JP2004002209A - Method for producing unsaturated aldehyde - Google Patents

Method for producing unsaturated aldehyde Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004002209A
JP2004002209A JP2002113915A JP2002113915A JP2004002209A JP 2004002209 A JP2004002209 A JP 2004002209A JP 2002113915 A JP2002113915 A JP 2002113915A JP 2002113915 A JP2002113915 A JP 2002113915A JP 2004002209 A JP2004002209 A JP 2004002209A
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catalyst
reaction
producing
filled
unsaturated aldehyde
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JP3939187B2 (en
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Hiromi Yunoki
柚木 弘己
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Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
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Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd
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Priority to TW92104818A priority patent/TWI247628B/en
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde by which the deterioration of a catalyst located in hot spot parts is suppressed and a reaction can be continued over a long period while maintaining high yield irrespective of where the hot spot parts are formed and even if the raw material gas concentration is high when an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid are produced by the gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a molybdenum catalyst. <P>SOLUTION: The method for producing the unsaturated aldehyde comprises using a granular catalyst which is an oxide or a compound oxide consisting essentially of molybdenum, bismuth and iron as the catalyst. The interior of each reaction tube in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor is divided in the tubular axis direction to provide a plurality of reaction zones and the catalyst having a different ratio R of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst is filled in each reaction zone, respectively. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法に関する。詳しくは、触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いて、プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコールおよびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、分子状酸素または分子状酸素含有ガスにより気相接触酸化することにより、不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いて、プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコールおよびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、分子状酸素または分子状酸素含有ガスにより気相接触酸化することにより、それぞれに対応する不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する方法に関しては、これまでにいくつかの提案(例えば、特公昭53−30688号公報、特公昭63−38331号公報、特開平3−294238号公報、特開平3−294239号公報、特開平4−217932号公報、特開平8−3093号公報、特開平10−168003号公報など)が報告され、中には工業的に実施されている方法もある。
【0003】
この気相接触酸化反応は非常な発熱反応を伴うことから、触媒層に局所的な異常高温部(以下、ホットスポット部と称することがある)が発生する。特に、固定床多管式反応器を用いた酸化反応を実施する以上、触媒層におけるホットスポット部の発生をなくすことは避けられない。
ホットスポット部の温度が高いと、過度の酸化反応を引き起こして収率が低下したり、最悪の場合には暴走反応を引き起こす。また、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒は高温に曝されるため、触媒の物理的性質および化学的性質が変化してしまい、活性や目的生成物の選択率が低下するなど、触媒の劣化が加速される。特に、モリブデン系の触媒の場合、モリブデン成分が昇華して触媒組成および物性が変化しやすいため、触媒の劣化の度合いが大きい。
【0004】
上記の問題は、目的生成物の生産性向上を目的として、高い空間速度での反応や高い原料ガス濃度での反応を行う場合に、さらに顕著となる。
以上の問題について、反応管に充填された触媒層全体に着目すると、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒は、他の部分の触媒に比べて劣化が速く、長時間の使用によって目的生成物の収率が著しく低下し、安定的に製造を行うことが困難となり得る。そして、前述したように、モリブデン系の触媒の場合や、高い空間速度での反応や高い原料ガス濃度での反応を行う場合、触媒の劣化の度合いが特に大きい。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
前述した従来公知のいずれの提案も、ホットスポット部の温度を低く抑えることに着目した提案である。しかしながら、固定床多管式反応器を用いた酸化反応を実施する場合、触媒層におけるホットスポット部の発生を完全になくすことはできず、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒の劣化度合いが他の部分に位置する触媒の劣化度合いに比較して相対的に大きいという問題は解決できていない。特に、モリブデン系の触媒を使用する場合や高い原料ガス濃度で反応を行う場合には、この問題は顕著となる。
【0006】
従って、本発明の課題は、モリブデン系の触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いた気相接触酸化反応によって不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する場合に、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒の劣化を抑制し、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、また、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができる方法を提供することにある。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者は上記課題を解決するべく鋭意検討を行った。その結果、触媒の真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)に着目し、このRが相対的に高い触媒は低い触媒に比べて高温に曝されても劣化度合いが小さいことを見出した。そして、Rが異なる触媒を用意し、Rの高い触媒がホットスポット部やその近傍に位置されるように充填することによって上記課題が解決できることに想到した。
すなわち、本発明にかかる不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法は、触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いて、プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコール、およびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、分子状酸素または分子状酸素含有ガスにより気相接触酸化することにより、原料に対応する不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する方法において、前記触媒として、モリブデン、ビスマスおよび鉄を必須成分とする酸化物および/または複合酸化物を使用し、前記固定床多管型反応器における各反応管の内部を管軸方向に分割することにより複数個の反応帯を設け、この各反応帯に、触媒の真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)が異なる前記触媒をそれぞれ充填することを特徴とする。
【0008】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明で使用するモリブデン、ビスマスおよび鉄を必須成分とする触媒としては、プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコールおよびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、気相接触酸化反応により対応する不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造し得るものであればいずれも使用できるが、下記一般式(1)で表される複合酸化物触媒が好適に用いられる。
MoaWbBicFedAeBfCgDhEiOx       (1)
(ここで、Moはモリブデン、Wはタングステン、Biはビスマス、Feは鉄、Aはコバルトおよびニッケルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素、Bはナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウムおよびタリウムから選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素、Cはホウ素、リン、クロム、マンガン、亜鉛、ヒ素、ニオブ、スズ、アンチモン、テルル、セリウムおよび鉛から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素、Dはシリコン、アルミニウム、チタニウムおよびジルコニウムから選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素、Eはアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素、そしてOは酸素であり、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、iおよびxはそれぞれMo、W、Bi、Fe、A、B、C、D、EおよびOの原子比を表し、a=12の時、0≦b≦5、0.1≦c≦10、0.1≦d≦20、1≦e≦20、0.001≦f≦5、0≦g≦10、0≦h≦30、0≦i≦5であり、xはそれぞれの元素の酸化状態によって定まる数値である。)
上記触媒成分元素の出発原料については特段の制限はなく、一般にこの種の触媒に使用される金属元素のアンモニウム塩、硝酸塩、炭酸塩、塩化物、硫酸塩、水酸化物、有機酸塩、酸化物またはこれらの混合物を組み合わせて用いればよいが、アンモニウム塩および硝酸塩が好適に用いられる。
【0009】
触媒原料塩の混合水溶液または水性スラリーは、この種の触媒に一般に用いられている方法により調製すればよく、例えば、上記触媒原料を水溶液とし、これらを順次混合すればよい。触媒原料の混合条件(混合順序、温度、圧力、pH等)については特に制限はない。こうして得られた触媒原料塩の混合水溶液または水性スラリーは必要に応じて濃縮乾固してケーキ状固形物を得る場合もある。前記触媒原料塩混合水溶液、水性スラリーまたはケーキ状固形物は加熱処理され、触媒前駆体P1を得る。
触媒前駆体P1を得るための加熱処理方法および触媒前駆体の形態については特に限定はなく、例えばスプレードライヤー、ドラムドライヤー等を用いて粉末状の触媒前駆体を得てもよいし、箱型乾燥機、トンネル型乾燥機等を用いて気流中で加熱してブロック状またはフレーク状の触媒前駆体を得てもよい。
【0010】
触媒前駆体P1は、好ましくは減量率が10質量%以上40質量%未満、より好ましくは13質量%以上37質量%以下、さらに好ましくは15質量%以上35質量%以下となるように加熱処理条件を設定する。しかしながら、減量率が上記範囲外の場合であっても、もちろん使用可能である。
触媒前駆体の減量率は、触媒前駆体P1を均一に混合して約10g精秤し、これを空気雰囲気下にて300℃で1時間加熱した場合に下記式から算出される。
減量率(質量%)=(触媒前駆体質量−加熱後の触媒前駆体質量)/触媒前駆体質量×100
減量分は、加熱処理により分解、揮発、昇華する触媒前駆体P1に残存している硝酸根、アンモニウム根等および水分である。(触媒前駆体P1に含有される硝酸塩、アンモニウム塩は高温で加熱することにより分解して触媒前駆体P1より除去される。すなわち減量率が高い触媒前駆体ほど、硝酸塩、アンモニウム塩などを高い割合で含有していることを意味する。)
上記した加熱処理条件は、加熱装置(乾燥機)の種類や加熱装置の特性によって適宜選択されるべきであって一概に特定できないが、例えば、箱型乾燥機を用いる場合、気体流通下、230℃以下の温度で3〜24時間処理すればよい。
【0011】
上記のように好ましくは減量率を調整された触媒前駆体P1は、必要に応じて適当な粒度の粉体を得るための粉砕工程や分級工程を経て、続く成型工程に送る。
減量率が好ましくは上記範囲内に調整された触媒前駆体P1に対し、続いて、バインダーを添加、混合し、触媒前駆体P2とする。
触媒前駆体P1に対して添加、混合するバインダーの種類は特に限定されず、例えば、触媒成型に用いることが可能な公知のバインダーを挙げることができるが、好ましくは、水である。
【0012】
触媒前駆体P1に対して添加、混合するバインダーの量、好ましくは、触媒前駆体P1に対して添加、混合する水の量は、前記触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対して好ましくは5質量部以上30質量部以下であり、より好ましくは8質量部以上27質量部以下、さらにより好ましくは11質量部以上24質量部以下である。
添加量が30質量部より多くなると、触媒前駆体P2の成型性が悪化し、成型ができなくなる場合もある。添加量が5質量部未満だと触媒前駆体P2同士の結合が弱く、成型自体ができなくなるか成型できたとしても、触媒の機械強度が低くなる場合がある。押出成型の場合は、最悪の場合、成型機が壊れる。
【0013】
触媒前駆体P1に添加される水は、各種物質の水溶液や各種物質と水との混合物の形でも添加できる。
水と共に添加される物質としては、成型性を向上させる成型助剤、触媒の強度を向上させる補強剤やバインダー、触媒に細孔を形成させる気孔形成剤として一般に用いられる物質などが挙げられる。これら物質としては、添加によって触媒性能(活性、目的生成物の選択性)に悪影響を及ぼさないものが好ましい。つまり、(i)焼成後に触媒中に残存しない物質の水溶液または水との混合物、(ii)焼成後に触媒中に残存するとしても触媒性能に対して悪影響を及ぼさない物質からなる水溶液または水との混合物である。
【0014】
上記(i)の具体例としては、エチレングリコール、グリセリン、プロピオン酸、マレイン酸、ベンジルアルコール、プロピルアルコール、ブチルアルコールまたはフェノール等の有機化合物や硝酸、硝酸アンモニウム、炭酸アンモニウムなどが挙げられる。
上記(ii)の具体例としては、補強剤として一般に知られているシリカ、アルミナ、ガラス繊維、炭化珪素、窒化珪素などが挙げられる。本発明によれば、製造される触媒は実用上十分な機械強度を有しているが、更に高い機械強度が必要な場合、これら補強剤が添加される。
【0015】
これら物質は、添加量が過剰な場合、触媒の機械強度が著しく低下するので、工業触媒として実用不可能な程度まで触媒の機械強度が低下しない程度の量を添加することが好ましい。
上記した各種物質の水溶液や各種物質と水との混合物の形で添加する場合、例えば、100質量部の触媒前駆体P1に、20質量部の5質量%エチレングリコール水溶液を添加して成型した場合、P1に添加された水の量は20×(1−0.05)=19質量部となる。
本発明で使用する触媒は触媒前駆体P2を一定の形状に成型した成型触媒であっても、あるいは触媒前駆体P2を一定の形状を有する任意の不活性担体に担持させた担持触媒であっても、あるいはこれら成型触媒と担持型触媒との組み合わせであってもよいが、好ましくは、触媒前駆体P2を一定の形状に成型した成型触媒である。
【0016】
上記触媒の形状については特に制限はなく、球状、円柱状(ペレット状)、リング状、不定形などのいずれの形状でもよい。もちろん、球状の場合、真球である必要はなく実質的に球状であればよい。円柱状およびリング状についても同様である。また、各反応帯に充填する触媒の形状は同一でも、あるいは異なっていてもよいが(例えば、ガス入口側:球状触媒、ガス出口側:ペレット状触媒)、通常、同一形状の成型触媒または同一形状の担持型触媒を充填するのが好ましい。
上記触媒の大きさについては、触媒の形状が球状の場合、平均触媒粒径が1〜15mmが好ましく、より好ましくは1〜10mm、さらに好ましくは3〜10mm、さらにより好ましくは3〜8mmのものが好適に用いられる。
【0017】
触媒の細孔容積としては、好ましくは0.2〜0.6cm/g、より好ましくは0.25〜0.55cm/gである。
担持触媒の場合、担体の材質自体には特に制限はなく、アクロレインを気相酸化してアクリル酸を製造する触媒を製造する際に通常用いることができる担体をいずれも使用することができる。使用可能な担体の具体例としてはアルミナ、シリカ、シリカ・アルミナ、チタニア、マグネシア、ステアタイト、シリカマグネシア、シリカマグネシアアルミナ、炭化珪素、窒化珪素、ゼオライトなどが挙げられる。
【0018】
担持触媒の場合、各反応帯に充填する触媒の担持率は、酸化反応条件、触媒の活性、および強度等を勘案して最適な活性および選択性が得られるように適宜決定されるが、好ましくは5〜200%、より好ましくは10〜100%、特に好ましくは15〜50%である。
なお、本発明において、触媒の担持率は次式により算出される。
担持率(%)
=[(焼成後の触媒質量−担体質量)/焼成後の触媒質量]×100
触媒調製時の熱処理条件(いわゆる焼成条件)についても特段の制限はなく、この種の触媒製造にて一般的に採用されている焼成条件を適用できる。各反応帯に充填する触媒の熱処理温度は同一でも異なっていてもよく、熱処理温度としては、好ましくは350〜600℃、より好ましくは400〜550℃、熱処理時間としては好ましくは1〜10時間である。
【0019】
触媒の成型方法は従来公知の方法でよく、例えば、押出成型法、打錠成型法、造粒法(転動造粒装置、遠心流動コーティング装置)、マルメライザー法などの成型方法が適用できる。なかでも押出成型法が好適である。
本発明にかかる不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法おいては、固定床多管型反応器における各反応管の内部を管軸方向に分割することにより複数個の反応帯を設け、この各反応帯に、触媒の真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)が異なる前記触媒をそれぞれ充填することを特徴とする。
【0020】
なお、本発明では、触媒の見掛け密度=1/(1/真密度+細孔容積)とする。
また、担体に触媒活性物質を担持させた、いわゆる担持型触媒の場合には、任意の方法で担体表面から触媒活性物質のみを剥離させ、触媒活性物質のみの真密度および細孔容積を測定して上式よりRを算出する。
このように真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比Rが異なる触媒を充填することによって、モリブデン系の触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いた気相接触酸化反応によって不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する場合に、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、また、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができるのである。
【0021】
真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比Rが異なる触媒の製造方法は特に限定されないが、例えば、以下のような方法(1)〜(4)あるいはそれらの組み合わせによって製造することができる。
(1)触媒前駆体の減量率を変えることでRを変えることができる。減量率が低いと、触媒の細孔形成が少なくなるため、触媒の見掛け密度が高くなる。そして、真密度は触媒の組成が極端に変わらなければ製造方法を変えても変化しないので、減量率が低いとRは大きくなる。逆に、減量率が高いと、触媒の見掛け密度が低くなるため、Rは小さくなる。
【0022】
(2)触媒に添加する細孔形成剤の種類および/または添加量を制御する。触媒に細孔を形成する作用のある細孔形成剤を添加し、この添加量を相対的に少なくすると、見掛け密度は高くなり、Rは大きくなる。逆に、添加量が相対的に多くなると、Rは小さくなる。また、細孔形成剤の種類を変えることによってもRを制御できる。
(3)Rを変える効果は小さいが、触媒組成(触媒原料として用いられる金属の種類や添加割合)を変えると、真密度が変わるので、Rも変わる。
(4)成型の際の圧力を変えることによってもRを制御できる。例えば、打錠成型の場合、打圧を高くすればRは大きくなり、打圧を低くすればRは小さくなる。また、押出成型の場合、押出し圧を高くすればRが大きくなり、押出し圧を低くすればRは小さくなる。
【0023】
本発明において用いることができる触媒の真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)の範囲は、特に限定されないが、好ましくは0.25〜0.55、より好ましくは0.30〜0.50である。
触媒の真密度に対する見掛け密度の比が0.25未満の場合、細孔容積の増加に伴って細孔内拡散効率は上昇する場合があり、この場合、触媒の活性および目的生成物への選択率は向上するが、触媒強度が著しく低下するために好ましくない。
触媒の真密度に対する見掛け密度の比が0.55より大きい場合は上記の逆となり、触媒強度は向上するが、触媒の活性および目的生成物への選択率が著しく低下するために好ましくない。
【0024】
本発明においては、固定床多管型反応器における各反応管の内部を管軸方向に分割することによって複数個の反応帯を設け、これら複数個の反応帯に上記した方法によって調製されたRの異なる複数個の触媒を充填する。
上記充填配置の方法については、特に限定されず、例えば、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRがより小さくなるように充填する配置や、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRが一旦大きくなった後に小さくなるように充填する配置などが挙げられるが、好ましくは、Rの異なる触媒を各反応管のガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRがより小さくなるように配置する。すなわち、Rが最も大きい触媒を入口側に、Rの最も小さい触媒を出口側に配置する。また、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRが一旦大きくなった後に小さくなるように充填する配置においては、ガス入口部分のRが大きい触媒の充填層長は、全触媒層の60%以下が好ましく、5〜50%がより好ましく、10〜40%がさらに好ましい。
【0025】
このように触媒の真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)の異なる複数個の触媒を配列することによって、モリブデン系の触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いた気相接触酸化反応によって不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する場合に、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒の劣化を抑制し、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、また、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができる。また、従来のように活性の異なる触媒を使用して触媒活性をコントロールするだけでは、特に原料ガス濃度が高い場合には限界があったが、本発明にかかる方法を用いれば、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができる。
【0026】
本発明にかかる不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法おいては、さらに、前記複数個の反応帯にそれぞれ充填される触媒の活性が異なることが好ましい。
上記活性の異なる触媒の製造方法は特に限定されず、例えば、従来公知の方法を用いることが出来る。具体的には、例えば、ナトリウム、カリウム、ルビジウム、セシウムおよびタリウムから選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素(本発明で用いる触媒でいうB成分)の種類および/または量を変える方法、担持率を変える方法、焼成温度を変える方法、希釈率を変える方法、担持触媒と成型触媒を組み合わせる方法、触媒の粒径を変える方法や、これらの組み合わせによる方法が挙げられる。
【0027】
このように活性の異なる触媒を前記複数個の反応帯にそれぞれ充填する場合、すなわち、触媒の真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)が異なり、かつ、活性も異なる触媒を前記複数個の反応帯にそれぞれ充填する場合、触媒の充填配置の方法については、特に限定されず、Rに着目した場合には前述のように、例えば、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRがより小さくなるように充填する配置や、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRが一旦大きくなった後に小さくなるように充填する配置などが挙げられるが、活性に着目した場合には、例えば、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かって活性が順次高くなるように充填する配置や、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かって活性が一旦下がった後に高くなるように充填する配置などが挙げられ、好ましくは、活性の異なる触媒を各反応管のガス入口側からガス出口側に向かって活性が順次高くなるように配置する。すなわち、活性が最も低い触媒を入口側に、活性の最も高い触媒を出口側に配置する。また、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かって活性が一旦下がった後に高くなるように充填する配置においては、ガス入口部分の高活性触媒の充填層長は、全触媒層の60%以下が好ましく、5〜50%がより好ましく、10〜40%がさらに好ましい。
【0028】
このように活性の異なる複数個の触媒を配列することによって、モリブデン系の触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いた気相接触酸化反応によって不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する場合に、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒の劣化をさらに抑制し、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、また、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができる。
触媒の充填配置の最も好ましい形態としては、Rについては、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かってRがより小さくなるように充填され、かつ、活性については、ガス入口側からガス出口側に向かって活性が順次高くなるように充填されるように配置する形態である。
【0029】
反応帯の数は、特に限定されず、多いほど触媒層のホットスポット温度を制御しやすくなるが、工業的には2または3程度にすることで十分目的とする効果を得ることができる。また、触媒層の分割比については、酸化反応条件や各層に充填された触媒の組成、形状、サイズなどによって最適値が左右されるため一概に特定できず、全体としての最適な活性および選択率が得られるように適宜選択すればよい。
触媒の各反応管への充填に際しては、不活性物質で希釈した触媒を各反応帯に充填することもできる。
【0030】
プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコール、およびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、分子状酸素または分子状酸素含有ガスにより気相接触酸化することにより、原料に対応する不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する方法としては、触媒として本発明の触媒を使用する点を除けば特に制限はなく、一般に用いられている装置、方法および条件下で実施することができる。
すなわち、本発明における気相接触反応は通常の単流通法、あるいはリサイクル法で行ってもよく、反応器としては固定床反応器、流動床反応器、移動床反応器などを用いることができる。
【0031】
上記反応条件としては、例えば、原料ガスとしてプロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコールおよびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を1〜15容量%、この原料ガスに対して容量比で1〜10倍の範囲の分子状酸素および希釈剤としての不活性ガス、例えば、水蒸気、窒素および炭酸ガスなどからなる混合ガスを250〜450℃の温度範囲で0.1〜1MPaの圧力下に300〜5000hr−1(STP)の空間速度で本発明の触媒と接触させて反応させればよい。
本発明の方法によれば、生産性を上げることを目的とした高負荷反応条件下、例えばより高い原料ガス濃度、あるいはより高い空間速度の条件下において、従来法に比べて特に著しい好結果が得られる。特に、原料ガス濃度が7容量%以上、より厳しくは9容量%以上のような高濃度の原料ガスを用いても、本発明の目的が達成可能となる。
【0032】
【実施例】
以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳細に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例によってなんら制限されるものではない。なお、本明細書における転化率、選択率、および収率はそれぞれ以下のように定義される。
転化率(モル%)=(反応した出発原料のモル数)/(供給した出発原料のモル数)×100
選択率(モル%)=(生成した不飽和アルデヒドおよび不飽和カルボン酸のモル数)/(反応した出発原料のモル数)
収率(モル%)=(生成した不飽和アルデヒドおよび不飽和カルボン酸のモル数)/(供給した出発原料のモル数)×100
また、触媒の真密度および細孔容積は以下の測定機器および方法で測定した。
【0033】
真密度:
測定機器:Micromeritics社製 AutoPycnometer1320
測定方法:触媒を約4g量り取り、測定用セルに入れて上記測定機器にセットした。
細孔容積:
測定機器:Micromeritics社製 AutoPoreIII(水銀圧入方式)
測定方法:触媒を約2g量り取り、圧力測定範囲0〜414MPa、等価時間10秒で測定した。
【0034】
(触媒製造例1:触媒(1)の調製)
純水10Lを加熱攪拌しながら、モリブデン酸アンモニウム1500gを溶解し、さらに20質量%シリカゾル425gを加えた。この混合液に、硝酸コバルト1236g、硝酸ニッケル412g、硝酸鉄372g、硝酸カリウム5.7gを純水1000mlに溶解させた液を激しく攪拌しながら滴下した。続いて、純水500mlに濃硝酸250mlを加えた水溶液に硝酸ビスマス446gを溶解した液を激しく攪拌しながら滴下した。生成した懸濁液を加熱攪拌し、水の大部分を蒸発させ、ケーキ状固形物を得た。得られたケーキ状固形物を箱型乾燥機で加熱処理し(加熱ガス温度:170℃、加熱ガス線速:1.2m/sec、加熱処理時間:12時間)、ブロック状の触媒前駆体を得た。この触媒前駆体を粉砕した後、減量率を測定したところ、18.9質量%であった。次いで、50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液を触媒前駆体粉末1kgに対して260gの割合で添加して1時間混練後、外径6.0mm、内径2.0mm、高さ6.0mmのリング状に押出成型した。次いで、成型体を空気流通下480℃で5時間焼成して触媒(1)を得た。この触媒の酸素を除く金属元素組成は次の通りであった。
【0035】
触媒(1):Mo12CoNiBi1.3Fe1.3Si0.08
触媒(1)の真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)は0.35であった。
触媒(1)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
(触媒製造例2〜3:触媒(2)〜(3)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量をそれぞれ変えた以外は、触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(2)〜(3)をそれぞれ得た。
【0036】
触媒(2)〜(3)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
(触媒製造例4:触媒(4)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、触媒のサイズを外径7.0mm、内径2.0mm、高さ7.0mmに変えた以外は触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(4)を得た。
触媒(4)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
【0037】
(触媒製造例5:触媒(5)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、硝酸カリウムの添加量を7.2gに変えた以外は触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(5)を得た。この触媒の酸素を除く金属元素組成は次の通りであった。
触媒(5):Mo12CoNiBi1.3Fe1.3Si0.1
触媒(5)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
【0038】
(触媒製造例6:触媒(6)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、ケーキ状固形物の加熱処理条件のうち、加熱ガス温度を220℃に変え、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量を変えた以外は、触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(6)を得た。
触媒(6)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
【0039】
(触媒製造例7:触媒(7)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、硝酸カリウムの添加量を3.6gに変え、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量、および、触媒のサイズを変えた以外は触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(7)を得た。この触媒の酸素を除く金属元素組成は次の通りであった。
触媒(7):Mo12CoNiBi1.3Fe1.3Si0.05
触媒(7)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
【0040】
(触媒製造例8:触媒(8)の調製)
上記触媒製造例7の触媒(7)の調製方法において、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量を変えた以外は触媒製造例7と同様にして触媒(8)を得た。
触媒(8)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
(触媒製造例9:触媒(9)の調製)
上記触媒製造例1の触媒(1)の調製方法において、硝酸カリウムの代わりに硝酸セシウムを9.7g用い、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量、および、触媒のサイズを変えた以外は触媒製造例1と同様にして触媒(9)を得た。この触媒の酸素を除く金属元素組成は次の通りであった。
【0041】
触媒(9):Mo12CoNiBi1.3Fe1.3SiCs0.07
触媒(9)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
(触媒製造例10:触媒(10)の調製)
上記触媒製造例9の触媒(9)の調製方法において、触媒前駆体P1に添加する50質量%の硝酸アンモニウム水溶液の量を変えた以外は触媒製造例9と同様にして触媒(10)を得た。
【0042】
触媒(10)の触媒組成、触媒前駆体P1の減量率、触媒前駆体P1の100質量部に対するバインダーの添加量、触媒のサイズ、および、真密度に対する見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)を表1にまとめた。
(参考例1〜10)
溶融硝酸塩にて加熱した内径25mmのステンレス製反応管に、触媒製造例1〜10で得られた触媒(1)〜(10)をそれぞれ層長200mmとなるように充填し、下記組成の反応ガスを空間速度1500h−1(STP)で導入してプロピレンの気相接触酸化反応を行った。結果を表2に示した。
【0043】
プロピレン  3容量%
空気     30容量%
水蒸気    40容量%
窒素     27容量%
(実施例1)
溶融硝酸塩にて加熱した内径25mmのステンレス製反応管に、反応ガス入口側から出口側に向かって順に、触媒(1)を層長1500mm、触媒(2)を層長1500mmとなるように充填し、下記組成の反応ガスを空間速度1500h−1(STP)で導入してプロピレンの気相接触酸化反応を行った。結果を表3に示した。
【0044】
プロピレン   5.5容量%
空気     50.0容量%
水蒸気    10.0容量%
窒素     34.5容量%
(比較例1〜2)
実施例1において、触媒(1)のみを層長3000mm、または触媒(2)のみを層長3000mm充填した以外は実施例1と同様にして気相接触反応を行った。結果を表3に示した。
【0045】
(実施例2、比較例3〜4)
実施例1において、表3に示したように触媒を充填し、反応ガス組成を以下のように変えた以外は実施例1と同様にして気相接触酸化反応を行った。結果を表3に示した。
プロピレン   6.5容量%
空気     57.0容量%
水蒸気    10.0容量%
窒素     26.5容量%
(実施例3〜5、比較例5)
実施例1において、表3に示したように触媒を充填し、反応ガス組成を以下のように変えた以外は実施例1と同様にして気相接触酸化反応を行った。結果を表3に示した。
【0046】
プロピレン   8.0容量%
空気     70.0容量%
水蒸気    10.0容量%
窒素     12.0容量%
【0047】
【表1】

Figure 2004002209
【0048】
【表2】
Figure 2004002209
【0049】
【表3】
Figure 2004002209
【0050】
【発明の効果】
本発明によれば、モリブデン系の触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いた気相接触酸化反応によって不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する場合に、ホットスポット部に位置する触媒の劣化を抑制し、ホットスポット部がどこに発生するかによらず、また、原料ガス濃度が高い場合であっても、高い収率を維持しながら長期にわたって反応を継続することができる。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid. Specifically, using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a catalyst, at least one compound selected from propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol and methyl-t-butyl ether is used as a raw material, and molecular oxygen or molecular oxygen is used. The present invention relates to a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid by performing gas phase catalytic oxidation with a contained gas.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a catalyst, propylene, isobutylene, at least one compound selected from t-butyl alcohol and methyl-t-butyl ether as a raw material, with molecular oxygen or molecular oxygen-containing gas Several methods have been proposed so far for producing unsaturated aldehydes and / or unsaturated carboxylic acids corresponding to each of them by gas phase catalytic oxidation (for example, JP-B-53-30688 and JP-B-63). -38331, JP-A-3-294238, JP-A-3-294239, JP-A-4-217932, JP-A-8-3093, JP-A-10-168003, etc.), Some are industrially practiced.
[0003]
Since this gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction involves a very exothermic reaction, a local abnormally high temperature portion (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a hot spot portion) is generated in the catalyst layer. In particular, as long as the oxidation reaction is carried out using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor, it is inevitable to eliminate the generation of hot spots in the catalyst layer.
If the temperature of the hot spot is high, an excessive oxidation reaction is caused to lower the yield, and in the worst case, a runaway reaction is caused. In addition, since the catalyst located in the hot spot is exposed to high temperatures, the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst change, and the deterioration of the catalyst, such as the activity and the selectivity of the target product, is accelerated. Is done. Particularly, in the case of a molybdenum-based catalyst, the degree of deterioration of the catalyst is large because the molybdenum component is sublimated and the catalyst composition and physical properties are easily changed.
[0004]
The above problem becomes more remarkable when performing a reaction at a high space velocity or a high raw material gas concentration for the purpose of improving the productivity of the target product.
Regarding the above problems, focusing on the entire catalyst layer filled in the reaction tube, the catalyst located at the hot spot part deteriorates faster than the other parts of the catalyst, and the yield of the target product is increased by using the catalyst for a long time. Can be significantly reduced, and it can be difficult to stably manufacture. As described above, the degree of deterioration of the catalyst is particularly large when a molybdenum-based catalyst is used, or when a reaction is performed at a high space velocity or a high raw material gas concentration.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
Any of the conventionally known proposals described above are proposals that focus on keeping the temperature of the hot spot portion low. However, when performing an oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor, the occurrence of hot spots in the catalyst layer cannot be completely eliminated, and the degree of deterioration of the catalyst located in the hot spots may be different from that in other parts. Does not solve the problem that it is relatively large as compared with the degree of deterioration of the catalyst located at. In particular, when a molybdenum-based catalyst is used or when the reaction is performed at a high raw material gas concentration, this problem becomes remarkable.
[0006]
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a molybdenum-based catalyst. Deterioration of the catalyst located in is suppressed, regardless of where the hot spot occurs, and even when the raw material gas concentration is high, the reaction can be continued for a long time while maintaining a high yield. It is to provide a method that can be performed.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has made intensive studies in order to solve the above problems. As a result, paying attention to the ratio R of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst (the apparent density of the catalyst / the true density of the catalyst), a catalyst having a relatively high R can be exposed to a higher temperature than a catalyst having a lower R. It has been found that the degree of deterioration is small. The inventors have conceived that the above-mentioned problem can be solved by preparing catalysts having different Rs and filling the catalysts so that the catalysts having a higher R are located at or near the hot spot.
That is, the method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid according to the present invention uses a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a catalyst, using propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol, and methyl-t-butyl alcohol. A method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid corresponding to a raw material by subjecting at least one compound selected from butyl ether as a raw material and performing gas phase catalytic oxidation with molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen-containing gas, As the catalyst, an oxide and / or a composite oxide containing molybdenum, bismuth and iron as essential components is used, and the inside of each reaction tube in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor is divided in the axial direction to form a plurality of catalysts. Reaction zones are provided, and in each of the reaction zones, the ratio R (the ratio of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst) Wherein the hanging true density of the density / catalyst) fills each said different catalysts.
[0008]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
As a catalyst having molybdenum, bismuth and iron as essential components used in the present invention, at least one compound selected from propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol and methyl-t-butyl ether is used as a raw material, and is subjected to a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction. Any one can be used as long as it can produce the corresponding unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid, but a composite oxide catalyst represented by the following general formula (1) is preferably used.
MoaWbBicFedAeBfCgDhEiOx (1)
(Where Mo is molybdenum, W is tungsten, Bi is bismuth, Fe is iron, A is at least one element selected from cobalt and nickel, and B is at least one element selected from sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and thallium. The element, C is at least one element selected from boron, phosphorus, chromium, manganese, zinc, arsenic, niobium, tin, antimony, tellurium, cerium and lead, and D is at least one element selected from silicon, aluminum, titanium and zirconium. The element, E is at least one element selected from alkaline earth metals, and O is oxygen, and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, and x are Mo, W, Bi, Represents the atomic ratio of Fe, A, B, C, D, E and O, and when a = 12, 0 ≦ b ≦ 5, 1 ≦ c ≦ 10, 0.1 ≦ d ≦ 20, 1 ≦ e ≦ 20, 0.001 ≦ f ≦ 5, 0 ≦ g ≦ 10, 0 ≦ h ≦ 30, 0 ≦ i ≦ 5, and x Is a value determined by the oxidation state of each element.)
There are no particular restrictions on the starting materials for the above catalyst component elements, and ammonium salts, nitrates, carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, hydroxides, organic acid salts, and oxidized salts of the metal elements generally used in this type of catalyst. Or a mixture thereof, but ammonium salts and nitrates are preferably used.
[0009]
The mixed aqueous solution or aqueous slurry of the catalyst raw material salt may be prepared by a method generally used for this type of catalyst. For example, the catalyst raw material may be converted into an aqueous solution, and these may be sequentially mixed. There are no particular restrictions on the mixing conditions (mixing order, temperature, pressure, pH, etc.) of the catalyst raw materials. The mixed aqueous solution or aqueous slurry of the catalyst raw material salt thus obtained may be concentrated to dryness as necessary to obtain a cake-like solid. The catalyst raw material salt mixed aqueous solution, aqueous slurry or cake-like solid is heat-treated to obtain a catalyst precursor P1.
The heat treatment method and the form of the catalyst precursor for obtaining the catalyst precursor P1 are not particularly limited. For example, a powdery catalyst precursor may be obtained using a spray drier, a drum drier, or the like, or a box-shaped drying may be performed. A block or flake catalyst precursor may be obtained by heating in an air stream using a drying machine, a tunnel dryer or the like.
[0010]
The heat treatment conditions are such that the catalyst precursor P1 has a weight loss rate of preferably 10% by mass or more and less than 40% by mass, more preferably 13% by mass or more and 37% by mass or less, and still more preferably 15% by mass or more and 35% by mass or less. Set. However, even when the weight loss rate is out of the above range, it can of course be used.
The weight loss rate of the catalyst precursor is calculated from the following formula when the catalyst precursor P1 is uniformly mixed, accurately weighed, and heated at 300 ° C. for 1 hour in an air atmosphere.
Weight loss rate (mass%) = (mass of catalyst precursor−mass of catalyst precursor after heating) / mass of catalyst precursor × 100
The reduced amount is a nitrate group, an ammonium group, and water remaining in the catalyst precursor P1 that decomposes, volatilizes, and sublimates by the heat treatment. (Nitrate and ammonium salt contained in the catalyst precursor P1 are decomposed and removed from the catalyst precursor P1 by heating at a high temperature. That is, the higher the weight loss rate of the catalyst precursor, the higher the proportion of nitrate and ammonium salt. Means that it is contained.)
The above heat treatment conditions should be appropriately selected depending on the type of the heating device (dryer) and the characteristics of the heating device and cannot be specified unconditionally. For example, when a box-type dryer is used, 230 What is necessary is just to process at the temperature below ℃ for 3 to 24 hours.
[0011]
The catalyst precursor P1 whose weight reduction rate is preferably adjusted as described above is sent to a subsequent molding step through a pulverizing step or a classifying step for obtaining powder having an appropriate particle size, if necessary.
Next, a binder is added to and mixed with the catalyst precursor P1 whose weight reduction rate is preferably adjusted to fall within the above range to obtain a catalyst precursor P2.
The kind of the binder to be added to and mixed with the catalyst precursor P1 is not particularly limited. For example, a known binder that can be used for catalyst molding can be mentioned, but water is preferable.
[0012]
The amount of the binder added to and mixed with the catalyst precursor P1, preferably, the amount of water added and mixed with the catalyst precursor P1, is preferably 5 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1. To 30 parts by mass, more preferably 8 to 27 parts by mass, still more preferably 11 to 24 parts by mass.
When the addition amount is more than 30 parts by mass, the moldability of the catalyst precursor P2 is deteriorated, and molding may not be performed. If the addition amount is less than 5 parts by mass, the bond between the catalyst precursors P2 is weak, and the mechanical strength of the catalyst may be reduced even if molding itself cannot be performed or molding can be performed. In the case of extrusion molding, in the worst case, the molding machine is broken.
[0013]
The water added to the catalyst precursor P1 can be added in the form of an aqueous solution of various substances or a mixture of various substances and water.
Examples of the substance added together with water include a molding aid for improving the moldability, a reinforcing agent and a binder for improving the strength of the catalyst, and a substance generally used as a pore-forming agent for forming pores in the catalyst. As these substances, those which do not adversely affect the catalytic performance (activity, selectivity of the target product) by addition are preferable. That is, (i) a mixture of an aqueous solution or water of a substance that does not remain in the catalyst after calcination, and (ii) an aqueous solution or water of a substance that does not adversely affect catalyst performance even if it remains in the catalyst after calcination. It is a mixture.
[0014]
Specific examples of the above (i) include organic compounds such as ethylene glycol, glycerin, propionic acid, maleic acid, benzyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol and phenol, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium carbonate.
Specific examples of the above (ii) include silica, alumina, glass fiber, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride, which are generally known as a reinforcing agent. According to the present invention, the produced catalyst has practically sufficient mechanical strength, but when higher mechanical strength is required, these reinforcing agents are added.
[0015]
When these substances are added in an excessive amount, the mechanical strength of the catalyst is remarkably reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to add these substances in such an amount that the mechanical strength of the catalyst is not reduced to such a degree that it cannot be practically used as an industrial catalyst.
When adding in the form of an aqueous solution of the above-mentioned various substances or a mixture of various substances and water, for example, adding 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1 and adding 20 parts by mass of a 5% by mass aqueous solution of ethylene glycol to form , P1 is 20 × (1−0.05) = 19 parts by mass.
The catalyst used in the present invention may be a molded catalyst obtained by molding the catalyst precursor P2 into a certain shape, or a supported catalyst obtained by supporting the catalyst precursor P2 on any inert carrier having a certain shape. Alternatively, the catalyst may be a combination of these molded catalysts and a supported catalyst, but is preferably a molded catalyst obtained by molding the catalyst precursor P2 into a predetermined shape.
[0016]
The shape of the catalyst is not particularly limited, and may be any shape such as a sphere, a column (pellet), a ring, and an irregular shape. Of course, in the case of a spherical shape, it need not be a true sphere, but may be substantially spherical. The same applies to the columnar shape and the ring shape. The shape of the catalyst filled in each reaction zone may be the same or different (for example, a gas inlet side: a spherical catalyst, a gas outlet side: a pellet-shaped catalyst). It is preferred to load a supported catalyst in shape.
Regarding the size of the catalyst, when the shape of the catalyst is spherical, the average catalyst particle diameter is preferably 1 to 15 mm, more preferably 1 to 10 mm, still more preferably 3 to 10 mm, and still more preferably 3 to 8 mm. Is preferably used.
[0017]
The pore volume of the catalyst is preferably 0.2 to 0.6 cm.3/ G, more preferably 0.25 to 0.55 cm3/ G.
In the case of a supported catalyst, the material itself of the carrier is not particularly limited, and any carrier that can be generally used when producing a catalyst for producing acrylic acid by vapor-phase oxidation of acrolein can be used. Specific examples of usable carriers include alumina, silica, silica-alumina, titania, magnesia, steatite, silica magnesia, silica magnesia alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zeolite, and the like.
[0018]
In the case of a supported catalyst, the loading ratio of the catalyst to be filled in each reaction zone is appropriately determined so as to obtain optimal activity and selectivity in consideration of oxidation reaction conditions, activity of the catalyst, strength and the like, but is preferably Is 5 to 200%, more preferably 10 to 100%, particularly preferably 15 to 50%.
In the present invention, the catalyst loading is calculated by the following equation.
Loading rate (%)
= [(Mass of catalyst after calcination-mass of support) / mass of catalyst after calcination] x 100
There is no particular limitation on the heat treatment conditions (so-called calcination conditions) at the time of catalyst preparation, and calcination conditions generally used in the production of this type of catalyst can be applied. The heat treatment temperature of the catalyst packed in each reaction zone may be the same or different, and the heat treatment temperature is preferably 350 to 600 ° C, more preferably 400 to 550 ° C, and the heat treatment time is preferably 1 to 10 hours. is there.
[0019]
The catalyst may be molded by a conventionally known method, and for example, a molding method such as an extrusion molding method, a tablet molding method, a granulation method (a tumbling granulator, a centrifugal fluidized coating apparatus), and a marmellaizer method can be applied. Among them, the extrusion molding method is preferred.
In the method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid according to the present invention, a plurality of reaction zones are provided by dividing the inside of each reaction tube in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor in the tube axis direction. Each of the reaction zones is filled with the catalyst having a different ratio R (apparent density of catalyst / true density of catalyst) of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst.
[0020]
In the present invention, the apparent density of the catalyst is 1 / (1 / true density + pore volume).
In the case of a so-called supported catalyst in which a catalytically active substance is supported on a carrier, only the catalytically active substance is separated from the surface of the carrier by an arbitrary method, and the true density and pore volume of the catalytically active substance alone are measured. R is calculated from the above equation.
By filling the catalyst with a different ratio R of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density in this way, the unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated aldehyde can be obtained by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a molybdenum-based catalyst. Or, when producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid, regardless of where the hot spot occurs, and even when the raw material gas concentration is high, keep the reaction for a long time while maintaining a high yield. You can do it.
[0021]
The method for producing a catalyst having a different ratio R of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density is not particularly limited. For example, the catalyst can be produced by the following methods (1) to (4) or a combination thereof.
(1) R can be changed by changing the weight loss rate of the catalyst precursor. If the weight loss rate is low, the apparent density of the catalyst increases because the formation of pores in the catalyst decreases. And, since the true density does not change even if the production method is changed unless the composition of the catalyst is extremely changed, R increases when the weight loss rate is low. Conversely, when the weight loss rate is high, the apparent density of the catalyst is low, so that R is small.
[0022]
(2) The type and / or amount of the pore forming agent added to the catalyst is controlled. When a pore-forming agent having a function of forming pores is added to the catalyst and the addition amount is relatively reduced, the apparent density increases and R increases. Conversely, as the amount of addition increases, R decreases. Further, R can be controlled by changing the type of the pore forming agent.
(3) The effect of changing R is small, but changing the catalyst composition (the type and addition ratio of the metal used as the catalyst raw material) changes the true density, so R also changes.
(4) R can be controlled by changing the pressure during molding. For example, in the case of tablet molding, R increases as the compression pressure increases, and R decreases as the compression pressure decreases. In the case of extrusion molding, R increases as the extrusion pressure increases, and R decreases as the extrusion pressure decreases.
[0023]
The range of the ratio R (apparent density of catalyst / true density of catalyst) of the apparent density to the true density of the catalyst that can be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.25 to 0.55, more preferably It is 0.30 to 0.50.
If the ratio of the apparent density to the true density of the catalyst is less than 0.25, the diffusion efficiency in the pores may increase as the pore volume increases, in which case the activity of the catalyst and the choice of the desired product Although the rate is improved, it is not preferable because the catalyst strength is remarkably reduced.
When the ratio of the apparent density to the true density of the catalyst is larger than 0.55, the above is reversed, and the strength of the catalyst is improved, but the activity of the catalyst and the selectivity to the target product are unpreferably reduced.
[0024]
In the present invention, a plurality of reaction zones are provided by dividing the inside of each reaction tube in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor in the tube axis direction, and the R prepared by the method described above is provided in the plurality of reaction zones. Of different catalysts.
The method of the filling arrangement is not particularly limited. For example, the filling arrangement may be such that R becomes smaller from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side, or R may be temporarily set from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side. An arrangement in which the catalyst is filled so that it becomes smaller after the catalyst becomes larger, and the like, may be mentioned. Preferably, catalysts having different Rs are arranged so that R becomes smaller from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side of each reaction tube. That is, the catalyst with the largest R is placed on the inlet side, and the catalyst with the smallest R is placed on the outlet side. In an arrangement in which R is increased from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side and then becomes smaller, the packed bed length of the catalyst having a larger R at the gas inlet is 60% or less of the total catalyst layer. Is preferable, 5 to 50% is more preferable, and 10 to 40% is further preferable.
[0025]
By arranging a plurality of catalysts having different ratios of the apparent density to the true density of the catalyst R (the apparent density of the catalyst / the true density of the catalyst), a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a molybdenum-based catalyst is provided. When producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid by a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction using, a catalyst located at a hot spot portion is prevented from deteriorating, regardless of where the hot spot portion is generated, Further, even when the source gas concentration is high, the reaction can be continued for a long time while maintaining a high yield. In addition, controlling the catalytic activity by using catalysts having different activities as in the related art had a limit particularly when the raw material gas concentration was high, but using the method according to the present invention, the raw material gas concentration was reduced. Even when the temperature is high, the reaction can be continued for a long period of time while maintaining a high yield, regardless of where the hot spot occurs.
[0026]
In the method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid according to the present invention, it is preferable that the activities of the catalysts respectively charged in the plurality of reaction zones are different.
The method for producing the catalysts having different activities is not particularly limited, and for example, a conventionally known method can be used. Specifically, for example, a method of changing the type and / or amount of at least one element selected from sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and thallium (the component B in the catalyst used in the present invention), a method of changing the loading ratio, Examples of the method include a method of changing a calcination temperature, a method of changing a dilution ratio, a method of combining a supported catalyst and a molded catalyst, a method of changing a particle size of a catalyst, and a method of combining these.
[0027]
When the plurality of reaction zones are filled with catalysts having different activities in this way, that is, the ratio R of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst (the apparent density of the catalyst / the true density of the catalyst) is different, and When the catalysts having different activities are charged into the plurality of reaction zones, respectively, the method of arranging the catalyst is not particularly limited. When attention is paid to R, as described above, for example, the gas may be supplied from the gas inlet side. There is an arrangement in which R is filled so as to become smaller toward the outlet side, and an arrangement in which R is once increased from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side and then filled so that R becomes smaller. In this case, for example, the filling is performed so that the activity becomes higher sequentially from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side, or the activity becomes higher after the activity once decreases from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side. Arrangement and the like to be filled so that, preferably, arranging the activities of different catalysts such activity is sequentially increased toward the gas outlet side from the gas inlet side of each reaction tube. That is, the catalyst with the lowest activity is placed on the inlet side, and the catalyst with the highest activity is placed on the outlet side. Further, in an arrangement in which the activity is once decreased from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side and then filled so as to become higher, the length of the packed layer of the highly active catalyst at the gas inlet portion is preferably 60% or less of the entire catalyst layer. , 5 to 50% is more preferable, and 10 to 40% is still more preferable.
[0028]
By arranging a plurality of catalysts having different activities in this manner, unsaturated aldehydes and / or unsaturated carboxylic acids can be removed by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor packed with a molybdenum-based catalyst. In the case of manufacturing, the deterioration of the catalyst located at the hot spot portion is further suppressed, and a high yield is maintained regardless of where the hot spot portion occurs and even when the raw material gas concentration is high. The reaction can be continued over a long period of time.
In the most preferable form of the catalyst filling arrangement, R is filled so that R becomes smaller from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side, and the activity is from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side. In such a manner that the packing is performed so that the activity is gradually increased.
[0029]
The number of reaction zones is not particularly limited, and the larger the number, the easier it is to control the hot spot temperature of the catalyst layer. However, industrially setting the number to about 2 or 3 can sufficiently obtain the desired effect. In addition, the optimum ratio of the catalyst layer splitting ratio cannot be specified because the optimum value depends on the oxidation reaction conditions and the composition, shape, size, etc. of the catalyst packed in each layer. May be appropriately selected so as to obtain.
When the catalyst is charged into each reaction tube, the catalyst diluted with an inert substance may be charged into each reaction zone.
[0030]
Unsaturation corresponding to the raw material is obtained by subjecting at least one compound selected from propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol, and methyl-t-butyl ether as a raw material to gas phase catalytic oxidation with molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen-containing gas. The method for producing the aldehyde and / or the unsaturated carboxylic acid is not particularly limited except that the catalyst of the present invention is used as a catalyst, and the method can be carried out using generally used apparatuses, methods and conditions. .
That is, the gas phase contact reaction in the present invention may be carried out by a usual single flow method or a recycling method, and a fixed bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, a moving bed reactor, or the like can be used as a reactor.
[0031]
The reaction conditions include, for example, 1 to 15% by volume of at least one compound selected from propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol, and methyl-t-butyl ether as a raw material gas at a volume ratio of 1 to 15 to the raw material gas. A mixed gas consisting of 10 times the range of molecular oxygen and an inert gas as a diluent, for example, water vapor, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, is heated at a temperature of 250 to 450 ° C. under a pressure of 0.1 to 1 MPa for 300 to 1 MPa. 5000 hr-1What is necessary is just to contact and react with the catalyst of this invention at the space velocity of (STP).
According to the method of the present invention, particularly under high load reaction conditions for the purpose of increasing productivity, for example, under conditions of higher raw material gas concentration or higher space velocity, particularly remarkable good results are obtained as compared with the conventional method. can get. In particular, the object of the present invention can be achieved even when a high-concentration source gas having a source gas concentration of 7% by volume or more, more strictly 9% by volume or more is used.
[0032]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In this specification, the conversion, the selectivity, and the yield are defined as follows.
Conversion (mol%) = (mol number of reacted starting material) / (mol number of supplied starting material) × 100
Selectivity (mol%) = (mol number of generated unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carboxylic acid) / (mol number of reacted starting material)
Yield (mol%) = (mol number of unsaturated aldehyde and unsaturated carboxylic acid generated) / (mol number of starting material supplied) × 100
The true density and pore volume of the catalyst were measured by the following measuring instruments and methods.
[0033]
True density:
Measuring device: AutoPycnometer 1320 manufactured by Micromeritics
Measuring method: About 4 g of the catalyst was weighed, placed in a measuring cell, and set in the measuring instrument.
Pore volume:
Measuring device: AutoPore III (mercury injection method) manufactured by Micromeritics
Measuring method: About 2 g of the catalyst was weighed and measured in a pressure measurement range of 0 to 414 MPa and an equivalent time of 10 seconds.
[0034]
(Catalyst Production Example 1: Preparation of Catalyst (1))
While heating and stirring 10 L of pure water, 1500 g of ammonium molybdate was dissolved, and 425 g of 20% by mass silica sol was further added. A solution in which 1236 g of cobalt nitrate, 412 g of nickel nitrate, 372 g of iron nitrate, and 5.7 g of potassium nitrate were dissolved in 1000 ml of pure water was added dropwise to this mixture with vigorous stirring. Subsequently, a solution obtained by dissolving 446 g of bismuth nitrate in an aqueous solution obtained by adding 250 ml of concentrated nitric acid to 500 ml of pure water was added dropwise with vigorous stirring. The resulting suspension was heated and stirred to evaporate most of the water to obtain a cake-like solid. The obtained cake-like solid is heat-treated with a box-type dryer (heating gas temperature: 170 ° C., heating gas linear velocity: 1.2 m / sec, heating time: 12 hours), and a block-like catalyst precursor is produced. Obtained. After the catalyst precursor was pulverized, the weight loss rate was measured to be 18.9% by mass. Next, a 50% by mass aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate was added at a rate of 260 g to 1 kg of the catalyst precursor powder, kneaded for 1 hour, and extruded into a ring shape having an outer diameter of 6.0 mm, an inner diameter of 2.0 mm, and a height of 6.0 mm. Molded. Next, the molded body was calcined at 480 ° C. for 5 hours under air flow to obtain a catalyst (1). The metal element composition of this catalyst excluding oxygen was as follows.
[0035]
Catalyst (1): Mo12Co6Ni2Bi1.3Fe1.3Si2K0.08
The ratio R (apparent density of catalyst / true density of catalyst) of the apparent density to the true density of the catalyst (1) was 0.35.
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (1), the weight loss of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio of the apparent density to the true density R (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
(Catalyst Production Examples 2-3: Preparation of Catalysts (2) and (3))
Catalysts (2) to (2) to (1) were prepared in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 except that the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1 was changed. (3) was obtained respectively.
[0036]
The catalyst composition of the catalysts (2) to (3), the weight loss of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density (catalyst) (Apparent density / true density of catalyst) are summarized in Table 1.
(Catalyst Production Example 4: Preparation of Catalyst (4))
Catalyst (1) was prepared in the same manner as in Catalyst Production Example 1 except that the catalyst was changed to an outer diameter of 7.0 mm, an inner diameter of 2.0 mm, and a height of 7.0 mm. 4) was obtained.
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (4), the weight reduction rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
[0037]
(Catalyst Production Example 5: Preparation of Catalyst (5))
Catalyst (5) was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1 of Catalyst Preparation Example 1, except that the amount of potassium nitrate was changed to 7.2 g. The metal element composition of this catalyst excluding oxygen was as follows.
Catalyst (5): Mo12Co6Ni2Bi1.3Fe1.3Si2K0.1
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (5), the weight reduction rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density R (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
[0038]
(Catalyst Production Example 6: Preparation of Catalyst (6))
In the preparation method of the catalyst (1) of the above-mentioned catalyst production example 1, the heating gas temperature was changed to 220 ° C among the heating conditions of the cake-like solid, and the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1 was increased. Catalyst (6) was obtained in the same manner as in Catalyst Production Example 1 except that was changed.
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (6), the reduction rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density R (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
[0039]
(Catalyst Production Example 7: Preparation of Catalyst (7))
In the preparation method of the catalyst (1) of the catalyst production example 1, the addition amount of potassium nitrate was changed to 3.6 g, the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1, and the size of the catalyst were changed. Except for the above, a catalyst (7) was obtained in the same manner as in the catalyst production example 1. The metal element composition of this catalyst excluding oxygen was as follows.
Catalyst (7): Mo12Co6Ni2Bi1.3Fe1.3Si2K0.05
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (7), the weight reduction rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
[0040]
(Catalyst Production Example 8: Preparation of Catalyst (8))
Catalyst (8) was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 7 of Catalyst Preparation Example 7, except that the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1 was changed. .
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (8), the weight loss rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
(Catalyst Production Example 9: Preparation of Catalyst (9))
In the method for preparing the catalyst (1) of the above-mentioned catalyst production example 1, 9.7 g of cesium nitrate was used instead of potassium nitrate, and the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1 and the size of the catalyst were changed. Except for the above, a catalyst (9) was obtained in the same manner as in Catalyst Production Example 1. The metal element composition of this catalyst excluding oxygen was as follows.
[0041]
Catalyst (9): Mo12Co6Ni2Bi1.3Fe1.3Si2Cs0.07
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (9), the weight reduction rate of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density R (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
(Catalyst Production Example 10: Preparation of Catalyst (10))
Catalyst (10) was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 9 of Catalyst Preparation Example 9 except that the amount of the 50% by mass aqueous ammonium nitrate solution added to the catalyst precursor P1 was changed. .
[0042]
The catalyst composition of the catalyst (10), the weight loss of the catalyst precursor P1, the amount of the binder added to 100 parts by mass of the catalyst precursor P1, the size of the catalyst, and the ratio R of the apparent density to the true density (the apparent density of the catalyst / The true density of the catalyst is summarized in Table 1.
(Reference Examples 1 to 10)
The catalysts (1) to (10) obtained in Catalyst Production Examples 1 to 10 were filled into a stainless steel reaction tube heated with molten nitrate and having an inner diameter of 25 mm so as to have a layer length of 200 mm. The space velocity is 1500h-1(STP) to conduct a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of propylene. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0043]
Propylene 3% by volume
Air % 30% by volume
Steam 40% by volume
Nitrogen @ 27% by volume
(Example 1)
A stainless steel reaction tube having an inner diameter of 25 mm heated by a molten nitrate is filled in such a manner that the catalyst (1) has a layer length of 1500 mm and the catalyst (2) has a layer length of 1500 mm in order from the reaction gas inlet side to the outlet side. And a reaction gas having the following composition with a space velocity of 1500 h.-1(STP) to conduct a gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction of propylene. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0044]
Propylene 5.5% by volume
Air 50.0% by volume
Steam 10.0% by volume
Nitrogen 34.5% by volume
(Comparative Examples 1-2)
A gas phase contact reaction was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the catalyst (1) was filled with a layer length of 3000 mm or only the catalyst (2) was filled with a layer length of 3000 mm. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0045]
(Example 2, Comparative Examples 3 and 4)
A gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst was charged as shown in Table 3 and the reaction gas composition was changed as follows. The results are shown in Table 3.
Propylene @ 6.5% by volume
Air 57.0% by volume
Steam 10.0% by volume
Nitrogen 26.5% by volume
(Examples 3 to 5, Comparative Example 5)
A gas phase catalytic oxidation reaction was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the catalyst was charged as shown in Table 3 and the reaction gas composition was changed as follows. The results are shown in Table 3.
[0046]
Propylene 8.0% by volume
Air 70.0% by volume
Steam 10.0% by volume
Nitrogen @ 12.0% by volume
[0047]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004002209
[0048]
[Table 2]
Figure 2004002209
[0049]
[Table 3]
Figure 2004002209
[0050]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, when an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid is produced by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation reaction using a fixed-bed multitubular reactor filled with a molybdenum-based catalyst, it is located at a hot spot. Therefore, the catalyst can be prevented from deteriorating, and the reaction can be continued for a long period of time while maintaining a high yield regardless of where the hot spot portion is generated and even when the raw material gas concentration is high.

Claims (5)

触媒を充填した固定床多管式反応器を用いて、プロピレン、イソブチレン、t−ブチルアルコール、およびメチル−t−ブチルエーテルから選ばれる少なくとも一種の化合物を原料とし、分子状酸素または分子状酸素含有ガスにより気相接触酸化することにより、原料に対応する不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸を製造する方法において、
前記触媒として、モリブデン、ビスマスおよび鉄を必須成分とする酸化物および/または複合酸化物を使用し、
前記固定床多管型反応器における各反応管の内部を管軸方向に分割することにより複数個の反応帯を設け、この各反応帯に、触媒の真密度に対する触媒の見掛け密度の比R(触媒の見掛け密度/触媒の真密度)が異なる前記触媒をそれぞれ充填することを特徴とする、不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法。
Using a fixed bed multitubular reactor filled with a catalyst, at least one compound selected from propylene, isobutylene, t-butyl alcohol, and methyl-t-butyl ether is used as a raw material, and molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen-containing gas is used. In a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid corresponding to a raw material,
As the catalyst, using an oxide and / or a composite oxide containing molybdenum, bismuth and iron as essential components,
A plurality of reaction zones are provided by dividing the inside of each reaction tube in the fixed-bed multitubular reactor in the tube axis direction, and each reaction zone has a ratio R (the ratio of the apparent density of the catalyst to the true density of the catalyst). A method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, wherein the catalysts having different apparent densities / true densities of the catalysts are respectively filled.
前記複数個の反応帯に、前記Rの異なる触媒を各反応管のガス入口側からガス出口側に向けてRがより小さくなるように充填する、請求項1に記載の不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法。The unsaturated aldehyde according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of reaction zones are filled with catalysts having different Rs from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side of each reaction tube such that R becomes smaller. A method for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid. 前記複数個の反応帯にそれぞれ充填される触媒の活性が異なる、請求項1または2に記載の不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法。The method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the activities of the catalysts filled in the plurality of reaction zones are different. 前記複数個の反応帯に、前記活性の異なる触媒を各反応管のガス入口側からガス出口側に向けて活性がより高くなるように充填する、請求項3に記載の不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法。4. The unsaturated aldehyde and / or claim 3 according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of reaction zones are filled with the catalysts having different activities so that the activity becomes higher from the gas inlet side to the gas outlet side of each reaction tube. 5. A method for producing an unsaturated carboxylic acid. 前記反応帯の数が2または3である、請求項1から4までのいずれかに記載の不飽和アルデヒドおよび/または不飽和カルボン酸の製造方法。The method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and / or unsaturated carboxylic acid according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the number of the reaction zones is 2 or 3.
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