JP4423825B2 - Structure design support method and program considering human thermal comfort - Google Patents

Description

【００２９】
図３は、車体を構成する各部品を示す部分破断斜視図である。同図（ａ）は車体の前方かつ上方からフロントガラスを見下ろすように眺めており、ボデー上には正面のフロントガラスと両側のサイドガラス（フロント、リア）が設置され、フロントガラスの上方であって車体後方にかけて天井があるとともに、車体の後方にリアガラスが設置されている。また、同図（ｂ）は車体の後方から車室内を眺めた様子を示し、図示しないボデー上に前席および後席のシート、リアパネ、トーボード、インパネ、前パネル、センターコンソール等の各部品が設置されている。
【００３０】
図４は、表２に示すタイプＩ、タイプＩＩのガラス品種を用いた場合の車室内に入射する直達日射の分布を示す説明図である。同図（ａ）はタイプＩのガラス品種を用いた場合を示し、同図（ｂ）はタイプＩＩのガラス品種を用いた場合を示す。図中の日射分布強弱は白黒の濃淡で表されている（すなわち、白いほど日射受熱量が多く、黒いほど日射受熱量が少ないことを示す）。運転席の乗員を見てわかるように、車室内に到達する直達日射量はタイプＩＩの方が少なく、タイプＩＩの方が断熱性能が優れているといえる。
【００３１】
【表２】

【００３２】
また、車室を構成する部品は少なくとも透光板を含むｎ（ｎは２以上の自然数）個の部品で構成され、各部品に使用される材料の物性値は表２のガラス品種同様に図１の外部記憶装置２１に格納されている。部品とその部品に使用可能な物性値は表３（ａ）に示すようにマトリクス状に表すことができ、例えば部品Ｐの場合、物性値Ｍ_００，Ｍ_１０，Ｍ_２０，Ｍ_３０，Ｍ_４０およびＭ_５０のいずれかが選択される。
【００３３】
すなわち、各部品には、少なくとも一つの物性値Ｍ_＊＊（＝Ｍ_００，Ｍ_０１，・・・，Ｍ_１０，・・・）が登録されており、各物性値は実際に部品に使用される材料の候補と対応する。例えばインパネであればプラスチック材料の種類、シートであれば繊維や皮革の種類と対応する。また、物性値Ｍ_＊＊は、日射透過率、日射吸収率、放射率および熱貫流率などから選択される少なくとも一つを含む。
【００３４】
したがって、部品毎に物性値Ｍ_＊＊を選択するとともに、各部品の物性値Ｍ_＊＊の組み合わせを一以上作成する（表３（ｂ））。そして、各組み合わせについて、人体が感じる温熱指標（後述の６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊）を算出し、その結果を比較することにより、表３（ｃ）に示すような最適な温熱快適性を与える物性値の組み合わせを導くことができる。ここでは中立「０」に最も近い結果を最適としている。
【００３５】
なお、物性値だけでなく、空調冷暖房設備等に関するデータを考慮して温熱指標を算出すれば、空調冷暖房設備等を備えた構造物の最適設計を行うことができる。この場合も物性値の場合同様に、図１の外部記憶装置２１から空調設備に関するデータを読み出し、読み出したデータを加味して温熱指標を算出する。また、各部品の種々の形状データを表３同様に作成することにより、最適な温熱快適性を与える各部品の形状の組み合わせを選択できるようになる。
【００３６】
【表３】

【００３７】
次に、本発明で新たに提案する、日射を考慮した人体温熱モデルの概要について説明する。図５は、人体温熱モデルを示す説明図である。従来から人体の体温調節モデルは、いくつか提案されている。その中でも代表的なものとして、ギャッギ等による２ノードモデル（文献２（A.P.Gagge,A.P.Fobelets' and L.G.Berglund:A Standard Predictive Index of Human Response to the Thermal Environment,ASHRAE Transactions,Vol.92,pp.709-731,1986.） を参照）や田辺等による６５ＭＮモデル（文献３（田辺他、温熱環境評価のための６５分割体温調節モデルに関する研究、日本建築学会計画系論文集 第５４１号、２００１年３月））がある。
【００３８】
しかしながら、これらは何れも人体形状について考慮されておらず、例えば２ノードモデルにおいてはコア層とそれを取り巻くシェル層からなる球体形状で人体を模擬している。そのため、頭や手足などの部位に当たる日射についてシミュレーションすることはできない。６５ＭＮモデルは人体の構成を２ノードモデルよりも詳細に模擬し、すなわち頭、胸、脚など計１６部位に分類するとともに、各部位の表面積や重量について規定しているが、各部位の形状については考慮されていない。そのため、この６５ＭＮモデルを用いたとしても形状が明らかでないことから、各部位と壁や窓との間の形態係数が算出できず、人体に当たる日射分布を正確に把握することができない。
【００３９】
一方、人体形状を考慮したシミュレーションもいくつか提案されているが、人体の温熱感覚を正確にシミュレートするための人体周りの境界条件（日射、熱放射）について十分に検討されていない（文献「新間敦、浅野秀夫、自動車用室内の日射受熱シミュレーション、自動車技術会学術講演会前刷集、ｐｐ．１６１−１６４、１９９４年１０月」を参照）。
【００４０】
したがって、車室内など日射の影響が大きい環境下で、温熱感覚を正確にシミュレートすることは困難である。そこで、本発明においては、人体形状を模擬したモデル（以下、人体形状モデルという）と、人体の体温調節を模擬したモデル（以下、体温調節モデルという）とを組み合わせることにより、上述の問題を解消し、日射の影響が大きい環境においても人体の体温調節機能を正確にシミュレートできるようにした。
【００４１】
以上の観点から、図５に示す人体温熱モデル３０を人体形状モデル３１と体温調節モデル３２との組み合わせで構成し、その詳細を図６，７に示す。
【００４２】
図６（ａ）は、図５に記載されている人体形状モデルの各部位の分類を示す正面図であり、図６（ｂ）、（ｃ）はそれぞれ人体形状モデルの詳細（表面要素）を示す正面図および側面図である。
【００４３】
図６（ａ）に示す人体は、ヘッド（頭部）３１−１、チェスト（胸部）３１−２、バック（背中）３１−３、ペルビス（腰）３１−４、Ｌ−ショルダ（左肩）３１−５、Ｒ−ショルダ（右肩）３１−６、Ｌ−アーム（左上腕）３１−７、Ｒ−アーム（右上腕）３１−８、Ｌ−ハンド（左手）３１−９、Ｒ−ハンド（右手）３１−１０、Ｌ−サイ（左大腿）３１−１１、Ｒ−サイ（右大腿）３１−１２、Ｌ−レッグ（左下腿）３１−１３、Ｒ−レッグ（右下腿）３１−１４、Ｌ−フット（左足）３１−１５、およびＲ−フット（右足）３１−１６の１６部位に分類されている。
【００４４】
各部位は実際の人間のように、皮膚や筋肉などの多層構造からなることを想定しており、図７に示す体温調節モデルが各部位個別に組み込まれている。各部位の表面積および重量は表４に示す従来の６５ＭＮモデルのものを採用しているが、表面要素の切り方や人体の姿勢（立った姿勢、座った姿勢など）によっては、若干、表４の値からずれる場合もある。このようなずれが生じた場合の計算方法については後述する。
【００４５】
【表４】

【００４６】
また、図６（ｂ）、（ｃ）に示すように各部位の表面は、複数の表面要素で分割され、人体に到達する日射量、人体表面から放射される放熱量、および皮膚温等の計算は表面要素毎に行われる。
【００４７】
ここで、各部位に組み込まれる体温調節モデルについて説明する。図７は、人体各部位に組み込まれる体温調節モデルを示すブロック図である。同図に示す体温調節モデル３２は、人体の組織構造を模擬した多層構造を有し、中央血液だまり３３と、１６個の部位（第ｋ部位３４は、コア層３４ａと、筋肉層３４ｂと、脂肪層３４ｃと、皮膚層３４ｄと、着衣層３４ｅからなる）とで構成されている。ここで各層間における熱輸送に注目すると以下のとおりである。コア層３４ａ、筋肉層３４ｂ、脂肪層３４ｃおよび皮膚層３４ｄは中央血液だまり３３と血管で接続され、血流の働きによって各層間で熱輸送が行われる。矢印は各層間を輸送される熱の流れを示す。
【００４８】
また、コア層３４ａ、筋肉層３４ｂ、脂肪層３４ｃおよび皮膚層３４ｄは互いに密着していることから、熱伝導による熱輸送が行われる。着衣層３４ｅおよび皮膚層３４ｄの間においては、熱伝導による熱輸送が行われるとともに、両層間に空気層が存在する場合もあるためシミュレーションにあたっては対流や放射による熱輸送を考慮する必要がある。
【００４９】
また、着衣層３４ｅは外部環境４０に曝露していることから、対流および放射による熱輸送が行われる。外部環境４０には太陽などの光源（もしくは人為的に設置されたランプの場合もある）４１が存在するものと仮定し、光源４１による日射（または光線）によって着衣層３４ｅは温められる。着衣層の有無は表面要素単位で設定することができ、本実施の形態ではヘッド３１−１、Ｌ−ハンド３１−９およびＲ−ハンド３１−１０では皮膚層が露出し、着衣層は無いものとして計算を行っている。また、光源から照射される光線の波長は、図１の操作部２２により設定することができ、設定された値は外部記憶装置２１に格納される。
【００５０】
次に、窓ガラスの温熱快適性を数値シミュレーションによって評価し、この評価結果に基づいて窓ガラスとして最適なガラス品種、および最適な温熱環境を実現する部品の組み合わせを選択する手順について説明する。
【００５１】
図８は、ガラス品種および各部品の物性値の選択手順について示したフローチャートである。まず、予め用意しておいた車体形状を示すＣＡＤ（Computer Aided Design）データおよび車室の内壁面を構成する複数の表面要素、人体形状を示すＣＡＤデータおよび人体の表面形状を示す複数の表面要素、車室を構成する各部品と人体との間の空間領域を分割する複数の立体要素、並びに窓ガラスに使用可能なガラス品種の候補（本実施の形態では表２に示したタイプＩ，ＩＩを用いる）を図１の外部記憶装置２１に格納する（ステップ１０１，１０２）。また、表３に示したような各部品の物性値を外部記憶装置２１に格納する（ステップ１０３）。
【００５２】
次いで、図１の演算部１１ａおよび評価部１１ｂは、外部記憶装置２１に格納されているガラス品種および物性値のデータを読み出すとともに、これらのデータの組み合わせを作成し、組み合わせ毎に、窓ガラスを透過する日射の計算と人体の体温調節モデルの計算と車室内の熱移動計算（すなわち対流計算、放射計算、湿度計算など）とを連成して行い、人体が感じる温熱感覚を数値シミュレーションする（ステップ１０４）。なお、後述の図１４に示す形態係数に応じて物性値を変え、シミュレーションしてもよい。
【００５３】
その後、シミュレーションが完了する毎に全ての組み合わせについて温熱指標を算出したかどうかを判定し（ステップ１０５）、算出していないようであればステップ１０４に戻る。全てのガラス品種および各部品の物性値の組み合わせについて算出した後、図１の選択部１１ｃは各々のシミュレーション結果を比較し、最も良い結果となるガラス品種および各部品の物性値の組み合わせを選択する。その結果、例えば表３（ｂ）に示すような物性値の組み合わせが選択される。 ここで組み合わせの選択方法としては、中間期においては温熱指標が中立となるものを選択し、夏においては若干涼しくなるものを選択し、冬においては若干暖かくなるものを選択するなどが考えられるが、どのような結果を最適と判断するかはシミュレーションの実行者によって適宜決定される。したがって、予め最適値を設定しておき、この最適値に最も近いものを選択することが一つの方法として考えられる。
【００５４】
また、温熱指標の優れたガラスをいくつかピックアップした後、それらの中で可視域の光線を最もよく通すものを選択すれば、温熱性能および透光性能の両方が優れたガラスを選択することができる。なお、各窓に使用するガラス品種の組み合わせは表２に示すものに限られず任意に設定できる。
【００５５】
ここで、温熱感覚の数値シミュレーションについて、図９〜１３を参照して詳細に説明する。
図９は、ステップ１０４の詳細を示すフローチャートである。本実施の形態では温熱感覚を示す指標の一つとして６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊を用いる（ステップ２０１）。６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊は体温調節モデルに上述の６５ＭＮモデルを使ったＳＥＴ^＊（標準新有効温度）(上記文献２を参照)である。２ノードモデルを用いた従来のＳＥＴ^＊は、ギャッギ等によって提案された温熱指標であり、簡単に定義すると「温熱感覚および放熱量が実在環境におけるものと同等になるような相対湿度５０％の標準環境の気温」といえる。
【００５６】
また、本実施の形態では、６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊を使って算出されるＴＳＶを用いる（ステップ２０２）。ＴＳＶ（文献４（社団法人 自動車技術会 学術講演会前刷集 Ｎｏ．３３−９９）を参照）は、実際に人体が感じる温熱感覚とを対応づけた指標であり、本実施の形態では表５に示す変換式に基づいて算出している。
【００５７】
温熱感覚は季節や地域による差異があることから、表５には日本（夏季）、日本（秋季）、米国、デンマークおよびシンガポールにおける回帰式を示す。このようなＴＳＶと人体が感じる温熱感覚との対応は表６に示すとおりであり、「０」が中立、「１」が少し暖かい、「２」が暖かい、「３」が暑い、「−１」が少し涼しい、「−２」が涼しい、「−３」が寒いといった７段階で表記される。なお、回帰式の隣に人体の温熱感申告が中立となる温度（中立温度）を併記している。
【００５８】
【表５】

【００５９】
【表６】

【００６０】
図１０は、ステップ２０１の詳細を示すフローチャートである。まず、計算の準備作業としてステップ３０１からステップ３０４までを実施する。車室内および人体の表面形状を複数の表面要素に分割するとともに、車室の内壁と人体との間の空間形状を複数の立体要素に分割する（ステップ３０１）。次いで、人体および居室の壁の全ての表面要素について形態係数を算出する（ステップ３０２）。形態係数は表面要素間での放射熱交換を決定づける無次元数のパラメータである。
【００６１】
次いで、各表面要素に対して熱貫流率、放射率、日射吸収率および日射透過率などの熱的条件を割り当ててから（ステップ３０３）、人体の着衣量、車体の所在地（すなわち緯度、経度）、解析日時など表１に示した解析条件を設定する（ステップ３０４）。この解析条件は図１の操作部２２により入力され、入力されたデータは外部記憶装置２１に格納される。
【００６２】
次いで、上記設定された緯度、経度および季節に基づいて、車体を基準とした太陽の方位角および仰角を算出し、車体が受ける日射の照射角度を演算部１１ａにより算出する。そこで、この照射角度と窓ガラスの物性値（表２）とに基づいて、人体に直接到達する各種日射量（直達日射量、天空日射量、地面反射日射量または内部拡散日射量の何れか一つ、またはこれらの任意の組み合わせ）を算出し（ステップ３０５）、この算出結果と着衣表面または皮膚表面の吸収率とに応じて日射吸収熱量を算出する。
【００６３】
なお、文献１に記載されているように、日射には０．３〜２．５μｍの波長域の光線が含まれるため、日射量の計算にあたっては波長域を考慮する必要がある。例えば０．３〜２．５μｍの全波長域に渡って計算を行ってもよいし、任意に波長を選択して波長別に計算してもよい。その後、構造物内の熱移動計算と体温調節反応の計算との連成等を行った後（ステップ３０５〜３０８）、６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊ を算出する（ステップ３０９）。
【００６４】
ここで、日射解析の詳細について説明する。透光板で構成される空間は透過日射の影響を強く受けるため、人体快適性の予測精度は、熱源となる日射の熱取得分布がいかに正確に予測されるかに強く依存する。日射解析は温度気流解析と連成して行う必要はなく独立して行うことができ、上述したとおり人体表面および空間内外壁表面に到達する直達日射、天空日射、地面による反射日射、さらに到達日射の内部での相互反射日射を計算し、温度気流連成解析のための人体表面および壁表面での日射取得熱量を算出する（図１１）。
【００６５】
解析手順は次のとおりであり、まず建物所在位置、計算対象時刻を入力することにより太陽の位置を算出し、これを基に法線面直達日射量Ｉ_ｄｎ、および水平面天空日射量Ｉ_ｓｋｙを経験式により推定する。この法線面直達日射量、水平面天空日射量を基に、透光板の日射透過率ｔ_ｉ、反射率ρ_ｉなどの壁体熱性能値、空間の構造部品、庇などの日射遮蔽物の幾何学形状を考慮して、各種到達日射量を算出する。
【００６６】
人体表面に到達する日射量の算出方法は次のとおりである。
１）直達日射量の算出：人体の表面要素ｉに到達する直達日射量Ｉ_ｄｉは、法線面直達日射量Ｉ_ｄｎ、途中交差する日射が透過する壁体(透光板)の各々の日射透過率ｔ_ｊにより、式（１）で計算される。
【００６７】
【数１】

【００６８】
なお、透光板の日射透過率、反射率には図１２に示す入射角度特性がある。すなわち、透光板に対する入射角度が大きくなると反射成分が増大し、透光板の日射透過率が減少する。これを考慮しないと入射熱量に誤差が生じる。
【００６９】
２）天空日射量の算出：人体表面要素iに到達する天空日射量Ｉ_ｓｉを水平面天空日射量Ｉ_ｓｋｙおよび日射が透過する壁面(透光板)を見込む形態係数によって計算する。
【００７０】
【数２】

【００７１】
ここに、Ｆ_ｉｊは表面要素ｉ，ｊ間の形態係数、β_ｉｊは到達する日射が天空日射であるか否かを判定するフラグである。０．９１は天空日射に対する透光板（ガラス）の日射透過率の入射角度特性を考慮した係数である。
【００７２】
３）地面反射量の計算：地面による反射量は、地面の形状、反射率、指向性などの影響を受けるため、正確に算出することは難しい。本実施例では、天空日射量の算出方法と同様に、人体各表面要素に到達する地面反射日射量Ｉ_ｇｉを水平面全天日射量Ｉ_ｈｏｌと地面のアルベド（日射エネルギーの反射率）ρ_ｇを用いて算出する。
【００７３】
【数３】

【００７４】
ここに、γ_ｉｊは到達する日射が地面による反射であるか否かを判定するフラグ、ｈは太陽高度である。
【００７５】
４）相互反射量の計算：人体表面要素に到達した日射は、人体表面の反射率に応じて相互反射が生じる。反射には拡散反射と鏡面反射、および両者を複合したものがある。本実施例では計算を単純化するため完全拡散を仮定する。この条件下で相互反射量は表面要素間の形態係数を用いるラジオシティ法により算出できる。
【００７６】
【数４】

【００７７】
５）人体表面における日射吸収熱量の算出方法：人体表面要素毎に計算された直達日射量、天空日射量、地面反射量、相互拡散反射量をすべて人体表面における日射吸収熱量に換算する。人体表面における日射吸収熱量への換算方法は、それぞれ到達する日射熱量に人体表面要素ｉの日射吸収率ａ_ｉを乗じて算出する。
【００７８】
【数５】

【００７９】
これを表６に示す壁面熱収支式の日射吸収熱量(人体表面発熱量)として扱うことにより、温度と気流との連成解析に取り込むことが可能となる。また、温度気流連成解析終了時には、人体表面発熱量と人体周辺空気温度に応じた対流熱伝達量、人体表面放射率に応じた放射熱伝達量、着衣内の総合熱伝達量と平衡することになる。
【００８０】
次いで、人体と壁との間の空間領域における気温、流速および乱流などの空間物理量をＣＦＤ（Computational Fluid Dynamics）技術を利用して算出する（ステップ３０６）。すなわち、人体および壁の表面において各種の境界条件を設定し、上述の立体要素毎に空間領域における対流（自然対流および強制対流を含む）を数値シミュレーションして流速、圧力を算出する。
【００８１】
熱的境界条件は予め図１の外部記憶装置２１に記憶されている、室内部品表面および室外部品表面における日射に関する熱物性値（日射吸収率、日射透過率）、室内部品表面における熱放射に関する熱物性値（放射率）、部品同士の間の熱コンダクタンス、室外側の参照温度、および室内側壁表面の対流熱伝達率を読み出して利用する。
【００８２】
ＣＦＤの具体的手法としては、例えば有限要素法、有限体積法または差分法等によるナビエ−ストークス方程式の数値解析を行い、特に本実施の形態では非等温場における標準ｋ−εモデルを用いる。次いで、図７に示した体温調節モデルを利用して人体の体温調節反応を計算し（ステップ３０７）、人体の各表面要素における皮膚温が所定値に収束するまでステップ３０６および３０７を反復計算し、ステップ３０９で６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊を算出する。
【００８３】
なお、ＣＦＤ、放射および体温調節モデルの連成は表７に示す熱収支式を解くことにより求める。すなわち、車室の壁面で対流熱伝達量、放射熱伝達量、日射吸収熱量および室外側熱伝達量からなる熱収支式を解き、着衣表面で、１）対流場から放射場への接続、２）体温調節モデルの収束計算、３）放射場から対流場への接続について計算する。１）においては着衣表面温度Ｔ_ｉおよび放射熱伝達量Ｑ_{ｒｉ（ｎｅｔ）}を求め、２）においては体温調節モデルの計算を行って着衣表面温度Ｔ_ｉおよび皮膚温Ｔ_ｒｅｆを求め、３）においては室内側参照温度Ｔ_ｉｎおよび着衣表面温度Ｔ_ｉを求める。
【００８４】
【表７】

【００８５】
ここで２）における体温調節モデルの計算の詳細について述べると、表８に示すとおりである。各層毎に熱平衡式を設定し、これらの式を人体の全ての表面要素で計算する。
【００８６】
【表８】

【００８７】
各熱平衡式は主に表９に示す４つの物理量（すなわち産熱量、血流による熱輸送量、伝導熱量、および発汗による放熱量）から成り立っている。１．に示すように、産熱量は各部位の基礎代謝量と外部仕事による熱産生量とふるえ産熱量の和で表される。また２．に示すように、血流による熱輸送量は、血液の対向流熱交換率と血液の体積比熱と血流量と、第ｋ部位第ｊ層と中央血液だまりの温度差との積で表される。また３．に示すように、伝導熱量は隣接する層との間の熱コンダクタンスと、第ｋ部位第ｊ層と第ｋ部位第ｊ＋１層の温度差との積で表される。また４．に示すように、発汗による放熱量は各部位の皮膚層（第４層）でのみ発生し、不感蒸泄による熱損失量と発汗による蒸発熱損失量との和で表される。
【００８８】
【表９】

【００８９】
以上のように一連の計算を図１の演算部１１ａで行ってから、ステップ３０９におけるＳＥＴ^＊ を算出する。図１３は、ステップ３０９の詳細を示すフローチャートである。まず、人体の部位別の物理量および生理量から、１）皮膚表面からの熱損失量、２）平均皮膚温、３）発汗による全身のぬれ率を算出する（ステップ４０１）。
【００９０】
なお、図１３のフローでは全身における６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊を算出するが、人体の表面要素毎または部位毎に算出するようにしても良い。その場合、人体の表面要素毎または部位毎に熱損失量、皮膚温およびぬれ率を求める。このように表面要素毎に皮膚温を算出することにより、各部位内における皮膚温分布を詳細にシミュレートでき、正確な温熱感覚を算出できる。これらのシミュレーション結果は、図１の評価部１１ｂの制御によりグラフや表、静止画（皮膚温分布図など）、アニメーションなどに加工されてから表示装置２３に表示される。シミュレーションの実行者はこの表示に基づいて透光板の温熱快適性能を判断することができる。
【００９１】
一方、オリジナルの６５ＭＮモデルと図２の人体形状モデルの各部位における面積が一致しない場合、表１０に示すように（第ｋ部位の表面積／表３の６５ＭＮモデルの第ｋ部位の表面積）^１．５を使って物理量や生理量を補正して配分すると効果的である。これは各部位における単位体積あたりの物理量が変化しないように行ったものであり、面積が長さの２乗のオーダ、体積が長さの３乗のオーダであることから、（第ｋ部位の表面積／表４の６５ＭＮモデルの第ｋ部位の表面積）の３／２（＝１．５）乗で配分した。
【００９２】
なお、表１０の上段から３、４、５段目に記載の記号（Ｅｒｒ_１，１，Ｃｌｄ_１，１，Ｗｒｍ_１，１，Ｃｌｄｓ，Ｗｒｍｓ ）は体温調節の制御信号を示し、その詳細は表１１に示すとおりである。
【００９３】
体温調節は皮膚に無数に分布する温受容器および冷受容器で人体の周辺温度を検出し、暑いと感じれば発汗を促すための信号を発信し、発汗や血流量の増加を制御する。寒いと感じればふるえ産熱を促すための信号を発信し、産熱量の増加を制御する。すなわち、〔１〕に示すようにエラー信号（第ｉ表面要素第ｊ層の温度とセットポイント温度との差を示し、セットポイント温度は体温調節機能が生じない（発汗およびふるえ産熱が「０」、血流量が基礎血流量となる）状態における温度を示す）が正値である場合に、ウォーム信号にエラー信号を代入するとともに、コールド信号に「０」を代入する。それとは反対にエラー信号が負値の場合、コールド信号にエラー信号の符号を反転させた値を代入し、ウォーム信号に「０」を代入する。
【００９４】
このようにして各部位各層におけるウォーム信号およびコールド信号を求め、求めた信号に部位別の重み係数を掛けてから和を求めることにより、人体全身における統合信号を求める。そして、〔２〕、〔３〕に示すように、求められた統合信号に各種の係数（発汗についての各部位の皮膚層の全身に対する分布係数、発汗制御係数、イフェクター動作量、ふるえ制御係数、ふるえ熱産生についての各部位の筋肉層の全身に対する分布係数）を掛けて重み付けを行い、発汗による蒸発熱損失量を算出する。
【００９５】
【表１０】

【００９６】
【表１１】

【００９７】
最後に、ステップ４０２に示す式を解くことにより６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊を算出することができる。
【００９８】
次に、シミュレーション結果について説明する。図１４は、運転席の乗員から見た各部品に対する形態係数を示すグラフであり、横軸は各部品の名称を示し、縦軸は形態係数を示す。同図から明らかなように、シートに対する値が最も大きく、次いでボデー、天井、フロントガラス、前サイドガラス、センターコンソール、床、トーボード、インパネ、後サイドガラス、その他の乗員の人体、リアガラス、リアパネルの順になっている。
【００９９】
図１５は、運転席の乗員の平均放射温度に対する各部品の寄与度を示すグラフであり、横軸は部品の名称を示し、縦軸は平均放射温度に対する各部品の寄与度を示す。同図から明らかなように、タイプＩ，ＩＩによって寄与度は若干異なる。寄与度の大きさは図１４で説明した形態係数と同じ順番で変化している。
【０１００】
図１６は、室温を基準とした各部品の熱放射による加熱・冷却効果の累積値を示すグラフであり、横軸は各部品の名称を示し、縦軸は各部品の放射温度と室温との差の累積値を示す。同図に示すように、タイプＩＩの方がタイプＩよりも累積値が低く抑えられ、タイプＩＩはガラスの効果によってタイプＩよりも平均空気温が１．２（＝２６．６−２５．４）℃低い。
【０１０１】
一方、車室内に空調設備を設けると、次に示すような違いが生じた。図１７は、空調吹き出し温度を基準とした空気温度に対する各部品による昇温を示すグラフであり、横軸は各部品の名称を示し、縦軸は空気温度に対する各部品による昇温を示す。簡単のため室内空気は完全に混合されているものと仮定した。室温の昇温に最も寄与が高いのはシートであることがわかる。タイプＩＩにおける昇温は、リアガラス、前サイドガラスおよび後サイドガラスを除いて、タイプＩのものより低い。
【０１０２】
表１２は、シートが運転席の乗員の温熱感覚に与える影響を示す表であり、シートの物性値に違いを設けたケース１〜３について、平均室温、発汗による人体のぬれ率、平均皮膚温、ＳＥＴ^＊およびＴＳＶを記載している。ガラス品種としては表２のタイプＩを用いている。
【０１０３】
ケース１では標準的なシートを使用し、ケース２ではケース１におけるシートの日射吸収率を「０．１」にし、ケース３ではケース１におけるシートの日射吸収率および放射率をそれぞれ「０．１」にしている。ケース２では、日射吸収率を下げたことにより、ケース１よりもＴＳＶが約０．４（＝１．２−０．８）ランク下がっている。また、ケース３では、ケース２よりもＴＳＶが約０．２（＝０．８−０．６）ランク下がり、ケース１よりも約０．６（＝１．２−０．６）ランク下がっていることがわかる。したがって、各部品の物性値の違いによって温熱指標は大きく変化し、人体が感じる温熱感覚は異なったものとなる。
【０１０４】
【表１２】

【０１０５】
ここで、上記計算（表７、表８）に利用した対流熱伝達率α_ｃｉについて説明する。この対流熱伝達率α_ｃｉは、既往の文献「市原真希、齋藤正文、西村美加、田辺新一、サーマルマネキンを用いた立位・座位人体各部位の放射・対流熱伝達率の測定、日本建築学会計画系論文集 第５０１号、ｐｐ４５−５１、１９９７年１１月」に開示されているように、近似式α_ｃｉ＝Ａｖ^Ｂ（文献ではｈ_ｃｉ＝αｖ^β（ｖは気流速、Ａ，Ｂ，α，βは定数を示す））を用いることにより、求めることができる。
【０１０６】
しかし、空調よりも日射の影響が支配的な環境下では、このような近似式を適用することが困難となる場合がある。そのため、このような環境下では、サーマルマネキン等を用いた測定によって対流熱伝達率α_ｃｉを求めるとよく、その求め方について説明する。
【０１０７】
なお、サーマルマネキン（文献「田辺新一、長谷部ヤエ、皮膚温度可変型サーマルマネキンによる室内環境評価法に関する研究、日本建築学会計画系論文報告集 第４４８号、１９９３年６月」を参照）は、人体形状を模擬したダミー人形であり、各部位には人体の発熱機能を実現するための電気ヒータと熱電対とが組み込まれている。
【０１０８】
電気ヒータおよび熱電対は、外部に設置されたＰＣ（パーソナルコンピュータ）に接続され、このＰＣの制御によって発熱、温度測定、および測定された温度に基づく発熱量の制御が行われる。また、以下では簡単のため、実験用アトリウムを使用した例について説明するが、自動車等の構造物においても同様の実験を行うことができる。サーマルマネキンの代わりに、人体に熱流計を適宜貼付するなどの工夫をすることにより、同様の実験を行うことができる。
【０１０９】
図１８、１９は、上面、前面および側面がガラス板に囲まれた実験用アトリウムを示す。アトリウムの大きさは例えば図示するとおりであり、室内には籐製の椅子が設置され、椅子の上にはサーマルマネキンが着座している。サーマルマネキンの足は、断熱のため押出ポリスチレンフォーム板に載せられている。また、図１９に示すように、北壁には３カ所の空調吹出口が設けられ、この吹出口を介して、図示しない空調装置による温度調節された気流が、室内に送風される。参照空気温度Ｔ_ａは、図１９に示す測定位置に設置（本実施の形態では、高さ方向に０．１ｍ毎に設置している）された複数の熱電対によって測定される。壁表面温度は、壁面に設置された熱電対によって測定される。
【０１１０】
ここで、サーマルマネキンの表面では、定常状態の場合、式Ｑ_ｔ＋Ｑ_ｃ＋Ｑ_{ｒ（ｎｅｔ）}＋Ｑ_ｓ＝０を満たすことが明らかであるため（Ｑ_ｔはサーマルマネキンへの投入熱量（人体の発熱量に相当）、Ｑ_ｃは対流熱伝達量、Ｑ_{ｒ（ｎｅｔ）}は放射吸収熱量（ｎｅｔは放射の正味を意味する）、Ｑ_ｓは日射吸収熱量を示す）、サーマルマネキンをアトリウム内に設置し、投入熱量、参照空気温度および壁表面温度を測定し、これらの値を上記熱平衡式に代入することにより、対流熱伝達率α_ｃｉを求める。
【０１１１】
（１．サーマルマネキンへの投入熱量Ｑ_ｔ）
この熱量は人体の発熱量に相当するが、サーマルマネキンの各部位に内蔵されている電気ヒータを、設置された環境に応じて、ＰＣの制御により発熱させる。すなわち、熱的中立状態における人体の皮膚温と顕熱放熱量との関係により投入熱量Ｑ_ｔを各部位で独立に制御する。
【０１１２】
（２．対流熱伝達量Ｑ_ｃ）
対流熱伝達量Ｑ_ｃは、Ｑ_ｃ＝α_ｃｉ（Ｔ_ａ−Ｔ_ｓｋ）と表される。ここで、サーマルマネキンの各部位の皮膚温Ｔ_ｓｋ、同じく参照空気温度Ｔ_ａは測定されるため既知となる。
【０１１３】
（３．放射熱伝達量Ｑ_{ｒ（ｎｅｔ）}の算出）
サーマルマネキンと壁表面間の形態係数および測定された皮膚温、壁表面温度および放射率を既知として与え、ラジオシティ法により放射熱伝達量Ｑ_{ｒ（ｎｅｔ）}を算出する。
【０１１４】
（４．日射吸収熱量Ｑ_ｓ）
図１８の実験用アトリウムの外に日射計を設置（周辺建物の影響を受けないように例えば上面ガラスの上方に設置するとよい）して、水平面全天日射量を測定し、この水平面全天日射量を直散分離することにより、サーマルマネキンの表面に到達する直達日射量、天空日射量、地面反射日射量、内部拡散反射日射量を算出する。算出した各日射量に基づいて、サーマルマネキンの日射吸収熱量Ｑ_ｓを算出する。
【０１１５】
以上においては、透光板としてガラス板の例にあげて説明したが、本発明の適用はこれに限られるものでなく、例えば有機樹脂板（ポリカーボネート板、アクリル板など）、ビニルハウスなどに用いられる有機樹脂膜にも適用できることは明らかである。また、人体の標準新有効温度としては、６５ＭＮＳＥＴ^＊ よりもさらに各部位の影響を詳細に評価して計算した標準有効温度を用いるなどしてもよい。
【０１１６】
また、以上では定常状態のシミュレーションについて説明したが、上記一連の手続を一定の時間ステップ毎に適用することにより、非定常状態のシミュレーションを実施できることは明らかである。例えば自動車に用いられるガラスの温熱快適性を評価するのであれば、時間ステップを数秒から数分程度とし、数分から数十分（もしくは数時間）程度にわたって計算することが考えられる。
【０１１７】
また、本発明でいうところの透光板は、単板のガラス板、複層ガラス、有機樹脂膜（ポリビニルブチラールなど）とこの有機樹脂膜を挟む複数のガラス板とで構成された合わせガラス、有機樹脂膜、または有機樹脂板など構造物に採光のため取り付けられる部品全般を指し、完全な透明性を要するものではない。例えば熱線を吸収するために鉄やコバルトなどを添加して着色したり、熱線を反射させるため薄い金属膜をコーティングしたりしていても構わない。
【０１１８】
また、透光板の形状は一般的に平板や曲板を想定しているが、採光としての機能を有するのであればその他の形状であっても構わない。また、以上では簡単のため、空間領域における湿度を一定と仮定したが、上述の立体要素毎に湿度を解析するようにしてもよいことは明らかである。また、簡単のため温度気流性状が空間領域で一定としてシミュレーションしてもよい。
【０１１９】
さらに、図２に示す車体の外観形状およびこの車体の周辺環境を考慮し、シミュレーションを行ってもよい。このようにすれば、日射によって暖まった外壁の温度が車室内の壁に伝導し、それによって生じる放射を考慮したシミュレーションを行うことができる。
【０１２０】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したとおり本発明は、居室や車室内の人体の快適性を示す温熱指標を数値シミュレーションによって求めることにより、最適な温熱快適性を実現する各部品の物性値を知ることができる。また、表面要素単位で皮膚温を算出し、人体の部位毎に温熱指標を算出することにより、車室内などの熱的に不均一な環境での構造物の最適設計を実現できる。
【０１２１】
また、透光板の温熱快適性能評価を数値シミュレーションのみで実施でき、建築物や車体などの試作品を作る手間を省くことができる。すなわち、日射吸収率や放射率等のパラメータ値を変更するという簡単な操作だけで、様々な窓ガラスのバリエーションについて評価を行うことができる。また、試作機を作る必要がないことから、従来よりも短時間かつ低コストで上記透光板の評価を実施できる。
【０１２２】
また、本発明は、居室や車室形状に応じて最も優れた温熱快適性能を提供する透光板の素材開発に利用することもできる。さらに、温熱指標という客観的な指標で透明板の温熱快適性能を表すため、建築メーカ、車体メーカ、空調メーカ、材料メーカおよび一般ユーザに対して、透光板の温熱快適性能をわかりやすく説明でき、またインターネットなどのネットワーク経由で、上記シミュレーションのプログラムを提供したり上記シミュレーションを実行したりすることにより、構造物の設計支援のための新たなサービスを提供できるようになる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の一つの実施の形態（温熱快適性能評価装置）を示すブロック図である。
【図２】窓ガラスの温熱快適性能を評価するための数値モデルを示す部分破断斜視図である
【図３】（ａ）車体を構成する各部品（前方から眺めた様子）、（ｂ）車体を構成する各部品（後方から眺めた様子）を示す部分破断斜視図である。
【図４】（ａ）タイプＩ、（ｂ）タイプＩＩにおける直達日射の様子を示す部分破断斜視図である。
【図５】人体温熱モデルを示す説明図である。
【図６】（ａ）人体形状モデルの各部位の分類を示す正面図、（ｂ）人体形状モデルの詳細（表面要素の構成）を示す正面図、および（ｃ）人体形状モデルの詳細（表面要素の構成）を示す側面図である。
【図７】体温調節モデルを示すブロック図である。
【図８】窓ガラスおよび各部品の選択手順（メインルーチン）を示すフローチャートである。
【図９】ステップ１０４の詳細を示すフローチャートである。
【図１０】ステップ２０１の詳細を示すフローチャートである。
【図１１】各種の日射を示す説明図である。
【図１２】入射角度と、透過率および反射率との関係を示すグラフである。
【図１３】ステップ３０９の詳細を示すフローチャートである。
【図１４】運転席の乗員から見た各部品に対する形態係数を示すグラフである。
【図１５】運転席の乗員の平均放射温度に対する各部品の寄与度を示すグラフである。
【図１６】室温を基準とした各部品の熱放射による加熱・冷却効果の累積値を示すグラフである。
【図１７】空調吹き出し温度を基準とした空気温度に対する各部品による昇温を示すグラフである。
【図１８】実験用アトリウムを示す部分透視斜視図および断面図である。
【図１９】図１８の実験用アトリウム内の配置を示す平面図である。
【符号の説明】
１０：温熱快適性能評価装置
１１：中央処理部
１１ａ：演算部
１１ｂ：評価部
１１ｃ：選択部
１２：記憶部
１３、１４、１５：インターフェース（Ｉ／Ｆ）
１６：バス
２１：外部記憶装置
２２：操作部
２３：表示装置
３０：人体温熱モデル
３１：人体形状モデル
３１−１：ヘッド
３１−２：チェスト
３１−３：バック
３１−４：ペルビス
３１−５：Ｌ−ショルダ
３１−６：Ｒ−ショルダ
３１−７：Ｌ−アーム
３１−８：Ｒ−アーム
３１−９：Ｌ−ハンド
３１−１０：Ｒ−ハンド
３１−１１：Ｌ−サイ
３１−１２：Ｒ−サイ
３１−１３：Ｌ−レッグ
３１−１４：Ｒ−レッグ
３１−１５：Ｌ−フット
３１−１６：Ｒ−フット
３２：体温調節モデル
３３：中央血液だまり
３４：第ｋ部位
３４ａ：コア層
３４ｂ：筋肉層
３４ｃ：脂肪層
３４ｄ：皮膚層
３４ｅ：着衣層
４０：外部環境
４１：光源[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  The present invention relates to a structure design support method and program in consideration of human thermal comfort, and in particular, a translucent plate (window glass) used for a structure (automobile, train, ship, aircraft, spacecraft, or building). , Based on the thermal properties of each component (wall material, flooring, etc.) and the shape of each component, which are used as the outer wall of the atrium, etc. The present invention relates to a method and program for designing a structure.
[0002]
[Prior art]
  Conventionally, it has been known that the thermal environment in automobiles and buildings changes greatly due to the influence of solar radiation that is transmitted through a window glass and incident. Therefore, various products such as heat ray reflecting glass, heat ray absorbing glass, and multilayer glass are provided from glass makers in order to suppress the influence of such solar radiation.
[0003]
  The performance of these glasses is described in Reference 1 (JIS Handbook Glass (JIS R 3106: 1998 Test method for transmittance, reflectance, emissivity, and solar heat gain of plate glass), April 21, 1999, Japan In general, it is determined based on heat insulation performance such as solar transmittance and solar heat acquisition rate disclosed in the Standards Association). However, it is difficult to know the thermal sensation that the human body actually feels by evaluating the thermal insulation characteristics based only on the physical characteristics of such glass itself, and in order to solve such problems, Attempts have been made to measure the thermal sensation by actually measuring the amount of heat radiated for each part of the human body (eg, head, chest, arms, legs, etc.) using a mannequin.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
  However, even if such a thermal mannequin is used, it is not easy to individually examine the thermal effects that each component (window glass, seat, etc.) constituting the vehicle body has on the occupant. It was only possible to investigate the combined effects of solar radiation, radiation from each part and convection. Therefore, it is difficult to quantitatively grasp the contribution of each component, and conventionally, it has been difficult to select the material (physical properties) of each component that optimizes the thermal comfort in the passenger compartment.
[0005]
  Even if the thermal effect of each part can be investigated using a thermal mannequin, it is easy to carry out because it requires a prototype of the room or body to evaluate the thermal environment in the room or vehicle interior. It wasn't possible.
[0006]
  The present invention is intended to solve such problems, and provides a design support method and program for a structure that takes into account human thermal comfort that can be easily implemented without requiring experimental equipment such as a prototype. The purpose is to do.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
  In order to achieve such an object, the present invention is composed of first, second,..., N-th parts (n is a natural number of 2 or more).With a structure, And at least one of the components is a translucent plate attached for daylighting.Considering human thermal comfortIn the structure design support method,Setting a design shape from a space area between each of the parts and the human body and inputting the design shape via an interface;Prepare one or more candidate materials used for the first part, candidate materials used for the second part, ..., one or more candidate materials used for the nth part,Each of the parts corresponding to the design shape of the structure is selected and input via an interface and stored in a database provided in the external storage devicePhysical property values of candidate materials prepared for each partAutomatically read according to the inputSteps,From the physical property values read outA combination of a physical property value of the material used for the first part, a partial property value of the material used for the second part, ..., a physical property value of the material used for the nth partAutomatically by computing meansCreate one or moreSteps to do,SaidFor each combination, calculation of the amount of solar radiation that passes through the transparent plate and reaches the human body in the structure, calculation of convective heat transfer in the structure, calculation of radiant heat transfer in the structure, Calculation of humidity in the structure and calculation of body temperature regulation of the human bodyBy computing meansThe heat loss amount from the skin surface of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wet rate of the human body due to sweating are calculated, and the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wet rate are calculated. make use of,By computing meansCalculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body;The step of inputting the optimum value of the thermal index in advance from the interface, and comparing the calculation result with the optimum valueThe combination of the physical property values where the thermal index is closest to a predetermined optimum valueBy means of evaluationAnd a step of selecting. A structure design support method considering human thermal comfort is provided.
[0008]
  Further, the present invention is composed of first, second,..., N-th parts (n is a natural number of 2 or more).With a structure, And at least one of the components is a translucent plate attached for daylighting.Considering human thermal comfortIn the structure design support method,Setting a design shape from a space area between each of the parts and the human body and inputting the design shape via an interface;One or more shape candidates used for the first part, one shape candidate used for the second part,..., One or more shape candidates used for the n-th part are prepared. Prepared candidate shape data (hereinafter referred to as shape data)Each step to select and input via the interface and stored in the database provided in the external storage deviceThe shape data for each partAutomatically reading according to the input;,From the read shape dataA combination of shape data used for the first part, shape data used for the second part,..., Shape data used for the nth part.Automatically by calculation meansCreate one or moreSteps to do,SaidFor each combination, calculation of the amount of solar radiation that passes through the transparent plate and reaches the human body in the structure, calculation of convective heat transfer in the structure, calculation of radiant heat transfer in the structure, Calculation of humidity in the structure and calculation of body temperature regulation of the human bodyBy computing meansThe heat loss amount from the skin surface of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wet rate of the human body due to sweating are calculated, and the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wet rate are calculated. make use of,By computing meansCalculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body;The step of inputting the optimum value of the thermal index in advance from the interface, and comparing the calculation result with the optimum valueThe combination of the physical property values where the thermal index is closest to a predetermined optimum valueBy means of evaluationAnd a step of selecting. A structure design support method considering human thermal comfort is provided.
[0009]
  In one embodiment of the present invention,Calculate thermal indexStepBeforeThe surface shape in the structure is divided into a plurality of surface elements to create a structure shape model, the surface shape of the human body in the structure is divided into a plurality of surface elements to create a human body shape model, Creating a spatial domain model by dividing a spatial domain between a structure and the human body into a plurality of solid elements;,
in frontClassifying the human body shape model into a plurality of parts corresponding to the parts of the human body, and incorporating a body temperature regulation model for balancing the heat production in the human body and the heat radiation to the outside of the human body for each part; and,in frontThe amount of heat transported by solar radiation that has passed through the translucent plate and reached the human body shape model, convection in the space region, radiation from the human body shape model, and radiation from the structure shape model And a step of calculating a temperature air flow property in the space region based on the simulation result,in frontThe heat from the skin surface of the human body by performing a numerical simulation with the thermoregulatory model based on the temperature airflow property, the humidity around the human body model, the metabolic rate of the human body model, and the amount of clothes of the human body model Calculating a loss amount, a skin temperature of the human body, and a wetting rate of the human body;,in frontCalculating a thermal index indicating a thermal sensation of the human body using the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wetting rate;furtherIncluding.
[0010]
  The translucent plate is selected from a single glass plate, a multi-layer glass, a laminated glass composed of an organic resin film and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film, an organic resin film, and an organic resin plate. Any one or more.
[0011]
  Moreover, the physical property of the said translucent board is prescribed | regulated by the combination of solar radiation transmittance, solar radiation absorptivity, emissivity, and heat transmissivity.
[0012]
  The thermal index is an index indicating a standard new effective temperature in consideration of the part of the human body or a comfort performance created by modifying the standard new effective temperature.
[0013]
  Also,By calculating meansThe structureDetermined from the design shapeFind the form factor between the human body and each partStep and,SaidCalculate the thermal index using the form factorFurther includes steps.
[0014]
  In addition, the structure has at least one selected from an air conditioning heating and cooling facility, a radiant cooling and heating facility, a ventilation facility, and a humidity adjustment facility, and the thermal index is:Stored in a database provided in an external storage deviceThe data of the selected equipmentUse by calculation meansCalculated.
[0015]
  In addition, a thermal mannequin is installed in the structure, and the amount of heat Q input to this thermal mannequin._t, Convective heat transfer Q around the thermal mannequin_c, Radiation heat transfer amount Q of the thermal manikin_{r (net)}And the amount of heat absorbed by solar radiation Q reaching the thermal mannequin_s Measurement resultsConvection heat transfer coefficient α_ciTheBy computing meanscalculate.
[0016]
  Further, the present invention is a translucent plate that includes first, second,..., Nth components (n is a natural number of 2 or more), and at least one of the components is attached for daylighting. There is provided a program for supporting the design of a structure, which is a design support program for a building in consideration of human body thermal comfort for causing a computer to execute the above steps.
[0017]
  By using the present invention, it is possible to derive a combination of physical property values of the parts constituting the structure only by computer simulation, and it is possible to easily improve the thermal comfort in the structure. In particular, the thermal sensation can be evaluated for each part of the human body, which is effective for optimal design of a structure having a non-uniform thermal environment such as a passenger compartment.
[0018]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention. The thermal comfort performance evaluation apparatus 10 shown in the figure is composed of a computer system such as a workstation, and externally there is an external storage device 21 such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive), an optical disk device or a magneto-optical disk device, and a keyboard. And an operation unit 22 such as a mouse and a display device 23 such as a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), a liquid crystal display, or a PDP (Plasma Display Panel).
[0019]
  The thermal comfort performance evaluation apparatus 10 includes a central processing unit 11 and a storage unit 12 such as a RAM (Random Access Memory) and a ROM (Read Only Memory), and an input / output.interfaceI / Fs 13, 14, and 15 that function as a bus 16 and an internal bus 16. The bus 16 is connected to each part in the thermal comfort performance evaluation apparatus 10, and thus each part transmits and receives an address signal, a data signal, and various control signals via the bus 16.
[0020]
  The central processing unit 11 is a device such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) having an arithmetic function and a control function, reads a numerical simulation program from the external storage device 21, and executes the storage unit 12 as a work area. Therefore, the central processing unit 11 implements the calculation unit 11a, the evaluation unit 11b, and the selection unit 11c for performing numerical simulation in hardware or software.
[0021]
  An operation unit 22 is connected to the I / F 13, and user operations are transmitted to the central processing unit 11 via the operation unit 22. The I / F 14 includes various data (for example, shape data of structures and human bodies, data on analysis conditions, parts constituting the vehicle body (body, seat, instrument panel (hereinafter referred to as instrument panel)), rear panel (hereinafter referred to as rear panel). An external storage device 21 that stores and holds a database made of materials that can be used for toeboard, center console, etc. (specified by physical property values) and data on glass types, etc.) is connected. Reading of data from the external storage device 21 and writing of data to the external storage device 21 are performed under the control of the central processing unit 11. A display device 23 is connected to the I / F 15, and information input by the operation unit 22 and a visualized simulation result are displayed on the display device 23.
[0022]
  As described above, the thermal comfort performance evaluation device 10 reads the shape data related to the numerical model of the structure and the human body from the external storage device 21, and uses this data to perform the thermal simulation of the living room or the vehicle interior. The simulation result is stored and held in the external storage device 21 and a visualized image is displayed on the display device 23. Therefore, by referring to such an image, it is possible to evaluate the comfortable performance of a light-transmitting plate such as a window glass attached to a building or a vehicle. For example, the evaluation of the thermal environment in the passenger compartment is performed as follows.
[0023]
  FIG. 2 is a partially broken perspective view showing an example of evaluating the thermal environment in the passenger compartment. The figure shows a vehicle model (right steering wheel, 5-seater sedan type) and a shape model in which the passenger is composed of a plurality of surface elements. Two separate seats are installed in the front of the passenger compartment, and an integrated seat that can be seated by three people is installed in the rear. A total of four passengers are seated on each seat, and the passenger sitting in the driver's seat imitates the shape of gripping the steering wheel.
[0024]
  Further, a windshield is installed in the front part of the passenger compartment, side glass (front side glass and rear side glass) in the side part, and rear glass in the rear part (not shown). The solar radiation received by the window glass is attenuated in accordance with the physical properties of the glass (that is, solar transmittance, solar absorption rate, emissivity, heat flow rate) and then enters the vehicle interior. Incident light warms each component in the passenger compartment, which increases the indoor temperature.
[0025]
  On the other hand, the surface of each component in the passenger and the passenger compartment is divided into a plurality of surface elements, and the space area between the passenger and the components in the passenger compartment is divided into a plurality of three-dimensional elements (not shown). In this embodiment, a quadrilateral surface element expressed in a bilinear form is used, and a hexahedral solid element is used. By using these surface elements and three-dimensional elements, numerical simulations are carried out on the solar radiation and radiation incident on the passenger compartment and the temperature airflow characteristics in the space region.
[0026]
  In addition, the interior of the passenger compartment is thermally uneven due to solar radiation entering through the window glass. Air conditioning air conditioning equipment (air conditioner) (not shown) is installed in the passenger compartment, and the position of the air outlet / suction port, the temperature of the air outlet, the amount of the air blowing / suction air, the direction of the air blowing / suction, and the absolute humidity (or relative humidity) of the air, etc. Can be set arbitrarily. The data related to the air conditioning and heating equipment is registered in the external storage device 21 of FIG. 1 as well as the physical property values of each part.
[0027]
  In addition to the air conditioning heating / cooling equipment, radiant cooling / heating equipment, ventilation equipment, humidity adjustment equipment, etc. may be arbitrarily installed. The analysis conditions used in this simulation are as shown in Table 1. Since the position of the sun can be calculated theoretically from the location of the vehicle body and the date and time of the simulation, it is possible to set the irradiation angle of solar radiation that is inserted into the vehicle interior from the window.
[0028]
[Table 1]

[0029]
  FIG. 3 is a partially broken perspective view showing each part constituting the vehicle body. The figure (a) is viewed from the front and the top of the vehicle body looking down on the windshield. The front windshield and both side glasses (front and rear) are installed on the body, above the windshield. There is a ceiling behind the vehicle body, and a rear glass is installed behind the vehicle body. FIG. 5B shows the interior of the vehicle as viewed from the rear of the vehicle body. The front seat, rear seat, rear panel, toeboard, instrument panel, front panel, center console and other parts are shown on the body (not shown). is set up.
[0030]
  FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the distribution of direct solar radiation incident on the passenger compartment when the type I and type II glass types shown in Table 2 are used. FIG. 4A shows a case where a type I glass type is used, and FIG. 5B shows a case where a type II glass type is used. The intensity of solar radiation distribution in the figure is represented by shades of black and white (that is, the whiter the amount of solar heat received is, the blacker the lower the amount of solar heat received). As can be seen from the occupants in the driver's seat, the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the passenger compartment is smaller in Type II, and it can be said that Type II has better thermal insulation performance.
[0031]
[Table 2]

[0032]
  In addition, the parts constituting the passenger compartment are composed of at least n parts (n is a natural number of 2 or more) including a light transmitting plate, and the physical property values of the materials used for each part are the same as those of the glass types shown in Table 2. 1 of the external storage device 21. The part and the physical property values that can be used for the part can be expressed in a matrix as shown in Table 3 (a). For example, in the case of the part P, the physical property value M₀₀, M₁₀, M₂₀, M₃₀, M₄₀And M₅₀Is selected.
[0033]
  That is, each component has at least one physical property value M._**(= M₀₀, M₀₁, ..., M₁₀,... Are registered, and each physical property value corresponds to a candidate for a material actually used for a part. For example, the instrument panel corresponds to the type of plastic material, and the sheet corresponds to the type of fiber or leather. Physical property value M_**Includes at least one selected from solar transmittance, solar absorptivity, emissivity, heat transmissivity, and the like.
[0034]
  Therefore, DepartmentPhysical property value M for each product_**And the physical property value M of each part_**One or more combinations are created (Table 3 (b)). For each combination, a thermal index felt by the human body (65MNSET described later)^*) And comparing the results, a combination of physical property values giving optimum thermal comfort as shown in Table 3 (c) can be derived. Here, the result closest to neutral “0” is the optimum.
[0035]
  Note that if a thermal index is calculated in consideration of not only the physical property values but also data related to air conditioning air conditioning equipment, etc., an optimal design of a structure equipped with the air conditioning air conditioning equipment etc. can be performed. Also in this case, as in the case of the physical property values, data relating to the air conditioning equipment is read from the external storage device 21 of FIG. 1, and the thermal index is calculated by taking the read data into consideration. In addition, by creating various shape data of each part in the same manner as in Table 3, it becomes possible to select a combination of the shape of each part that gives optimum thermal comfort.
[0036]
[Table 3]

[0037]
  Next, an outline of a human body thermal model considering solar radiation, which is newly proposed in the present invention, will be described. FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a human body thermal model. Conventionally, several human body temperature regulation models have been proposed. A typical example is a two-node model by Gaggi et al. (Reference 2 (APGagge, APFobelets' and LGBerglund: A Standard Predictive Index of Human Response to the Thermal Environment, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. -731,1986.) And the 65MN model by Tanabe et al. (Reference 3 (Tanabe et al., Research on 65-segment thermoregulation model for thermal environment evaluation, Architectural Institute of Japan Planning Series No. 541, 2001 3) Month)).
[0038]
  However, none of these considers the human body shape. For example, in the two-node model, the human body is simulated in a spherical shape including a core layer and a shell layer surrounding the core layer. Therefore, it is not possible to simulate solar radiation that hits parts such as the head and limbs. The 65MN model simulates the structure of the human body in more detail than the two-node model, that is, it categorizes into a total of 16 parts such as the head, chest, and leg, and regulates the surface area and weight of each part. Is not considered. Therefore, even if this 65MN model is used, since the shape is not clear, the shape factor between each part and the wall or window cannot be calculated, and the solar radiation distribution hitting the human body cannot be accurately grasped.
[0039]
  On the other hand, some simulations that take into account the shape of the human body have also been proposed, but the boundary conditions around the human body (solar radiation, thermal radiation) for accurately simulating the thermal sensation of the human body have not been fully studied (see “ See Shingo, Shinma, Hideo Asano, simulation of solar heat reception in automobile interior, Preprint of Academic Lecture Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, pp. 161-164, October 1994).
[0040]
  Therefore, it is difficult to accurately simulate a thermal sensation in an environment where the influence of solar radiation is large, such as in a passenger compartment. Therefore, in the present invention, the above problem is solved by combining a model simulating a human body shape (hereinafter referred to as a human body shape model) and a model simulating human body temperature regulation (hereinafter referred to as a body temperature regulation model). In addition, the human body temperature regulation function can be accurately simulated even in an environment where the effects of solar radiation are large.
[0041]
  From the above viewpoint, the human body thermal model 30 shown in FIG. 5 is composed of a combination of a human body shape model 31 and a body temperature regulation model 32, and details thereof are shown in FIGS.
[0042]
  6A is a front view showing classification of each part of the human body shape model described in FIG. 5, and FIGS. 6B and 6C show details (surface elements) of the human body shape model, respectively. It is the front view and side view which show.
[0043]
  The human body shown in FIG. 6A includes a head (head) 31-1, a chest (chest) 31-2, a back (back) 31-3, a pervis (waist) 31-4, and an L-shoulder (left shoulder) 31. -5, R-shoulder (right shoulder) 31-6, L-arm (upper left arm) 31-7, R-arm (upper right arm) 31-8, L-hand (left hand) 31-9, R-hand ( (Right hand) 31-10, L-Rhino (left thigh) 31-11, R-Rhino (right thigh) 31-12, L-Leg (left lower leg) 31-13, R-Leg (right lower leg) 31-14, It is classified into 16 sites, L-foot (left foot) 31-15 and R-foot (right foot) 31-16.
[0044]
  Each part is assumed to have a multilayer structure such as skin and muscle like an actual human, and the body temperature regulation model shown in FIG. 7 is incorporated for each part individually. The surface area and weight of each part are the same as those of the conventional 65MN model shown in Table 4, but depending on how to cut the surface elements and the posture of the human body (standing posture, sitting posture, etc.) May deviate from the value of. A calculation method when such a shift occurs will be described later.
[0045]
[Table 4]

[0046]
  In addition, as shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C, the surface of each part is divided by a plurality of surface elements, such as the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body, the amount of heat radiated from the human body surface, and the skin temperature. The calculation is performed for each surface element.
[0047]
  Here, the body temperature regulation model incorporated in each part will be described. FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a body temperature regulation model incorporated in each part of the human body. The thermoregulation model 32 shown in the figure has a multilayer structure that simulates the tissue structure of a human body, and includes a central blood pool 33, 16 sites (the k-th site 34 includes a core layer 34a, a muscle layer 34b, A fat layer 34c, a skin layer 34d, and a clothing layer 34e). Here, attention is paid to the heat transport between the respective layers as follows. The core layer 34a, the muscle layer 34b, the fat layer 34c, and the skin layer 34d are connected to the central blood pool 33 by blood vessels, and heat is transferred between the layers by the action of blood flow. Arrows indicate the heat flow transported between each layer.
[0048]
  Further, since the core layer 34a, the muscle layer 34b, the fat layer 34c, and the skin layer 34d are in close contact with each other, heat transport by heat conduction is performed. Between the clothing layer 34e and the skin layer 34d, heat transport is performed by heat conduction, and an air layer may exist between both layers. Therefore, it is necessary to consider heat transport by convection and radiation in the simulation.
[0049]
  Moreover, since the clothing layer 34e is exposed to the external environment 40, heat transport by convection and radiation is performed. It is assumed that the external environment 40 includes a light source 41 such as the sun (or may be an artificially installed lamp) 41, and the clothing layer 34e is warmed by solar radiation (or light rays) from the light source 41. The presence / absence of a clothing layer can be set in units of surface elements. In this embodiment, the head 31-1, L-hand 31-9 and R-hand 31-10 have a skin layer exposed and no clothing layer. As the calculation. Further, the wavelength of light emitted from the light source can be set by the operation unit 22 of FIG. 1, and the set value is stored in the external storage device 21.
[0050]
  Next, the thermal comfort of the window glass will be evaluated by numerical simulation, and a procedure for selecting the optimum glass type as the window glass and the combination of parts that realize the optimum thermal environment based on the evaluation result will be described.
[0051]
  FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the procedure for selecting the glass type and the physical property value of each part. First, CAD (Computer Aided Design) data indicating a vehicle body shape prepared in advance and a plurality of surface elements constituting an inner wall surface of a passenger compartment, CAD data indicating a human body shape, and a plurality of surface elements indicating a surface shape of a human body , A plurality of three-dimensional elements that divide a space area between each part constituting the passenger compartment and the human body, and glass type candidates that can be used for the window glass (in this embodiment, types I and II shown in Table 2) Is stored in the external storage device 21 of FIG. 1 (steps 101 and 102). Further, the physical property values of each part as shown in Table 3 are stored in the external storage device 21 (step 103).
[0052]
  Next, the calculation unit 11a and the evaluation unit 11b in FIG. 1 read out the glass type and physical property data stored in the external storage device 21, and create a combination of these data.,setFor each combination, the calculation of solar radiation that passes through the window glass, the calculation of the body temperature control model of the human body, and the calculation of heat transfer in the passenger compartment (ie, convection calculation, radiation calculation, humidity calculation, etc.) are performed in combination. The thermal sensation to be felt is numerically simulated (step 104). Note that simulation may be performed by changing the physical property value in accordance with a view factor shown in FIG. 14 described later.
[0053]
  Thereafter, every time the simulation is completed, it is determined whether or not the thermal index has been calculated for all the combinations (step 105). If not, the process returns to step 104. After calculating all the glass types and combinations of physical property values of each part, the selection unit 11c in FIG. 1 compares the simulation results, and selects the glass type and the combination of physical property values of each part that gives the best result. . As a result, for example, combinations of physical property values as shown in Table 3 (b) are selected. As a method for selecting a combination, it is possible to select a neutral heat index in the intermediate period, a slightly cooler summer, and a slightly warmer winter. What kind of result is determined to be optimal is determined as appropriate by the person performing the simulation. Therefore, it is conceivable as one method to set an optimum value in advance and select the one closest to the optimum value.
[0054]
  In addition, after picking up some glasses with excellent thermal indices, if you select the one that passes the light in the visible region best, you can select the glass with both excellent thermal performance and translucency. it can. The combination of glass types used for each window is not limited to that shown in Table 2, and can be set arbitrarily.
[0055]
  Here, the numerical simulation of the thermal sensation will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.
  FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing details of step 104. In this embodiment, 65 MNSET is one of the indices indicating thermal sensation.^*Is used (step 201). 65MNSET^*Is a SET using the above-mentioned 65MN model for temperature regulation model^*(Standard new effective temperature) (see the above-mentioned document 2). Conventional SET using a two-node model^*Is a thermal index proposed by Gaggi et al., Which can be simply defined as “a temperature in a standard environment with a relative humidity of 50% so that the thermal sensation and the amount of heat release are equivalent to those in a real environment”.
[0056]
  In the present embodiment, 65MNSET^*TSV calculated by using is used (step 202). TSV (refer to Document 4 (Japan Society for Automotive Engineers, Academic Lecture Preprints No. 33-99)) is an index that associates the thermal sensation actually felt by the human body. It is calculated based on the conversion formula shown below.
[0057]
  Since thermal sensation varies depending on the season and region, Table 5 shows regression equations in Japan (summer), Japan (autumn), the United States, Denmark, and Singapore. The correspondence between the TSV and the thermal sensation felt by the human body is as shown in Table 6. “0” is neutral, “1” is a little warm, “2” is warm, “3” is hot, “−1” "Is a little cool," -2 "is cool, and" -3 "is cold. The temperature at which the declaration of the thermal sensation of the human body is neutral (neutral temperature) is also written next to the regression equation.
[0058]
[Table 5]

[0059]
[Table 6]

[0060]
  FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing details of step 201. First, steps 301 to 304 are performed as calculation preparation work. The surface shape of the passenger compartment and the human body is divided into a plurality of surface elements, and the space shape between the inner wall of the passenger compartment and the human body is divided into a plurality of three-dimensional elements (step 301). Next, the form factor is calculated for all surface elements of the human body and the walls of the living room (step 302). The form factor is a dimensionless number parameter that determines the radiant heat exchange between surface elements.
[0061]
  Next, after assigning thermal conditions such as heat transmissibility, emissivity, solar radiation absorption rate and solar radiation transmittance to each surface element (step 303), the amount of clothing of the human body, the location of the vehicle body (ie latitude, longitude) The analysis conditions shown in Table 1, such as the analysis date and time, are set (step 304). This analysis condition is input by the operation unit 22 in FIG. 1, and the input data is stored in the external storage device 21.
[0062]
  Next, based on the set latitude, longitude, and season, the azimuth angle and elevation angle of the sun with respect to the vehicle body are calculated, and the irradiation angle of solar radiation received by the vehicle body is calculated by the calculation unit 11a. Therefore, based on the irradiation angle and the physical property value of the window glass (Table 2), any one of various solar radiation amounts (direct solar radiation amount, sky solar radiation amount, ground reflection solar radiation amount, or internal diffuse solar radiation amount) that directly reaches the human body. (Or any combination thereof) is calculated (step 305), and the amount of heat absorbed by solar radiation is calculated according to the calculation result and the absorption rate of the clothing surface or skin surface.
[0063]
  As described in Document 1, since the solar radiation includes rays in the wavelength range of 0.3 to 2.5 μm, it is necessary to consider the wavelength range in calculating the amount of solar radiation. For example, the calculation may be performed over the entire wavelength range of 0.3 to 2.5 μm, or the wavelength may be arbitrarily selected and calculated for each wavelength. Then, after performing a combination of heat transfer calculation in the structure and calculation of body temperature regulation reaction (steps 305 to 308), 65MNSET^* Is calculated (step 309).
[0064]
  Here, details of solar radiation analysis will be described. Since the space constituted by the light-transmitting plates is strongly affected by transmitted solar radiation, the accuracy of predicting human comfort depends strongly on how accurately the heat acquisition distribution of solar radiation that is a heat source is predicted. The solar radiation analysis does not need to be performed in combination with the temperature and air flow analysis and can be performed independently. As described above, direct solar radiation, sky solar radiation, reflected solar radiation from the ground, and solar radiation reaching the human body surface and the inner and outer wall surfaces The mutual reflection solar radiation inside is calculated, and the solar radiation acquisition heat quantity on the human body surface and the wall surface for the temperature-airflow coupled analysis is calculated (FIG. 11).
[0065]
  The analysis procedure is as follows. First, the position of the sun is calculated by inputting the location of the building and the calculation target time._dn, And horizontal solar radiation I_skyIs estimated by an empirical formula. Based on this normal surface direct solar radiation amount, horizontal plane solar radiation amount, the solar transmittance t of the translucent plate_i, Reflectance ρ_iTaking into account the wall thermal performance values such as, the structural parts of the space, and the geometrical shape of the solar shading objects such as the eaves, the various reached solar radiation amounts are calculated.
[0066]
  The calculation method of the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body surface is as follows.
  1) Calculation of direct solar radiation amount: direct solar radiation amount I reaching the surface element i of the human body_diIs normal solar radiation amount I_dn, The solar radiation transmittance t of each wall (translucent plate) through which solar radiation intersecting in the middle is transmitted_jThus, the calculation is performed by the equation (1).
[0067]
[Expression 1]

[0068]
  Incidentally, the solar transmittance and reflectance of the light transmitting plate have incident angle characteristics shown in FIG. That is, as the incident angle with respect to the light transmissive plate increases, the reflection component increases and the solar light transmittance of the light transmissive plate decreases. If this is not taken into account, an error occurs in the amount of incident heat.
[0069]
  2) Calculation of sky solar radiation amount: Sky solar radiation amount I reaching human body surface element i_siA horizontal solar radiation amount I_skyIt is also calculated by the shape factor that expects the wall (translucent plate) through which solar radiation passes.
[0070]
[Expression 2]

[0071]
  Where F_ijIs the shape factor between the surface elements i and j, β_ijIs a flag that determines whether or not the reaching solar radiation is sky solar radiation. 0.91 is a coefficient in consideration of the incident angle characteristic of the solar transmittance of the light transmitting plate (glass) with respect to the sky solar radiation.
[0072]
  3) Calculation of the amount of ground reflection: The amount of reflection from the ground is affected by the shape of the ground, the reflectivity, the directivity, etc., and is difficult to calculate accurately. In this embodiment, similarly to the method of calculating the sky solar radiation amount, the ground reflected solar radiation amount I reaching each surface element of the human body I_giThe horizontal solar radiation I_holAnd ground albedo (reflectance of solar energy) ρ_gCalculate using.
[0073]
[Equation 3]

[0074]
  Where γ_ijIs a flag for determining whether or not the reaching solar radiation is a reflection from the ground, and h is the solar altitude.
[0075]
  4) Calculation of mutual reflection amount: The solar radiation reaching the human body surface element causes mutual reflection according to the reflectance of the human body surface. The reflection includes diffuse reflection, specular reflection, and a combination of both. In this embodiment, perfect diffusion is assumed to simplify the calculation. Under this condition, the amount of mutual reflection can be calculated by the radiosity method using the shape factor between the surface elements.
[0076]
[Expression 4]

[0077]
  5) Calculation method of solar heat absorption amount on human body surface: Direct solar radiation amount, sky solar radiation amount, ground reflection amount and mutual diffuse reflection amount calculated for each human body surface element are all converted into solar absorption heat amount on human body surface. The conversion method to the amount of solar heat absorption on the human body surface is that the solar heat absorption rate a of the human body surface element i depends on the amount of solar heat heat that reaches each._iMultiply by
[0078]
[Equation 5]

[0079]
  By treating this as the amount of solar radiation absorption heat amount (human body surface heat generation amount) of the wall surface heat balance type shown in Table 6, it becomes possible to incorporate it into the coupled analysis of temperature and airflow. At the end of the temperature-airflow coupled analysis, the convection heat transfer amount according to the human body surface heat generation amount and the air temperature around the human body, the radiant heat transfer amount according to the human body surface emissivity, and the total heat transfer amount within the clothing become.
[0080]
  Next, spatial physical quantities such as air temperature, flow velocity, and turbulent flow in the spatial region between the human body and the wall are calculated using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technology (step 306). That is, various boundary conditions are set on the surface of the human body and the wall, and convection (including natural convection and forced convection) in the spatial domain is numerically simulated for each of the above three-dimensional elements to calculate the flow velocity and pressure.
[0081]
  The thermal boundary conditions are stored in advance in the external storage device 21 of FIG. 1, and the thermal physical property values (solar radiation absorption rate, solar radiation transmittance) related to solar radiation on the surfaces of the indoor parts and the outdoor parts, and heat related to thermal radiation on the surface of the indoor parts The physical property value (emissivity), the thermal conductance between components, the outdoor reference temperature, and the convective heat transfer coefficient on the indoor side wall surface are read and used.
[0082]
  As a specific method of CFD, for example, a numerical analysis of the Navier-Stokes equation by a finite element method, a finite volume method, a difference method or the like is performed. In particular, in this embodiment, a standard k-ε model in a non-isothermal field is used. Next, the thermoregulatory response of the human body is calculated using the thermoregulatory model shown in FIG. 7 (step 307), and steps 306 and 307 are repeated until the skin temperature at each surface element of the human body converges to a predetermined value. 65MNSET in step 309^*Is calculated.
[0083]
  The coupling of CFD, radiation, and body temperature regulation model is obtained by solving the heat balance equation shown in Table 7. That is, solve the heat balance equation consisting of the convective heat transfer amount, the radiant heat transfer amount, the solar radiation absorption heat amount and the outdoor heat transfer amount on the wall surface of the passenger compartment, and 1) the connection from the convection field to the radiation field ) Convergence calculation of body temperature regulation model, 3) Calculation of connection from radiation field to convection field. In 1), the clothing surface temperature T_iAnd radiant heat transfer amount Q_{ri (net)}In 2), the body temperature regulation model is calculated and the clothing surface temperature T_iAnd skin temperature T_refIn 3), the indoor reference temperature T_inAnd clothing surface temperature T_iAsk for.
[0084]
[Table 7]

[0085]
  Here, the details of the calculation of the body temperature regulation model in 2) will be described as shown in Table 8. A thermal equilibrium equation is set for each layer, and these equations are calculated for all surface elements of the human body.
[0086]
[Table 8]

[0087]
  Each thermal balance equation is mainly composed of the four physical quantities shown in Table 9 (that is, the amount of heat produced, the amount of heat transported by blood flow, the amount of conduction heat, and the amount of heat released by sweating). 1. As shown in Fig. 2, the calorific value is expressed as the sum of the basal metabolic rate of each part, the heat production due to external work, and the trembling calorific value. Also, 2. As shown in FIG. 4, the amount of heat transported by the blood flow is represented by the product of the countercurrent heat exchange rate of blood, the volumetric specific heat of the blood, the blood flow, and the temperature difference between the kth region j-th layer and the central blood pool. . 3. As shown in FIG. 4, the conduction heat quantity is represented by the product of the thermal conductance between adjacent layers and the temperature difference between the kth portion jth layer and the kth portion j + 1 layer. 4. As shown in FIG. 2, the heat release amount due to sweating occurs only in the skin layer (fourth layer) at each site, and is expressed as the sum of the heat loss amount due to insensitive steaming and the evaporation heat loss amount due to sweating.
[0088]
[Table 9]

[0089]
  As described above, the series of calculations is performed by the calculation unit 11a in FIG.^* Is calculated. FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing details of step 309. First, 1) the amount of heat loss from the skin surface, 2) the average skin temperature, and 3) the whole body wetting rate due to perspiration is calculated from the physical and physiological amounts of each part of the human body (step 401).
[0090]
  In the flow of FIG. 13, 65MNSET in the whole body^*However, it may be calculated for each surface element or part of the human body. In that case, the amount of heat loss, skin temperature, and wetting rate are determined for each surface element or part of the human body. Thus, by calculating the skin temperature for each surface element, the skin temperature distribution in each part can be simulated in detail, and an accurate thermal sensation can be calculated. These simulation results are displayed on the display device 23 after being processed into a graph, table, still image (skin temperature distribution diagram, etc.), animation, or the like under the control of the evaluation unit 11b in FIG. The person who performs the simulation can determine the thermal comfort performance of the translucent plate based on this display.
[0091]
  On the other hand, when the area in each part of the original 65MN model and the human body shape model in FIG. 2 does not match, as shown in Table 10, (surface area of the kth part / surface area of the kth part of the 65MN model in Table 3)^1.5It is effective to correct and distribute physical quantities and physiological quantities using. This is performed so that the physical quantity per unit volume in each part does not change, and the area is on the order of the square of the length and the volume is on the order of the cube of the length. The surface area / the surface area of the k-th part of the 65MN model in Table 4 was distributed to the power of 3/2 (= 1.5).
[0092]
  It should be noted that the symbols (Err) described in the third, fourth, and fifth stages from the top of Table 10_1,1, Cld_1,1, Wrm_1,1, Clds, Wrms) indicate control signals for body temperature regulation, the details of which are shown in Table 11.
[0093]
  The body temperature control detects the ambient temperature of the human body with a myriad of thermoreceptors and cold receptors distributed in the skin, and if it feels hot, it sends a signal to encourage sweating and controls the increase in sweating and blood flow. If it feels cold, it sends a signal to encourage trembling, and controls the increase in heat output. That is, as shown in [1], an error signal (indicating a difference between the temperature of the i-th surface element and the j-th layer and the set point temperature, the set point temperature does not cause a body temperature regulation function (sweat and tremor production is “0 "Indicates the temperature in the state where the blood flow rate is the basal blood flow rate) is a positive value, the error signal is substituted for the warm signal and" 0 "is substituted for the cold signal. On the other hand, if the error signal is a negative value, a value obtained by inverting the sign of the error signal is substituted for the cold signal, and “0” is substituted for the warm signal.
[0094]
  Thus, the warm signal and the cold signal in each layer of each part are obtained, and the integrated signal in the whole human body is obtained by multiplying the obtained signal by the weight coefficient for each part and obtaining the sum. Then, as shown in [2] and [3], the obtained integrated signal includes various coefficients (the distribution coefficient for the whole body of the skin layer of each part, the sweat control coefficient, the effector operation amount, the tremor control coefficient, Weighting is performed by multiplying the distribution of the muscular layer of each part with respect to the production of shaking heat by the whole body), and the amount of heat loss of evaporation due to sweating is calculated.
[0095]
[Table 10]

[0096]
[Table 11]

[0097]
  Finally, by solving the equation shown in step 402, 65MNSET^*Can be calculated.
[0098]
  Next, simulation results will be described. FIG. 14 is a graph showing the form factor for each part as viewed from the driver's occupant. The horizontal axis shows the name of each part, and the vertical axis shows the form factor. As is clear from the figure, the value for the seat is the largest, followed by body, ceiling, windshield, front side glass, center console, floor, toeboard, instrument panel, rear side glass, other passengers' bodies, rear glass, and rear panel. ing.
[0099]
  FIG. 15 is a graph showing the contribution of each part to the average radiation temperature of the driver's seat, with the horizontal axis representing the name of the part and the vertical axis representing the contribution of each part to the average radiation temperature. As is clear from the figure, the contribution varies slightly depending on the types I and II. The magnitude of the contribution changes in the same order as the form factor described in FIG.
[0100]
  FIG. 16 is a graph showing the cumulative value of the heating / cooling effect due to thermal radiation of each part on the basis of room temperature, the horizontal axis shows the name of each part, and the vertical axis shows the radiation temperature and room temperature of each part. Indicates the cumulative value of the difference. As shown in the figure, Type II has a lower cumulative value than Type I, and Type II has an average air temperature of 1.2 (= 26.6-25.4) than Type I due to the effect of glass. ) C is low.
[0101]
  On the other hand, when air conditioning equipment was provided in the passenger compartment, the following differences occurred. FIG. 17 is a graph showing the temperature rise by each component with respect to the air temperature based on the air-conditioning blowout temperature. The horizontal axis indicates the name of each component, and the vertical axis indicates the temperature rise by each component with respect to the air temperature. For simplicity, it was assumed that the room air was thoroughly mixed. It can be seen that the sheet contributes most to the temperature rise at room temperature. The temperature rise in Type II is lower than that of Type I except for rear glass, front side glass and rear side glass.
[0102]
  Table 12 is a table showing the effect of the seat on the thermal sensation of the passenger in the driver's seat. For cases 1 to 3 in which the physical property values of the seat are different, the average room temperature, the wetness rate of the human body due to perspiration, the average skin temperature , SET^*And TSV. The type I in Table 2 is used as the glass type.
[0103]
  In case 1, a standard sheet is used, in case 2, the solar absorption rate of the sheet in case 1 is set to “0.1”, and in case 3, the solar absorption rate and emissivity of the sheet in case 1 are set to “0.1”, respectively. "I have to. In case 2, the solar radiation absorption rate is lowered, so that TSV is about 0.4 (= 1.2−0.8) lower than case 1. In case 3, TSV is about 0.2 (= 0.8-0.6) lower than case 2 and about 0.6 (= 1.2-0.6) lower than case 1. I understand that. Therefore, the thermal index varies greatly depending on the difference in the physical property values of each part, and the thermal sensation felt by the human body is different.
[0104]
[Table 12]

[0105]
  Here, the convective heat transfer coefficient α used in the above calculation (Tables 7 and 8)_ciWill be described. This convective heat transfer coefficient α_ciIs the previous literature “Maki Ichihara, Masafumi Saito, Mika Nishimura, Shinichi Tanabe, Measurement of Radiation and Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients of Standing and Sitting Human Body Using Thermal Mannequin, Architectural Institute of Japan Proceedings 501 No., pp 45-51, November 1997 ”, the approximate expression α_ci= Av^B(H in literature)_ci= Αv^β(V is an air flow velocity, A, B, α, β are constants)).
[0106]
  However, in an environment where the influence of solar radiation is more dominant than air conditioning, it may be difficult to apply such an approximate expression. Therefore, in such an environment, the convective heat transfer coefficient α is obtained by measurement using a thermal manikin or the like._ciAnd how to find it.
[0107]
  The thermal mannequin (refer to the literature "Shinichi Tanabe, Yae Hasebe, Study on Indoor Environment Evaluation Method Using Thermal Mannequin with Variable Skin Temperature, Architectural Institute of Japan Planning Series Report No. 448, June 1993") It is a dummy doll that simulates the shape of a human body, and an electric heater and a thermocouple for realizing the heat generation function of the human body are incorporated in each part.
[0108]
  The electric heater and the thermocouple are connected to a PC (personal computer) installed outside, and heat generation, temperature measurement, and heat generation control based on the measured temperature are performed by control of the PC. In addition, for the sake of simplicity, an example in which an experimental atrium is used will be described below, but a similar experiment can be performed on a structure such as an automobile. A similar experiment can be performed by devising a suitable method such as attaching a heat flow meter to the human body instead of a thermal mannequin.
[0109]
  18 and 19 show a laboratory atrium whose upper, front and side surfaces are surrounded by a glass plate. The size of the atrium is, for example, as shown in the figure. A rattan chair is installed in the room, and a thermal mannequin is seated on the chair. Thermal mannequin legs are placed on extruded polystyrene foam plates for thermal insulation. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 19, the north wall is provided with three air-conditioning outlets, and an airflow whose temperature is adjusted by an air conditioner (not shown) is blown into the room through the outlets. Reference air temperature T_aIs measured by a plurality of thermocouples installed at the measurement positions shown in FIG. 19 (in this embodiment, installed at intervals of 0.1 m in the height direction). The wall surface temperature is measured by a thermocouple installed on the wall surface.
[0110]
  Here, on the surface of the thermal mannequin, in the steady state, the equation Q_t+ Q_c+ Q_{r (net)}+ Q_s= 0 is clear (Q_tIs the amount of heat input to the thermal mannequin (corresponding to the amount of heat generated by the human body), Q_cIs the convective heat transfer, Q_{r (net)}Is the amount of heat absorbed by radiation (net means the net amount of radiation), Q_sIndicates the amount of heat absorbed by solar radiation), a thermal manikin is installed in the atrium, the input heat amount, the reference air temperature, and the wall surface temperature are measured, and these values are substituted into the above thermal equilibrium equation to obtain the convective heat transfer coefficient α_ciAsk for.
[0111]
  (1. The amount of heat input to the thermal manikin Q_t)
  This amount of heat corresponds to the amount of heat generated by the human body, but the electric heater built in each part of the thermal manikin is heated by the control of the PC according to the installed environment. That is, the input heat quantity Q is determined by the relationship between the skin temperature of the human body and the sensible heat radiation amount in the thermal neutral state._tAre controlled independently at each site.
[0112]
  (2. Convective heat transfer Q_c)
  Convective heat transfer Q_cQ_c= Α_ci(T_a-T_sk). Here, the skin temperature T of each part of the thermal mannequin_sk, Also reference air temperature T_aIs known because it is measured.
[0113]
  (3. Radiation heat transfer amount Q_{r (net)}Calculation)
  The form factor between the thermal manikin and the wall surface and the measured skin temperature, wall surface temperature and emissivity are given as known, and the amount of radiant heat transfer Q by radiosity method_{r (net)}Is calculated.
[0114]
  (4. Solar radiation absorbed heat Q_s)
  A solar radiation meter is installed outside the experimental atrium in FIG. 18 (for example, it may be installed above the top glass so as not to be affected by surrounding buildings), and the horizontal solar radiation amount is measured. By directly separating the amount, the amount of direct solar radiation reaching the surface of the thermal mannequin, the amount of solar radiation, the amount of ground reflected solar radiation, and the amount of internally diffuse reflected solar radiation are calculated. Based on the calculated amount of solar radiation, the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the thermal manikin Q_sIs calculated.
[0115]
  In the above description, the glass plate is used as the translucent plate. However, the application of the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the translucent plate is used for an organic resin plate (polycarbonate plate, acrylic plate, etc.) It is clear that the present invention can be applied to an organic resin film. The standard new effective temperature of the human body is 65MNSET.^*  Furthermore, the standard effective temperature calculated by evaluating the influence of each part in detail may be used.
[0116]
  In addition, although the steady state simulation has been described above, it is apparent that the unsteady state simulation can be performed by applying the above-described series of procedures every certain time step. For example, when evaluating the thermal comfort of glass used in an automobile, it is conceivable that the time step is set to several seconds to several minutes, and the calculation is performed over several minutes to several tens of minutes (or several hours).
[0117]
  The translucent plate referred to in the present invention is a laminated glass composed of a single glass plate, a multi-layer glass, an organic resin film (such as polyvinyl butyral) and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film, It refers to all parts that are attached to structures such as organic resin films or organic resin plates for lighting, and does not require complete transparency. For example, iron or cobalt may be added for coloring to absorb heat rays, or a thin metal film may be coated to reflect heat rays.
[0118]
  The shape of the translucent plate is generally assumed to be a flat plate or a curved plate, but may be any other shape as long as it has a function of daylighting. In addition, for the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the humidity in the space region is constant. However, it is obvious that the humidity may be analyzed for each of the above three-dimensional elements. Further, for simplicity, the simulation may be performed assuming that the temperature airflow property is constant in the space region.
[0119]
  Furthermore, the simulation may be performed in consideration of the external shape of the vehicle body shown in FIG. 2 and the surrounding environment of the vehicle body. By doing so, it is possible to perform a simulation in consideration of the radiation generated by the temperature of the outer wall warmed by solar radiation conducted to the wall in the passenger compartment.
[0120]
【The invention's effect】
  As described above, according to the present invention, the physical property value of each part that realizes the optimum thermal comfort can be obtained by obtaining the thermal index indicating the comfort of the human body in the living room or the passenger compartment by numerical simulation. Further, by calculating the skin temperature in units of surface elements and calculating the thermal index for each part of the human body, it is possible to realize the optimum design of the structure in a thermally non-uniform environment such as a passenger compartment.
[0121]
  In addition, the thermal comfort performance evaluation of the translucent plate can be carried out only by numerical simulation, and the labor of making prototypes such as buildings and car bodies can be saved. That is, various window glass variations can be evaluated by a simple operation of changing parameter values such as solar radiation absorption rate and emissivity. In addition, since it is not necessary to make a prototype, the translucent plate can be evaluated in a shorter time and at a lower cost than in the past.
[0122]
  Moreover, this invention can also be utilized for the raw material development of the translucent board which provides the most outstanding thermal comfort performance according to a living room or a vehicle interior shape. Furthermore, since the thermal comfort performance of the transparent plate is expressed by an objective index called the thermal index, the thermal comfort performance of the translucent plate can be explained in an easy-to-understand manner to construction manufacturers, vehicle body manufacturers, air conditioning manufacturers, material manufacturers and general users. Also, by providing the simulation program or executing the simulation via a network such as the Internet, a new service for supporting design of the structure can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing one embodiment (thermal comfort performance evaluation device) of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a partially broken perspective view showing a numerical model for evaluating thermal comfort performance of a window glass.
FIG. 3 is a partially broken perspective view showing (a) each part constituting the vehicle body (viewed from the front) and (b) each part constituting the vehicle body (viewed from the rear).
FIG. 4 is a partially broken perspective view showing the state of direct solar radiation in (a) Type I and (b) Type II.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a human body thermal model.
6A is a front view showing classification of each part of the human body shape model, FIG. 6B is a front view showing details of the human body shape model (configuration of surface elements), and FIG. It is a side view which shows the structure of an element.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a body temperature regulation model.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a selection procedure (main routine) for window glass and components.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing details of step 104;
10 is a flowchart showing details of step 201. FIG.
FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing various types of solar radiation.
FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between an incident angle and transmittance and reflectance.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing details of step 309;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the form factor for each part as viewed from the driver's seat occupant.
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the contribution of each component to the average radiation temperature of the driver's seat occupant.
FIG. 16 is a graph showing cumulative values of heating / cooling effects by thermal radiation of each part with room temperature as a reference.
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the temperature rise by each component with respect to the air temperature based on the air-conditioning blowing temperature.
FIG. 18 is a partially transparent perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing a laboratory atrium.
FIG. 19 is a plan view showing the arrangement in the experimental atrium of FIG. 18;
[Explanation of symbols]
10: Thermal comfort performance evaluation device
11: Central processing unit
11a: arithmetic unit
11b: Evaluation section
11c: Selection unit
12: Storage unit
13, 14, 15:interface(I / F)
16: Bus
21: External storage device
22: Operation unit
23: Display device
30: Human body thermal model
31: Human body shape model
31-1: Head
31-2: Chest
31-3: Back
31-4: Pervis
31-5: L-shoulder
31-6: R-shoulder
31-7: L-arm
31-8: R-arm
31-9: L-hand
31-10: R-hand
31-11: L-Rhino
31-12: R-Rhino
31-13: L-Leg
31-14: R-Leg
31-15: L-foot
31-16: R-foot
32: Temperature regulation model
33: Central blood pool
34: k-th part
34a: Core layer
34b: Muscle layer
34c: fat layer
34d: skin layer
34e: Clothing layer
40: External environment
41: Light source

Claims (10)

First, second, ..., (the n 2 or greater natural number) first n parts structure that consists in said at least one of the parts there is a transparent plate attached to the lighting In the structure design support method considering human thermal comfort ,
Setting a design shape from the space region between each of the parts and the human body and inputting it via an interface;
One or more candidate materials used for the first part, one candidate material used for the second part,..., One or more candidate materials used for the nth part, respectively , Selecting each part according to the design shape and inputting it via the interface;
Reading out physical property values of candidate materials prepared for each of the parts stored in the database provided in the external storage device according to the input ;
From the read physical property values, the physical property values of the material used for the first part, the partial property values of the material used for the second part,..., The material used for the nth part. and creating one or more by a combination of the physical properties of the calculating means,
For each of the combinations, the calculation of the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body transparent plate within said structure passes through the calculation of convective heat transfer within the structure, the calculation of the radiant heat transfer within said structure, The calculation of the humidity in the structure and the calculation of the body temperature regulation of the human body are performed by an arithmetic means ,
The amount of heat loss from the skin surface of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wet rate of the human body due to sweating are calculated, and the calculation means uses the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wet rate. Calculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body;
Inputting the optimum value of the thermal index in advance from the interface;
Comparing the calculation result with the optimum value and selecting the combination of the physical property values with which the thermal index is closest to a predetermined optimum value by an evaluation means ;
A structure design support method that takes into account human thermal comfort. First, second, ..., (the n 2 or greater natural number) first n parts structure that consists in said at least one of the parts there is a transparent plate attached to the lighting In the structure design support method considering human thermal comfort ,
Setting a design shape from the space region between each of the parts and the human body and inputting it via an interface;
One or more shape candidates used for the first part, one shape candidate used for the second part,..., One or more shape candidates used for the n-th part are prepared. Selecting each prepared shape candidate data (hereinafter referred to as shape data) and inputting it via an interface;
The shape data stored in the database provided in the external storage device for each part
Reading according to the input ;
A combination of shape data used for the first part, shape data used for the second part,..., Shape data used for the nth part from the read shape data. and creating one or more by calculation means,
For each of the combinations, the calculation of the amount of solar radiation reaching the human body transparent plate within said structure passes through the calculation of convective heat transfer within the structure, the calculation of the radiant heat transfer within said structure, The calculation of the humidity in the structure and the calculation of the body temperature regulation of the human body are performed by an arithmetic means ,
The amount of heat loss from the skin surface of the human body, the skin temperature of the human body, and the wet rate of the human body due to sweating are calculated, and the calculation means uses the heat loss amount, the average skin temperature, and the wet rate. Calculating a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body;
Inputting the optimum value of the thermal index in advance from the interface;
Comparing the calculation result with the optimum value and selecting the combination of the physical property values with which the thermal index is closest to a predetermined optimum value by an evaluation means ;
A structure design support method that takes into account human thermal comfort. Steps of calculating the thermal indicator,
Before Symbol the surface shape of the structure is divided into a plurality of surface elements to create a structure shape model, to create a human body shape model by dividing the surface of the human body shape in the structure into a plurality of surface elements, and creating a spatial domain model by dividing a spatial region between the human body and the structure into a plurality of solid elements,
With classifying pre Symbol human body shape model into a plurality of portions corresponding to the human body parts, and incorporating a thermoregulation model to balance the heat radiation to the person outside the thermogenesis in said body for each of the sites,
Solar radiation that reaches the human body shape model passes through the pre KiToruhikariban, convection in the spatial domain, the radiation from the human body shape model, and the spatial region the amount of heat transported by radiation from the structure shape model Performing a numerical simulation with a model, and calculating a temperature airflow property in the spatial region based on the simulation results ;
Before SL temperature air flow characteristics, the human body shape model neighborhood humidity, by numerical simulation with the thermoregulatory model based on clothing amount of metabolic rate and the human body shape model of the human body shape model, from the human skin surface Calculating a heat loss amount, a skin temperature of the human body, and a wetting rate of the human body ;
Before Stories heat loss, the steps of the average skin temperature, and using the wetting rate, calculates a thermal index indicating the thermal sensation of the human body,
The structure design support method considering human thermal comfort according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising:   The translucent plate is selected from a single glass plate, a multi-layer glass, a laminated glass composed of an organic resin film and a plurality of glass plates sandwiching the organic resin film, an organic resin film, and an organic resin plate The design support method for a structure in consideration of human body thermal comfort according to any one of claims 1 to 3.   The structure considering the human body thermal comfort according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein physical properties of the translucent plate are defined by a combination of solar radiation transmittance, solar radiation absorption rate, emissivity, and thermal transmissivity. Design support method.   6. The human body according to claim 1, wherein the thermal index is a standard new effective temperature in consideration of a part of the human body or an index indicating comfort performance created by deforming the standard new effective temperature. Structure design support method considering thermal comfort. By calculating means, and steps asking you to view factor between the human body and the respective part of which is determined by the design shape of the structure, according to claim 1, further comprising the step of calculating the thermal indicator using the form factor The structure design support method considering human body thermal comfort according to any one of -6. The structure has at least one selected from an air conditioning heating and cooling facility, a radiant cooling and heating facility, a ventilation facility, and a humidity adjustment facility,
The human thermal comfort according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the thermal index is calculated by a calculation unit using data of the selected equipment stored in a database provided in an external storage device . Design support method for structures considering the above. A thermal manikin is installed in the structure, and the amount of heat Q _t input to the thermal manikin, the convective heat transfer amount Q _c around the thermal manikin, the radiant heat transfer amount Q _{r (net) of} the thermal manikin, and the thermal manikin based on the measurement result of the solar radiation absorption heat Q _s to reach, of the structure in consideration of human thermal comfort according to any one of claims 1 to 8 is calculated by calculating means convective heat transfer coefficient alpha _ci Design support method. Design of a structure which is composed of first, second,..., N-th parts (n is a natural number of 2 or more), and at least one of the parts is a translucent plate attached for daylighting. A program for supporting
A structure design support program considering human thermal comfort for causing a computer to execute the steps according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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