JP2002315737A - Method and program for evaluating temperature and heat comfort performance of transparent plate - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To easily evaluate performances of a glass without requiring an experimental installation such as a trial production machine. SOLUTION: Calculations on amount of solar radiation reaching a human body in a structure through a transparent plate, on convectional heat transmission in the structure, on radiation heat transmission in the structure, on humidity in the structure, on body temperature of the human body are continuously performed (in an operation part 11a) and a step for calculating amount of heat loss from the surface of the skin of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body and wet ratio of the human body caused by sweat generation and a step for calculating a temperature and heat indication indicating temperature and heat sensitivity of the human body by using the amount of heat loss, the mean skin temperature and the wet ratio are provided.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and a program for evaluating the comfort performance of a transparent plate, and more particularly to a transparent plate (window glass) used for a structure (automobile, train, ship, aircraft, spacecraft or building, etc.). , A glass plate, an organic resin plate, or an organic resin film used as an outer wall of an atrium, etc.).

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art It has been known that a thermal environment in an automobile or a building greatly changes under the influence of solar radiation that penetrates and penetrates a window glass. Therefore, in order to suppress the influence of such solar radiation, various products such as a heat ray reflective glass, a heat ray absorbing glass, and a double glazing are provided by each glass maker.

The performance of these glasses is described in Reference 1 (JIS).
Handbook Glass (JIS R 3106: 1998 Test method for transmittance, reflectance, emissivity and solar heat gain of flat glass),
(Published by the Japan Standards Association on April 21, 1999)
Is generally determined on the basis of the heat insulation performance such as the solar radiation transmittance and the solar heat acquisition rate disclosed in US Pat.

However, it is difficult to know the thermal sensation actually felt by the human body by evaluating the thermal insulation properties only by the physical properties of the glass itself. Attempts have been made to measure the amount of heat dissipated in each part of the human body (for example, head, chest, arms, legs, etc.) by using the considered thermal manikin and to examine the thermal sensation.

[0005]

However, even if such a thermal manikin is used, there is a problem that its structure is complicated and its price is expensive. In addition, in order to evaluate the thermal environment in a living room or a passenger compartment, not only a thermal manikin but also a prototype of a living room or a vehicle body is required, so that it cannot be easily implemented.
Under such circumstances, there has been a long-awaited desire for an evaluation method that does not require the production of a prototype and can be easily implemented.

An object of the present invention is to solve such a problem, and to provide a method and a program for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate which can be easily implemented without using experimental facilities such as a prototype machine. With the goal.

[0007]

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for daylighting. Calculation of solar radiation reaching the human body in the structure, calculation of convective heat transfer in the structure, calculation of radiant heat transfer in the structure, calculation of humidity in the structure, and calculation of the human body Performing a calculation of body temperature regulation in conjunction with calculating the heat loss from the skin surface of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wetting rate of the human body due to sweating, the heat loss, the average skin Warm,
And a step of calculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body using the wettability, and a method for evaluating thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate.

The present invention also relates to a method for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for daylighting, wherein: (a) dividing the surface shape in the structure into a plurality of surface elements; Create an object shape model, divide the surface shape of the human body in the structure into a plurality of surface elements to create a human body shape model, the spatial region between the structure and the human body into a plurality of three-dimensional elements (B) classifying the human body shape model into a plurality of model parts corresponding to human body parts, and dividing heat generation inside the human body and heat radiation outside the human body. Incorporating a body temperature control model to be balanced for each model part; and (c) solar radiation reaching the human body shape model through the transparent plate, convection in the space area, and radiation from the human body shape model And numerically simulating the amount of heat transferred by radiation from the structure shape model with the spatial domain model, and calculating a temperature airflow property in the spatial domain based on the simulation result; and (d) the temperature airflow property. By performing a numerical simulation with the body temperature control model based on the humidity around the human body shape model, the metabolic rate of the human body shape model and the amount of clothing of the human body shape model, the amount of heat loss from the skin surface of the human body, Calculating the skin temperature of the human body and the wetting rate of the human body; and (e) calculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body using the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wetting rate. And a method for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate, comprising the steps of:

The transparent plate may be a single glass plate, a double-layer glass, a laminated glass comprising an organic resin film and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film, an organic resin film, and an organic resin plate. One or more selected from

Further, the material of the transparent plate is selected from the group consisting of:
It is defined by a combination of solar absorptance, emissivity, and heat transmission. The thermal index is a standard new effective temperature in consideration of the part of the human body, or an index indicating comfort performance created by deforming the standard new effective temperature.

Also, the i-th (i) of the human body shape model
= 1 to N and N are the total number of surface elements of the human body shape model) and the physical quantity and physiological quantity in the 65MN model (one of the body temperature control models) (surface area of k-th site / 6)
The surface area of the k-th part of the 5MN model) is distributed at a ratio of ^1.5 .

According to the present invention, in order to evaluate the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for daylighting, a computer executes the steps according to any one of claims 1 to 6. To provide a program for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of transparent boards.

By using the present invention, the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate attached to the structure can be known only by computer simulation. In particular, the thermal sensation can be evaluated for each part of the human body, and the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate in an uneven thermal environment such as a vehicle interior can be accurately evaluated.

[0014]

Next, one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment of the present invention. The thermal comfort performance evaluation device 10 shown in FIG. 1 is configured by a computer system such as a workstation, and an HDD (Hard D
isk Drive), an external storage device 21 such as an optical disk device or a magneto-optical disk device, an operation unit 22 such as a keyboard and a mouse, and a display device 23 such as a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), a liquid crystal display or a PDP (Plasma Display Panel). And are connected.

The thermal comfort performance evaluation device 10 includes a central processing unit 11 and a RAM (Random Access Memory) or a ROM.
(Read Only Memory) or the like, and I / Fs 13, 14, and 15 functioning as input / output interfaces
And a bus 16 therein.

The bus 16 is connected to each unit in the thermal comfort performance evaluation device 10, and each unit transmits and receives an address signal, a data signal, and various control signals via the bus 16.

The central processing unit 11 is a device such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) having an arithmetic function and a control function, reads out a numerical simulation program from the external storage device 21, and executes the storage unit 12 as a work area.

Therefore, the central processing unit 11 includes an operation unit 11a for performing a numerical simulation, an evaluation unit 11
b and the selector 11c are realized by hardware or software.

An operation unit 22 is connected to the I / F 13, and a user's operation is transmitted to the central processing unit 11 via the operation unit 22. The I / F 14 is connected to an external storage device 21 storing and holding a database including various data (for example, shape data of structures and human bodies, data on analysis conditions, data on glass types, and the like). Reading of data from the external storage device 21 and writing of data to the external storage device 21 are performed under the control of the central processing unit 11. I / F
A display device 23 is connected to the display device 15. The display device 23 displays information input by the operation unit 22 and a visualized simulation result.

As described above, the thermal comfort performance evaluation device 10
The shape data relating to the numerical model of the structure and the human body is read from the external storage device 21, and a thermal simulation of a living room or a vehicle interior is performed using the data. The simulation result is stored and held in the external storage device 21, and the visualized image is displayed on the display device 23. Therefore, by referring to such an image, the comfort performance of a transparent plate such as a window glass attached to a building or a vehicle can be evaluated. For example, the evaluation of the thermal environment in the living room is performed as follows.

FIG. 2 is a side view showing an example of evaluating a thermal environment in a living room. The room shown in the figure has a frontage of 3.5.
It has a rectangular parallelepiped shape with [m], depth 6 [m] and height 2.6 [m], and its inner wall, floor and ceiling surface are divided into multiple surface elements to perform numerical simulations of solar radiation and radiation The space region between the human body and the wall of the living room is divided into a plurality of three-dimensional elements (not shown). In this embodiment, a quadrilateral surface element expressed in a bilinear form is used, and a hexahedral solid element is used. The side wall of the room faces either east, west, north or south, and the side wall facing the west is provided with an opening of 1.6 [m] × 2.7 [m]. A window is attached to the opening to take in solar radiation from the outside environment into the living room, and the solar radiation received by the window glass depends on the physical properties of the glass (ie, solar transmittance, solar absorptance, emissivity, and heat transmission). The light attenuates accordingly and then enters the living room. The incident light warms the walls in the living room, which causes the indoor temperature to rise.

On the other hand, the height and width of the ceiling in the living room is 3 [m] ×
A radiant cooling panel of 3.5 [m] is provided, and the room temperature can be lowered by radiant cooling by this panel. Therefore, the living room shown in FIG. 2 has a non-uniform thermal environment because the solar radiation acquisition from the window and the cooling heat removal by the radiation cooling panel are mixed. Non-uniform heat distribution due to forced convection also occurs when using air conditioning equipment as an alternative to or in combination with radiant cooling panels. In the simulation with the air conditioning equipment, at least one selected from the position of the air outlet / suction port, the outlet temperature, the amount of the outlet / suction air, the direction of the outlet / suction, and the absolute humidity of the air is set. Performed by

It is assumed that two people are standing in the living room. Specifically, two numerical models simulating a human body shape (hereinafter, referred to as a human body shape model) are passed through a window. (A human body A on the window side and a human body B at the center of the room). The analysis conditions used in this simulation are as shown in Table 1. Since the position of the sun can be theoretically calculated from the location of the living room and the date and time of the simulation, it is possible to set the irradiation angle of solar radiation to be inserted into the living room from the window. The conditions related to the outdoor temperature and the human body are used for the simulation of the thermoregulation model and the calculation of the standard new effective temperature, and the heat removal and wall conditions of the radiant cooling panel are used for the calculation described later.

[0024]

[Table 1]

The type of window glass used in the present embodiment is defined by the physical properties shown in Table 2, and here, the transparent double-glazed glass of Case 1 and the low-emission double-glazed glass of Case 2 (hereinafter, referred to as the double-glazed glass). lowE double glazing). The transparent double-glazed glass has a configuration in which an air layer or the like is sandwiched between two (or more) glasses, and is characterized by higher heat insulation than a single glass plate.

The low E insulating glass has the same structure as that of the case 1, and a silver alloy is sputter-coated on the inner surface (air layer side) of the glass plate as an infrared reflecting film. The function of the infrared reflection film reflects infrared rays (heat rays) incident from the outside to the outside of the room and suppresses the incidence on the inside of the room, so that a rise in room temperature can be prevented.

The difference between the transparent double glazing and the low E double glazing in the simulation is defined by the solar transmittance, the solar absorptance, the emissivity and the heat transmission coefficient shown in Table 2.

[0028]

[Table 2]

Next, an outline of a human body thermal model newly proposed in the present invention in consideration of solar radiation will be described.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a human body heat model. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a body temperature regulation model of a human body has been a two-node model by Gaggi et al. (Reference 2 (APGagge, APFobelets').
andL.G.Berglund: A Standard Predictive Index of Hum
an Response to the Thermal Environment, ASHRAE Tran
sactions, Vol. 92, pp. 709-731, 1986.) and the 65MN model by Tanabe et al. (Ref. 3 (Tanabe et al., Study on 65-segment body temperature regulation model for thermal environment evaluation, Architectural Institute of Japan) Transactions No. 541, March 2001
)) Have been proposed.

However, none of them consider the shape of the human body. For example, in the two-node model, the human body is simulated by a spherical shape composed of a core layer and a shell layer surrounding the core layer. For this reason, it is not possible to simulate solar radiation hitting a site such as the head or limbs.

On the other hand, the 65MN model simulates the structure of the human body in more detail than the two-node model, that is, it classifies the human body into 16 parts such as the head, chest, and legs, and specifies the surface area and weight of each part. The shape of each part is not considered. Therefore, since the shape is not clear even if this 65MN model is used, the form factor between each part and the wall or the window cannot be calculated, and the solar radiation distribution hitting the human body cannot be accurately grasped. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately simulate a thermal sensation in an environment that is greatly affected by solar radiation, such as in a vehicle cabin.

Therefore, in the present invention, a model simulating a human body shape (hereinafter, referred to as a human body shape model) and a model simulating body temperature regulation (hereinafter, referred to as a body temperature regulation model) are combined to provide the above-described model. The problem has been solved, and the temperature regulation function of the human body can be accurately simulated even in an environment where the influence of solar radiation is great.

In view of the above, the human body heat model 30 shown in FIG. 3 is constituted by a combination of a human body shape model 31 and a body temperature adjustment model 32, and details thereof are shown in FIGS.

FIG. 4A is a front view showing the classification of each part of the human body shape model shown in FIG.
(B) and (c) are the front view and side view which show the detail (surface element) of a human body shape model, respectively.

The human body shown in FIG.
31-1, chest (chest) 31-2, back (back)
31-3, Pelvis (waist) 31-4, L-shoulder (left shoulder) 31-5, R-shoulder (right shoulder) 31-6, L-arm (left upper arm) 31-7, R-arm (upper right arm) ) 31-
8, L-hand (left hand) 31-9, R-hand (right hand)
31-10, L-sai (left thigh) 31-11, R-sai (right thigh) 31-12, L-leg (left thigh) 31-1
3, R-leg (right leg) 31-14, L-foot (left foot) 31-15, and R-foot (right foot) 31-16
Are classified into 16 sites.

Each part is assumed to have a multi-layer structure such as skin and muscle like a real human, and a body temperature control model shown in FIG. 5 is incorporated in each part individually. The surface area and weight of each part are the same as those of the conventional 65MN model shown in Table 3. However, depending on how the surface elements are cut or the posture of the human body (standing posture, sitting posture, etc.), the surface area and weight may slightly vary. In some cases. A calculation method when such a shift occurs will be described later.

[0038]

[Table 3]

As shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C, the surface of each part is divided by a plurality of surface elements, and the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body, the amount of heat radiation radiated from the surface of the human body, and the skin Calculation of temperature and the like is performed for each surface element.

Here, a description will be given of body temperature regulation models incorporated in each part. FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a body temperature regulation model incorporated in each part of the human body. The body temperature regulation model 32 shown in the figure has a multilayer structure simulating the tissue structure of a human body, and has a central blood pool 33 and a core layer 34a.
, Muscle layer 34b, fat layer 34c, and skin layer 34d
And a clothing layer 34e.

Here, the heat transfer between the layers is as follows. The core layer 34a, the muscle layer 34b, the fat layer 34c, and the skin layer 34d are connected to the central blood reservoir 33 by blood vessels, and heat is transferred between the layers by the action of blood flow. Arrows indicate the flow of heat transported between the layers.

Since the core layer 34a, the muscle layer 34b, the fat layer 34c, and the skin layer 34d are in close contact with each other, heat is transferred by heat conduction. Heat transfer by heat conduction is performed between the clothing layer 34e and the skin layer 34d, and an air layer may be present between both layers. Therefore, in the simulation, total heat transfer including heat transfer by convection and radiation is performed. It needs to be considered.

Further, since the clothing layer 34e is exposed to the external environment 40, heat transport by convection and radiation is performed. It is assumed that a light source 41 (or may be an artificially installed lamp) such as the sun exists in the external environment 40, and the clothing layer 34e is heated by the sunlight (or light rays) from the light source 41.

When there is no light source 41 and when the temperature around the human body is lower than the body temperature, the clothing layer 34e
Causes heat loss. The presence or absence of a clothing layer can be set for each surface element, and in this embodiment, the head 31-1,
In the L-hand 31-9 and the R-hand 31-10, calculations are performed assuming that the skin layer is exposed and there is no clothing layer.

The wavelength of the light beam emitted from the light source is
1 can be set by the operation unit 22 in FIG. 1, and the set values are stored in the external storage device 21.

Next, a procedure for evaluating the thermal comfort of the window glass by numerical simulation and selecting an optimum glass type as the window glass based on the evaluation result will be described.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a procedure for selecting a window glass. First, CAD (Computer Aided Design) data indicating the shape of the living room prepared in advance and a plurality of surface elements constituting the inner wall surface of the living room, CAD data indicating the shape of the human body, and a plurality of surface elements indicating the surface shape of the human body, A plurality of three-dimensional elements that divide the space between the inner wall of the living room and the human body and candidates for glass types usable for window glass are stored in the external storage device 21 of FIG. 1 (steps 101 and 102). Further, in the present embodiment, as the glass type, the transparent double-glazed glass and the low
It is assumed that wE multilayer glass is used, and these data are also stored in the external storage device 21 in FIG.

Next, the calculation unit 11a and the evaluation unit 11b of FIG. 1 perform the calculation of the solar radiation penetrating through the window glass, the calculation of the body temperature control model, and the calculation of the convection in the living room in a coupled manner. Next, a numerical simulation of the thermal sensation felt by the human body is performed (step 103). Each time the simulation is completed, it is determined whether or not the thermal indices have been calculated for all the glass types (step 104), and if not, the process returns to step 103.

After calculating for all the types, the selection unit 11c in FIG. 1 compares the simulation results and selects the glass type with the best result. For example, it is conceivable to select one in which the thermal index is neutral in the interim period, select one that is slightly cooler in summer, and select one that is slightly warmer in winter, etc. Whether to make a determination is appropriately determined by the person who executes the simulation.

Further, after picking up several glasses having excellent thermal indices, selecting a glass having the best transmission of light rays in the visible range among them will select a glass having both excellent thermal performance and light transmitting performance. can do. If a plurality of windows are provided in the living room, a combination of glass types used for each window may be set, and the evaluation and selection of the glass may be performed for each set combination in the same manner as described above.

Here, the numerical simulation of the thermal sensation will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing details of step 103.
It is a chart. In the present embodiment, a finger showing a thermal sensation
65MNSET as one of the targets^* (Step 2
01). 65MNSET^* Is the above-mentioned 6
SET using 5MN model ^* (Standard new effective temperature) (above
Reference 2). Conventional using two-node model
SET^* Is the thermal index proposed by Gaggi et al.
Therefore, the simple definition is that “the sense of heat and the amount of heat
50% relative humidity that is equivalent to that in the environment
The standard environment temperature. "

In the present embodiment, 65MNSET
^{Use the} TSV calculated using ^* (Step 20)
2). TSV (refer to Document 4 (Preprint of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Academic Lecture Meeting No. 33-99)) is an index corresponding to the thermal sensation actually felt by the human body. Is calculated based on the conversion formula shown in FIG. Because the thermal sensation varies by season and region,
Table 4 shows the regression equations for Japan (summer), Japan (autumn), the United States, Denmark and Singapore.

The correspondence between such TSV and the thermal sensation felt by the human body is as shown in Table 5, where "0" is neutral,
"1" is a little warm, "2" is warm, "3" is hot,
"-1" is described in seven stages such as slightly cool, "-2" is cool, and "-3" is cold. The neutral temperature (set point) at which the human body does not feel comfortable or uncomfortable is also described next to the regression equation.

[0055]

[Table 4]

[0056]

[Table 5]

FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing details of step 201. First, steps 301 to 304 are performed as preparation work for calculation. The surface shape of the living room and the human body is divided into a plurality of surface elements, and the space shape between the inner wall of the living room and the human body is divided into a plurality of three-dimensional elements (step 301).

Next, view factors are calculated for all surface elements of the human body and the wall of the living room (step 302).
The view factor is a dimensionless parameter that determines the radiative heat exchange between surface elements.

Next, after assigning thermal conditions such as thermal transmittance, emissivity, solar absorptivity and solar transmittance to each surface element (step 303), the humidity around the human body (the humidity in the spatial region is constant) ), The amount of clothing of the human body, the location of the living room (ie, latitude and longitude), the analysis date and time, and the like, and the analysis conditions shown in Table 1 are set (step 30).
4). The analysis conditions are input by the operation unit 22 in FIG. 1 and the input data is stored in the external storage device 21.

Next, based on the set latitude, longitude and season, the azimuth and elevation of the sun with respect to the room are calculated, and the irradiation angle of the solar radiation received by the room is calculated by the arithmetic unit 1.
1a. Therefore, based on the irradiation angle and the physical properties of the window glass (Table 2), any one of various insolations directly reaching the human body (one of direct insolation, sky insolation, ground reflection insolation, or internal diffuse insolation) is used. (Or any combination thereof) (step 305), and the amount of solar radiation absorbed is calculated according to the calculation result and the absorption rate of the clothing surface or skin surface.

As described in Document 1, since solar radiation contains light rays in the wavelength range of 0.3 to 2.5 μm, it is necessary to consider the wavelength range when calculating the amount of solar radiation. For example, the calculation may be performed over the entire wavelength range of 0.3 to 2.5 μm, or the calculation may be performed arbitrarily by selecting a wavelength. Then, coupling of convection calculation and radiation calculation,
After calculating the thermoregulatory response (steps 305-3)
08), 65MNSET ^* is calculated (step 30)
9).

Here, the details of the solar radiation analysis will be described. Since the space constituted by the transparent plate is strongly affected by the transmitted solar radiation, the prediction accuracy of the human body comfort strongly depends on how accurately the heat acquisition distribution of the solar radiation as a heat source is predicted. The solar radiation analysis does not need to be performed in conjunction with the temperature and airflow analysis, and can be performed independently.As described above, direct solar radiation, sky solar radiation, reflected solar radiation from the ground, and arrival solar radiation that reach the surface of the human body and the inner and outer walls of the space Calculate the interreflection solar radiation in the inside of, and calculate the amount of solar radiation heat on the human body surface and the wall surface for the thermal airflow coupled analysis (FIG. 9).

The analysis procedure is as follows. First, the position of the sun is calculated by inputting the location of the building and the calculation target time, and based on this, the direct solar radiation I _dn and the horizontal sky radiation are calculated. I _sky is estimated by an empirical formula. Based on the amount of direct solar radiation on the normal surface and the amount of solar radiation on the horizontal plane, the thermal performance values of the wall such as the solar radiation transmittance t _i and the reflectance ρ _i of the transparent plate, the structural members of the space, and the geometry of the solar radiation shield such as the eaves Various amounts of solar radiation are calculated in consideration of the scientific shape.

The method of calculating the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the human body is as follows. 1) Calculation of the amount of direct solar radiation: The amount of direct solar radiation I _di reaching the surface element i of the human body is the amount of direct solar radiation I _dn , and the insolation of each of the walls (transparent plates) through which the intersecting solar radiation passes. It is calculated by equation (1) using the rate t _j .

[0065]

(Equation 1)

The sunlight transmittance and reflectance of the transparent plate have incident angle characteristics shown in FIG. That is, as the incident angle to the transparent plate increases, the reflection component increases, and the solar transmittance of the transparent plate decreases. If this is not taken into account, an error occurs in the amount of incident heat.

[0067] 2) the sky solar radiation amount calculation: the sky solar radiation amount I _si reaching the body surface element i is horizontal sky solar radiation amount I _sky and the solar radiation is calculated by the form factor allow for the wall (transparent plate) for transmitting.

[0068]

(Equation 2)

Here, F _ij is a view coefficient between the surface elements i and j, and β _ij is a flag for determining whether or not the arriving solar radiation is sky radiation. 0.91 is a coefficient in consideration of the incident angle characteristic of the solar radiation transmittance of the transparent plate (glass) with respect to sky sunlight.

3) Calculation of the amount of ground reflection: Since the amount of reflection from the ground is affected by the shape, reflectance, directivity, etc. of the ground, it is difficult to calculate it accurately. In the present embodiment, similarly to the method of calculating the sky solar radiation, the ground reflected solar radiation I _gi arriving at each surface element of the human body is _expressed by the horizontal _global solar radiation I _hol and the ground albedo (reflectance of solar energy) ρ _g . Calculate using

[0071]

(Equation 3)

Here, γ _ij is a flag for determining whether or not the arriving solar radiation is a reflection from the ground, and h is the solar altitude.

4) Calculation of the amount of mutual reflection: The solar radiation reaching the human body surface element causes mutual reflection in accordance with the reflectance of the human body surface. The reflection includes diffuse reflection, specular reflection, and a combination of both. In this embodiment, perfect diffusion is assumed to simplify the calculation. Under this condition, the mutual reflection amount can be calculated by the radiosity method using the view factor between the surface elements.

[0074]

(Equation 4)

5) Method for calculating the amount of solar radiation absorbed on the surface of the human body: The direct radiation, the amount of sky radiation, the amount of ground reflection, and the amount of mutual diffuse reflection calculated for each human body surface element are all converted into the amount of solar radiation absorbed on the surface of the human body. . Conversion method to solar radiation absorption heat in the human body surface is calculated solar radiation heat arriving respectively multiplied by solar radiation absorptance a _i of the body surface element i.

[0076]

(Equation 5)

By treating this as the amount of solar radiation absorbed heat (heat generated on the human body surface) of the wall surface heat balance formula shown in Table 6, it becomes possible to incorporate it into the coupled analysis of temperature and air flow. In addition, at the end of the temperature-airflow coupled analysis, the heat should be balanced with the convective heat transfer according to the human body surface heat and the air temperature around the human body, the radiant heat transfer according to the human body surface emissivity, and the total heat transfer within the clothing. become.

Next, spatial physical quantities such as air temperature, flow velocity, and turbulence in the space area between the human body and the wall are expressed by CFD (Co
The calculation is performed using a mputational fluid dynamics technique (step 306). That is, various boundary conditions are set on the surface of the human body and the wall, and convection (including natural convection and forced convection) in the spatial region for each of the three-dimensional elements described above.
Is numerically simulated to calculate flow velocity and pressure. The thermal boundary conditions are stored in advance in the external storage device 21 in FIG. 1 and are thermophysical properties (solar absorption and solar radiation transmittance) relating to solar radiation on the indoor member surface and the outdoor member surface, and heat relating to thermal radiation on the indoor member surface. The physical property value (emissivity), the thermal conductance between members, the reference temperature outside the room, and the convective heat transfer coefficient on the indoor side wall surface are read and used.

As a specific method of the CFD, for example, a numerical analysis of the Navier-Stokes equation by a finite element method, a finite volume method, a difference method, or the like is performed. In the present embodiment, particularly, a standard k-ε model in a non-isothermal field is used. Used. Then
A thermoregulation response of the human body is calculated using the thermoregulation model shown in FIG. 5 (step 307), and steps 306 and 307 are repeatedly calculated until the skin temperature on each surface element of the human body converges to a predetermined value. 65 MNS at 309
Calculate ET ^* .

The coupling between the CFD, radiation and body temperature regulation models is obtained by solving the heat balance equation shown in Table 6.
In other words, convection heat transfer, radiant heat transfer,
Solve the heat balance equation consisting of the amount of solar radiation absorbed heat and the amount of outdoor heat transfer, and on the clothing surface, 1) connection from the convection field to the radiation field,
2) Convergence calculation of thermoregulation model, 3) Calculation of connection from radiation field to convection field. In 1), the clothing surface temperature T _i and the radiant heat transfer amount Q _{ri (net)} are obtained, and in 2) the body temperature regulation model is calculated to obtain the clothing surface temperature T _i.
And determine the skin temperature T _ref, 3) determine the indoor reference temperature T _in and clothes surface temperature T _i in.

[0081]

[Table 6]

The details of the calculation of the thermoregulation model in 2) are described in Table 7 below. A thermal equilibrium equation is set for each layer, and these equations are calculated for all surface elements of the human body.

[0083]

[Table 7]

Each thermal equilibrium equation mainly consists of the four physical quantities shown in Table 8 (ie, heat production, heat transport by blood flow, heat transfer, and heat release by sweating). 1. As shown in (1), the calorific value is represented by the sum of the basal metabolic amount of each part, the heat production amount by external work, and the shaking calorific value. Also 2. As shown in the figure, the heat transfer amount due to the blood flow is represented by the product of the counter-flow heat exchange rate of the blood, the specific heat of the volume of the blood, the blood flow, and the temperature difference between the k-th part and the j-th layer and the central blood pool. . Also, 3. As shown in (1), the amount of conducted heat is represented by the product of the thermal conductance between the adjacent layers and the temperature difference between the k-th portion and the (j + 1) -th layer. Also 4. As shown in (2), the amount of heat released by perspiration is generated only in the skin layer (fourth layer) at each site, and is represented by the sum of the amount of heat loss due to insensitive perspiration and the amount of heat loss due to perspiration.

[0085]

[Table 8]

As described above, a series of calculations is performed by the operation unit 1 shown in FIG.
After performing in step 1a, SET ^* in step 309 is calculated. FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing details of step 309. First, 1) the amount of heat loss from the skin surface, 2) the average skin temperature, and 3) the wettability of the whole body are calculated from the physical and physiological quantities of each part of the human body (step 40).
1). In addition, in the flow of FIG.
Although ET ^* is calculated, it may be calculated for each surface element or each part of the human body. In that case, the heat loss, skin temperature and wettability are determined for each surface element or site of the human body.

On the other hand, the original 65MN model and FIG.
In the case where the area of each part of the human body shape model does not match, as shown in Table 9, (surface area of k-th part / 65 of Table 3)
It is effective to correct and distribute the physical quantity and physiological quantity using ^{1.5 (} the surface area of the k-th part of the MN model). This is performed so that the physical quantity per unit volume at each part does not change. Since the area is of the order of the square of the length and the volume is of the order of the cube of the length, (the k-th part 3 / (Surface Area / Surface Area of k-th Site of 65MN Model in Table 3)
2 (= 1.5).

The symbols (Err _1,1 , Cld _1,1 , Wrm _1,1 , Cld) described in the third, fourth, and fifth rows from the top of Table 9
s, Wrms) indicates a control signal for controlling body temperature, and details thereof are as shown in Table 10.

The body temperature control detects the surrounding temperature of the human body with a myriad of warm receptors and cold receptors distributed on the skin, and sends a signal for promoting sweating when it feels hot to control sweating and an increase in blood flow. I do. If it feels cold, it sends a signal to tremble to generate heat and controls the increase in heat production.

That is, when the error signal is a positive value as shown in [1], the error signal is substituted for the warm signal and "0" is substituted for the cold signal. Conversely, when the error signal is a negative value, a value obtained by inverting the sign of the error signal is substituted for the cold signal, and “0” is substituted for the warm signal. In this way, a warm signal and a cold signal in each layer of each part are obtained, and the obtained signal is multiplied by a weight coefficient for each part to obtain a sum, thereby obtaining an integrated signal in the whole human body.

As shown in [2] and [3], various coefficients (distribution coefficient for each part of the skin layer of each part of the skin layer for the whole body, perspiration control coefficient, effector operation amount, The control coefficient and the shaking heat production are multiplied by the distribution coefficient of the muscle layer of each part with respect to the whole body, and weighting is performed to calculate the amount of evaporation heat loss due to sweating.

[0092]

[Table 9]

[0093]

[Table 10]

Finally, 65MNSET ^* can be calculated by solving the equation shown in step 402.

Next, the simulation results will be described. FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram showing the results of the simulation performed in the flow of FIGS. 6 to 9, and shows the difference in the glass type of the human body A on the window side. FIGS. 7A and 7B show the sum of heat production and the like in each layer of each part of the human body A. "℃" in the figure means the temperature of each layer, "W" is the amount of heat generated in each layer, the amount of heat transported between each layer (including the central blood pool), the amount of heat absorbed by solar radiation, and the external environment. Indicates the amount of heat dissipated.

As is clear from these figures, in case 1 using transparent glass, the amount of solar radiation absorbed was 80 W,
In case 2 using lowE glass, the power is 39 W,
Case 1 is about twice as large as case 2. Therefore, the clothing temperature in case 1 is higher than in case 2,
The amount of sweating is also increasing.

As shown in Table 11, Cases 1 and 2
There is a difference in the value of 65MNSET ^* between them, and a difference of one rank or more in the value of TSV. For example, on the window side of Case 1, it is "1.5" (between slightly warm and warm), while on the window side of Case 2, it is "0.3" (almost neutral), and the thermal sensation felt by the human body in the living room Obvious difference (TS
1.2) occurs in the V rank. Similarly, in the center of Case 1, it is "-0.1" (almost neutral), while in the center of Case 2, it is "-0.9" (almost cool),
You can even feel cool just by the effect of lowE glass. The TSV was calculated in Japan (summer) in Table 5.
And the second decimal place was rounded off.

[0098]

[Table 11]

Next, the difference in skin temperature between the window side and the center side will be described. FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing the skin temperature distribution of the human body A and the human body B when the transparent double-glazing is used. In these figures, it can be seen that the closer the pear-skin dots are, the higher the skin temperature is. From the figures (a) and (b), the skin temperature of the human body A on the window side is generally higher than that of the human body B. It can be seen that the skin temperature is high, especially at the leg of the human body A. Further, as shown in FIG. 3 (c), even in the same part, there is a difference between a place where the sun shines and a place where it does not. The skin temperature of the surface element of the upper thigh facing the window is high, and the side surface of the upper thigh is exposed. In the surface elements, the skin temperature is also reduced due to the small amount of irradiation. By calculating the skin temperature for each surface element in this manner, it can be said that the skin temperature distribution in each part can be simulated in detail, and an accurate thermal sensation can be calculated.

These simulation results are processed into a graph, a table, a still image (such as a skin temperature distribution diagram) or an animation as shown in FIG. 13 under the control of the evaluation unit 11b in FIG. Is done. The simulation executor can determine the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate based on the display.

In the above description, the transparent plate is exemplified by a glass plate. However, the application of the present invention is not limited to this. For example, an organic resin plate (polycarbonate plate,
It is apparent that the present invention can be applied to an organic resin film used for an acrylic plate or a vinyl house.

As the standard new effective temperature in consideration of each part of the human body, a standard effective temperature calculated by increasing the number of parts further than 65MNSET ^* may be used. Although the simulation in the steady state has been described above, it is apparent that the simulation in the unsteady state can be performed by applying the above-described series of procedures at regular time steps. For example, when evaluating the thermal comfort of glass used in an automobile, it is conceivable that the time step is set to several seconds to several minutes and calculation is performed for several minutes to several tens minutes (or several hours).

The transparent plate referred to in the present invention is composed of a single glass plate, a multi-layer glass, an organic resin film (polyvinyl butyral, etc.) and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film. Refers to all members attached to a structure such as a laminated glass, an organic resin film, or an organic resin plate for lighting, and does not require complete transparency. For example, coloring may be performed by adding iron or cobalt to absorb heat rays, or a thin metal film may be coated to reflect heat rays. Further, the shape of the transparent plate is generally assumed to be a flat plate or a curved plate, but may be any other shape as long as it has a function of lighting. In the above description, for the sake of simplicity, the humidity in the spatial region is assumed to be constant. However, it is clear that the humidity may be analyzed for each of the three-dimensional elements described above.

Further, the simulation may be performed in consideration of the external shape of the building having the living room shown in FIG. 2 and the surrounding environment of the building. In this way, the temperature of the outer wall warmed by the solar radiation is transmitted to the wall in the living room, and a simulation can be performed in consideration of radiation generated thereby.

[0105]

As described above, according to the present invention, the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate can be evaluated more accurately than before by obtaining the thermal index indicating the comfort of the human body in the living room or the vehicle interior by numerical simulation. Therefore, the effect of the transparent plate on the human body can be easily evaluated as compared with the case where the evaluation is made only based on the physical properties of the transparent plate. In addition, by calculating the skin temperature for each surface element and calculating the thermal index for each part of the human body, it is possible to reliably evaluate the transparent plate in a thermally uneven environment such as a vehicle interior.

Further, the thermal comfort performance evaluation of the transparent plate can be carried out only by numerical simulation, and the trouble of making a prototype such as a building or a vehicle body can be omitted. That is, various window glass variations can be evaluated by a simple operation of changing parameter values such as solar absorptance and emissivity. Further, since there is no need to make a prototype, the above-described transparent plate can be evaluated in a shorter time and at lower cost than in the past.

The present invention can also be used for developing a transparent plate material that provides the most excellent thermal comfort performance according to the shape of a living room or a passenger compartment. Furthermore, to express the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate with an objective index called the thermal index, it is possible to easily explain the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate to building manufacturers, body manufacturers, air conditioning manufacturers, material manufacturers and general users, Further, by providing the simulation program or executing the simulation via a network such as the Internet, a new service for supporting the design of a structure can be provided.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment (thermal comfort performance evaluation device) of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a partially broken perspective view showing a numerical model for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of the window glass.

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a human body thermal model.

FIG. 4 (a) is a front view showing the classification of each part of the human body shape model, and FIG. 4 (b) details of the human body shape model (configuration of surface elements)
And (c) a side view showing details (configuration of surface elements) of a human body shape model.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a body temperature regulation model.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a window glass selection procedure (main routine).

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing details of step 103;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing details of step 201 in FIG. 8;

FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing various types of solar radiation.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relationship between an incident angle and transmittance and reflectance.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing details of step 309;

FIG. 12 (a) is a block diagram showing a simulation result in case 1 (transparent double glazing), and (b)
It is a block diagram which shows the simulation result in case 2 (lowE double glazing).

13A is a front view showing the distribution of skin temperature in the human body A, FIG. 13B is a front view showing the distribution of skin temperature in the human body B, and FIG. It is a figure showing distribution.

[Explanation of symbols]

 10: Thermal comfort performance evaluation device 11: Central processing unit 11a: Operation unit 11b: Evaluation unit 11c: Selection unit 12: Storage unit 13, 14, 15: Interface (I / F) 16: Bus 21: External storage device 22: Operation unit 23: display device 30: human body temperature model 31: human body shape model 31-1: head 31-2: chest 31-3: back 31-4: pelvis 31-5: L-shoulder 31-6: R-shoulder 31-7: L-arm 31-8: R-arm 31-9: L-hand 31-10: R-hand 31-11: L-sai 31-12: R-sai 31-13: L-leg 31 -14: R-leg 31-15: L-foot 31-16: R-foot 32: body temperature regulation model 33: central blood pool 34: i-th part 34a: core layer 4b: the muscle layer 34c: Fat layer 34d: Skin layer 34e: Clothing layer 40: External Environment 41: light source

 ────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Shinichi Tanabe 4-6-16 Yurinokidai, Yachiyo-shi, Chiba Pref.

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A method for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for lighting, comprising: calculating the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body in the structure through the transparent plate; Calculation of convective heat transfer in the
Calculation of radiant heat transfer in the structure, calculation of humidity in the structure, and calculation of body temperature regulation are performed in conjunction with each other, the amount of heat loss from the skin surface of the human body,
Calculating the skin temperature of the human body and the wetting rate of the human body due to perspiration; and calculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body using the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wetting rate. A method for evaluating thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate, comprising: 2. A method for evaluating the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for daylighting, comprising: (a) dividing a surface shape in the structure into a plurality of surface elements to form a structure shape model; Create, divide the surface shape of the human body in the structure into a plurality of surface elements to create a human body shape model, divide the spatial region between the structure and the human body into a plurality of three-dimensional elements, Creating a domain model;
(B) The human body shape model is classified into a plurality of model parts corresponding to the parts of the human body, and a body temperature adjustment model that balances heat generation in the human body and heat radiation outside the human body is incorporated for each model part. And (c) solar radiation having passed through the transparent plate and reaching the human body shape model;
The convection in the space region, the radiation from the human body shape model, and the amount of heat transported by the radiation from the structure shape model are numerically simulated by the space region model, and the temperature and air flow in the space region are calculated based on the simulation result. Calculating a property;
(D) Numerical simulation with the body temperature control model based on the temperature and airflow properties, the humidity around the human body shape model, the metabolic rate of the human body shape model, and the amount of clothing of the human body shape model, whereby the skin surface of the human body is obtained. Calculating the amount of heat loss from the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wettability of the human body; and (e) using the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wettability to sense the thermal sensation of the human body. Calculating a thermal index indicating: a method for evaluating thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate. 3. The transparent plate is a laminated glass, an organic resin film, and an organic resin plate each comprising a single glass plate, a double-layer glass, an organic resin film and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film. The method for evaluating thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate according to claim 1 or 2, which is at least one selected from the group consisting of: 4. The thermal comfort of a transparent plate according to claim 1, wherein the physical properties of the transparent plate are defined by a combination of solar transmittance, solar absorptivity, emissivity, and heat transmission coefficient. Performance evaluation method. 5. The thermal index according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thermal index is a standard new effective temperature in consideration of the part of the human body, or an index indicating comfort performance created by deforming the standard new effective temperature. The thermal comfort performance evaluation method of the transparent plate described in the paragraph. 6. An i-th model (i = 1 to 1) of the human body shape model.
N, N is the total number of surface elements of the human body shape model)
In the 65MN model, one of the thermoregulation models
(Physical quantity and surface area of the k-th site / 65 MN)
Surface area of k-th part of model) ^1.5 Billed by percentage
Item 6. Thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate according to any one of items 1 to 5.
How to evaluate. 7. A transparent plate for causing a computer to execute the steps according to claim 1 in order to evaluate the thermal comfort performance of a transparent plate attached to a structure for daylighting. Thermal comfort performance evaluation program.