JP2001151554A - Hydraulic composition - Google Patents
Hydraulic compositionInfo
- Publication number
- JP2001151554A JP2001151554A JP33552299A JP33552299A JP2001151554A JP 2001151554 A JP2001151554 A JP 2001151554A JP 33552299 A JP33552299 A JP 33552299A JP 33552299 A JP33552299 A JP 33552299A JP 2001151554 A JP2001151554 A JP 2001151554A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- hydraulic composition
- ferrous sulfate
- hydraulic
- hexavalent chromium
- monohydrate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B22/00—Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators, shrinkage compensating agents
- C04B22/08—Acids or salts thereof
- C04B22/14—Acids or salts thereof containing sulfur in the anion, e.g. sulfides
- C04B22/142—Sulfates
- C04B22/149—Iron-sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00767—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、六価クロムの固定
能力に優れた水硬性組成物に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a hydraulic composition having an excellent ability to fix hexavalent chromium.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】有害物質を含んだ廃棄物の処理の際に
は、何らかの手段による無害化が義務づけられている。
セメントは、重金属等の有害物質を固定する能力がある
ため、有害廃棄物の固化処理に利用されているが、一般
の重金属は９９．９９％以上固定できるのに対して、六
価クロムについては若干固定率が低いと言われている。2. Description of the Related Art In the treatment of waste containing harmful substances, detoxification by some means is required.
Cement is used to solidify hazardous wastes because it has the ability to fix harmful substances such as heavy metals, but ordinary heavy metals can fix 99.99% or more, whereas hexavalent chromium can be fixed. It is said that the fixed rate is slightly low.
【０００３】六価クロムの固定率向上のためには、高炉
スラグの添加などが有効であるが、セメントの水和初期
には効果が低く、また、六価クロムの固定率も９９．０
％程度であり、更なる固定率の向上が望まれていた。ま
た、水硬性材料を水と混練する際に硫酸第一鉄を添加す
ることにより、六価クロムを難溶性の三価クロムに還元
する技術も知られている。しかしながら、この方法で
は、硫酸第一鉄は、混練を行う度に計量・添加しなけれ
ばならず、また、混練物（例えば、コンクリート）の配
合が変わると、その都度硫酸第一鉄の計量値を変えなけ
ればならず手間がかかるという問題があった。そこで、
混練時の手間を低減するために、予め水硬性材料に硫酸
第一鉄を配合した水硬性組成物を調製しておくことが考
えられたが、硫酸第一鉄を配合した水硬性組成物では、
該水硬性組成物の貯蔵期間が長くなると六価クロムの還
元効果が低下するという問題点があった。このようなこ
とから、貯蔵期間が長くても六価クロムの固定能力が低
下することがない水硬性組成物の開発が望まれていた。In order to improve the fixation rate of hexavalent chromium, it is effective to add blast furnace slag, but the effect is low at the beginning of cement hydration, and the fixation rate of hexavalent chromium is also 99.0.
%, And further improvement of the fixing rate has been desired. There is also known a technique for reducing hexavalent chromium to hardly soluble trivalent chromium by adding ferrous sulfate when kneading a hydraulic material with water. However, in this method, ferrous sulfate must be measured and added each time kneading is performed, and when the composition of the kneaded material (for example, concrete) is changed, the measured value of ferrous sulfate is changed each time. Has to be changed, which is troublesome. Therefore,
In order to reduce the time required for kneading, it was considered to prepare a hydraulic composition in which ferrous sulfate was blended in advance with a hydraulic material, but in a hydraulic composition in which ferrous sulfate was blended. ,
When the storage period of the hydraulic composition is prolonged, there is a problem that the effect of reducing hexavalent chromium is reduced. For this reason, there has been a demand for the development of a hydraulic composition in which the ability to fix hexavalent chromium does not decrease even when the storage period is long.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】従って、本発明の目的
は、貯蔵期間が長くても六価クロムの固定能力が低下す
ることがない水硬性組成物を提供することにある。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a hydraulic composition in which the ability to fix hexavalent chromium does not decrease even when the storage period is long.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】かかる実状に鑑み本発明
者らは、六価クロムの固定能力に優れる水硬性組成物を
開発すべく鋭意研究を行った結果、従来用いられていた
硫酸第一鉄は、主に七水塩のものであり、これは経時的
に六価クロムの固定能力が低下することが判明し、そし
て硫酸第一鉄の無水塩及び／又は一水塩を配合すれば、
このような欠点のない水硬性組成物が得られることを見
出し、本発明を完成した。Means for Solving the Problems In view of such circumstances, the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to develop a hydraulic composition having an excellent ability to fix hexavalent chromium. Iron is predominantly heptahydrate, which has been found to reduce the ability of hexavalent chromium to fix over time, and is combined with anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate. ,
The inventors have found that a hydraulic composition free of such defects can be obtained, and completed the present invention.
【０００６】すなわち、本発明は、水硬性材料に、硫酸
第一鉄の無水塩及び／又は一水塩を配合したことを特徴
とする水硬性組成物を提供するものである。That is, the present invention provides a hydraulic composition characterized by blending an anhydrous salt and / or monohydrate of ferrous sulfate with a hydraulic material.
【０００７】[0007]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明で用いられる硫酸第一鉄
は、無水塩及び／又は一水塩であり、この無水塩及び／
又は一水塩を配合した水硬性組成物では、該水硬性組成
物の貯蔵期間が長くても六価クロムの固定能力の低下が
生じない。硫酸第一鉄には無水塩や一水塩以外に、四水
塩、五水塩、七水塩も存在するが、これらの四水塩、五
水塩、７水塩を配合した水硬性組成物は、貯蔵期間が長
くなると六価クロムの固定能力が低下するので好ましく
ない。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Ferrous sulfate used in the present invention is an anhydrous salt and / or a monohydrate.
Alternatively, in a hydraulic composition containing a monohydrate, even if the hydraulic composition has a long storage period, the fixing ability of hexavalent chromium does not decrease. Ferrous sulfate includes tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, and heptahydrate in addition to anhydrous salts and monohydrates. Hydraulic composition containing these tetrahydrate, pentahydrate, and heptahydrate An object is not preferred because the ability to fix hexavalent chromium decreases when the storage period is prolonged.
【０００８】本発明においては、保存安定性、入手のし
易さやコストの点等から、硫酸第一鉄の無水塩より一水
塩を使用するのが好ましい。この硫酸第一鉄の一水塩
は、試薬や工業製品等を使用することができる。In the present invention, it is preferable to use a monohydrate salt from an anhydrous salt of ferrous sulfate from the viewpoints of storage stability, availability, and cost. As the monohydrate of ferrous sulfate, reagents, industrial products, and the like can be used.
【０００９】本発明においては、硫酸第一鉄の無水塩及
び／又は一水塩の粒度は、１０〜６００μｍが好まし
い。この粒度が１０μｍ未満の細かいものでは空気中で
酸化され易くなり、該硫酸第一鉄の無水塩及び／又は一
水塩を配合した水硬性組成物の貯蔵期間が長くなると六
価クロムの固定能力が低下するおそれがある。一方、こ
の粒度が６００μｍを超えると、該硫酸第一鉄の無水塩
及び／又は一水塩を配合した水硬性組成物の六価クロム
の固定能力が低下することがある。In the present invention, the particle size of the anhydrous salt and / or monohydrate of ferrous sulfate is preferably from 10 to 600 μm. Fine particles having a particle size of less than 10 μm are liable to be oxidized in the air, and when the storage period of the hydraulic composition containing the anhydrous salt of ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate is extended, the fixing ability of hexavalent chromium is increased. May decrease. On the other hand, when the particle size exceeds 600 μm, the fixing ability of hexavalent chromium of the hydraulic composition containing the anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate may be reduced.
【００１０】本発明において、水硬性組成物中への硫酸
第一鉄の無水塩及び／又は一水塩の配合量は、水硬性材
料１００重量部に対して０．１重量部以上が好ましく、
０．５〜３．０重量部がより好ましい。硫酸第一鉄の無
水塩及び／又は一水塩の配合量が水硬性材料１００重量
に対して０．１重量部未満では、水硬性組成物の六価ク
ロムの固定能力が低下する傾向にある。また、３．０重
量部を超えると、コストが高くなるうえ、セメントの凝
結が遅延するなど、セメントの物性に悪影響が出てくる
ため好ましくない。In the present invention, the amount of the anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate in the hydraulic composition is preferably at least 0.1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the hydraulic material.
0.5 to 3.0 parts by weight is more preferred. When the amount of the anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate is less than 0.1 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the hydraulic material, the fixing ability of the hydraulic composition for hexavalent chromium tends to decrease. . If it exceeds 3.0 parts by weight, the cost is increased and the physical properties of the cement are adversely affected, for example, the setting of the cement is delayed.
【００１１】本発明における水硬性材料としては、セメ
ントやこれに高炉スラグ、フライアッシュ、シリカフュ
ーム、メタカオリン、石灰石粉末等の混和材を混合した
混合物が挙げられる。より具体的には、セメントとして
は、ポルトランドセメント、ジェットセメント、アルミ
ナセメント、白色セメント、混合セメント、エコセメン
ト等が挙げられる。ここで、ポルトランドセメントは、
普通、早強、超早強、中庸熱、低熱、耐硫酸塩ポルトラ
ンドセメントが包含され、ジェットセメントには、カル
シウムフルオロアルミネートを含有する超速硬セメン
ト、混合セメントには、高炉セメント、フライアッシュ
セメント、シリカセメントが包含される。エコセメント
は、都市ゴミ焼却灰、下水汚泥焼却灰等の廃棄物焼却灰
の一種以上を原料としてなるセメントである。Examples of the hydraulic material in the present invention include cement and a mixture thereof with an admixture such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, and limestone powder. More specifically, examples of the cement include Portland cement, jet cement, alumina cement, white cement, mixed cement, and ecocement. Here, Portland cement is
Includes ordinary, fast, super fast, moderate heat, low heat, sulfate resistant Portland cements, jet cements include ultra-fast hardening cements containing calcium fluoroaluminate, mixed cements include blast furnace cements and fly ash cements , Silica cement. Ecocement is a cement made from at least one kind of waste incineration ash such as municipal waste incineration ash and sewage sludge incineration ash.
【００１２】本発明の水硬性組成物は、上記水硬性材料
のほか、必要により川砂、陸砂、海砂、砕砂及びこれら
の混合物等の細骨材；川砂利、山砂利、海砂利、砕石及
びこれらの混合物等の粗骨材を含有せしめてもよい。ま
た、更に、レオロジー特性の向上、防錆、その他の目的
のために、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲内で、ＡＥ
剤、減水剤、高性能減水剤、高性能ＡＥ減水剤、消泡
剤、収縮低減剤、凝結調整剤、防錆剤等の各種混和剤を
添加してもよい。[0012] The hydraulic composition of the present invention comprises, in addition to the hydraulic material described above, fine aggregates such as river sand, land sand, sea sand, crushed sand, and mixtures thereof, if necessary; river gravel, mountain gravel, sea gravel, crushed stone And a coarse aggregate such as a mixture thereof. Further, for the purpose of improving the rheological properties, preventing rust, and other purposes, the AE should be within a range not impairing the effects of the present invention.
Various admixtures such as an agent, a water reducing agent, a high performance water reducing agent, a high performance AE water reducing agent, an antifoaming agent, a shrinkage reducing agent, a setting regulator, and a rust inhibitor may be added.
【００１３】本発明が適用可能な、六価クロムを含む有
害廃棄物としては特に限定されないが、ゴミ焼却灰等か
ら発生する各種粉塵、汚泥や都市ゴミの焼却で発生する
各種焼却灰、金属やプラスチック、廃水処理や下水処理
で発生する各種汚泥、各種廃液等が挙げられる。The hazardous waste containing hexavalent chromium to which the present invention can be applied is not particularly limited, but various kinds of dust generated from refuse incineration ash and the like, various kinds of incineration ash generated by incineration of sludge and municipal waste, metals and Examples include plastics, various sludges generated in wastewater treatment and sewage treatment, and various waste liquids.
【００１４】本発明の水硬性組成物を用いて有害物質を
固定化するには、本発明の水硬性組成物と有害廃棄物を
予め混合しておき、そこへ混練水を加えて混練し、必要
に応じて細骨材、粗骨材等を添加することが好ましい。
有害廃棄物の性状等により前記手順では十分混合できな
いときは、本発明の水硬性組成物、有害廃棄物及び混練
水を同時に混合することも可能である。また、有害廃棄
物と水を予め混合しておき、そこへ本発明の水硬性組成
物を添加してもよい。すなわち、最終的に、本発明の水
硬性組成物、有害廃棄物及び混練水が十分混合されるの
であれば、混合の手順は、特に限定されるものではな
い。In order to fix harmful substances using the hydraulic composition of the present invention, the hydraulic composition of the present invention and hazardous waste are mixed in advance, and kneading water is added thereto and kneaded. It is preferable to add fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the like as needed.
If the above procedure does not allow sufficient mixing due to the nature of the hazardous waste, etc., the hydraulic composition of the present invention, the hazardous waste and the kneading water can be mixed simultaneously. Alternatively, the hazardous waste and water may be mixed in advance, and the hydraulic composition of the present invention may be added thereto. That is, the mixing procedure is not particularly limited as long as the hydraulic composition, hazardous waste, and kneading water of the present invention are sufficiently mixed.
【００１５】[0015]
【実施例】以下、実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳細に説
明するが本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
【００１６】実施例１ 普通ポルトランドセメント（太平洋セメント（株）製）
１００重量部に、硫酸第一鉄・一水塩（富士チタン社
製、粒度：１０〜６００μｍ）又は硫酸第一鉄・七水塩
（富士チタン社製）を１重量部配合して水硬性組成物を
調製した。該水硬性組成物を表１に示す期間大気中に暴
露（実験室内、２０℃）した後、クロム酸カリウム（試
薬）を普通ポルトランドセメント量に対して１０ppm
（Ｃｒ6+換算）添加し、試料を調製した。各試料を環境
庁告示第１３号に準じて、粉体：水＝１：１０の比率で
６時間振とうし、ろ過後のろ液中のＣｒ含有量をＩＣＰ
により測定し、Ｃｒ6+溶出量とした。結果を表１に示
す。Example 1 Ordinary Portland cement (manufactured by Taiheiyo Cement Co., Ltd.)
100 parts by weight of ferrous sulfate monohydrate (Fuji Titanium Co., particle size: 10 to 600 μm) or 1 part by weight of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (Fuji Titanium Co.) Was prepared. After exposing the hydraulic composition to the atmosphere (laboratory, 20 ° C.) for the period shown in Table 1, potassium chromate (reagent) was added at 10 ppm to the amount of ordinary Portland cement.
(In terms of Cr 6+ ) was added to prepare a sample. Each sample was shaken for 6 hours at a ratio of powder: water = 1: 10 according to the notification of the Environment Agency No. 13, and the content of Cr in the filtrate after filtration was determined by ICP.
And determined as the amount of Cr 6+ eluted. Table 1 shows the results.
【００１７】[0017]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００１８】表１から、硫酸第一鉄・一水塩を配合した
水硬性組成物では、該水硬性組成物を７日間大気中に暴
露（貯蔵）しても、六価クロムの固定能力が低下するこ
とがないことが分かる。From Table 1, it can be seen that the hydraulic composition containing ferrous sulfate monohydrate has a fixed ability of hexavalent chromium even after the hydraulic composition is exposed to the air (storage) for 7 days. It can be seen that it does not decrease.
【００１９】[0019]
【発明の効果】本発明の水硬性組成物は、貯蔵期間が長
くとも六価クロムの固定能力が低下することがない。According to the hydraulic composition of the present invention, the ability to fix hexavalent chromium does not decrease even if the storage period is long.
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.7 識別記号 ＦＩ テーマコート゛(参考） Ｂ０９Ｂ 3/00 ３０１Ｍ (72)発明者 山口 修 千葉県佐倉市大作２−４−２ 太平洋セメ ント株式会社佐倉研究所内 (72)発明者 久米 美穂子 千葉県佐倉市大作２−４−２ 太平洋セメ ント株式会社佐倉研究所内 (72)発明者 上村 祐一郎 千葉県佐倉市大作２−４−２ 太平洋セメ ント株式会社佐倉研究所内 (72)発明者 石井 準一郎 東京都千代田区西神田３−８−１ 太平洋 セメント株式会社内 Ｆターム(参考） 2E191 BB00 BC02 BD01 4D004 AA07 AA36 AA41 AA43 AA46 AB03 AC07 CA15 CA45 CC03 CC11 CC13 DA03 DA10 DA20 4G012 MB12 PB10 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────の Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. 7 Identification symbol FI Theme coat ゛ (Reference) B09B 3/00 301M (72) Inventor Osamu Yamaguchi 2-4-2 Daisaku, Sakura City, Chiba Pref. Inside the Sakura Research Laboratory (72) Mihoko Kume, Inventor 2-4-2 Daisaku, Sakura City, Chiba Pref. Inside Sakura Research Laboratories (72) Inventor Junichiro Ishii 3-8-1 Nishikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Pacific Cement Co., Ltd.F-term (reference) DA20 4G012 MB12 PB10
Claims (3)
／又は一水塩を配合したことを特徴とする水硬性組成
物。1. A hydraulic composition comprising a hydraulic material and an anhydrous salt and / or monohydrate of ferrous sulfate mixed therein.
配合量が、水硬性材料１００重量部に対して０．１重量
部以上である請求項１記載の水硬性組成物。2. The hydraulic composition according to claim 1, wherein an amount of the anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate is 0.1 part by weight or more based on 100 parts by weight of the hydraulic material.
粒度が１０〜６００μｍである請求項１又は２記載の水
硬性組成物。3. The hydraulic composition according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the anhydrous ferrous sulfate and / or monohydrate is 10 to 600 μm.
Priority Applications (1)
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| JP33552299A JP4473385B2 (en) | 1999-11-26 | 1999-11-26 | Hydraulic composition |
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| JP4473385B2 JP4473385B2 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005056860A2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2005-06-23 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn | Sulfate dispersion chromate reducer |
| JP2010036178A (en) * | 2008-08-05 | 2010-02-18 | Eco Project:Kk | Inorganic powdery solidified material and solidification treatment method of concrete sludge |
-
1999
- 1999-11-26 JP JP33552299A patent/JP4473385B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005056860A2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2005-06-23 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn | Sulfate dispersion chromate reducer |
| WO2005056860A3 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2005-08-11 | Grace W R & Co | Sulfate dispersion chromate reducer |
| US7128782B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2006-10-31 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Sulfate dispersion chromate reducer |
| JP2007522061A (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2007-08-09 | ダブリュー・アール・グレイス・アンド・カンパニー−コネチカット | Sulfate-dispersed chromate reducing agent |
| JP4712719B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2011-06-29 | ダブリュー・アール・グレイス・アンド・カンパニー−コネチカット | Sulfate-dispersed chromate reducing agent |
| JP2010036178A (en) * | 2008-08-05 | 2010-02-18 | Eco Project:Kk | Inorganic powdery solidified material and solidification treatment method of concrete sludge |
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| JP4473385B2 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
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