced to each other, and an ion exchange membrane is sandwiched therebetween, and the sheets are joined by hot pressing.
The hot pressing temperature depends on the type of ion exchange membrane, but is usually 100 ° C. or higher, preferably 130 ° C. or higher, more preferably 150 ° C. or higher.
As a method of manufacturing an MEA other than the above, there is a method described in "J. Electrochem. Soc. Vo. L139, No. 2, L28-L30 (1992)". According to this, a solution in which a fluorine-based ion exchange resin is dissolved in a mixed solution of alcohol and water and then converted to SO 3 Na is prepared. Next, a certain amount of platinum-supported carbon is added to this solution to form an ink-like solution. The ink-like solution is applied to the surface of an ion exchange membrane that has been separately converted to SO 3 Na type, and the solvent is removed. Finally, an MEA is created by returning all ion exchange groups to the SO 3 H form. The present invention can be applied to such an MEA.
[0029]
(Fuel cell manufacturing method)
Next, a method for manufacturing a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell will be described. A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes an MEA, a current collector, a fuel cell frame, a gas supply device, and the like. The current collector (bipolar plate) is a graphite or metal flange having a gas flow path on the surface, etc. In addition to transmitting electrons to an external load circuit, it supplies hydrogen and oxygen to the MEA surface. It has a function as a flow path. By inserting MEAs between such current collectors and stacking a plurality of them, a fuel cell can be produced. The operation of the fuel cell is performed by supplying hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen or air to the other electrode. The higher the operating temperature of the fuel cell is, the higher the catalyst activity is, which is preferable. However, the fuel cell is usually operated at 50 ° C. to 100 ° C. where the water management is easy. On the other hand, a reinforced ion exchange membrane as in the present invention may be able to operate at 100 ° C. to 150 ° C. by improving the high temperature and high humidity strength. The supply pressure of oxygen or hydrogen is preferably higher as the output of the fuel cell is higher, but it is preferable to adjust the supply pressure to an appropriate pressure range since the probability of contact between the two due to breakage of the membrane increases.
[0030]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to the examples. The evaluation method performed in the example is as follows.
(1) Film thickness After the acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane is allowed to stand in a constant temperature room at 23 ° C. and 65% for 1 hour or more, measurement is performed using a film thickness meter (Toyo Seiki Seisakusho: B-1).
(2) Degree of Plane Orientation After the acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane was allowed to stand in a constant temperature chamber at 23 ° C. and 65% for 12 hours or more, an automatic birefringence meter KOBRA-21ADH manufactured by Oji Scientific Instruments was used. Measure the refractive index.
Embedded image
Figure 2004071361
[0031]
(3) Rate of decrease in strength in hot water at 80 ° C After the acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane was left in hot water at 80 ° C for 1 hour, it was left in a constant temperature room at 23 ° C and 65% for 1 hour or more, and then converted into pierced pieces. The strength was measured. The strength reduction rate (%) in hot water at 80 ° C. was measured from the ratio of the converted piercing strength before and after being left in hot water.
(4) About 2 to 10 cm 2 of an equivalent weight acid-type ion exchange membrane is immersed in 30 ml of a 25 ° C. saturated aqueous NaCl solution and left for 30 minutes with stirring, and then a 0.01 N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Perform a neutralization titration using. The Na type ion exchange membrane obtained after the neutralization is rinsed with pure water, dried in vacuum and weighed. The equivalent weight of sodium hydroxide required for the neutralization is defined as M (mmol), and the weight of the Na-type ion exchange membrane is defined as W (mg).
EW = (W / M) −22
[0032]
(5) Melt Index Based on JIS K-7210, the melt index of the fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor measured at a temperature of 270 ° C. under a load of 2.16 kg was defined as MI (g / 10 minutes).
(6) from the film thickness T a when the film thickness T b and converted puncture strength measurement of the actual draw ratio before stretching the precursor film to determine the actual draw ratio using the following equation.
Actual stretching ratio = (T b / T a ) 0.5
(7) Reduced puncture strength After the acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane was left in a constant temperature chamber at 23 ° C. and 65% for 12 hours or more, the tip of the needle was measured using a handy compression tester (KES-G5, manufactured by Kato Tech). A piercing test was performed under the conditions of a radius of curvature of 0.5 mm and a piercing speed of 2 mm / sec, and the maximum piercing load was defined as the piercing strength (g). Further, the piercing strength was multiplied by 25 (μm) / film thickness (μm) to obtain a converted piercing strength (g / 25 μm).
[0033]
(8) Heat Shrinkage Rate at 160 ° C. After the acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane is allowed to stand in a constant temperature chamber at 23 ° C. and 65% for 12 hours or more, the membrane area before heating is measured. Thereafter, the film is immersed in a silicone oil bath heated to 160 ° C. for 10 seconds and then taken out, and the film area after heating is measured while taking care not to absorb moisture. From these, determining the thermal shrinkage H a (%) at 160 ° C. using the following equation.
H a = ((A 1 -A 2) / A 1) × 100
A 1 : film area before heating (cm 2 ), A 2 : film area after heating (cm 2 )
(9) Ion conductivity in 25 ° C. water The acid-exchanged ion-exchange membrane was immersed in 25 ° C. water for 30 minutes, cut into strips having a width of 1 cm, and electrode wires having a diameter of 0.5 mm were formed on the surface at intervals of 1 cm. 6 contacts in parallel. After holding for 2 hours or more in a thermo-hygrostat adjusted to 25 ° C. and 98%, resistance is measured by an AC impedance method (10 kHz), and the resistance value per unit length is measured from the distance between the electrodes and the resistance. From this, the horizontal ionic conductivity Z (S / cm) at 25 ° C. is determined using the following equation.
Z = 1 / film thickness (cm) / film width (cm) / resistance value per unit length (Ω / cm)
[0034]
Example 1 (Stretching of ion exchange resin precursor-degree of plane orientation 0.0029)
Copolymer of vinyl fluoride compound of general formula and fluorinated olefin described in the above (raw polymer) (provided that X is CF 3 , n is 1, m is 2, Z is F) And W is SO 2 F.) A fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor (EW: 950, MI: 20) made of a film was formed by a T-die method to obtain a precursor film having a thickness of 110 μm. The precursor film was simultaneously biaxially stretched 2 × 2 times at a stretching temperature of 25 ° C. using a simple small stretching machine to obtain an oriented film. After the stretching, the orientation film is immersed in a hydrolysis bath (DMSO: KOH: water = 5: 30: 65) heated at 95 ° C. for 1 hour while being restrained by a simple small-sized stretching machine, and the metal salt type is stretched. A fluorinated ion exchange membrane having an ion exchange group was obtained. After thoroughly washing this with water, it was immersed in a 2N hydrochloric acid bath heated to 65 ° C. for 15 minutes to obtain a fluorinated ion exchange membrane having an acid type ion exchange group. After thoroughly washing this with water, the membrane was dried. The dried film was removed from the restraint to obtain a dried film having a thickness of 25 μm. The characteristic tests (1) to (9) above were performed on the obtained fluorine-based ion exchange membrane. Table 1 shows the measurement results.
[0035]
Comparative Example 1 (Unstretched)
The same fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor (EW: 950, MI: 20) as in Example 1 was formed into a film by the T-die method, and hydrolyzed in an unoriented state to form a film having a thickness of 31.7 μm. A fluorinated ion exchange membrane was obtained. Table 1 shows the measurement results of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane.
Comparative Example 2 (Stretching of Ion Exchange Resin Precursor-Degree of Plane Orientation 0.0040)
The same fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor (EW: 950, MI: 20) as in Example 1 was formed by a T-die method, and the stretching conditions were as shown in Table 1, except that the stretching conditions were as shown in Table 1. A fluorine-based ion exchange membrane was obtained using the method. Table 1 shows the measurement results of the obtained film.
[0036]
Comparative Example 3 (Stretching of ion exchange resin)
The same fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor (EW: 950, MI: 20) as in Example 1 was formed by a T-die method to form a precursor film having a thickness of 110 μm. The precursor membrane was immersed in a hydrolysis bath (DMSO: KOH: water = 5: 30: 65) heated to 95 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a fluorinated ion exchange membrane having a metal salt type ion exchange group. . After thoroughly washing this with water, it was immersed in a 2N hydrochloric acid bath heated to 65 ° C. for 16 hours or more to obtain a fluorinated ion exchange membrane having an acid type ion exchange group. After thoroughly washing this with water, the membrane was dried. The dried film was simultaneously biaxially stretched 2 × 2 times at a stretching temperature of 125 ° C. using a simple small stretching machine to obtain a dried film having a thickness of 30 μm. Table 1 shows the measurement results of the obtained fluorine-based ion exchange membrane. In addition, "-" in a table | surface has the meaning of not measuring.
[0037]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004071361
[0038]
【The invention's effect】
In the present invention, high strength, low film resistance, and low heat shrinkage can be achieved by stretching the molecular chains and orienting the degree of film plane orientation (ΔP) to 0.0005 to 0.0035. For this reason, the handleability is good, the effect on the yield improvement in mass production is remarkable, and the operation of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell with high strength, high durability and high performance can be realized.

Claims (5)

膜厚1〜500μm、フィルム面配向度(ΔP)が0.0005〜0.0035であることを特徴とするフッ素系イオン交換膜。A fluorine-based ion-exchange membrane having a film thickness of 1 to 500 μm and a degree of film plane orientation (ΔP) of 0.0005 to 0.0035. 80℃熱水による強度低下率が10%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜。2. The fluorinated ion exchange membrane according to claim 1, wherein a strength reduction rate by hot water at 80 ° C. is 10% or less. フッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体からフッ素系イオン交換膜を製造する方法において、
1)イオン交換基前駆体を有するフッ素系イオン交換樹脂前駆体を成膜する工程、
2)該前駆体の膜を配向させる工程、
3)該前駆体の膜の配向状態を維持しながら拘束下でイオン交換基前駆体を加水分解してイオン交換膜を得る工程、かつ前記工程のあとに該フッ素系イオン交換膜にα分散温度以上の熱履歴を与えないことを特徴とするフッ素系イオン交換膜の製造方法。
In a method for producing a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane from a fluorine-based ion exchange resin precursor,
1) forming a film of a fluorinated ion exchange resin precursor having an ion exchange group precursor,
2) a step of orienting the precursor film;
3) a step of obtaining an ion exchange membrane by hydrolyzing the ion exchange group precursor under constraint while maintaining the orientation state of the precursor membrane, and the α-dispersion temperature of the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane after the step. A method for producing a fluorine-based ion exchange membrane, which does not provide the above-mentioned heat history.
請求項1又は請求項2に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜を備えることを特徴とする膜電極接合体。A membrane electrode assembly comprising the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane according to claim 1. 請求項1又は請求項2に記載のフッ素系イオン交換膜を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子電解質型燃料電池。A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the fluorine-based ion exchange membrane according to claim 1.
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