JP2003221779A - Method for producing bulky fiber structure - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a new fiber structure exhibiting excellent mass-productity in after-treatment, and having good bulkiness, light weight, and excellent warm and nap feeling. <P>SOLUTION: A fabric composed of a sea-island type conjugate fiber comprising (A) a modified polyvinyl alcohol component containing 5-15 mol% ethylene unit and having 90-99.99 saponification degree as a sea component, and (B) a polyester as an island component is treated with an aqueous solution containing (C) a specific compound to swell and shrink the component (A) constituting the conjugate fiber, and the component (A) of the swelled and shrunk fiber is dissolved and removed in the method for producing the bulky fiber structure. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for producing a bulky yarn and a bulky fabric which are excellent in bulkiness and are lightweight and rich in warm feeling (fluffy feeling, warm feeling).

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, many methods have been proposed for obtaining a cloth having performances and functions such as bulkiness, lightness and fluffiness. For example, a method for producing a fabric using an entangled yarn formed by forming a large amount of loops or tarumi in one or more multifilament yarns, or having a core-sheath type void feeling by utilizing a difference in heat shrinkage ratio. There is a method for producing a fabric by using a structured yarn, and a method for producing a fabric by using a composite entangled yarn in which a filament of a sheath portion of the structural yarn is formed with loops and tarumi (for example, refer to Patent Document 1). ). A method of treating a mixed entangled yarn fabric of a water-soluble multifilament yarn and a thermoplastic multifilament yarn with an aqueous solution to dissolve and remove the water-soluble multifilament yarn has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 2). ).

[0003]

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-26491

[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-226724

[0004]

However, in the method of using a entangled yarn in which a large amount of loops and tarmis are formed in a multifilament yarn or a core-sheath type structured yarn having voids, entanglement is caused by tension applied during weaving or dyeing. Is easily released, the voids in the core-sheath structure yarn are reduced, and finally the bulkiness and the feeling of fluff are reduced. Further, in the case of the entangled yarn or the structured yarn having the core yarn, the yarn is less likely to be completely stretched by the action of tension, but the weight reduction cannot be expected, and the presence of the core yarn may cause a strong sense of intuition to appear. is there. Further, in the method of dissolving and removing the filaments from the fabric containing the water-soluble multifilament, it is impossible to adjust the feeling of voids by simply dissolving and removing them, and the feeling of voids may become too large. Is difficult to develop. Furthermore, many similar methods other than the above have been proposed, but all of them have advantages and disadvantages, and there is no method of exhibiting sufficient bulkiness, lightweight, warm feeling, and fluff feeling. The present invention solves the above-mentioned conventional drawbacks, provides a method for producing a novel fiber structure having excellent post-processing mass productivity, good bulkiness, light weight, and excellent warmth and fluff feeling. It is in.

[0005]

That is, the present invention contains 5 to 15 mol% of ethylene units and has a saponification degree of 90 to 90%.
It is composed of a modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) of 99.99% and another thermoplastic polymer component (B), and the component (A) is exposed on the whole surface or a part of the fiber in the fiber length direction. A fiber structure containing the arranged composite fibers is treated with an aqueous solution containing a monoether type compound (c) having a polyoxyalkylene derivative represented by the following (a) or (b) as a constituent, A method for producing a bulky fiber structure, which comprises swelling / shrinking a component (A) constituting a fiber, and then dissolving and removing it. _{(A) R 1 O- (CH} 2 CH 2 O) n - (CH 2 CH (CH 3) O) m -H (R 1 in the formula represents a 5 an alkyl group carbon atoms, n represents 10-60 integer, m is an integer of _{10~35.) (b) R 2} O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) p -H (R 2 in the formula is an alkyl group, an allyl group having an alkyl group , P represents an integer of 5 to 18, and p and the HLB value satisfy the following formula (1).) 4.5 × 10 ⁻¹ × p + 8.5 ≦ HLB value ≦ 4.5 × 10 ^{− 1} × p + 11. 8 (1) Further, in the treatment of the aqueous solution containing the compound (C), firstly, the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) constituting the composite fiber.
Of the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) by subjecting it to a swelling / shrinking treatment by heating it under a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature of
It is preferable that the modified polyvinyl alcohol component is dissolved and removed by performing a heating treatment at or above the water dissolution temperature. Then, it is preferable that the rate of temperature increase when heating the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) to the water dissolution temperature is 2 ° C./min or less.
Further, when treated with an aqueous solution, first, the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) that constitutes the composite fiber is heated at a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature to swell and shrink, and then the thermoplastic polymer component ( When the melting point of B) is MP, (MP-1
Dry heat treatment is performed under the condition of (00 ° C) or higher (MP-50 ° C) or lower, and then the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A)
It is preferable that the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) is dissolved and removed by performing a heating treatment at a temperature equal to or higher than the water dissolution temperature.

[0006]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The modified polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as PVA) used in the present invention is water-soluble and contains 5 to 15 mol% of ethylene units. From the viewpoint of spinnability of the composite fiber and dissolution stability in water, it is desirable that the composite fiber contains 8 to 12 mol% of ethylene units. The degree of saponification of PVA is 90 to 99.99%.
Must be between 92 and 99.98%, 9
3 to 99.97% is more preferable, 94 to 99.96%
Is particularly preferable. If the saponification degree is less than 90%, P
The thermal stability of VA is poor, and satisfactory melt spinning cannot be performed due to thermal decomposition or gelation. On the other hand, the saponification degree is 99.9.
PVA larger than 9% cannot be stably produced, and fiberization cannot be stabilized.

In the composite fiber used in the present invention,
It is important that the PVA component is arranged so as to be exposed on the entire surface or a part of the fiber in the fiber length direction, and the cross-sectional shape is, for example, a concentric sheath or eccentric core having the PVA component as a sheath component. The structure may be a sheath-like structure, a bimetal-like structure, a multilayer laminated structure, a random composite structure, or the like. Further, a composite fiber having a sea-island structure, a mixed type, etc., in which the other PVA component is an island component and the PVA component is a sea component, is also included. In order to further exhibit the operation stability and the effect of the present invention, the fiber cross-sectional shape is preferably a core-sheath structure, a sea-island structure, a multilayer laminated composite structure, or the like, and particularly preferably a core-sheath structure or a sea-island structure.

The other thermoplastic polymer component (B) constituting the conjugate fiber used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, poly (α-hydroxy acid). Polyester, nylon 6, nylon 6, etc.
6, polyamide such as nylon 612, polyethylene,
Examples thereof include polyolefin such as polypropylene, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polystyrene, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate and the like. Among these thermoplastic polymers, polyesters and polyamides used for clothing are suitable.

The fiber structure of the present invention refers to a filamentous material such as a filament yarn or spun yarn, or a cloth such as a woven fabric, a knitted fabric or a non-woven fabric. In the case of cloth, considering lightness, heat retention, etc., taffeta, decine, georgette,
Woven fabric such as crepe, twill, or interlock,
A knitted material such as tricot is preferable. When the filamentous material is spun yarn, cotton, wool, cashmere, silk,
It may be a mixed yarn with a natural fiber such as. In addition, in the case of a long fiber yarn (multifilament yarn), from the viewpoint of handling and handling, the fabric is not made of the composite fiber 100%, but is mixed with other fiber yarn or the like to be a fabric. Is preferred. It is also preferable to manufacture a leather-like sheet by using a cloth composed of the fiber structure of the present invention and impregnating it with polyurethane or the like. In the present invention, the fibrous structure containing the composite fiber as described above is treated with an aqueous solution containing the compound (C) to swell and shrink the component (A) constituting the composite fiber, and then the component (A). )
It is important to dissolve and remove the above, and by applying such a treatment, the fiber structure surface is provided with fibers made of other thermoplastic polymer component (B) as shown in the enlarged photograph of FIG. Are present in the form of irregularly shaped loops and curls, so that the fiber structure can be imparted with bulkiness, lightweight feeling, warm feeling, and fluff feeling.

In the present invention, when treating with an aqueous solution,
It is important to include the compound (C) in an aqueous solution, and the standard of selection of such a compound is, for example, that the modified PVA, which is one component of the composite fiber, is made into a single fiber, and the fiber is treated with an aqueous solution. In such a case, it is preferable to set the addition amount of the compound (C) to the aqueous solution, the treatment temperature condition, etc. so that the shrinkage increase rate shown below is 5% or more. In addition,
The shrinkage increase rate is a value obtained by the following. Shrinkage increase rate (%) = (X−Y) / X × 100 X: Shrinkage rate (%) after treatment with water alone under a load of 2 mg / dtex at 50 ° C. (heating rate 1 ° C./min) Y: Shrinkage (%) after treatment at 50 ° C. with an aqueous solution (treatment concentration 5 g / l) containing compound (C) under a load of 2 mg / dtex

If the rate of increase in shrinkage thus determined is less than 5%, the swelling / shrinking force of the PVA component becomes weak, and the object of the present invention is difficult to achieve. When the fiber structure is a filamentous material under the conditions set as described above, when the fiber structure is a filamentous material, the shrinkage rate of the filamentous material is 2% or more and 65% or less. It is preferable to dissolve and remove the PVA in the form of 10 to 30%.
The following is preferable. Also, the fiber structure is a knit,
In the case of a fabric such as a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric, it is preferable to dissolve and remove the PVA so that the area shrinkage ratio of the fabric is 5% or more and 80% or less. If the area shrinkage ratio is less than 5%, it is difficult to obtain a fabric that is lightweight and has a feeling of warmth and a warm feeling, while the area shrinkage ratio is 8
If it exceeds 0%, a coarse and hard cloth is obtained, which is not preferable.
Therefore, the area shrinkage ratio is preferably 10% or more and 50% or less. In order to have the preferred range as described above, the monoether type compound containing the composite fiber of the present invention or the fiber structure thereof as a constituent component of a polyoxyalkylene derivative typified by polyoxyethylene octyl ether is 1 to It is preferable to use a 10 g / l aqueous solution to dissolve and remove PVA at a temperature rising rate of 2 ° C./minute or less.

The compound (C) used in the present invention is
For example, one or more compounds selected from the group of monoether type compounds having a polyoxyalkylene derivative as a constituent can be used, and specifically, the compound represented by the following (a) or the following ( It is important to use compounds having the HLB value of b) and of formula (1). _{(A) R 1 O- (CH} 2 CH 2 O) n - (CH 2 CH (CH 3) O) m -H (R 1 in the formula represents a 5 an alkyl group carbon atoms, n represents 10-60 integer, m is an integer of _{10~35.) (b) R 2} O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) p -H (R 2 in the formula is an alkyl group, an allyl group having an alkyl group , P represents an integer of 5 to 18, and p and the HLB value satisfy the following formula (1).) 4.5 × 10 ⁻¹ × p + 8.5 ≦ HLB value ≦ 4.5 × 10 ^{− 1} × p + 11. 8 (1)

Specific examples of the compound (a) include polyoxyethylene (n = 20) polyoxypropylene (m = 28) butyl ether, polyoxyethylene (n = 35) polyoxypropylene (m = 28). Examples include butyl ether and polyoxyethylene (n = 45) polyoxypropylene (m = 33) butyl ether. Further, it has an HLB value that satisfies the expression (1) (b)
Examples of the compound include polyoxyethylene octyl ether (p = 4,7), polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (p = 6,10), polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (p = 10), and the like.

The concentration of the compound in an aqueous solution is 1 to 10 g.
/ L is preferable, and a concentration of 3 to 5 g / l is more preferable in view of the running property of the fabric when the aqueous solution treatment is performed in a jet dyeing machine. The owf of the compound is 3 to 20%.
Is preferable. The aqueous solution treatment is performed at a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature of the modified polyvinyl alcohol, and particularly preferably at a temperature range lower than the water dissolution temperature by 10 to 30 ° C. It is preferable that the temperature rising rate during the treatment with the aqueous solution is slow, and specifically, it is preferably 2 ° C./minute or less. Enough P
In order to swell and shrink the VA component, 0.5 to 1.0
A temperature rising rate of ° C / min is preferable. In the present invention, after swelling and shrinking, the PVA is heated to a temperature higher than the water dissolution temperature of PVA.
However, in this case, it is preferable that the temperature rising rate is slower, especially from 1 ° C./minute or less, in order to maximize the contraction performance while maintaining the swelling property of PVA, not simply dissolving. Preferably there is.

The best aqueous solution treatment for exhibiting the above-mentioned swelling / shrinking / performance with good operational stability and obtaining a good feeling of bulkiness is to perform swelling / shrinking by first heating at a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature of the modified polyvinyl alcohol. After that, when the melting point of the thermoplastic polymer component (B) which is another composite component is MP,
Dry heat treatment is preferably performed under the conditions of (MP-100 ° C) or higher and (MP-50 ° C) or lower, and dry heat treatment is preferably performed under the conditions of (MP-80 ° C) or higher and (MP-60 ° C) or lower. More preferable. Subsequently, it is preferable that the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) is dissolved and removed after the composite fiber comprising the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) and the other thermoplastic polymer component (B) is thermally fixed. By doing so, it is possible to obtain a product with good operation stability and good bulkiness without the shrinkage being alleviated. And the combined ratio of modified polyvinyl alcohol is low 40
It is particularly preferably used in a composite fiber having a content of not more than%.

[0016]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, each physical property in an Example was measured by the following method.

[Shrinkage increase rate] A single multifilament made of modified polyvinyl alcohol used as a component of the composite fiber was prepared, and the filament was determined as follows. Shrinkage increase rate (%) = (X−Y) / X × 100 X: Shrinkage rate (%) after treatment with water alone under a load of 2 mg / dtex at 50 ° C. (heating rate 1 ° C./min) Y: Shrinkage (%) after treatment at 50 ° C. with an aqueous solution (treatment concentration 5 g / l) containing compound (C) under a load of 2 mg / dtex

[Area shrinkage rate] Area shrinkage rate (%) = {1- (1-Ls / 100) × (1-
Ys / 100)} × 100 In the above formula, Ls represents the shrinkage ratio in the width direction after the treatment. Ys
Indicates the shrinkage ratio in the length direction after the treatment.

[Mass Reduction Ratio] The mass reduction ratio of a sample piece that had been vacuum dried at 70 ° C. for a whole day and night was determined from the change in mass before and after the treatment with the aqueous solution.

[Heat retention] A heat retention rate (%) was measured by a heat retention tester prepared according to ASTM D-1518-57T.

[Rate of increase in fabric thickness] The thickness change of the treated fabric was examined by the following method. JIS L-1
096 8.5.1 The measurement was performed in accordance with “the thickness of the woven fabric”, and the increase rate of the thickness was obtained by the following formula. T = (Fb−Fa) / Fa × 100 (Fa is the thickness of the fabric before treatment, Fb is the thickness of the fabric after treatment)

[Hand and bulge] A sensory test was conducted by 10 panelists, and the number of panelists who felt that the bulge was excellent was judged as follows. ◎: 9 or more people were judged to be excellent in bulging ○: 7 to 8 people were judged to be excellent in bulging △: 5 to 6 people were judged to be excellent in bulging ×: 4 or less Judged to be excellent in bulging

[Fluffiness] A sensory test was conducted by 10 panelists, and the number of panelists who felt that they had excellent fluffiness was judged as follows. ○: 5 or more people were judged to be rich in fluff. ×: 4 or less people were judged to be rich in fluff.

Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 Polyethylene terephthalate was used as the core component polymer, and modified polyvinyl alcohol having the ethylene unit, saponification degree and melting point shown in Table 1 was used as the sheath component polymer. The pellets were melted and discharged from a circular spinning nozzle with a core-sheath structure (core-sheath ratio = 1/1) by a twin-screw extruder, and the length was 1.0m installed at a position 1.2m below the spinneret, and the inlet diameter was After introducing into a tube heater (inner wall temperature 200 ° C) of 8 mm and inner diameter 30 mmφ and stretching in the tube heater, oil is applied to the yarn coming out of the tube heater by a crow mouth oiling (gear pump oiling method), and 2 pieces A multifilament of 110 dtex / 48f was obtained at a take-up speed of 3800 m / min through the take-up roller of (1). There was no problem in spinnability, and the obtained multifilament was used as a warp and a weft to obtain a plain woven fabric. Then, this plain woven fabric was treated in an aqueous solution containing the compound (C) shown in Table 1 at a concentration of 5 g / l under the heating conditions shown in Table 1.

[0025]

[Table 1]

Examples 5, 6 and Comparative Examples 5, 6 Modified P used in Example 2 was prepared by using polyethylene terephthalate obtained by copolymerizing 8 mol% of isophthalic acid as an island component.
Sea island structure with VA as sea component and each pellet by twin-screw extruder (number of islands = 35, sea island ratio 3: 7)
Then, it was melted and discharged from the circular spinning nozzle, and was installed at a position 1.2 m below the spinneret with a length of 1.0 m and an entrance diameter of 8 m.
m, inner diameter 30 mmφ tube heater (inner wall temperature 20
(0 ° C) and drawing in the tube heater, then apply the oil agent to the yarn coming out of the tube heater by the crow mouth oiling (gear pump oiling system), and 3500 m / min through two take-up rollers. A multifilament of 77 dtex / 24f was obtained at a take-up speed of. Using this multifilament as a warp and a weft, a plain weave having a woven density of 92 warps / inch and a weft of 75 wefts / inch was obtained. Then, this plain weave containing the compound (C) shown in Table 2 at a concentration of 5 g / l was used. The treatment was performed in an aqueous solution under the heating conditions shown in Table 2. The fineness of the monofilaments constituting the multifilaments in the obtained treated plain woven fabric was 0.04 dtex, which was an extremely fine fiber.

[0027]

[Table 2]

Examples 7 to 9 and Comparative Examples 7 and 8 The smoothness of 28 gauge obtained by circularly knitting the core-sheath type multifilament used in Example 3 contained the compound (C) shown in Table 3 at a treatment concentration of 5 g / A heating treatment was performed with 1 l of the aqueous solution under the following conditions. Heating treatment conditions Bath ratio 1:50, heating rate from 30 ° C to 95 ° C 1 ° C / min 95 ° C keep treatment time 30 minutes

[0029]

[Table 3]

Examples 10 to 12 Polyethylene terephthalate copolymerized with 10 mol% of isophthalic acid was used as the core component polymer, and the modified polyvinyl alcohol (water dissolution temperature 85 ° C.) used in Example 3 was used as the sheath component polymer. The core-sheath structure of which the composite ratio was changed by the twin-screw extruder was melt-discharged from the circular spinning nozzle, and was installed 1.2 m below the spinneret. Length 1.0 m, inlet diameter 8 mm, inner diameter 30 mmφ
Tube heater (internal wall temperature 2000 ° C) was introduced and stretched in the tube heater, and then the crow mouth oiling (gear pump oiling system) was applied to the yarn coming out of the tube heater.
Apply the oil agent with 38 and through two take-up rollers.
Winding 100dtex / 48 at take-up speed of 00m / min
A multifilament of f was obtained. The multifilament obtained was made into a circular knit smooth of 32 gauge without any problem in spinnability. Then, the circular knitted fabric was treated in an aqueous solution containing polyoxyethylene octyl ether (P = 8), which is a shrinkage promoting compound, at a concentration of 3 g / l under the heating conditions and dry heating conditions shown in Table 4. I went. The obtained fiber structure was excellent in texture and swelling.

[0031]

[Table 4]

[0032]

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is useful as a method for producing a fiber structure which is excellent in mass productivity in post-processing, has high bulkiness, is lightweight, has a warm feeling (heat retention rate), a fluff feeling, and a texture.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a drawing-substituting photograph showing an example of the surface state of a fiber structure obtained by the present invention.

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification code FI theme code (reference) D06M 13/165 D06M 13/165 4L048 // D01F 8/10 D01F 8/10 C D06M 101: 24 D06M 101: 24 9/02 Z (72) Inventor Masao Kawamoto 1621 Sakazu, Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture Kuraray Co., Ltd. (72) Inventor Hitoshi Nakatsuka 1621 Sakata, Kurashiki City, Okayama (72) Inventor Shoji Sueyoshi 2-5-4 Hirano-cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka F term in Kuraray Trading Co., Ltd. (reference) 4L002 AA05 AA06 AA07 AB02 AB05 AC04 BA01 BB01 DA03 EA00 EA01 4L031 AA16 AB08 BA33 CA07 DA00 DA03 4L033 AA05 AA07 AB03 AB05 AB06 AB07 AC15 AC15 BA14 CA48 4L036 MA04 MA05 MA15 PA01 PA03 PA26 4L041 AA07 BA02 BA04 BA05 BA16 BA21 BC01 CA06 CA44 4L048 AA18 AA21 AA28 AA29 AB07 AC19 BA01 C A00 CA10 CA13 EB04 EB05

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. Containing 5 to 15 mol% of ethylene units,
It is composed of a modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) having a saponification degree of 90 to 99.99% and another thermoplastic polymer component (B), and the component (A) is on the entire surface of the fiber or partially in the fiber length direction. An aqueous solution containing a monoether type compound (c) containing a polyoxyalkylene derivative represented by the following (a) or (b) as a constituent The method for producing a bulky fiber structure, which comprises swelling / shrinking the component (A) constituting the conjugate fiber, and then dissolving and removing the component (A). _{(A) R 1 O- (CH} 2 CH 2 O) n - (CH 2 CH (CH 3) O) m -H (R 1 in the formula represents a 5 an alkyl group carbon atoms, n represents 10-60 integer, m is an integer of _{10~35.) (b) R 2} O- (CH 2 CH 2 O) p -H (R 2 in the formula is an alkyl group, an allyl group having an alkyl group , P represents an integer of 5 to 18, and p and the HLB value satisfy the following formula (1).) 4.5 × 10 ⁻¹ × p + 8.5 ≦ HLB value ≦ 4.5 × 10 ^{− 1} × p + 11. 8 (1) 2. In the treatment of an aqueous solution containing a compound (C), first, swelling is performed by heating at a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature of the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) constituting the composite fiber.
The production method according to claim 1, wherein the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) is subjected to shrinkage, followed by heating at a temperature at which the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) is dissolved in water or higher to dissolve and remove the modified polyvinyl alcohol component. 3. The production method according to claim 2, wherein the heating rate at the time of heating the modified polyvinyl alcohol (A) to the water dissolution temperature is 2 ° C./minute or less. 4. In the treatment of an aqueous solution containing a compound (C), first, after swelling and shrinking by heating at a temperature not higher than the water dissolution temperature of the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) constituting the composite fiber, When the melting point of the thermoplastic polymer component (B) is MP, (MP-100 ° C) or higher (MP-50
C.) or less, dry heat treatment is performed under the following conditions, and subsequently, a modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A) is dissolved and removed by performing a heating treatment at a temperature above the water dissolution temperature of the modified polyvinyl alcohol component (A). The manufacturing method according to item 1. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous structure is a thread or a cloth. 6. A bulky fiber structure obtained by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.