JP2004020297A - Inspection device for inspecting foreign matter by x-ray - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an X-ray foreign matter inspecting device for novel structure capable of inspecting the presence of contamination of a foreign matter into a container, without changing a mounted condition of the container stored with a prescribed liquid. <P>SOLUTION: An X-ray emitting direction is inclined with respect to a conveying face 42 of a conveying line 14 for conveying the container 12 stored with the prescribed liquid, and an X-ray is transmitted over a range from a peripheral wall to a bottom part of the container 12. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

[0001]
【Technical field】
The present invention relates to an X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus that inspects, using X-rays, whether foreign matter has entered a container containing a predetermined liquid.
[0002]
[Background Art]
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART Conventionally, as a device for preventing foreign material from being mixed in a product by inspecting the foreign material mixed in food or the like stored in a container, for example, JP-A-10-26592 and JP-A-10-206352 are disclosed. As described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-183407, it is installed on a product transport line and based on transmitted X-ray data obtained by transmitting X-rays through the product transported on the product transport line. There is known an X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus for inspecting the presence or absence of foreign matter in a product.
[0003]
By the way, in an X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus having a conventional structure, generally, an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector are installed so as to be opposed to each other in a vertical direction across a transport surface of a transport line. Based on transmitted X-ray data obtained by irradiating a product to be irradiated with X-rays in the vertical direction, contamination of food or the like stored in a container with foreign substances is inspected.
[0004]
However, in particular, the container for storing the liquid is often a vertical container having a height dimension larger than the width dimension of the bottom surface of the container, and a lid or the like is attached to the upper part of the container. According to the transmitted X-ray data obtained by irradiating X-rays in the vertical direction with the X-ray foreign matter inspection device, the energy loss of X-rays when transmitting the liquid contained in the container becomes large, There is a problem that it is difficult to accurately determine the presence or absence of foreign matter.
[0005]
In order to cope with such a problem, for example, a vertical container is laid on a transfer surface to be conveyed, so that the X-ray radiated in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus in the container in a vertical direction can be transmitted through the container in a distance. Although it is conceivable to make the container smaller, it is difficult to lay and raise the container on the transport line, and there is also a risk of breakage in a container made of glass, etc., and to lay a container having a cylindrical outer peripheral surface This is not realistic because there is a problem that the position is not stable on the transport surface.
[0006]
Further, as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-272357 and the like, X-rays are emitted from a direction parallel to the transport surface, and X-rays are transmitted in a transverse direction from the side of the container placed on the transport surface. Although such an X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus has been proposed, there has been a problem that it is difficult to detect such foreign substances when the foreign substances sink to the bottom in a vertical container containing a liquid.
[0007]
[Solution]
Here, the present invention has been made in the background of the above-described circumstances, and the problem to be solved is that, without changing the mounting state of the container on the transport surface, such a container It is an object of the present invention to provide an X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus having a novel structure, which can determine with high accuracy whether foreign matter has entered a contained liquid.
[0008]
[Solution]
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention made to solve such problems will be described. The components employed in each of the embodiments described below can be employed in any combination as much as possible. In addition, aspects or technical features of the present invention are not limited to those described below, but are described in the entire specification and drawings, or based on the inventive concept that can be understood by those skilled in the art from the descriptions. It should be understood that it is recognized on the basis of.
[0009]
First, the first aspect of the present invention is provided on a transport line for transporting a container containing a predetermined liquid, the container based on transmission X-ray data obtained by transmitting X-rays through the container. In the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus for inspecting the presence or absence of foreign matter entering the inside, the irradiation direction of the X-ray is inclined with respect to the transport surface of the transport line, and the X-ray is applied to the peripheral wall and the bottom wall of the container The feature is that the light is transmitted.
[0010]
In the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus having the structure according to the present aspect, the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus is mounted on the transport surface as compared with the conventional structure that irradiates X-rays in a direction perpendicular to the transport surface of the transport line. Since the transmission distance of the X-ray transmitted through the container can be shortened, the intensity of the transmitted X-ray can be advantageously secured, and the inspection accuracy of the foreign substance based on the transmitted X-ray data can be improved. It is.
[0011]
That is, the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to the present embodiment has a specific gravity larger than that of the contained liquid in the case where the foreign matter that can be determined based on the transmitted X-ray data is almost always contained in the container containing the predetermined liquid. Focusing on the fact that it has settled at the bottom, it is based on a new technical point of view that foreign matter detection only for the bottom in the container is particularly effective. As a result of intensive studies from such a technical point of view, the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus as described above, which can shorten the X-ray transmission distance and suppress the energy loss of X-rays at the time of transmission, can be realized. Therefore, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to the present embodiment, it is possible to determine with high accuracy whether foreign matter has entered the liquid contained in the container.
[0012]
Note that the X-ray irradiation angle with respect to the transport surface is appropriately set and changed according to the shape of the container and the like. Further, the container to be subjected to the foreign substance inspection is not particularly limited, and for example, a sealed container having an opening sealed such as a PET bottle, a glass bottle, an aluminum can, a steel can, a shot bottle, etc. according to the present embodiment is also used. It can be a container to be inspected by the foreign matter inspection device.
[0013]
Further, a second aspect of the present invention is the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to the first aspect, wherein the container is irradiated with the X-rays from a plurality of different directions to thereby form a plurality of insides of the container. It is characterized in that the inspection is performed by dividing into parts. In the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus having the structure according to the present aspect, the transmission distance of X-rays that can be transmitted through the container can be set to be smaller. Can be suppressed to a small value, thereby further improving the accuracy of the foreign substance inspection. The irradiation angles of the plurality of X-rays with respect to the transfer surface of the transfer line are appropriately set in consideration of the shape of the container and the like, and may be the same or different.
[0014]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to the first or second aspect, an X-ray generator for generating the X-rays and an X-ray detector for detecting the X-rays are provided. By using two pairs, such two pairs of X-ray generators and X-ray detectors are disposed so as to be opposed to the conveying line in a direction inclined in the width direction opposite side, and the two pairs of X-ray generation are performed. The inspection apparatus is characterized in that the bottom of the container is divided into two parts on both sides in the width direction of the transport line by a detector and an X-ray detector for inspection. According to this aspect, it is possible to efficiently secure a space for disposing the two pairs of X-ray generators and detectors in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus, and to inspect the inspection by dividing the bottom of the container into two parts. By doing so, the transmission distance of the X-ray radiated to the container by each X-ray generator and detector can be kept short, and the inspection accuracy can be improved.
[0015]
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to the third aspect, two pairs of the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are positioned relative to each other in a transport direction of the transport line. It is characterized by being arranged differently. In this embodiment, the two pairs of X-ray generators and X-ray detectors can be arranged with better space efficiency.
[0016]
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, the container is a vertical container elongated in the axial direction. The container is conveyed in a state where one end surface in the axial direction of the container is superimposed on the conveying surface and stands on the conveying surface. In the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus having the structure according to the present aspect, it is not necessary to tilt or raise a vertical container such as a single bottle on the transport line when the foreign substance is mixed, and the vertical container is set up on the transport line. Since the inspection can be performed as it is, the inspection work is extremely easy, and the area occupied by the container on the transport line is reduced, so that the inspection can be performed efficiently.
[0017]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, in order to clarify the present invention more specifically, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
[0018]
First, FIGS. 1 to 3 schematically show an entire X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus 10 as one embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus 10 is installed on a transport line 14 that transports a container 12 containing a predetermined liquid, and transmits X-rays through the container 12 transported by the transport line 14. The presence or absence of foreign matter entering the container 12 is inspected based on the X-ray data.
[0019]
More specifically, the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus 10 includes an apparatus housing 16 having a hollow rectangular box shape as a whole, and penetrates a pair of wall portions of the apparatus housing 16 which are opposed to each other. Inspection conveyor 18 which constitutes a part of transport line 14 is provided. The apparatus housing 16 includes a frame made of a rigid material such as a steel material, similarly to the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus having the conventional structure, but illustration and description thereof are omitted here.
[0020]
The inspection conveyor 18 employs a conventionally known belt conveyor, in which the rotational driving force of the drive motor 20 is transmitted to the drive roller 24 via the drive belt 22, and based on the rotation of the drive roller 24. An annular belt 28 wound around end rollers 26 provided at both ends is driven. Then, the container (for example, one bottle) 12 as an inspection object is placed on the upper belt 28 on the transport side, and is transported continuously at a constant speed or intermittently by a predetermined distance. It has become.
[0021]
Furthermore, the inspection conveyer 18 is installed such that both end portions of the belt 28 extend outside the apparatus housing 16 over a predetermined length, respectively, and at the end on the receiving side (left side in FIG. 1), The container 12 is received from another transporting means (not shown), and the container 12 is carried into the device housing 16, then carried out of the device housing 16 again, and is received at the end of the delivery side (right side in FIG. 1). The container 12 is delivered to another transport means (not shown).
[0022]
A pair of guide members 30, 30 for guiding the container 12 to a predetermined position in the width direction on the mounting surface of the inspection conveyor 18 is provided near the end of the inspection conveyor 18 on the receiving side. Further, the guide position and the like of the container 12 by the guide members 30, 30 can be appropriately adjusted by the handle 31. Further, at the entrance and the exit of the apparatus housing 16, there are provided interdigital shielding members 32 for preventing leakage of X-rays. Further, although not explicitly shown in the drawings, a control device for adjusting and controlling the transport speed of the inspection conveyor 18 is provided, and the transport speed of the container 12 can be appropriately changed.
[0023]
Further, two pairs of an X-ray generator 34 as an X-ray generator and an X-ray detector 36 as an X-ray detector are provided in the apparatus housing 16. As the X-ray generator 34, a conventionally known X-ray tube which includes an X-ray tube and a high-voltage generator for generating a DC high voltage applied thereto is employed. On the other hand, the X-ray detection device 36 detects X-rays and outputs it as an electric signal, and is constituted by, for example, a conventionally known line sensor. The pair of X-ray generators 34 and X-ray detectors 36 are disposed with the inspection conveyor 18 for transporting the container 12 interposed therebetween, and are spaced apart from each other to face each other. The X-rays emitted from the X-ray and transmitted through the container 12 are detected by an X-ray detector 36 and output as electric signals constituting transmitted X-ray data.
[0024]
In addition, in the lower part in the device housing 16, in addition to the uninterruptible power supply 54 for power supply, X-ray control devices 38, 38 for controlling the generation of X-rays by adjusting the power supply to the X-ray generators 34, 34. A controller 40 for controlling a scanning operation and a processing operation of an image signal, an electric signal, and the like in the X-ray detection device 36 and the like are accommodated and arranged in a space below the inspection conveyor 18.
[0025]
In particular, in the present embodiment, the two X-ray generators 34, 34 are located above the inspection conveyor 18 and sandwich the container 12 transported by the inspection conveyor 18 on both sides in the width direction of the transport surface 42 of the inspection conveyor 18. The two X-ray detectors 36 and 36 are disposed below the inspection conveyor 18 while being disposed as described above. The two pairs of the X-ray generator 34 and the X-ray detector 36 are displaced from each other in the direction in which the container 12 is conveyed by the inspection conveyor 18, and each pair of the X-ray generator 34 and the X-ray detector 36 are juxtaposed so as to face each other. Furthermore, the facing direction of the X-ray generation device 34 and the X-ray detection device 36 forming each pair is a vertical line on the transport center line of the container 12 by the inspection conveyor 18 (in this embodiment, a vertical line to the transport surface 42). On the other hand, it is set in a direction inclined to the opposite side in the width direction. In the present embodiment, the inclination angles of the pair of the X-ray generator 34 and the X-ray detector 36 with respect to the vertical line in the facing direction are each in the range of 30 to 60 degrees, and are the same as each other. Is set.
[0026]
Since the two pairs of X-ray generators 34 and X-ray detectors 36 are set so as to be inclined with respect to the vertical direction in this manner, on the inspection conveyor 18 from the downstream side in the transport direction. When viewed from the upstream side, as shown in FIG. 4, X-rays emitted from one of the X-ray generators 34 a enter obliquely downward from the right side surface of the container 12, The X-ray is transmitted through at least the right half region of the bottom surface and is incident on one of the paired X-ray detectors 36a. As shown in FIG. The irradiated X-rays enter obliquely downward from the left side surface of the container 12, pass through at least the left half region of the bottom surface of the container 12, and enter the other X-ray detector 36b forming a pair. It has become. As is clear from this, in the present embodiment, the X-ray irradiation direction is inclined with respect to the transport surface 42 of the inspection conveyor 18 which forms a part of the transport line.
[0027]
Further, the transmitted X-ray data as electric signals obtained by the X-ray detectors 36, 36 is taken into the computer 44, and by subjecting the transmitted X-ray data to appropriate arithmetic processing, foreign matter can be contained in the container 12. It is determined whether or not it is mixed. In addition, the determination of foreign matter contamination by such arithmetic processing is performed by, for example, determining a change in the output of the X-ray detection device 36 constituted by a line sensor using a differential value or an integral value, or determining a value exceeding a preset threshold value. By determining whether or not there is a particle, it is possible to determine the presence or absence of foreign matter based only on the transmitted X-ray data obtained by each individual container 12, but in addition, for example, the X-ray detection device 36 Is processed into binary data by pixel processing, and the measured data obtained by integrating the pixel data is compared with basic data obtained by imaging the container 12 in which foreign matter is not mixed in advance. It is possible to perform the determination using a known image processing technique, and by employing such an arithmetic processing, it is possible to automatically determine the presence or absence of foreign matter without human determination. Rukoto is possible. Further, it is desirable that the computer 44 includes storage means such as a hard disk device for storing the transmitted X-ray data and various data obtained from the transmitted X-ray data.
[0028]
Further, a pair of CRTs 46a and 46b as an image display device are installed in the device housing 16 of the X-ray foreign matter inspection device 10 of the present embodiment so as to face a glass-covered viewing window 48 provided on the front. The image of the transmitted X-ray data is processed by the computer 44 and the fluoroscopic image of the container 12 is displayed on the CRTs 46a and 46b, so that the observer can view the image substantially in real time. In the present embodiment, the transmission image of the right half of the bottom surface of the container 12 is displayed on one CRT 46a based on the transmission X-ray data obtained by the one X-ray detector 36a. At the same time, on the other CRT 46b, a transmission image of the left half of the bottom surface of the container 12 is displayed based on the transmission X-ray data obtained by the other X-ray detection device 36b.
[0029]
Further, in the transmission images of the container 12 displayed on the CRTs 46, 46, foreign substances mixed in the container 12 are also displayed, so that a human can visually confirm the operation state of the apparatus or inspect the apparatus. Alternatively, it is also possible for a human to visually determine the presence or absence of foreign matter in the container 12. At the time of displaying an image, the output of the X-ray detection device 36 is subjected to a masking process by separating the background by a binarization process using a predetermined level as a threshold value, so that the peripheral wall of the container 12 and the external The display may be hidden.
[0030]
If it is determined that foreign matter has been mixed in the container 12 in accordance with the result of the automatic or visual foreign matter determination as described above, the container 12 containing such foreign matter is transported as a defective product. They are sorted on the line. It is to be noted that such a separation process can be performed manually. However, preferably, the separation process is performed on an external transport line (not shown) connected to the inspection conveyor 18 after being transported to the outside of the apparatus housing 16 by the inspection conveyor 18. The container is removed by an automatic sorting device that removes a specific container 12 from the transfer line by a movable arm or the like installed in the apparatus.
[0031]
Furthermore, the foreign matter detection operation by the two pairs of the X-ray generation device 34 and the X-ray detection device 36 is sequentially conveyed to the X-ray foreign matter inspection device 10 of the present embodiment by being sequence-controlled by the sequencer 52. The foreign matter inspection is continuously performed on the incoming container 12. Various operation switches 50 including a main switch and a plurality of lamps 56 for visually displaying the state of the apparatus are provided on the front panel of the apparatus housing 16. Alarm buzzer, etc.
[0032]
In the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus 10 having the above-described structure, the X-rays emitted from the two X-ray generators 34a and 34b are inclined with respect to the transport surface 42 of the inspection conveyor 18 so that the container 12 Since the light passes through the bottom from the side surface and is incident on the two X-ray detectors 36a and 36b disposed opposite each other, the transmission distance of the liquid stored in the container 12 can be suppressed sufficiently small. X-rays can be transmitted to the bottom surface of the container 12. Therefore, energy loss of X-rays caused by transmission through the container 12 is effectively suppressed, and based on the detection signals of the X-ray detectors 36a and 36b, the foreign matter mixed in is confirmed with excellent contrast and high accuracy. It is possible to do.
[0033]
Moreover, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus 10, the X-rays emitted from the X-ray generators 34a and 34b can be effectively transmitted through the bottom surface of the container 12 with a short transmission distance to the container 12. Based on the transmitted X-ray data, it is possible to more advantageously find the contaminant existing in the state of being settled at the bottom of the container 12.
[0034]
In particular, in the present embodiment, X-rays separately irradiated from the left and right sides of the container 12 are used, and the bottom surface of the container 12 is divided into two to obtain transmission X-ray data. The whole can be transmitted and observed with X-rays with a shorter transmission distance, so that the presence / absence of foreign matter entering the container 12 can be determined with higher accuracy.
[0035]
Therefore, as shown in the figure, for example, a container 12 consisting of a vertical bottle with a closed opening, such as a one-shoulder bottle or the like completed as a product by sealing the upper opening and filling a predetermined liquid. In this case, the presence or absence of foreign matter entering the container 12 can be determined with extremely high accuracy.
[0036]
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, these are merely examples, and the present invention is not to be construed as being limited by the specific descriptions in the embodiments.
[0037]
For example, in the above-described embodiment, a line sensor is employed as the X-ray detection device 36, but an X-ray fluorescence intensifier (image intensifier) may be employed as the X-ray detection device 36. Further, a flat panel X-ray image sensor may be employed as the X-ray detection device 36. The X-ray generator 34 does not necessarily need to be continuously irradiated with X-rays. For example, the X-ray generator 34 may correspond to a signal from a position detection sensor that detects the position of the container 12 transported by the inspection conveyor 18. X-rays may be emitted in a pulsed or intermittent manner. In addition, the transport pattern of the container 12 by the inspection conveyor 18 is changed according to the pattern of the X-rays emitted from the X-ray generator 34 to the container 12 and the type of the X-ray detector 36 to be employed. It may be transported at a constant speed, or may be transported intermittently by a predetermined distance and temporarily stopped at a position where X-rays can be transmitted. Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, an image that can be viewed is displayed based on the transmitted X-ray data, but such an image display is not necessarily required.
[0038]
Further, in the above-described embodiment, the X-ray generators 34, 34 are positioned so as to sandwich the inspection conveyor 18 in the width direction. However, the X-ray generator is positioned above the inspection conveyor 18 so that the X-ray generation is performed. It is also possible to set the irradiation direction to be inclined in the transport direction of the container 12 with respect to the vertical line on the transport surface of the inspection conveyor 18. Further, in the above embodiment, two pairs of X-ray generators 34 and X-ray detectors 36 are employed. However, one pair, or three or more pairs of X-ray generators and X-ray detectors may be employed. It is. Note that the X-ray detectors that are respectively opposed to the plurality of X-ray generators are formed as a substantially single structure, and the X-ray detector having the single structure is shared by the plurality of X-ray generators. It is also possible to configure to make a pair.
[0039]
In the above embodiment, the upper surface of the X-ray detector 36 is parallel to the transport surface 42 of the inspection conveyor 18, and the transmitted X-rays are incident from a direction inclined with respect to the upper surface of the X-ray detector 36. However, the upper surface of the X-ray detector 36 is inclined with respect to the transport surface 42 so that transmitted X-rays are incident from a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the X-ray detector 36. Is also good.
[0040]
In the above-described embodiment, X-rays are emitted from the side surface of the container 12 to the bottom. However, on the contrary, X-rays may be emitted from the bottom of the container 12 to the side surface.
[0041]
Further, in the X-ray detection device 36 of the embodiment, for example, as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 10-26592, the X-ray is irradiated in the vertical direction (perpendicular to the transport surface) to detect foreign matter. X-ray generators and detectors to be performed, and X-rays that irradiate X-rays in a horizontal direction (a direction parallel to the transport surface) and detect foreign matter as described in, for example, JP-A-2001-272357. The generator and the detector may be used together as necessary.
[0042]
In addition, although not enumerated one by one, the present invention can be embodied in embodiments in which various changes, modifications, improvements, and the like are added based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art. It goes without saying that all of them are included in the scope of the present invention unless departing from the spirit of the invention.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
As is apparent from the above description, in the X-ray foreign matter inspection device having the structure according to the present invention, since X-rays are transmitted from the side to the bottom of the container, energy loss due to X-ray transmission through the container is suppressed. In addition, it is possible to advantageously observe the entire bottom surface of the container in which foreign matter has settled, and therefore, it is possible to determine with high accuracy whether foreign matter has entered based on the obtained transmitted X-ray data. It becomes.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory front view schematically showing an X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus as one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory cross-sectional view of the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory vertical sectional view of the X-ray foreign substance inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an explanatory view showing X-rays emitted from a generator of X-rays positioned on the entrance side of the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 1 to a container.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing X-rays emitted from a generator of X-rays positioned on the exit side of the X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus shown in FIG. 1 to a container.
[Explanation of symbols]
Reference Signs List 10 X-ray foreign substance inspection device 12 Container 14 Transport line 42 Transport surface

Claims (5)

It is installed on a transport line that transports a container containing a predetermined liquid, and inspects whether or not foreign matter has entered the container based on transmitted X-ray data obtained by transmitting X-rays through the container. In the X-ray foreign matter inspection device,
An X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus, wherein the X-ray irradiation direction is inclined with respect to a transport surface of the transport line, and the X-ray is transmitted through the peripheral wall and the bottom wall of the container. 2. The X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container is irradiated with the X-rays from a plurality of different directions to inspect the inside of the container in a plurality of parts. 3. An X-ray generator that generates the X-rays and an X-ray detector that detects the X-rays are used in two pairs, and the two pairs of the X-ray generators and the X-ray detectors are opposite to the transport line in the width direction. The bottom in the container is divided into two parts on both sides in the width direction of the transport line by the two pairs of X-ray generators and X-ray detectors for inspection. The X-ray foreign matter inspection device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein 4. The X-ray foreign matter inspection apparatus according to claim 3, wherein two pairs of the X-ray generator and the X-ray detector are arranged at different positions in the transport direction of the transport line. 2. The container according to claim 1, wherein the container is a vertical container that is long in the axial direction, and one end surface in the axial direction of the vertical container is superimposed on the transport surface and transported while standing on the transport surface. 3. 5. The X-ray foreign substance inspection device according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

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