JP2002106209A - Charnel chamber in grave - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a charnel chamber capable of sufficiently taking the sunlight into the charnel chamber, and improving the ventilation for the dehumidification, the elimination of bacteria, the deodorization and the prevention of insects, in view points that a person wants to feel seasons in the wind, and comfortably stay in a clean place even after death, by changing the image that the charnel chamber is dark, dirt and ill-smelling. SOLUTION: The charnel chamber in the grave is located on the ground from the underground in a conventional grave to reduce the possibility of the intrusion of water. A hole is opened on the concrete and stone material forming the charnel chamber, and a glass product as a window body is fitted to the hole to sufficiently take the sunlight. Further a vent hole is formed for ventilation, whereby the stagnation of the air and humidity can be prevented. The bamboo charcoal effective for the dehumidification, the elimination of bacteria and the deodorization, is placed in the charnel chamber, and further the water- absorption preventing agent is applied onto the stone material and the concrete to stop the intrusion of the water from small gaps and cracks. Whereby the charnel chamber capable of being dehumidified by the natural light and wind, and almost permanently comfortable and clean can be provided.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention employs the sunshine in order to dehumidify, disinfect, and deodorize an osteotomy room and to prevent the occurrence of insects. Further, the present invention relates to a bone filling room in a grave to prevent water from entering from outside by applying a water absorption inhibitor to concrete or stone.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art The burial chamber of a conventional tomb is dug down in the graveyard, flattened and beaten to solidify it. It was arranged in.
In recent years, concrete has been reinforced by placing steel bars in the same way as building construction, but it has become strong.However, the joints that form the joints that make up the stones and concrete that make up the grave and join the surrounding walls are made of mortar. There were many constructions, and cracks, falling off, and gaps occurred immediately, and rainwater was infiltrating from each part. In recent years, it has been changed to joint caulking using an adhesive bond or the like, but its penetration rate is low.

[0003] The conventional method is a place where rainwater infiltrates and is sealed, but since the water drops accumulate due to condensation, the bone filling room is filled with moisture, the air is stagnant and there is an unpleasant smell. The burrowing chamber is a hotbed of mold, moss, and insects such as cockroaches, centipedes, dango and caterpillars. The bone-filling room had a drawback that water could easily accumulate in the past, but especially the urns placed in the bone-filling room are made of Seto-yaki coated with a medicine, so ventilation is poor and changes in temperature and humidity cause condensation. Is awake. The bones of the calcium component absorb water in the air, so they are full of water and the bones are in the water bottle. The water in this urn never overflows and continues to overflow.

[0004] The burial room at the tomb is usually not seen except for funeral services and renovation work for storing bones, and the burial room in the place where emphasis is placed on the appearance but not visible is part of the throne.

Conventionally, as an improvement of this kind, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-169255 discloses a method in which an ossuary chamber can be made bright and air permeable, or a registered utility model 3
A lighting device is installed in the lid of the osseous room of 045784 to ventilate, and the former lights up only when the door is opened when visiting the grave, etc., and the latter ventilates, and the latter is a window and a ventilation hole for introducing light. The opening is too small to perform its intended function. Both of them have a problem that the window for lighting is poor in translucency and air permeability, and the material used for the window is poor in translucency, easily damaged, easily broken, and has a problem that it does not last long.

The lighting window and the ventilation hole disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 59-142348 are provided with holes and glass pipes all over the lid, but the strength of the stone is weakened and cracks occur. It has the problem that it cannot be broken and people cannot get on it or put things on it. Furthermore, if the charcoal or bamboo charcoal is laid for the purpose of dehumidifying, sterilizing, and deodorizing the registered utility model public information 3067864, its role and effect will be diminished unless it is dried periodically. There is a problem that it is difficult to imagine that the owner digs into the deep dirty ossuary room and takes it out for drying in the sun, and the measures for dehumidification, sterilization and deodorization limited only to the proposal are insufficient. Also, JP-A-10-102826
The dehumidification, drying, and ventilation of the ossuary chamber by forced ventilation using solar energy are performed by drilling holes and pipes throughout the important graveposts of the owner, but there is a question that the dignity of the grave and the appearance of the grave are impaired. There are problems such as what to do if there is a failure, what to do if it can no longer be used, and whether or not it can be used semi-permanently.

[0007]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an ossuary room in a tomb, and its purpose is to wipe out the image that the ossuary room is dark, dirty and smell, and to hit the sun in a clean place even after death. , Feel the four seasons in the wind, want to sleep comfortably while listening to the birdsong,
It was invented from the emotional point of view that ancestors would like to stay in such a state.

[0008] As described in the prior art, to solve the problems, the problems of the conventional technology and the construction method are improved to solve the problems such as infiltration of rainwater and removal of moisture, and generation of insects and dew condensation. The challenge is how to solve the problem and how to develop a new conception ossuary room.

[0009] The ossuary has a drawback that water tends to accumulate in the past, but there is a problem with rainwater that enters from outside through the concrete and stone materials that make up the ossuary.

In addition, since the ossuary is a place where rainwater infiltrates and is hermetically sealed, water is accumulated due to dew condensation and the air is stagnant and emits an unpleasant smell, and molds, moss and other insects are generated. It was a very unsanitary place.

In particular, urns housed in the ossuary have poor ventilation and dew condensation due to changes in temperature and humidity causes water droplets to fall into the urn and overflow, so that the dead cannot fall asleep forever. Have a point.

[0012] There have been patents and utility models proposed in the prior art for brightening and ventilating the ossuary and arranging charcoal and bamboo charcoal for dehumidification, disinfection, and deodorization. Had.

The present invention has been made in view of the problems of the prior art while maintaining the dignity of the grave religiously without impairing the appearance of the grave.
It is a solution to the problem of the ossuary room without limitation.

[0014]

According to the present invention, in order to achieve the above object, the probability of rainwater infiltration can be greatly reduced by setting the installation site of the ossuary room in the grave from the conventional basement to the ground. Construction methods such as combining and incorporating concrete and stone materials that make up the ossuary room will be done with construction methods that can withstand strong vibrations and shocks. Important points to be joined to each other are prevented from slipping by stainless steel fittings.The joints are not weak and long-lasting like mortar, but are caulked with elastic sealing or adhesive bond, so that water does not enter through gaps of joints falling off. To

[0015] Since crypt is where the sealed upper with those constituting a square when viewed from above joined to each other the ends of the concrete and stone constructed under stand and lid for mounting on a grave body absolutely air The flow of the water worsens, stagnation and moisture fills, generating mold and moss, and insects settle in. In addition, condensation occurs due to changes in temperature and humidity. The solution is to apply a water-absorbing agent, which exhibits an excellent effect of preventing water absorption of concrete or stone, according to claim 1, to the entire surface of the concrete or stone, thereby infiltrating rainwater into capillary water gaps or cracks and causing a capillary phenomenon. Can prevent water pumping up from underground. It is well known that buildings such as buildings are subjected to a waterproofing treatment according to various uses.

[0016] Next, as shown in claim 2, an osteotomy wall plate formed in a square shape when viewed from a plane, and an opening formed by drilling a position through which the lid opens and closes when the bone is inserted and passes through the osteotomy chamber and the outside. A glass block and prism glass, which form a window body, are fitted into the space, and the sun's light is introduced into the deep space.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, a ventilation hole for inhaling and exhausting air is formed in the peripheral wall at an opening formed at a position passing through the outside and the inside of the osteotomy wall plate having a rectangular shape as viewed from a plane. Install in the most effective place to prevent stagnation of air, filling of moisture and dew condensation.

Next, as described in claim 4, bamboo charcoal is spread on the bottom of the bone filling room to purify air, adjust humidity, dehumidify, sterilize, and deodorize. By processing the bottom of the ostium into an uneven shape, the above-mentioned effect of taking in sunlight and ventilation is more effective.

The present invention is applicable to all types of tombs, for example, narrow, wide, high and low, eastward and westward, and many steps.
All of the above claims can be incorporated regardless of the condition of the grave.

The present invention solves the biggest problem that the osteotomy room is dark, dirty, sullen and uncomfortable, and provides an ideal grave occupation room in a grave where one wants to stay comfortable after death. It is something to offer.

[0021]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In FIG. 1, an ossuary chamber 7 is formed below the grave main body 1. Usually, the incense burner 3 is placed on the lid 5 that holds the bones in the bone filling room 7, and when you visit, the incense is burned at the closest reach where the bones are stored. The prism glass 16 is inserted laterally into the perforated opening at the position communicating with the inside and outside of the bone filling room 7 of the lid, and is fixed with a glass-specific elastic sealing to allow the sunshine to be more widely taken in from above. Prism glass 16 is 40mm thick and 120m long
It is a sturdy window, 120m wide and 120mm wide, and can withstand strong impacts so you can walk on it. The transmittance of the sun's light is high, and it is refracted or reflected and deep space,
Sunlight can be taken in to the lower part. or,
We are taking measures to protect privacy so that the inside cannot be seen from outside. The mounting place of the prism glass 16 is the lid 5
However, it can be installed anywhere above the bone filling room 7.

A shelf 13 is provided inside the bone filling room 7 to divide the bone filling room 7 into upper and lower parts. An urn 19 is placed on the shelf 13, and bamboo charcoal 18 is spread on the bottom 12 of the bone filling room below the shelf 13. The bottom 12 of the ostium is a window through which ventilation and sunlight are introduced through a ventilation hole 14 composed of an intake port and an exhaust port, a prism glass 16 and a glass block 1.
As shown in Fig. 8, the light from 7 has been processed into an uneven shape to make it more effective, so that the bamboo charcoal 18 that has been temporarily filled with water droplets and so on does not get wet. Shelf 13 arranged above bamboo charcoal 18
Has a number of holes as shown in Fig. 8 so that ventilation and lighting can be distributed as before.

The drainage opening 20 is provided at the front of the ostium.
Is set up and the soil is spread. When the shelves 13 of the bone filling room 7 are filled with the urn 19 and the space is exhausted, the bones are taken out of the urn 19 in the oldest order, buried in the drain opening 20 and laid with soil for returning to the soil. It is a drainage opening for emergency. Another aspect is to make the Buddha breathable from a religious perspective.

The front of the drainage opening 20 is the front of the bone-filling room 8.
It is a surface formed by joining the edges of concrete or stone material to each other in a square shape when viewed from a plane. The front wall portion 8 of the bone-filling room wall is vertically fitted with a glass block 17 in an opening formed by drilling a hole at a position communicating with the stairs 4 and the upper portion, and the inside and outside of the middle portion of the lid 5 in the vertical direction. We fix and take in the sunshine from the diagonally above in the horizontal direction. Similarly, a glass block 17 is fitted to the lower part of the bone-filling room wall plate 9 below the middle in the vertical direction. The glass block 17 has a thickness of 80 mm, a length of 115 mm, and a width of 1 mm.
15mm, sturdy window. It can withstand strong crosswinds such as typhoons and strong vibrations such as earthquakes. The transmittance of the sun's light is outstanding, and the light travels straight, diffuses, transmits, refracts and reflects.

The shape of the glass block 17 is 0.3 inside.
It is in a state close to the vacuum of atmospheric pressure, and therefore has excellent heat insulating properties, making it ideal for preventing condensation.
In addition, it has a prism-shaped tooth profile on the inner surface to indirectly brighten a recessed space. We also have privacy protection that makes the inside invisible from the outside. The outer surface is smooth and does not impede light. The attachment place is fitted in the longitudinal direction of the front part 8 of the wall of the ostium and the rear part 9 of the wall of the ostium, as shown in FIG. But it can be attached. In addition, there is no problem in horizontal use and vertical use.

Therefore, the sunlight can be taken in by the horizontally-used prism glass 16 attached to the lid 5 and the vertically-used glass block 17 attached to the wall of the bone-filling room, which is formed in a rectangular shape when viewed from the top, which is extremely effective. It will be a window body with.

Drilling is performed at a position that passes through the interior of the osteotomy room near the lower base 6 in the longitudinal direction of the osseous room wall plate rear surface portion 9 and the outside,
Ventilation holes 14 for intake and exhaust are provided. A cap 15 with mesh is fitted so that insects do not enter. The ventilation holes 14 are installed on the wall plate of the peripheral wall constituting the bone filling room 7, and the ventilation holes 14 are considered to have a good air circulation action as the distance difference between the intake and the exhaust increases as shown in FIG. Therefore, the ventilation hole 14 shown in FIG. 1 is provided above the back wall 9 of the ostium near the ceiling of the ostium 7.

FIG. 2 is a front view of the bone-filling room on which the tomb body 1 is mounted, in which the prism glass 16 is fitted into the lid 5 on which the incense burner 3 is placed. The space where the incense burner 3 is placed is in a position that does not prevent sunlight from entering. The prism glass 16 is used when the incense burner 3 is shifted or when a person
In order not to be hurt when riding on, it is fitted in a position slightly lowered from the upper lip of the lid 5 and fixed by applying an elastic sealing exclusively for glass. Below that is a glass block 17
The front part 8 of the wall plate of the bone filling room showing the state in which the is fitted.

FIG. 3 is a rear view of the bone-filling room on which the grave body 1 is mounted. The shelf 13 on which the urn 19 is placed is formed in a groove shape on the right side 10 of the bone-filling room wall and the left side 11 of the bone-filling room wall. Notch processing, shelf board 13 is assembled and fixed.

Ventilation holes 14 are provided at the positions passing through the inside and outside of the bone-filling room wall plate right side surface 10 and the bone-filling room wall plate left side 11 so as to ventilate the bone filling room wall plate. The hole 14 is provided in the upper part in the vertical direction, and the ventilation hole 14 in the left side part 11 of the bone filling room wall plate is provided in the lower part in the vertical direction. This is to improve the air circulation described above.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a state in which the lower stage 6 constituting the bone filling room 7 and the ends of the bone filling room wall plate constituting the peripheral wall are joined to each other and the lid 5 is arranged. The lid 5 is the ceiling of the bone-filling room, and when the bones are to be stored, the incense burner 3 mounted thereon is once lowered and opened. After placing the bones, seal and seal to prevent rainwater.

The lid 5 has a prism glass 16 fitted in a perforated opening at a position passing through the inside and outside of the bone filling room 7 and is fixed by an elastic sealing dedicated to glass. The prism glass 16 is fixed at a position slightly lower than the vine on the lid, and the slope is removed so that there is no pool of rainwater, and the rainwater flows down.

The lower table 6 is a table on which the grave main body 1 is mounted, and like the lid 5, is the ceiling of the bone filling room. Below that is the exterior surface of the bone-filling room, where the edges of stone and concrete are joined to each other to form a peripheral wall, and stairs 4 are in front of it. A glass block 17 is fitted into the perforated opening at a position that passes through the inside and outside of the bone-filling room wall plates 8, 9, 10, and 11, and is fixed with a glass-specific elastic sealing. Considering the load of heavy pressure in the vertical direction of the perforated opening, the thickness is 80 m in order to reinforce the strength of the perforated portion.
m glass block is used. A ventilation hole 14 is provided in a wall plate of the bone filling room constituting the bone filling room, and a state in which a cap 15 with a net is fitted so as to prevent insects from entering is shown.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of the lid 5 for easy understanding, and shows a state in which a prism glass 16 is fitted into an opening formed by drilling, and a glass-specific sealing is applied to fix it. In order to reinforce the strength of the perforated part, a 40 mm thick one that is close to the thickness of the lid 5 is used to make the receiving part so that the prism glass 16 does not slip off.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the prism glass 16.
It is 40mm thick, 120mm long and 120mm wide and can withstand strong impact, so you can walk on it. It is carved with a fine diagonal stripe cut pattern that is not slippery even when wet, and has a safety design. High light transmittance makes it easy to take in natural light into the lower layer. In addition, light rays travel straight, diffuse, refract, reflect, and can be used vertically and horizontally freely, and privacy measures are taken so that the inside can not be seen from the outside.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the glass block 17.
The shape, strength, translucency, etc. have been described earlier and will be omitted.

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the shelf 13 and the bottom 12 of the bone filling room 7 inside the bone filling room 7 in which the bamboo charcoal 18 is arranged on the bottom 12 of the bone filling room that has been processed into an uneven shape, and a large number of holes are provided one step above. The opened shelf 13 is provided, and the urn 19 is placed thereon. The reason why the concrete at the bottom of the bone filling room is processed into an uneven shape is that the ventilation and lighting in the bone filling room are smoothly performed, and that the bamboo charcoal 18 is not wetted by the accumulation of water droplets. It is. Many shelves 13 on which bamboo charcoal are arranged are perforated, and ventilation of the ossuary room 7 and sunlight from above are more widely distributed.
I try to do it effectively.

FIG. 9 shows bamboo charcoal 1
FIG. 8 is a plan view showing a state in which 8 is spread and a state in which a drain opening 20 is provided on the front surface and earth and sand are spread. The bone-filling room wall plates 8, 9, 10, 11 and the ends, which constitute the bone-filling room, are joined together to form a peripheral wall to form a bone-filling room. Ventilation holes 14 for intake and exhaust are fitted with caps 15 with nets to prevent insects and the like from entering. Ossification room wall plates 8, 9, 10,
A state in which a hole is drilled at a position passing through the inside and the outside of 11 and the glass block 17 is fitted in the vertical direction is indicated by a dotted line. The bamboo charcoal 18 laid in the ossuary room 7 automatically and semi-permanently purifies the air and adjusts the humidity repeatedly and repeatedly by the sunlight and wind provided by nature.

The bamboo charcoal 18 is in the form of a tunnel made of countless holes, and the surface area of one gram of bamboo charcoal is said to be the size of a six-mat Japanese-style room. When gas and liquid pass through the interior of bamboo charcoal, all organic substances are absorbed into this hole. Countless microorganisms take in harmful substances and turn them into harmless ones. For example, bamboo charcoal is used in gas masks and camouflage clothing worn by the SDF.

In recent years, the effects of bamboo charcoal have received a great deal of attention and have been spotlighted in various ways. Put the water in the bath tub to make it alkaline and it is difficult to cool the water. If bamboo charcoal is put in a rice bottle, insects will not reach. When placed in a vase, the water will not rot and will not give off an unpleasant smell, and it will be easy to absorb water and the flowers will come alive. It is extremely effective in dehumidifying, exhausting, regulating and deodorizing shoeboxes and closets in rooms.

However, if bamboo charcoal is soaked in water, it will not be effective and must be dried on the sun periodically. The present invention makes the bone filling room semi-permanently comfortable because it can be automatically dried by the sunshine and wind.

FIG. 10 shows a shelf plate 13 having a large number of holes formed one step above the plan view 9 of the osteotomy room. FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a state in which a gap between the osteotomy room wall plate and the rear surface portion 9 is taken in. The reason why a large number of holes are drilled is that the ventilation in the osteotomy room and the sunlight from above the osteotomy room as described above. Is more prevalent and more effective. FIG.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a meshed cap 15 fitted into a ventilation hole 14 so as to prevent insects from entering.

[0043]

Since the present invention is configured as described above, it has the following effects.

The probability of rainwater invasion is greatly reduced by setting the place of installation of the bone-filling room from the basement to the ground, and the invisible gap is reduced by applying a water-absorbing agent to the concrete or stone material constituting the bone-filling room. Water can be suppressed from entering the cracks and moisture can be prevented.

A prism glass and a glass block are incorporated into a wall plate of the osteotomy room and a lid at the upper part of the osteotomy room, which passes through the interior of the osseous room, and the sunshine is introduced into a wide range and deep into the osteotomy room to brighten and dehumidify the osteotomy room. A sanitary burial room in a sanitary grave with better sanitization, drying and heat retention can be created.

The ventilation holes for inhaling and exhausting air are provided on the wall of the osteotomy room that passes between the interior and the exterior of the ostomy room so that the ventilation holes for air intake and exhaust are located at a distance from each other, thereby improving ventilation and eliminating stagnation of air and stagnation of moisture to prevent condensation. can do.

By laying bamboo charcoal on the bottom of the bone filling room, it is possible to purify air, adjust humidity, remove moisture, sterilize, deodorize, and prevent the occurrence of insects.

By processing the concrete at the bottom of the ostium where the bamboo charcoal is placed into an uneven shape, the effect of lighting and ventilation is improved, so that a pool of water drops is dropped into the recess and the bamboo charcoal can be dried by lighting and ventilation without wetting. it can.

By opening a large number of holes in the shelf for storing and placing the urn, the lighting and ventilation can be further improved, and the lighting and ventilation to the bamboo charcoal arranged below can be facilitated.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional side view according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional front view according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional rear view according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a state in which prism glass is fitted and fixed to the lid according to the embodiment of the present invention, and a state in which a glass block is fitted and fixed to a wall plate of an osteotomy room and a cap with a net is attached to a ventilation hole. .

FIG. 5 is an enlarged side cross-sectional view showing a state in which the prism glass according to the embodiment of the present invention is fitted and fixed to a lid.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a prism glass according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a glass block according to the embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 shows a state in which the bamboo charcoal according to the embodiment of the present invention is spread over a concrete bottom processed into a concave and convex shape in a bone filling room, and a urn is placed on a stone shelf plate having a large number of holes formed thereon. The perspective view showing a state.

FIG. 9 is a plan view showing a state in which the bamboo charcoal according to the embodiment of the present invention is laid on the bottom of the bone filling room, a ventilation hole is provided, a cap with a mesh is fitted thereto, and a glass block is fitted and fixed.

FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a state in which a large number of perforated stone shelves for storing and placing urns according to the embodiment of the present invention are assembled into a bone-filling room wall plate.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a netted cap with ventilation holes according to the embodiment of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Grave main body 2 Flower stand 3 Incense burner 4 Stairs 5 Lid 6 Lower table 7 Bone-filling room 8 Front of bone-filling room wall plate 9 Rear part of bone-filling room wall plate 10 Right side portion of bone-filling room wall plate 11 Left side portion of bone-filling room wall plate 12 Bottom portion of bone-filling room 13 Shelf 14 Ventilation holes 15 Cap with ventilation holes net 16 Prism glass 17 Glass block 18 Bamboo charcoal 19 Urn 20 Drain opening

Claims (5)

[Claims] Claims: 1. An installation site for an ossuary room in a grave, from the basement where the conventional rainwater easily penetrates and accumulates, and a stone or concrete constituting the ossuary room is coated with a water-absorbing agent, the sun is taken in, and the air is passed through. A burial room in a tomb characterized by bamboo charcoal. 2. A concrete or stone material of a bone filling room wall plate (8, 9, 10, 11) formed in a square shape when viewed from a plane, and a prism glass (1) in an opening formed in a lid (5).
6. The burial chamber in a tomb according to claim 1, wherein the glass block (17) is fitted and fixed, and the sunshine is taken in from both above and obliquely from above to a wide and deep space. 3. A difference in the distance between the intake port and the exhaust port of (9, 10, 11) of the osteotomy wall plate, which is formed in a rectangular shape when viewed from a plane, is perforated at a position passing through the interior of the ostium and the outside. ,
2. The burial chamber in a tomb according to claim 1, wherein a ventilation hole (14) for preventing stagnation of air by ventilation and retaining moisture is provided, and a cap (15) with a ventilation hole network is fitted thereto. 4. A bamboo charcoal (18), which is effective in dehumidifying, disinfecting, and deodorizing, so that the bottom (12) of the ossuary compartment is processed into an uneven shape so that daylighting and ventilation are more widespread. Item 4. The bone filling room in the tomb according to claim 1, 2, or 3. 5. A shelves (13) for accommodating urns (19) in a bone-filling room (7) are provided with a large number of holes, so that ventilation and sunlight from above can easily pass through the shelves (13). Bamboo charcoal (1
4. The burial chamber in a tomb according to claim 2, wherein 8) is semi-permanently dried by wind and light.